FEINBERG/WHITMAN LITERARY FILE Prose "Old Poets" (Nov.1890). North American Review. Printed copies. Box 32 Folder 2A SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN ON THE LODGE BILL. 609 accepted, nor do they pass current in high places; that when they have asked for bread, they have received a stone; and when they sought a national system of Congressional elections,––a system that would be neither evaded nor annulled,––lo! there is tendered this miserable caricature of a long dead and forgotten statute, valuable only for the spoilsman, and fairly reeking with fraud, violence, and blood, because both threatening and impotent. Who shall judge them if, in the bitterness of deferred hope and violated promises, they cry aloud for deliverance from these their friends? A. W. SHAFFER. VOL. CLI.––NO. 408. 39OLD POETS. BY WALT WHITMAN. POETRY (I am clear) is eligible of something far more ripened and ample, our lands and pending days, than it has yet produced from any utterance old or new. Modern or new poetry, too, (viewing or challenging it with severe criticism,) is largely a void ––while the very cognizance, or even suspicion of that void, and the need of filling it, provides a certainty of the hidden and waiting supply. Leaving other lands and languages to speak for themselves, we can abruptly but deeply suggest it best from our own––going first to oversea illustrations, and standing on them. Think of Byron, Burns, Shelley, Keats, (even first-raters, "the brothers of the radiant summit," as William O'Connor calls them,) as having done only their precursory and 'prentice work, and all their best and real poems being left yet unwrought, untouched. Is it difficult to imagine ahead of us and them, evolved from them, poesy completer far than any they themselves fulfilled? One has in his eye and mind some very large, very old, entirely sound and vital tree or vine, like certain hardy, ever-fruitful specimens in California and Canada, or down in Mexico, (and indeed in all lands) beyond the chronological records––illustrations of growth, continuity, power, amplitude and exploitation, almost beyond statement, but proving fact and possibility, outside of argument. Perhaps, indeed, the rarest and most blessed quality of transcendent noble poetry––as of law, and of the profoundest wisdom and æstheticism––is, (I would suggest,) from sane, completed, vital, capable old age. The final proof of song or personality is a sort of matured, accreted, superb, evoluted, almost divine, impalpable diffuseness and atmosphere or invisible magnetism, dissolving and embracing all, and not any special achievement of OLD POETS. 611 passion, pride, metrical form, epigram, plot, thought, or what is called beauty. The bud of the rose or the half-blown flower is beautiful, of course, but only the perfected bloom or apple or finished wheat-head is beyond the rest. Completed fruitage like this comes (in my opinion) to a grand age, in man or woman, through an essentially sound continuated physiology and psychology (both important) and is the culminating glorious aureole of all and several preceding. Like the tree or vine just mentioned, it stands at last in a beauty, power and productiveness of its own, above all others, and of a sort and style uniting all criticisms, proofs and adherences. Let us diversify the matter a little by portraying some of the American poets from our own point of view. Longfellow, reminiscent, polished, elegant, with the air of finest conventional library, picture-gallery or parlor, with ladies and gentlemen in them, and plush and rosewood, and ground-glass lamps, and mahogany and ebony furniture, and a silver inkstand and scented satin paper to write on. Whittier stands for morality (not in any all-accepting philosophic or Hegelian sense, but) filtered through a Puritanical or Quaker filter––is incalculably valuable as a genuine utterance, (and the finest,)––with many local and Yankee and genre bits––all hued with anti-slavery coloring––(the genre and anti-slavery contributions all precious––all help). Whittier's is rather a grand figure, but pretty lean and ascetic––no Greek––not universal and composite enough (don't try––don't wish to be) for ideal Americanism. Ideal Americanism would take the Greek spirit and law, and democratize and scientize and (thence) truly Christianize them for the whole, the globe, all history, all ranks and lands, all facts, all good and bad. (Ah this bad––this nineteen-twentieths of us all! What a stumbling-block it remains for poets and metaphysicians––what a chance (the strange, clear-as-ever inscription on the old dug-up tablet) it offers yet for being translated ––what can be its purpose in the God-scheme of this universe and all?) Then William Cullen Bryant––meditative, serious, from first to last tending to threnodies––his genius mainly lyrical––when reading his pieces who could expect or ask for more magnificent ones than such as "The Battle-Field," and "A Forest Hymm"? Bryant, unrolling, prairie-like, nothwithstanding his mountains612 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. and lakes––moral enough (yet worldly and conventional)––a naturalist, pedestrian, gardener and fruiter––well aware of books, but mixing to the last in cities and society. I am not sure but his name ought to lead the list of American bards. Years ago I thought Emerson preëminent (and as to the last polish and intellectual cuteness may-be I think so still)––but, for reasons, I have been gradually tending to give the file-leading place for American native poesy to W. C. B. Of Emerson I have already to confirm my already avowed opinion regarding his highest bardic and personal attitude. Of the galaxy of the past––of Poe, Halleck, Mrs. Sigourney, Allston, Willis, Dana, John Pierpont, W. G. Simms, Robert Sands, Drake, Hillhouse, Theodore Fay, Margaret Fuller, Epes Sargent, Boker, Paul Hayne, Lanier, and others, I fitly in essaying such a theme as this, and reverence for their memories, may at least give a heart-benizon on the list of their names. Time and New World humanity having the venerable resemblances more than anything else, and being "the same subject continued," just here in 1890, one gets a curious nourishment and lift (I do) from all those grand old veterans Bancroft, Kossuth, von Moltke––and such typical specimens as Sophocles and Goethe, genius, health, beauty of person, riches, rank, renown and length of days, all combining and centring in one case. Above everything, what could humanity and literature do without the mellow, last-justifying, averaging, bringing-up of many, many years––a great old age amplified? Every really first-class production has likely to pass through the crucial tests of a generation, perhaps several generations. Lord Bacon says the first sight of any work really new and first-rate in beauty and originality always arouses something disagreeable and repulsive. Voltaire termed the Shakespearean works "a huge dunghill"; Hamlet he described (to the Academy, whose members listened with approbation) as "the dream of a drunken savage, with a few flashes of beautiful thoughts." And not the Ferney sage alone; the orthodox judges and law-givers of France, such as La Harpe, J. L. Geoffroy, and Chateaubriand, either joined in Voltaire's verdict, or went further. Indeed the classicists and regulars there still hold to it. The lesson is very significant in all departments. People resent anything new as a personal insult. When umbrellas were first used in England, OLD POETS. 613 those who carried them were hooted and pelted so furiously that their lives were endangered. The same rage encountered the attempt in theatricals to perform women's parts by real women which was publicly considered disgusting and outrageous. Byron thought Pope's verse incomparably ahead of Homer and Shakespeare. One of the prevalent objections, in the days of Columbus was, the learned men boldly asserted that if a ship should reach India she would never get back again, because the rotundity of the globe would present a kind of mountain, up which it would be impossible to sail even with the most favorable wind. "Modern poets," says a leading Boston journal, "enjoy longevity. Browning lived to be seventy-seven. Wordsworth, Bryant, Emerson, and Longfellow were old men. Whittier, Tennyson, and Walt Whitman still live." Started out by that item on Old Poets and Poetry for chyle to inner American sustenance––I have thus gossipped about it all, and treated it from my own point of view, taking the privilege of rambling wherever the talk carried me. Browning is lately dead; Bryant, Emerson and Longfellow have not long passed away; and yes, Whittier and Tennyson remain, over eighty years old––the latter having sent out not long since a fresh volume, which the English-speaking Old and New Worlds are yet reading. I have already put on record my notions of T. and his effusions: they are very attractive and flowery to me––but flowers, too, are at least as profound as anything; and by common consent T. is settled as the poetic cream-skimmer of our age's melody, ennui and polish––a verdict in which I agree, and should say that nobody (not even Shakespeare) goes deeper in those exquisitely touched and half-ridden hints and indirections left like faint perfumes in the crevices of his lines. Of Browning I don't know enough to say much; he must be studied deeply out, too, and quite certainly repays the trouble––but I am old and indolent, and cannot study (and never did). Grand as to-day's accumulative fund of poetry is, there is certainly something unborn, not yet come forth, different from anything now formulated in any verse, or contributed by the past in any land––something waited for, craved, hitherto non-expressed. What it will be, and how, no one knows. It will probably have to prove itself by itself and its readers. One thing, it must run through entire humanity (this new word and meaning614 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Solidarity has arisen to us moderns) twining all lands like a divine thread, stringing all beads, pebbles or gold, from God and the soul, and like God's dynamics and sunshine illustrating all and having reference to all. From anything like a cosmical point of view, the entirety of imaginative literature's themes and results as we get them to-day seems painfully narrow. All that has been put in statement, tremendous as it is, what is it compared with the vast fields and values and varieties left unreaped? Of our own country, the splendid races North or South, and especially of the Western or Pacific regions, it sometimes seems to me their myriad noblest Homeric and Biblic elements are all untouched, left as if ashamed of, and only certain very minor occasional delirium tremens glints studiously sought and put in print, in short tales, "poetry" or books. I give these speculations, or notions, in all their audacity, for the comfort of thousands––perhaps a majority of ardent minds, women's and young men's––who stand in awe and despair before the immensity of suns and stars already in the firmament. Even in the Iliad and Shakespeare there is (is there not?) a certain humiliation produced to us by the absorption of them, unless we sound in equality, or above them, the songs due our own democratic era and surroundings, and the full assertion of ourselves. And in vain (such is my opinion) will America seek successfully to tune any superb national song unless the heart-strings of the people start it from their own breasts––to be returned and echoed there again. WALT WHITMAN. Nov 1890Seventy-Sixth Year. Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. Vol. 151 : No. 5. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Re-established by ALLEN THORNDIKE RICE. EDITED BY LLOYD BRYCE. November, 1890. [*COMPLIMENTARY*] WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. Representative McKINLEY, of Ohio . . . . 513 Representative LODGE, of Massachusetts . . 518 Representative DALZELL, of Pennsylvania . 520 Representative FITCH, of New York . . . . 523 Representative McADOO, of New Jersey . . . 526 Representative CLEMENTS, of Georgia . . . 530 Scottish Politics . . . . . . . . . . . THE MARQUIS OF LORNE 534 The Ladies of the Last Cæsars . . . . . . . . . . GAIL HAMILTON 548 Relief for the Supreme Court . EX JUSTICE WILLIAM STRONG 567 Business Men in Politics . . . EX SENATOR WARNER MILLER 576 Reminiscences of a Portrait-Painter . . GEORGE P. A. HEALY 582 Election Methods in the South, COLLECTOR ROBERT SMALLS, of Beaufort, S. C. 593 A Southern Republican on the Lodge Bill . A. W. SHAFFER, Chief Supervisor of Elections in North Carolina 601 Old Poets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WALT WHITMAN 610 The London Police . . . . EX-COMMISSIONER JAMES MONRO 615 NOTES AND COMMENTS. The Ruthless Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OSCAR FAY ADAMS 630 A Fatal Synonyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FELIX L. OSWALD 633 The Clamor for "More Money" . . . . EDWARD STANWOOD 634 Premonitions and Warnings . . . . . . . . DR. CYRUS EDSON 637 The Army of Mercenaries . . . . . . . . . JOHN H. HOPKINS 638 NEW YORK: No. 3 EAST FOURTEENTH STREET. LONDON : G. E. STECHERT, 30 Wellington Street, Strand, W. C. BERLIN : A. ASHER & Co. PARIS : BRENTANO'S, 17 Avenue de l'Opera. GENEVA : J. CHERBULIEZ. ROME : LOESCHER & Co. MELBOURNE : W. ROBERTSON. YOKOHAMA AND SHANGHAI : KELLY & WALSH. Single Numbers, 50c. Published Monthly. Per Annum, $5.NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. DUPLICATE WEDDING PRESENTS. We illustrate from our bargains this month one of the best we have ever offered. The 5-piece Repoussé Chased Tea Set we will sell for $250, and the Kettle $190—the former would cost $400 and the latter $315, bought regularly, a net saving of $275. But this is only one of many which we will send to any address for examination. We have a profusion of Coffee Spoons $10 per dozen, Handsomely Cased, selling elsewhere at $15. Oyster Forks $10 and $12, worth form $15 to $18. Salad Fork and Spoon $15 to $20. Berry Spoons and hundreds of small pieces from $3 to $10, Handsomely Cased and suitable choice for Wedding Gifts. We will promptly fill any order, but prefer sending several cases for comparison, paying return express charges if we fail to please. OLD GOLD JEWELRY or worn-out Silver taken in exchange or purchased. Send for price-list. 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IMITATIONS These goods are invariably full width, and may be had in a large variety of designs, which for technique and coloring are unequalled, rendering them especially appropriate for artistic homes. For Sale by all First-class Dealers. CARPETS Copyright, 1890, by LLOYD BRYCE. Entered at the Post Office at New York, and admitted for transmission through the mails as second-class matter. BULLETIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, NOVEMBER, 1890. IT is pointed out by the Hon. WILLIAM MCKINLEY, Jr., the author of the McKinley Tariff Bill, that the first session of the Fifty-first Congress has been, with a single exception, the longest one in our history. For the passage of that bill, as well as for other reasons, the session will be memorable, and the leading feature of the November number of THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW is a résumé, by Mr. MCKINLEY, of the principal work done. His article does not stand alone, however, but is grouped under the head of "What Congress Has Done" with five other articles, written, respectively, by the Hon. HENRY CABOT LODGE, of Massachusetts; the Hon, JOHN DALZELL, of Penn- sylvania; the Hon. ASHBEL P. FITCH, of New York; the Hon. WILLIAM MCADOO, of New Jersey, and the Hon. JUDSON C. CLEMENTS, of Georgia. Three democrats are linked with three Republicans, it will be observed, and the REVIEW thus remains faithful to the standard of impartiality which it desires to maintain in the treatment of all questions discussed in its pages. The value of such a symposium as this is sufficiently obvious, combining as it does six of the most prominent members of the national House—equally divided as to party, representing regions as far apart as Georgia and Massachusetts, and expressing their opinions with a deliberateness and maturity of thought not to be looked for in the haste and heat of campaign speeches. The pungent style of GAIL HAMILTON lends itself in the same number to a vividly picturesque account of "The Ladies of the last Cæsars," and the MARQUIS OF LORNE explains for the benefit of the readers of the REVIEW the political situation in Scotland, elucidating it in the frank and unaffected style which characterizes the varied literary work he has done since his retirement from the Governor-Generalship of Canada. Another interesting feature is a further chapter of the reminiscences of the distinguished American portrait-painter. G. P. A. HEALY, who in this number turns from the wearers of the crowns and coronets to his American sitters, and gives some original anecdotes of General Jackson and Henry Clay.2 The police system of London is ably described by the best living authority on the subject, JAMES MONRO, C. B., who, until a few months ago, held the position of Chief Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. Mr. MONRO was born in Edinburgh in 1838, and spent his earlier years in the Bengal Civil Service, holding several appointments, both magisterial and executive. Returning to England, he was appointed Director of the Criminal- Investigation Department at Scotland Yard, from which he was promoted to the Chief Commissionership as successor to Sir CHARLES WARREN. It is safe to say that never before has so complete and authentic an account of "Scotland Yard" been given to the public. Altogether, the November number contains ten articles, exclusive of the Notes and Comments. With characteristic ruggedness WALT WHITMAN discourses of "Old Poets," including LONGFELLOW, BRYANT, EMERSON and WHITTIER. He holds out a hope to young poets that in their hearts will be found grander and more truly national music than has yet been heard. WHITMAN is now in his seventy-first year, the date of his birth being, like that of LOWELL, 1819. Remedies for the relief of the congestion of the Supreme Court of the United States are suggested in an article by JUSTICE STRONG, formerly of that branch of the judiciary. The Hon. WARNER MILLER writes of "Business Men in Politics," emphasizing the need of dismissing the professional politicians, and the employment in their place of men of high integrity and business experience. While the Lodge Force Bill is trenchantly criticised by A. W. SHAEFER, one of the chief inspectors of elections, and "Election Methods in the South" are described by ex-Congressman R. SMALLS, now collector of the Port of Beaufort, S. C. To complete the contents there are several Notes and Comments, including one on "The Ruthless Sex," in which Mr. OSCAR FAY ADAMS, of Harvard University, assails certain feminine foibles akin to those on which he has previously touched; another on "The Clamor for More Money," by Mr. EDWARD STANWOOD, late editor-in-chief of the Boston Advertiser, and another on "Premonitions and Warnings," by Dr. CYRUS EDSON, of the New York Board of Health. In brief, the November number of the REVIEW will be found equal to those which have preceded it both in the variety and freshness of the topics treated and in the celebrity and authoritative character of the contributors. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 1 Taxing the Vocal Organs By out-door speaking or any other unusual and violent exertion is liable to result in great injury, unless a prompt and effective anodyne is used to counteract the evil. For this purpose, no other preparation equals Ayer's Cherry Pectoral. 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SODEN, the celebrated health resort, can be reached in a little more than 20 minutes by rail from Frankfort- on-the Main. The entire grounds in and around Soden abound with mineral springs. Indeed, it is impossible to walk for a mile or two in this region without coming upon a mineral spring. The waters of Soden, however, have made the place famous. Thousands of persons who are too stout or too gouty, who have indulged to excess in the pleasures of the table and who are martyrs in consequence, find cure and relief by living according to the rules of the different watering places and drinking and bathing in mineral waters. The patients in Soden are delicate ,but they cannot be charged with over-indulgence in good things. They suffer from imperfect nutrition, coughing or sore throats. What they long for is increased appetite and diminished irritation in their chest. 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NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 3 The Origin and Growth of the English Constitution An Historical Treatise, in which is drawn out, by the Light of the most recent Researches, the Gradual Development of the English Constitutional System, and the Growth out of that System of the Federal Republic of the United States. By HANNIS TAYLOR. One Volume, 8vo, Gilt Top, $4.50. SECOND EDITION. "The work is, in my judgment, a masterly, philosophical, and exhaustive treatment of the most important chapter of political history which the world has ever seen or is ever likely to see. It is a great and needed contribution to a subject which in different phases and parts of it has been elucidated by the writings of Hamilton, Jay, Madison, Marshall, Story and Cooley, in its American deductions; and by Hallam, Stubbs and Macaulay in its earlier British History."— EDWARD J. PHELPS, ex-Minister to England. "Worthy to take a high place in the political literature of the times." HON. J. 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The recent remarkable serial successes of this magazine will be continued in the new volume by "The Gold Hunters of California," written by survivors of the pioneers of '49 and earlier years, describing the gold discoveries, the trip to California, etc., etc., and by extracts from advance sheets of the famous Talleyrand Memoirs, soon to be issued in book form in Paris. For more than half a century these memoirs have been secretly preserved. Other serial features include the narrative of an American in Tibet, a remarkable journey through an almost unknown land; papers on Lincoln's Personal Traits by his private secretaries, the adventures of escaping war-prisoners, stories of Custer and other great Indian Fighters, Naval Battles of 1812, American Newspapers described by noted journalists, articles on the Government of Cities, "Present-Day Papers," by Bishop Potter, Seth Low and others; "The Faith Doctor," a novel by Edward Eggleston, with novelettes and stories by Frank R. 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Langdon Alger. This work, which ranks among the best of the author's early writings and is so esteemed in France, has singularly enough been neglected in some of the so-called "Works of Victor Hugo" published in this country. It has remained for us to properly produce it in sumptuous form, exquisitely illustrated with etchings, photogravures, and half-tone plates from designs by eminent French artists. Uniform with the Edition de Luxe Notre Dame. 2 vols. The edition is strictly limited to FIVE HUNDRED numbered copies. 1 vol., crown 8vo, half Roxburgh, gilt tops, $5.00. Dreams of the Sea. A fine holiday souvenir appropriate alike for old and young, consisting of choice selections from the most celebrated writers, including Longfellow, Whittier, etc., with unique illustrations printed in delicate tints. An exquisite novelty, combining high artistic and literary merit with a fine religious sentiment. 1 vol., oblong quarto (14½ X 8 inches in size), boxed, $2.50. Chatterbox for 1890. This acknowledged King of Juveniles, known in every home in the land, contains in connection with its hundreds of stories dear to the hearts of all children over two hundred full-page illustrations, drawn expressly for it by the most noted English illustrators, and nothing has been omitted this year to bring the book nearer the zenith of juvenile perfection. 1 vol., illuminated board covers, $1.25. Over 300,000 volumes of the Zigzag series have already been sold. Zigzag Journeys in the Great Northwest ; OR, A TRIP TO THE AMERICAN SWITZERLAND. Giving an account of the marvelous growth of our Western Empire, with legendary tales of the early explorers. Full of interesting, instructive and entertaining stories of the New Northwest, the country of the future. 1 vol., small quarto, illuminated board covers and linings, 117 illustrations, $1.75. Feathers, Furs and Fins ; OR, STORIES OF ANIMAL LIFE FOR CHILDREN. A collection of most fascinating stories about birds, fishes and animals, both wild and domestic with illustrations drawn by the best artists and engraved in the finest possible style by Andrew. 1 vol., quarto, chromo-lithographed board covers, $1.75. ESTES & LAURIAT, Publishers, Boston, Mass.12 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. THE LOTHROP MAGAZINES At the Head of Young People's Magazines. WIDE AWAKE ENLARGED INVITING 100 PAGES EVERY MONTH BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED $2.40 a year 20 cts a No. D. LOTHROP COMPANY BOSTON PUBLISHERS Will contain Five Little Peppers Grown Up by Margaret Sidney. On Time; The Rise of a Railroad Boy by Kirk Monroe. Hundreds of Stories by Best Authors. SUBSCRIBE NOW! Cut out and send with $2.40 to D. Lothrop Co., and receive CHRISTMAS NUMBER FREE. Will offer unusual attractions for the forthcoming year of 1891. Among the attractions of WIDE AWAKE will be Four Delightful Serials. Five Little Peppers Grown Up. By MARGARET SIDNEY. Half a million people know all about the "Five Little Peppers and How they Grew." Fully a million will want to know how the Peppers "turned out." On Time. A brilliant, realistic, and exhilarating railroad story, by KIRK MUNROE. Marietta's Good Times. A really remarkable story of a real Amercio-Italian girl, by MARIETTA AMBROSI. Miss Matilda Archambeau Van Dorn. By ELIZABETH CUMINGS. Our Government. A series of attractive papers by Hon. JOHN D. LONG. Besides short stories and practical papers, sketches, pictures, poetry, and information, by Mrs. Gen. Logan, Susan Coolidge, Margaret Signey, Agnes Repplier, Henry Bacon, Elbridge S. Brooks, Harriet Prescott Spofford, and other famous authors. A bewildering promise of good things. Send for a prospectus. The younger magazines, THE PANSY, OUR LITTLE MEN AND WOMEN, and BABYLAND, will also have a brilliant array of stories, poems and pictures to delight their numerous subscribers. Send for specimen copies, 15 cents for all four. "When found, make a note of!" Cap'n Cuttle's advice was never more pertinent than when applied to good books, and is especially applicable this year to the LOTHROP HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS Here are a few representative ones out of a list of one hundred: THE POET'S YEAR. A sumptuous quarto volume devoted to the choicest poems of the seasons. Edited by OSCAR FAY ADAMS, and lavishly illustrated. Cloth, $6.00; morocco, $8.00. GREAT CITIES OF THE WORLD. Practically and panoramically described in a large quarto volume. Edited by ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS, and profusely illustrated. Fine Edition. Cloth, gilt, $3.50. OUR EARLY PRESIDENTS, THEIR WIVES AND CHILDREN. Interesting insights into the family lives of the six "historic Presidents," from Washington to Jackson. By Mrs. HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON. Fully illustrated, cloth, $4.00; morocco, $8.00. OUT-OF-DOORS WITH TENNYSON. Selections from the pastoral poems of England's laureate. With a sympathetic introduction by ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS. Fully illustrated and handsomely bound. Square quarto, cloth, $2.50. FIVE WONDERFUL BOOKS FOR YOUNG READERS: AN ADIRONDACK CABIN. By MARGARET SIDNEY (forest and home life). Cloth, $2.25.-THE LION CITY OF AFRICA. By WILLIS BOYD ALLEN (exciting adventure). Cloth, $2.25-AROUND THE WORK WITH THE BLUE-JACKETS. By Lieut. H. E. RHOADES, U. S. N. (entertaining travel). Cloth, $2.25.-A REAL ROBINSON CRUSOE. Edited by J. A. WILKINSON (fact stranger than fiction). Cloth, $1.25.-HOW NEW ENGLAND WAS MADE. By Frances A. HUMPHREY (bright historical narrative). Boards, $1.25. FIVE GREAT BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS: CHUCK PURDY. By W. O. STODDARD (breezy New York story). $1.23.-HERMIT ISLAND. By KATHERINE LEE BATES (capital girl's story of adventure). $1.25.-FIVE LITTLE PEPPERS MIDWAY. By MARGARET SIDNEY (sequel to that greatest of children's stories "Five Little Peppers"). $1.50.-DOLLIKINS AND THE MISER. By FRANCIS EATON (charming creation of child fiction). $1.50.-LITTLE HE AND SHEE. By GRACE DENIO LITCHFIELD (delightful story of a real boy and girl). $1.50. OTHER IMPORTANT BOOKS: BEECHER's CROWN OF LIFE and ROBERTSON's WELLSPRINGS OF WISDOM. In Space Minute Series. $1.00 each.- Prof. NOURSE's THE ICE ZONES and Dr. BUCKLEY's THE MIDNIGHT SUN. Descriptions of Northern travel. $2.25 each.-MISS FAIRFIELD's STARTING POINTS. For Young Men. Uniform with "Helps by the Way." $1.00-HELEN CAMPBELL's ANNE BRADSTREET. $1.25.-Miss HANSCOM's annotated edition of LAMB'S ESSAYS. $1.25.-MALCOLM TOWNSEND's U.S. A museum of curious American facts. $1.50.-REUBEN G. THWAITES' entertaining STORY OF WISCONSIN and Miss CONNELY's picturesque STORY OF KENTUCKY. $1.50 each. And a whole catalogue full of remarkably interesting books. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED HOLIDAY CATALOGUE. D. LOTHROP CO., Publishers, Boston. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 13 Marriage is Not a Failure ! It was decided that way before time was, and in accordance with the order of things you will marry and be happy, if you are wise, and by the same token you will furnish your house with an Ivers & Pond Piano; not forgetting that our SOFT STOP will be worth more to you than the whole price of any piano, for you can keep up your music without disturbing the baby's naps, and without detriment to your husband's quiet game of whist. Do you prefer that he should do his card playing at home? Then you want our Soft Stop. Write us a postal card and find out all about it, and much besides regarding pianos. WE SHIP ON APPROVAL, piano to be returned if unsatisfactory on trial in your home, railway freights both ways at our expense. DISTANCE MAKES NO DIFFERENCE-1 mile or 2,000 miles are alike to us. Old instruments taken in exchange; terms of payment made easy. 100-PAGE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE MAILED FREE IVERS & POND PIANO COMPANY MASONIC TEMPLE, 183-186 TREMONT ST., BOSTON, MASS. OUR LATEST STYLES CAN BE SEEN AT J. G. RAMSDELL'S, 1,111 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. F. H. CHANDLER'S, 300 Fulton St., Brooklyn. G. W. HERBERT'S, 18 East 17th St., New York. W. J. DYER & BRO.'S. St. Paul and Minneapolis. PHILIP WERLEIN'S, 135 Canal St., New Orleans. SANDERS & STAYMAN'S, Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond. For Pacific Coast, KOHLER & CHASE, San Francisco, Cal.14 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. THE YOUTH'S COMPANION ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR 1891 1827 FOR ALL THE FAMILY COMES EVERY WEEK READ IN 450,000 HOMES FINE ILLUSTRATIONS ONLY $1.75 A YEAR SAMPLE COPIES AND FULL PROSPECTUS SENT FREE ON APPLICATION. Serial Stories for Boys and Girls. The Serial Stories engaged for the year will be of unusual interest and Finely Illustrated. Through Thick and Thin; by Molly Elliot Seawell. Suleika; by Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. The Heygood Tea Service; by Elizabeth W. Bellamy. Kent Hampden; by Rebecca Harding Davis. Interlopers; by Julie Lippmann. Army Life and Adventure. By Generals of the U.S. Army. A Phenomenal Scout; by Gen. O. O. Howard. Reading Indian "Sign;" by Gen. John Gibbon. Hunting Large Game; Gen. John R. Brooke. In Big Horn Canon; by Gen. James S. Brisbin. Naval Life and Adventure. By Admirals of the U.S. Navy Adventures of a Middy; Admiral David D. Porter. Powder Monkeys; by Admiral S. B. Luce. A Chat about Samoa; Admiral L. A. Kimberly. Overland in a Man-of-War; Admiral J. H. Gillis. Latest Discoveries in Science. This Series of Papers explains the recent researchers of the greatest Specialists in Science. The Stars; by J. Norman Lockyer, F. R. S. The Moon; by Prof. E. S. Holden. The Ocean; by Camille Flammarion. The Earth; by Prof. N. S. Shaler. The Sun; by Prof. C. A. Young. College Athletic Sports. By Harvard, Princeton and Yale Captains. College Boat-racing; by R. W. Herrick. Foot-Ball at Princeton; by E. A. Poe. Base-Ball: Matches Lost and Won; A. A. Stagg. How to Choose a College. Four Articles of great value to any young man considering a college education; by Pres. Seth Low. Prof. Goldwin Smith. Hon. Andrew D. White. Pres. Merrill E. Gates. The Girl With a Taste for Music. How can she make the most of her Voice? A remarkable series of papers written expressly for THE COMPANION by the following famous singers: Madame Albani. Miss Emma Nevada. Madame Lillian Nordica. Miss Emma Juch. Miss Marie Van Zandt. FREE to 1891 New Subscribers who send $1.75 now, will receive the paper free to January 1, 1891, and for a full year from that date, including Double Holiday Numbers. Please mention this Magazine. THE YOUTH'S COMPANION, Boston, Mass. Send Check, Post-office Order, or Registered Letter. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 15 BEECHAM'S PILLS BEECHAM'S PATENT PILLS. ST. HELENS LANCASHIRE THE GREAT ENGLISH REMEDY. CHEAP, PAINLESS, EFFECTUAL. "Worth a Guinea a Box" But Sold by all Druggists at 25 cents. A Wonderful Medicine FOR ALL Bilious AND Nervous Disorders SUCH AS Sick Headache, Constipation, Weak Stomach, Impaired Digestion, Disordered Liver, &c. Prepared only by THOS. BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lancashire, England. B.F. ALLEN CO., Sole Agents for United States, 365 & 367 Canal St., New York, who (if your druggist does not keep them) will mail Beecham's Pills on receipt of price 25cts.-but inquire first. Correspondents will please mention this publication.16 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. A New American Quarterly of Philosophy, Science, Religion, and Sociology. THE MONIST. Published by THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY, CHICAGO. CONTENTS OF THE FIRST NUMBER (NOW READY): 1. MR. A. R. WALLACE ON PHYSIOLOGICAL SELECTION. BY GEO. J. ROMANES, LL. D., F. R. S. 2. THE IMMORTALITY OF INFUSORIA. BY ALFRED BINET. 3. ON THE MATERIAL RELATIONS OF SEX IN HUMAN SOCIETY. BY PROF. E. D. COPE. 4. THE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSATION. BY PROF. ERNST MACH. 5. THE ORIGIN OF MIND. BY DR. PAUL CARUS 6. 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The Open Court will continue to publish short ethical sermons, popular expositions of scientific subjects, timely notes on current topics, book reviews, etc. Holding that the monistic solution is the only tenable position, it will in the future, as before, remain open to the discussion of the principal problems of philosophy, religion, ethics, and sociology. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY, 169-175 La Salle Street, CHICAGO, ILL. The Jackson Ventilating-Grate AND Fireplace Furnace. Heating out-door air, for warming two or more rooms adjoining, or on different floors, in the coldest locations. Send for Illustrated Catalogue H, and Reports from your own State and (probably) neighborhood. EDWIN A. JACKSON & BRO., No. 50 Beekman Street, NEW YORK. EIGHTY-SEVEN of these GRATES are used in the ST. PAUL (Minn.) COURT HOUSE, SEVENTY-SEVEN in COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK, and FIFTY-THREE in HASTING's HALL (HARVARD UNIVERSITY). NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. No. CCCVIII. NOVEMBER, 1890. WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. BY REPRESENTATIVES MCKINLEY, OF OHIO, LODGE, OF MASSACHUSETTS, DALZELL, OF PENNSYLVANIA, FITCH, OF NEW YORK, MCADOO, OF NEW JERSEY, AND CLEMENTS, OF GEORGIA. MR. MCKINLEY: The first session of the Fifty-first Congress has been, with a single exception, the longest one in our history. Although the first session of the Fiftieth Congress lasted until October 20, the session just closed, by reason of its longer daily sittings, has by far exceeded that in actual working-time, and the amount and character of the legislation accomplished are remarkable when contrasted with that of previous sessions. It was preeminently a business session. Both branches of Congress were in the hands of the Republican party, and upon that party rested the responsibility for the legislation enacted. The Republicans assumed control of the House of Representatives on the first Monday in December last with a scant majority, with most important public business pressing, and confronted by a minority determined to obstruct, as far as possible, the progress of business. The Speaker announced the appointment of the most important committees within ten days after the session opened, the entire list being completed shortly afterward, so that the House had really entered upon its labors before the Christmas holidays. This in itself is worthy of especial notice, for commit- VOL. CLI.-NO. 408. 33514 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. tees have seldom been announced heretofore until after the recess, and the House rarely, if ever, been in working order until some time in January. Immediately after reassembling the first great question to engage attention was that of a quorum. The filibustering tactics of the opposition were obvious from the outset. Indeed, Roger Q. Mills, their leader, had already declared that no business whatever should be transacted during the session without their consent; that they would control legislation in the House just as though they were in the majority. Under the rule as previously construed it was possible for the minority to hinder and delay work indefinitely unless every member of the majority happened to be in his seat, which with ordinary casualties was impossible. The minority's mode of procedure was to call for the yeas and nays upon a dilatory motion, sit silently in their seats, refusing to vote when their names were called, and then, upon the announcement of the vote, make the point of "no quorum." This, of course, blocked the wheels of Congress, and made the minority, as obstructionists, the masters of the situation. The present Speaker's construction of the rule was that a majority of all the members of the House constituted a quorum when present and in their seats, even though refusing to vote upon roll-call; and he so ruled. This ruling has had the effect of placing the majority in possession of the House, instead of a filibustering minority, and has greatly facilitated legislation. Without it much of the work done would have remained unaccomplished, and the session, instead of being one of performance, would have been totally barren of results, except so far as they were approved by the minority. There were introduced in the House during the session 12,402 bills and joint resolutions, and in the Senate 4,570, making a total of 16,972. This far exceeds any previous record in this respect, the nearest approach to it being in the first session of the last Congress, when 15,598 bills and joint resolutions were introduced. The House committees during the past session made 3,215 reports, and the Senate 1,817 (account being taken only of written reports in the Senate); 1,292 bills were passed by the House, of which the Senate passed 849; the Senate disposed of 1,100 bills, of which 486 were sent to the President for his approval, making a total number of about 1,335 acts or laws, against 1,790 for the whole of the last Congress. Of these acts, 606 House WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. 515 and 275 Senate bills were for pensions to soldiers, their widows and children. These figures are based upon reports made a few days before adjournment. The list of Senate bills passed by the House was considerably increased after this compilation, that body having acted upon them while waiting for the Senate to dispose of the Tariff Bill. The people had intrusted to the Republican party the power of legislation upon a platform of pledges and a declaration of party purposes which good faith required should be strictly adhered to. And faithfully has the party fulfilled its promises to the people;––not a purpose which has not been executed; not a pledge which has not been kept. One, and really the most important, plank in the platform upon which the party secured the ascendancy declared a purpose to revise the tariff laws of the country upon the lines of protection; and in response to that open avowal Congress has passed a bill, and the same is now a law, embodying a complete revision of the tariff, but in full recognition of the principle to which the party is attached. This bill lowers duties where they were unnecessary, and it increases them when by so doing great industries can be built up and encouraged, thereby enlarging the field of employment by increasing the demand for labor. In the formation of the new bill it has been the endeavor throughout to so levy and adjust duties as to cover the difference in the labor-cost of this and competing countries. The House passed an Election Bill, and it is now pending in the Senate, under which, when enacted into law, as it will be at the next session, every lawful citizen, rich or poor, native or foreign-born, white or black, will enjoy the right to cast one free ballot in public elections and to have that ballot duly counted. The Disability Act, the most generous piece of pension legislation ever passed by any nation on earth, was enacted into law during the last session as a fulfilment of the promise made by the party to care for the defenders of the Union. By its terms a vast number of disabled soldiers, widows, and orphan children are placed on the pension-roll; and dependent parents, in order to be provided for, are only required to show by competent testimony that they are without means of support. It will carry comfort and cheer to thousands of homes throughout the land.516 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. On the subject of the forfeiture of unearned public lands granted to railroads the House has at this session restored to the public domain over 8,000,000 acres of land, so that the same can be placed within reach of our citizens for homestead purposes. Gigantic corporations, whose greed and cupidity have extended all over the country, fleecing the poor of millions of dollars, and with whose enormous wealth thus acquired the legislatures of States have been sought to be bribed––these, and all of them, have been stamped out of existence by the passage of the Anti-Lottery Bill. The Customs Administrative Bill recently passed by Congress has for its chief purpose the prevention of undervaluations and the protection of honest importers against the unscrupulous. It is believed that it will result in taking out of the hands of dishonest men the business of importing, and place it in the hands of honest merchants. Its chief agency for accomplishing this is a Board of General Appraisers, who will have supervision over appraisements and classifications for duty of imported merchandise, in order to secure lawful and uniform appraisements and classifications at the several ports. A National Bankruptcy Bill is included in the list of important measures adopted during the last session, the same being demanded by boards of trade, chambers of commerce, and commercial bodies generally. Among the more important pieces of legislation accomplished is the Silver Bill, which provides for the purchase of silver bullion and the issue of treasury notes thereon. It directs the Secretary of the Treasury to purchase from time to time silver bullion to the aggregate amount of 4,500,000 ounces monthly, or so much thereof as may be offered in each month at the market price, not exceeding $1 for 372.25 grains of pure silver, and to issue in payment for these purchases treasury notes of the United States in denominations not less than $1 nor more than $1,000, which notes are redeemable in silver. This law will utilize every ounce of the silver product of the country and more––utilize it for money and turn it into the channels of trade and avenues of business. As a result, silver is nearer parity with gold to-day than it has been for the last fifteen or eighteen years. The circulating medium is increased and made absolutely safe, with all the money of the country interchangeable with gold and silver and redeemable in either or both of these metals. WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. 517 During the session provision was made for the admission of two new States, Idaho and Wyoming. In the case of Idaho the Territorial Constitutional Convention of July 4, 1889, was formally approved by ratifying the constitution then adopted. This enables Idaho to elect a governor and other State officers, to choose a legislature, which will elect two United States Senators, and to elect a Representative to the [Nation??] House this fall. In the case of Wyoming the constitution of September 30, 1889, was ratified and confirmed. Oklahoma is made a territory. This Congress has already passed an Anti-Trust Bill, designed to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies. Under its provisions every combination in the form of a trust, every ring organized for the purpose of controlling prices, or which places restrictions upon trade or commerce between the States or with foreign countries, is declared to be illegal, and penalties are imposed for a violation of its provisions. The circuit courts of the United States are invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of the terms of this act. Among other notable measures enacted during the last session of Congress may be named the Original-Package Bill, giving to each State the right to control and regulate the liquor traffic within its borders; the Meat-Inspection Bill, which is to protect the meat of the country exported into other countries, and secure hereafter honorable treatment of the meat products of this country seeking a market abroad, and which, it is hoped and believed, will prevent discriminations that have been altogether too common; the provision for a World's Fair in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America; the bill giving to the agricultural colleges of the several States an annual appropriation for the better education of the people of those States in agriculture and mechanics; and the provisions (in the Naval Appropriation Bill) to add to the new navy three line-of-battle ships, one protected cruiser, one torpedo cruiser, and one torpedo boat. Nor has the House been unmindful of the rights of the Republican Representatives in the South who were deprived of their certificates of election, these being given to their Democratic opponents. The Republican House has given the seats to those who were fairly elected, and thus vindicated the majesty of the majority and the sovereignty of the Constitution, and put the seal of518 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. its condemnation upon the practice, altogether too general, of tampering with popular elections and polluting the fountains of public authority. WILLIAM MCKINLEY, JR. MR. LODGE: THAT this Congress, in its first session, has done many things and has been remarkably effective in the way of legislation is obvious not only from the statute-book, but from the assaults that have been made upon the present House by the enemies of the party in control. There is an old proverb that no one throws stones at trees that bear no fruit, and the quantity of such missiles flung at the Republican Speaker and the Republican majority shows that the fruits of their labors have been very important, and not a little disquieting to their opponents. A mere list of laws enacted is dry reading, and yet the list of important public measures passed by the Fifty-first Congress in its first session will consume the space allotted to me here for a a review of its work. As the members of the House are the only persons before the country for reëlection, I shall confine myself to the work done in that body. We have passed a Silver Bill which, whatever its defects, leaves the currency which it enlarges on a safer basis than it was under the old law, and which maintains the two metals and the paper currency at an equal value in circulation. We have passed a Pension Bill which is, like most great measures, a compromise between the extreme demands of certain sections of the country in regard to pension legislation and the equally extreme refusals of certain other sections of the country to do anything at all for the soldiers of the war. The bill is designed to care for all honorably-discharged soldiers suffering from any disability, whether incurred in line of duty or out, and it is estimated that it will cost in the neighborhood of $40,000,000. We have taken a step toward securing pure food staples by the passage of the Conger Lard Bill, which also protects the agricultural interests from a competition that is unfair, because it works under a false name, while through the Meat-Inspection Bill we have sought to prevent unjust discrimination against American animal food-products abroad. WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. 519 We have passed a bill to prevent the formation of trusts or combinations intended to raise artificially the prices of commodities in general use. We have passed a bill shutting out the Louisiana Lottery in all forms from the United States mails, thus destroying an evil which has of late years assumed monstrous proportions. We have passed what is known as the Original-Package Bill, which restores to the States the power to deal with the sale of intoxicating liquors just as they please––a power which had been taken from them by the recent well-known decision of the Supreme Court. We have increased the appropriations for the Civil-Service Commission, which is the most important measure possible to secure the extension and enforcement of the Civil-Service Law. We have increased the appropriations for the fortifications of our coasts and harbors, thus beginning, at least, to remedy a neglect which had become a disgrace, as well as a peril, to the country. In the same line of national defence we have increased the naval appropriations, so that the work of building up the navy is not only continued, but the construction has been begun of ships powerful enough in speed, battery, and defensive armor to meet any in the world. We have passed a Bankruptcy Bill which has been for many years demanded, and demanded in vain, by the business interests of the country. We have passed a bill for the relief of the Supreme Court, which has been demanded for twelve years, and which will remove the reproach of delays of justice that now justly attaches to the trial of causes in the courts of the United States. We have passed three important labor measures which have been demanded for some years past by the great labor organizations of the country. We have also kept our pledge to revise the tariff and reduce the surplus. For the second time in seven years the Republican party has performed the great legislative feat of revising the tariff, and at the same time that it has adjusted duties it has reduced the surplus revenues between $60,000,000 and $70,000,000, taking the bulk of the reduction from sugar, which enters into the consumption of every household as a chief necessary of life.520 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Lastly, we have kept the most important pledge made by the Republican party to the people by the passage of an Election Bill designed to protect every constitutional voter in his right to vote. Any one who will take the trouble to compare this record with the legislation of the last twenty years will find that it exceeds in practical importance, and in meeting the demands of the country, not only anything that has been done by a single Congress, but the net result of all the Congresses which have come and gone during that period. The most important work that we have accomplished, however, lies in the answer to the natural question, How is is that we have been able to do so much ? The situation which confronted the Republican party when Congress assembled last December was, not what laws it should pass, but whether it should legislate at all. We determined that the majority should rule in the House of Representatives, because we believed that such was the plain intent of the Constitution and the most unquestioned doctrine of the American institutions. Under the leadership of Mr. Reed, without whose courage, ability, and force of will the task would have been impossible, we succeeded. We destroyed a system where one man's voice could put a stop to legislation, and restored that in which the duly-elected representatives of the people could do the public business. This has been the greatest work of the Fifty-first Congress, and it is the work of the Republican majority of the Republican Speaker. It makes an epoch in our legislative history which cannot be effaced, and marks a forward movement in the practice of free representative government which cannot be checked or put back either by misrepresentation or direct resistance. HENRY CABOT LODGE. MR. DALZELL: What has the House done during the first session of the Fifty-first Congress ? It has done more in the way of practical and far-reaching legislation than any of its predecessors since the days of reconstruction. Its measures will be found to relate to the most vital interests of the people, both material and moral. Its greatest work, and that which will make it forever conspicuous 521 WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. in the history of American Congresses, is the revolution it accomplished in parliamentary practice. Boldly ignoring senseless precedents, in the interest of business methods it put common-sense above form, and vindicated its character as a body truly representative of a practical people. In every House preceding this the "quorum to do business," which the Constitution defines as a "majority of the members," has been held to be a majority as disclosed by a yea-and-nay vote. Theoretically, therefore, members who did not respond to a roll-call were not present, and a minority, by silence, could block legislation. The absurdity of such a theory is now manifest. It involves the right of members to do by neglect, what they cannot do by performance, of duty. It means a government of the minority instead of a government of the majority. A member may be present to call "no quorum," but must be regarded as absent when a quorum is to be counted. This monumental absurdity the present House abolished by saying that actual presence and constructive absence were as much a parliamentary as a physical impossibility, and by establishing the rule that a member present within view of the Speaker and clerk is present for the purpose for which his constituents sent him to the House, viz., to do business, and must be counted to make a quorum. Almost a hundred years ago, Hatsell, an English parliamentarian, said, in his book on "Precedents":: "All the reason for forms is custom, and the law of forms is practice. Reason is quite out of doors." The present House has brought reason within doors. It may be conceded that the action was revolutionary, but it is no less admirable for that reason : it is by revolutions that the world advances. The present House recognized the truth that no more important question can be presented to any popular representative body than that which relates to its own integrity. There were seventeen contestants for seats in the Fifty-first Congress, and eighteen seats contested. The eighteenth contestant had been murdered while prosecuting his contest. The House, after thorough investigation, declared the murdered man's seat vacant, and, in addition, decided, some in one way and some in another, all its other contested-election cases, with two exceptions. No other Congress has ever, within the same time, accomplished so much in the direction of making its actual membership conform to the popular will as expressed at the polls. 522 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Having organized itself after business methods, the House proceeded to business legislation. Parliamentary practice having been adopted which enabled the majority to rule, the majority thereupon assumed the responsibility of ruling. What the House has done may be described in a sentence by saying it has put into the shape of law, so far as its power goes, the pledges of the Republican platform upon the faith of which the majority of the House was elected. It has passed a law intended to secure pure elections. The prevalent abuses wherey the voter is intimidated and the ballot not counted or fraudulently counted, which are absolutely inconsistent with republican government, demand such law. The law passed is an extension of the supervisory system now in force. It is not, properly speaking, even a Federal Election Law, much less a "Force Bill," as it has been denominated. To so call it is a proof either of blind partisanship, stupidity, or ignorance. An impartial reading of its provisions will show it harmless to the honest. In common with all law, it is a terror only to evil-doers. Having sought to make elections pure, the House addressed itself to the business interests of the people. For many years the banner cry of all parties has been tariff revision. Yet Congress after Congress has come and gone without results in this direction. The present House has passed the Administrative Bill in the interest of honest, as against unscrupulous, importers, and to secure, as far as may be, fair valuations upon imports. It has enacted the McKinley Tariff Bill, whereby the revenues will be reduced, American labor and manufactures fostered and protected, and the farmer made secure in the home market. It has passed a wise Silver Bill, restoring silver to its monetary place, and making reasonably sure, under the operation of well-known laws, an equality in value between this metal and gold. It has responded to the demands of the commercial interests of the country and passed the most perfect Bankruptcy Bill ever drafted, making provision for the equitable division of the insolvent estates of the living, as such provision already exists for the like estates of the dead. It has passed an act to add to our Federal courts, to increase the number of our Federal judges, so as to avoid delays in litigation and bring justice within easy reach and to every man's door. Passing from interests purely of a business character, the 523 WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. House has taken care of the interests of labor. The law relating to the importation by contract of labor from abroad has been perfected and strengthened. The government has been prohibited by law from becoming the purchaser of the products of convict labor. Eight hours have been beneficently declared a day's work for government employees. The House has written "false" upon the well-worn assertion that republics are ungrateful. The most liberal Pension Law that ever was passed by any people was passed at the first session of the Fifty-first Congress. By it there will be distributed amongst the veterans whose services saved the Union, and the orphans, widows, and dependents of such, an annual sum greater than that which serves to keep on foot the splendid army of imperial Germany or that of France. Looking westward to the thrift and enterprise, the wealth and prosperity, of the once pioneer, but now established, communities, the House welcomed two new States beneath the folds of the national flag and added two new stars to its field of blue. These measures, covering parliamentary methods, pure elections, business interests, the welfare of the soldier and of labor, and the additions to our statehood, have been passed by the House, in addition to the regular appropriation bills and a multitude of other measures--many of great importance--too numerous even to catalogue. JOHN DALZELL. ------------------ MR. FITCH: The session of Congress which has just closed has had two features which will make its history interesting hereafter. One of these is the appearance of a new leader in the Republican party, and the other is the adoption by that party of a new policy on the tariff. The new leader is Thomas B. Reed. It is not possible to speak of the action of the lower house of Congress without discussing him, for the reason that the history of the House at this session is simply the record of the movements of his mind and will from December, 1889, to September, 1890. Whether his rulings and the new rules which he made for the House are 524 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. justified by precedent or by necessity has been fully discussed in THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, and cannot at once be decided by any tribunal whose verdict will be generally accepted. But whether he is right or wrong, the situation is equally strange and interesting. If he is right and is sustained in the future, parliamentary life and action have taken a new phase in this country. The Speaker of the House has become the second person of importance in our government. It is not altogether a question of whether the majority of the House shall govern. In this House the Speaker has governed the majority as well as the minority. It is well known that the Tariff Bill which carries the name of Mr. McKinley would have been altered in many of its schedules if Republicans who desired changes could have had recognition and the right to speak and vote free from the fear of the displeasure of a Speaker who could and would deal out in all legislation favors to the friendly and defeat to the rebellious. What may we fairly expect if at some time these new powers are found in the hands of some man as able and as unhesitating as he, but as fond, for instance, of money as he is of power and partisan advantage ? If he is wrong, the situation is even more startling. His is not the case of a party leader carrying out the wishes of his party. Instead of carrying out a policy, he has made one He is independent of the Republican President, for whom he has no liking. If has any respect. He is open opposition to the Republican Secretary of State, so lately the unquestioned leader of his party. He has only open contempt and derision for the Republican Senate, which he says is made up of grandmothers, and which he sneers at as a "deliberative body." He brooks no interference from his fellow-Republicans in the House. He does not even allow them to defend his action when it is attacked. From his place in the chair he answers argument with argument, and uses as freely his favorite weapons of wit and satire against his opponents as when he stood on the floor, the leader of a minority. His party in the House is only used as an audience to witness the fight between Democrats and the Speaker, and is only expected to applaud at the proper moment. I am not one of those who question at all his his honesty or his sincerity. These are the very qualities which make him dangerous. He is clearly in earnest all the time. His belief 525 WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. in himself and in the correctness of all his views never is shaken. Lowell described him when he wrote : "He couldn't see but just one side; If his, 'twas God's, and that was plenty." The most remarkable thing that Congress has done at this session is to submit on both sides to such a ruler. The second striking feature of this session is the new tariff policy adopted by Mr. Reed and his party, and embodied in the McKinley Bill. I say the new policy because it appears to me to be plain that a large increase of protective duties, covering almost every line of business, and the granting of bounties in place of protection, were never announced as a part of the Republican doctrine. To say nothing of the many Republicans who believed, with Garfield, that the old tariff needed revision in the direction of lower duties, the general party creed, as expressed in its platforms and explained by its orators and newspapers, was the defence and maintenance of the old tariff against the attacks of the tariff reformers. It was on this question that the vote was taken by which the present Congress was elected in 1888. An examination of the speeches in the House on the Mills Bill shows this to be true. Such a change as has been made was never announced as even a probable result of a Republican victory. What Republican orator on the stump foretold the intention of the party to raise the duties on almost every article of use or ornament in the house, of clothing for the family, or food for the table ? What Republican candidate for Congress announced that, if he were elected, he proposed to vote to allow certain manufacturers to arrange for themselves, in the room of the Committee on Ways and Means, the prices at which they would allow the consumers of this country to buy their goods ? What party organ announced that the Republican party, if it came into power, would disturb the finances and business of the whole country by a new tariff agitation, start by this means immense importations of dutiable goods and give them time to arrive and accumulate, and end by substituting "McKinley prices" for those to which the business world had for years adjusted itself? As to the scheme of a bounty on sugar this is is equally true. Mr. McKenna, of California, a Republican member of this House and of the Committee on Ways and Means, says in his report on the McKinley Bill : " A bounty is as useless as it is burdensome, and as odious as it is useless. It is 526 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. not Republican. It has no justification in either the practice, the principles, or the professions of the Republican party." The issues raised by the new leadership and the new policy of the Republican party will be welcomed by its opponents. ASHBEL P. FITCH. MR.McADOO: LEAVING out the Tariff Bill, the session of the Fifty-first Congress is notable as much for the important measures that failed of passage as for those which become laws. The following important bills failed to pass both, or, in some cases, either, branch of Congress: the bill to control Federal elections; the amendment to the Alien Contract-Labor Law; the bill forbidding convict labor directly or indirectly on government works; the Copyright Bill; the uniform Bankruptcy Law; the bill relieving the Supreme Court by the creation of intermediary courts; the bill to revive American shipping by subsidies; the Compound-Lard Bill; the Pure-Food Bill; the Government Postal-Telegraph Bill; the proposition to reduce postage; bills to admit Arizona and New Mexico to statehood; the Service Pension Bill; the bill to transfer the revenue- marine service to the Navy Department; the Blair Education Bill; and the bill regarding the French spoliation claims. From the stand-point of the opposition, the vital measures passed are considered, justly, I think, as dangerous and unjust, and are not based so much on fixed principles as intended to repay party obligations and continue party supremacy. Taken as a whole, they are unconcealed class legislation. They owe their passage in the popular branch of Congress to the dominant, and, indeed, regnant, personality and determination of the Speaker, Mr. Thomas B. Reed. To understand them intelligently in their spirit and intent, it is necessary to briefly consider the force or forces in the House, where the great measures must originate. The Speaker, readily assuming responsibility for all legislation, did not hesitate to cast his party and personality into the contest for any measure that he desired to succeed and thus, under the intense pressure of the one and the forceful and imperturbable presence of the other, to coerce the weak and wavering of his own party, and challenge within the same the fears and ambitions of those who might WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. 527 otherwise be his rivals and opponents. Acquiring complete control of his own party in the House, cemented to him as partisans through the strenuous opposition begotten in the minority by his actions, he determined to redeem to the full the pledges given to the powerful interests, classes, and individuals who had joined in defeating the former administration. A key to the true meaning and intent of the vital measures of the session may be found in his favorite watchwords, "business" and "results," which in this light may be interpreted to mean that all roads are right ones that lead to party success, and that, in reaching the goal, there is no ground, however sacred, that may not be trespassed upon, and no obstacle, however venerable or just, that may not be demolished ; not even excepting, as his critics insist, the Decalogue and the Constitution of the United States. The change of rules, affecting all interests, may first be considered among the really important matters of the session. The amended rules aim to stifle discussion, give unusual powers to the Speaker, and transfer the control of legislation from the House to the committees. They are more restrictive of the rights of the individual member than the celebrated closure adopted some years ago, after many months of discussion, in the English House of Commons. These rules superimpose upon the powerfully restrictive "previous question" the right of the Speaker to declare a motion dilatory and refuse to entertain the same, despite the protest of any number of members ; confer on him the right to count as voting, so as to obtain a quorum, a member present and silent, even if incapacitated ; do away with the public introduction of bills and resolutions, and leave their proper committal to the Speaker. Under this drastic code the Speaker called "business" as the referee at pugilistic encounters calls "time," and the contest began. Briefly, here are a few of its more important results. Seventeen thousand bills were introduced in this Congress; most of these, as was so aptly said by the late Samuel J. Randall, reach out to the public treasury. Out of this mass there go to the statute-book two laws relating to the tariff--the Administrative Bill and the Tariff Bill proper. The Administrative Bill, by indirection, raises the duty on some articles at least 5 per cent., on the most conservative calculations; in some instances, it is contended, the advance is as high as 15 per cent. It does528 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. away with trial by jury in contested customs cases, and leaves the decision to a newly-constituted Board of Appraisers. It frowns upon importations, and makes the importer akin to the smuggler. The Tariff Bill proper is the most ultra-protection law ever enacted in the history of nations, and, is in effect, a declaration of commercial war against the whole outside world. In my opinion, it will raise, in a marked degree, the cost of everything, except labor, and in the fierce, retaliatory, international war which it invites the American farmer will be the chief sufferer. Behind its towering prohibitory walls foreign products may scarcely come, but their alien makers are free to enter, and underbid the labor which the law pretends to protect. It is illogical, as well as unjust, when it does not extend the present Chinese-Exclusion Act to all mankind. By the results of this law the present Congress becomes either famous or infamous. To make sure that this law shall not be repealed for some time to come, the Senate, the body most removed from popular elections, has had its membership increased by the creation of new States for purely partisan purposes. Idaho and Wyoming are admitted without sufficient population and with scarcely a pretence of fairness. Arizona and New Mexico are kept out, although possessing large populations, because they are not sure for the party in power. Idaho has 60,589 population, as against 153,076 in New Mexico. It can nullify the vote of New York in the Senate, and has about one-fifth the population of some Congress districts in that state and New Jersey. This, in the language of Mr. Speaker Reed, is "business." The Silver Bill was passed to modify by a mild increase of money the effects of the new Tariff Law, but mainly as a party necessity to appease the silver-producing States for their support in the Senate and at the polls. The proposition to warehouse silver bullion begot the demand of the Farmers' Alliance for the paternalistic, government pawnshop, called by them the "sub-treasury plan." If silver bullion, why not corn and pork? One of the most important measures passed was the so-called Land-Grant-Forfeiture Bill. This bill ends a shameful and pathetic chapter in our history. It forfeits, out of a possible 70,000,000 acres, 6,000,000 acres, a small portion of which is unoccupied and arable. It settles with the land grant railroads on WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. 529 their own terms. The vast public domain, with its splendid possibilities, is fast disappearing, and the last acre of the people's land will soon be gone forever. The Senate, more subservient even than the House, refused to leave open the contest for those lands not earned in the time stated in the original grants. The Pension Bill is simply intended to get and hold the soldier vote at public expense, and, if followed by similar legislation, must beget an income or other additional tax. Among other measures are the Original-Package Bill, passed to please Republican Prohibitionists, which gives power that must belong either to Congress or the States, to be exercised by the possessor, from one to the other; meat-inspection bills intended to delude the farmer into believing that we can make Europe, incensed at our tariffs, buy his food-products; the compromise measure opening the arid lands to speculators and water companies who will take advantage of the government surveys to control the springs, thus furthering monopoly and land-robbery, and all hastening the scourge of Europe--the landlord; the most expensive and vicious of all river-and-harbor bills, which, in addition to the usual attempts to make navigable streams out of creeks that are roaring torrents in spring and scarcely damp places in summer, contains a provision to build the Hennepin Canal in Illinois at an expense of millions, part of which will be paid by citizens of New York, whose taxes constructed, now manage, repair, and make free the Erie Canal. A true "business" Congress would abolish the present system and appropriate a lump sum to be expended by a board properly constituted, of which the Secretary of War should be a member. There were also many bills for public buildings, necessary and unnecessary, and in nearly all cases unduly expensive; a "business" Congress looking for good "results" would also appropriate a lump sum in this matter. On the whole, the expenditures are increased by about $52,000,000, as compared with first session of the Fiftieth Congress. The total expenditures are estimated in round numbers at $461,000,000, which will cause a deficit before the end of the fiscal year, unless the receipts exceed the estimates. This vast sum, however, does not tell the full truth. Many works, such as the new ships for the navy; indefinite and permanent appropriations, under a new and vicious system inaugurated in this Congress, intended to pay rebates allowed VOL. CLI--NO. 408. 34530 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. in contested customs decisions and in contingent pension cases, and extend also by the House to the cost of operating the vast machinery of the Federal Elections Bill ; numerous public buildings ordered built, but not immediately provided for,--all these make it difficult to state the exact cost of the government for the present fiscal year. This avoidance of appropriations for public works ordered, so as to reduce the aggregate of the annual budget, before the Congress elections, will unprecedently swell the next batch of deficiency bills. As to the merits of the bills that failed, as against those that passed, the reader must make his choice ; but the majority, I think, will agree in deploring the disgraceful defeat of the Copyright Law. One "vital measure" in the line of "business" was the turning out of nine Representatives duly declared elected, and the placing in their seats of contestants in affiliation with the majority ; and in the mean time the Force Bill, behind which is seen the gleam of government steel, and which revives the hates and horrors of reconstruction, awaits resurrection in the Senate next December. When Mr. Reed first seized the official gavel, there were able and conservative leaders in his own party who thought they could go with revolution as far as they pleased, and then check it ; when Mr. Reed hit his splintered and long-suffering desk for the last time this session, history had repeated itself : the Republican party Jacobins had absorbed or driven from the field the temporizing Girondins. William McAdoo. MR. CLEMENTS : The first session of the Fifty-first Congress was the longest but one, and the most extravagant in expenditures, ever convened. The appropriations which it made, including indefinite sums estimated at $2,000,000, aggregate in round numbers $465,500,000, being $15,000,000 in excess of the estimated revenues, and more than $70,000,000 in excess of the appropriations made during the preceding session. That this enormous increase of $70,000,000 in the draft upon the people for public expenditures is extravagant and unwarrantable is conclusively shown by the citation of a few of the many items that go to make it up. WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. 531 The sum of $1,200,000 is appropriated for the establishment of a public park and pleasure-ground in the fashionable suburbs of Washington city. Nearly, if not more than, 1,300 new offices were specifically created, with salaries aggregating about $1,500,000, and certain general appropriations, used wholly in the securing of personal services in the discretion of executive officers, were increased $1,347,100. Among the former are three assistant secretaries at $4,500 each, one each for the War, Navy, and Treasury departments. The first two cannot be justified in this time of profound peace and in connection with an army and navy that have not been increased in numerical strength in sixteen years. If there ever existed and necessity for the last, it was relieved by the passage of the act creating nine general appraisers of customs, with a salary of $7,000 each, to whom was transferred the greater part of the principal labors therefore incumbent upon the head of the Treasury Department and his two assistants. The large and extravagantly-paid force of officials connected with the Senate was also increased thirty-seven in number, presumably in part to maintain the increasing dignity of that body because of the advent of four Senators from the new Senators from the new states of Idaho and Wyoming, admitted by this congress, with an aggregate combined population of less than 145,000. The salaries of about 1,100 existing officers were increased in the aggregate more than $132,000. Among others, the salary of the head of the Land Office is increased 25 per cent. over what had been acceptable to his distinguished predecessors. In the Patent Office thirty of the highest-salaried officials participate in the general raid upon the treasury. These increases have been made in the face of the facts elicited before the Committee on Appropriations, and presented to the House, showing that from 10 to 25 per cent. of the employees in the departmental services at Washington are below a fair standard of efficiency. Pension legislation was enacted that will, according to conservative estimates, swell pension expenditures to probably $150,000,000 and possibly $200,000,000 per annum--a sum far greater than is annually expended by any of the great powers of Europe is maintaining their military and naval establishments and for paying pensions. Comparatively but a pittance of this enormous sum, raised by taxation upon all of the people and by a system purposely made burdensome upon the South, goes for532 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. payment to or expenditure among the people of that section. Had it been the avowed intention of the Republican party to exact a war indemnity of the South, as did Germany of France, their object had already been more than accomplished. Yet the legislation had during the past session, which practically gives a service pension to the survivors of the Union army, in effect continues in increasing ratio the exaction of an indemnity from that section of our common country which was laid waste by the results of the war and despoiled by the carpet-bag governments of the Republican party for a decade after open hostilities had ceased. Such legislation, draining the resources of one section and giving in lavish bounty to the citizens of another section, for no disability or injury received in a service of their country which they claim to have rendered from high and patriotic considerations alone, will, so long as it continues, effectually prevent anything like universal or equal prosperity among the people of the country. Such a condition logically deters immigration to the South and the development of its natural resources by men who seek new fields for the use of their capital. A nominal, but utterly impotent, Anti-Trust Law has been given to the people, while to the trusts and monopolies has been giving a practical, effective system of enforcing their merciless exactions from the people on many of the prime necessaries of living by prohibitory taxes on imports. The Tariff Act passed at the late session is not only excessively high in its rates, but it is a masterpiece of iniquitous sectional discriminations. A striking example of this feature is its disposition of the duties on the cotton-ties, used by the farmers of the South, and binding-twine, used mostly by the farmers of the Northwest. The duty on the former is raised from 35 per cent. to 125, while on the latter it is reduced from 2 1/2 cents a pound to 7/10 of one cent. The demands of the manufacturers of ties were overwhelming against the overburdened farmer of the South, but the appeals of the manufacturers of binding-twine were unavailing against the farmer of the Northwest. The duty on cotton bagging has also been increased. The limits of this paper will not allow an enumeration of the many other instances of like injustice abounding in this thoroughly bad law. Its sectional discriminations are only equalled by the provisions of the so-called Compound-Lard Bill, which WHAT CONGRESS HAS DONE. 533 passed the House. Unmasked, this bill is solely designed to make the hog industry of the Northwest more profitable by destroying the cotton-seed-oil industry of the South. A more indefensible perversion of the taxing power could scarcely be proposed by the ingenuity and avarice of man. For unseemly thrusts and controversies between the Chair and the members in their places, and between members on the floor, and the general exhibition of ill-nature, the session has been unprecedented. A conspicuous illustration of this was given by Republican members during the debate on the bill last named, when coarse vulgarity, vile epithets, and even physical blows were resorted to among themselves. To some of the new rules, the spirit and manner of their application and enforcement, this deplorable condition was largely due. These rules have vastly augmented the arbitrary power of the Speaker and given to the majority of the Committee on Rules, of which he is chairman, the control of the conduct of the business of the House. The representative power of the member has been correspondingly minified. J.C. CLEMENTS.SCOTTISH POLITICS BY THE RIGHT HON. THE MARQUIS OF LORNE. NOT very long ago late Duke of Buccleuch saw a claymore in the shop of a Paris dealer in arms, entering, examined the weapon asked the price, and purchased it. With the Italian "basket" hilt, and straight blade with double groove running nearly to the point, this was the sword adopted by Highlanders, and purchased by them in considerable numbers, while at home they also manufactured them. The "Andrea Ferrara" blade which had caught the Duke's eye was a fine specimen of the old master's workmanship. But there was a special reason which led the purchaser to buy it at sight. engraved on its steel was the name of "Strathalan" and the motto "Scotland for Ever. No Union." It had belonged to the nobleman whose title it bore, and whose hand had grown stiff in death while it gripped its hilt on "Drummossie" fatal muir," the battlefield of Culloden. Whether taken by the victorious Hanoverian troops, or brought away from the scene of carnage by some faithful clansman before the last charge of the Highlanders had failed before the fire of the grenadiers and of the Campbells who had enfiladed the Jacobites' position from the shelter of a neighboring park wall, will never be accurately known. But Strathalan's sword was returned to the head of the family by the Duke. That family, in the generation succeeding to that which had perished in the Civil War fighting for "No Union," saw its members conducting one of the richest private banks in the great metropolis of London, a capital with which their fathers have wished to have as little communion, and as little knowledge of it, as possible. The sons had more English gold in their coffers than there were drops of blood in the bodies of the Clan Drummond who bled at Culloden. The fathers had loved their Stuart king and Catholic faith not wisely but too well. The next generation found that the fathers' political sins are not always visited upon the children, SCOTTISH POLITICS 535 and Drummond Bank, in Charing Cross, stands to-day a curious and instructive commentary that cry of old Scottish patriotism, "Scotland for Ever. No Union." Monarchs may look with a natural approval on that fidelity to the sacred right of hereditary sovereignty which led the Jacobite to fight and lose life and fortune to uphold the succession to the crown of the last of the men of the Stuart royal race. The "Wee German Lairdie," the Hanoverian ruler, was only descended from a daughter of that old Scottish house, and the Revolution of 1688 had taught men in Britain to look to the bent of their kings' characters quite as much as to their blood. Descent might be of value in gaining the votes of those who laid store on such matters, but decency in regarding the liberties of the subject was of far more value, and had come to determine the tenure of the crown in our islands. But whether monarchs may approve of the blind fidelity to "loyalty" that led to the wars of 1715 and 1745 or not, all men must admire the chivalrous self-sacrifice with which the Jacobites flung themselves into the unequal fray. It is true that the Catholics of the North of the North of England had promised to take up the Stuart cause, and were said to be ready with many in the border counties to join the Highland host. But how small was that host ! How badly armed and disciplined, and how ill equipped with money or any resource beyond its own fierce enthusiasm ! There was not even a single battery of artillery, and it was with only a troop of cavalry and ten to eleven thousand ragged infantry that the champions of the white cockade marched boldly into the great and populous and wealthy England to coerce its teeming midlands and conquer its splendid capital. What marvellous daring and what extraordinary success crowned for a while the hardihood which many of the devoted gentlemen who joined the Prince must have seen to be madness ! "Scotland for Ever. No Union." A fatal cry, and doubly fatal when success depended on the adhesion of the English Jacobites, who were, indeed, numerous enough in many a county to set alight vain hopes and fiery longings yet to be read in the beautiful stanzas of the Scottish poetry, and heard in the songs of which the defeated party has almost a monopoly. But there was not only fidelity to a fallen king shown forth in the great risings in the north. There was also the passionate assertion of that independence which had made the Scottish nation re-536 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. gard England as the " Auld Enemy" until Scotland's own statesmen led her to embrace the ancient foe, and under Scotland's own king to commence an alliance which was intended to heal all old wounds by the indissoluble welding of hitherto separated interests into one commonwealth, to the equal profit and advantage of both peoples. One nation should henceforth cleave the seas of circumstance, and that nation should be called the British. To all the outer world, to every foreigner, the two should be indivisible. At home each was to keep its own laws and usages, and no man could uproot the glorious history of either. The gain was undoubtedly chiefly for the weaker and the poorer people. Yet this was not acknowledged by many, and was, indeed, seen by few. In Edinburgh, especially, where the departure of the court and the people it brought was justly dreaded as the taking-away of profitable business, the mob was in arms. It could not have been foreseen by those who watched the preparation for departure made by all the wealthiest and the foremost men among the Scots that within the lifetime of their own grandchildren that old Edinburgh, in whose narrow streets and close "wynds" the Anti-Unionists shouted and swore, would be but a picturesque corner in a city greater than any that existed in their day, with the sole exception of London. They saw only, as Lord Belhaven pathetically said in the Parliament House, that it " was the end of an old song." They could not know that it was the prelude to such a burst of glorious harmony as would fill the world with the triumphal notes of hymns of victory that have followed Britain's march over regions wider than even a Scot had ever travelled. They had felt the power of England's enmity. Their commerce had been hindered, their influence withered, under the influence of her jealousy. They could not believe the enemy of their fathers would be the helpmate of their children. And thus when " the Bonny Prince" called to them to maintain his rights, they hesitated not, but joined him, and when they saw how hopeless was his cause, they did not falter. Not a man forsook him. That grand loyalty would not permit any Highlander, however wretched, to betray the Prince after his defeat, when a word or a gesture would have put 25,000 into the poor man's pocket, and have consigned the " Pretender" to prison. So when affairs were darkest, and the chief and the gentlemen SCOTTISH POLITICS. 537 around him know that their heads and lands would pay the forfeit, the only cry was " onward" and " attack." For the Holy Church, for their scarcely less holy King, into the jaws of death, into the scenes of contumely, with the scaffold and the headsman in the foreground, they marched, glad to give their all and the hopes of their sons for the cause of the Prince. It was a noble devotion, condemn it as we may as a mistake, and it was fed by the remembrance of their ancient independent nationality. It was " Home Rule" with a cause, and a creed, and a history to justify it. They had the knowledge of the glory they had acquired in separation. They had not the wisdom to anticipate the good of the union. They saw only the merging of the old and known into something strange and untried. We, looking back with after-knowledge, must not blame them who could not called expansion patriotism. It has taken nearly two centuries to make the truth very clear; and even now there is among a few an attempt to deny it, and to declare that the spirit of Scotch nationality would be purer and better without being tied to the clay of the British body. Education itself helps to keep this feeling alive. Just as every boy in the United States hates England when he reads at school of the American War of Independence, and considers Bunker Hill as an undoubted victory, so every urchin in Scotland revels in visions of the heroic feats of Wallace and Bruce, and of the day when the dead Douglas won the fight at Chevy Chase, and thinks how he, too, would enjoy such days, and how easy it would be to "whip" 120,000 English with 30,000 Scots, as did the good King Robert on that morning under the hill of Stirling in 1314. And he knows that from those far-away times onward to those of which he may have heard his great- grandfather speak there were fights between Scotch armies and English armies, in which the Southron did not come off best without Scotch help, and he very rightly thinks that he could fight three Englishmen at least. That old border line was made good against the wealthier nation for a thousand years, and it could again be held if necessary. So his pride swells, and he, at all events, is not among those against whom Walter Scott wrote: "Breathes there a man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, 'This is my own, my native land '?"538 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Is it necessary to hold that border line? Some people think nowadays that they will emulate Bruce and Wallace, and because they can't get all they want in agrarian disputes and social equality, and this and that in local wrangles, the work of the eighteenth century is to be revised and the great union is to be debased and annulled for the elevation of their little selves. One of the most intensely "national" of Scots, and one of Scotland's best writers,-a local man to the bone, and ready to hate all that was antagonistic to what is noble in a national and race spirit,-wrote thus after he had paced for the first time the transept of Westminster Abbey. He had not visited England' until middle life, and his book on his "First Impressions of England and Her People" is one that can be read by all at any time with pleasure and instruction. His eye was as keen to note the characteristics of the men around him as it was to examine his own tendencies, and he would have despised himself if he had taken color from mere surroundings. But he was proud to color his own mind with the illuminations of others, and the fuller light with which his was filled came because he did not hedge himself round with the walls of narrowness and isolation. He saw on the tombstones in the Abbey the names of the poets and writers whose words had cheered him at evening after the long hours of his mason's toil, and whose sentiment had been with him by day and by night. Among them he saw his own countryman, Campbell, but he thinks of all the great dust beneath his feet and writes : "How though roughly had they served to break down, in my mind at least, the narrower and more illiberal partialities of country, leaving undisturbed however, all that was worthy of being cherished in my attachment to poor old Scotland. I learned to deem the English poet not less my country man than the Scot If I but felt the true human heart beating in his bosom." "The narrower and more illiberal partialities of country," as opposed to the pride in a great nationality to which we may ourselves belong through the patriotism of our forefathers--this is the distinction which over and over again must be made and enforced on those who would degrade patriotism into a mere provincial peacocking. If the superficial study of history inclines the boy to be patriotic in the narrower and less worthy sense, its continued study will make the man consider himself the more fortunate the larger and more cohesive is that flag which symbolizes a country able to not only to look back on the feats that wove SCOTTISH POLITICS 539 together its different tribes, but proud of the genius that formed the races into a political power. That power need seek no enhancement of reputation in the remembrance of the struggles between its own sections in the past, but relies for its self-respect on its force in the rivalry of nations in the present. Yet there are a few who would like to see Scotland talk only of her pedigree and of her pipers, of her tartans, her feuds, of clans and churches. The feeling has arisen on account of the multiplicity of work devolving on Parliament, which has sometimes made that assembly slow to get quickly either into or through purely Scottish business. It would be as great folly to take up the false and mischievous position over against England of "a separate national parliament, with an executive proceeding there- from," as it would be to despise and reject the devolution of powers on local bodies for the purpose of lightening the work of the central Parliament at Westminster. A step in the right direction has recently been made in the constitution of country councils elected on a wide franchise. This may yet be further developed. But what many of those who clamor loudest for a revived Scottish parliament want is to effect changes in the tenure of property and interference with the obligation of contract which would not be tolerated in America. The Imperial Parliament has done somethings which encourage these gentlemen to hope that the transfer of property from one individual to another, or of goods from one class to another, may not be wholly impracticable even with an Imperial Parliament governing the realms. With a purely national or home-rule parliament, representing in one chamber the majority of Scotland alone, they fancy that it would be easy to take, for instance, property in land from one class and give it to another. It was said long ago that the British, slow as they are, have proved themselves to be often capable of being filled with a greater amount of enthusiasm for an idea than other nations. Just as in London, if a man appears who has filled the newspapers with accounts of his travels, his fights, or his adventures of any kind, he becomes the "lion" of the season, and is petted and spoiled by "society," so does the British pubic sometimes in its Parliament awake to a fit of enthusiasm to pet some special trade or class It was so with the so-called "Crofters" of late. they were said to be the lost tribes of a kind of Tartan Judah, and their story540 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. formed a romantic trilogy which began with patriarchal manners, continued through an era of wondrous loyalty to chief and king, and was terminating under the eyes of an indignant but sleepy world in the acts that were disinheriting them of their patrimony and depopulating the land by their enforced exile to the wilds of inhospitable America. Virtue awoke in the breast of the British politician. He was quite aware that this excellent peasantry never possessed any more rights than did the peasantry of England, who used to cultivate the land exactly as the Crofters do; namely, dividing the land like a "crazy" quilt exhibited at an American fair, each man having during one year to tend half a dozen of the different patches apart from each other. During the next year he had to tend other patches, because it was considered in the village right that each should have "turn about." The system was hopeless as regards to agriculture, and in all parts of the country, except in the Highlands, where want of communication and Gaelic had made people more content than elsewhere when they starved, the system had given place to another more adapted to get food out of the land for the public at large and enhance the value of the soil. They had no more right than had any other peasants to the plots they occupied. Leases were never granted to them, because they were part of the fighting "outfit of the chief," bound to do his service in peace or war, give his daughters a "tocher" when they married, cart and carry for him; and all this service was in exchange for the safety and protection he was supposed to be able to give to them. Every estate history in the Highlands could point to this absolute rule, tempered only by prudence, and show how the small tenants were ordered out by their chief to attack other tribes, and to be shifted from one set of farms to another, or be arbitrarily dealt with in other ways. This was history, and it may be very shocking that it was history, and that the clansmen allowed it ; but patriarchal sway was absolute, shocking as the fact may be. These people, therefore, had far less right to their farms than had those in England who had been under its common law or ages. But history was made to serve virtue, and, as it is always pleasant to show generosity to the poor, Parliament decreed that any house built by the land-owner should on all "crofts" become the property of the land-occupier, and that, further, when any five peasants wanted their SCOTTISH POLITICS. 541 holdings enlarged, the addition was to be taken from the nearest good farm, at the discretion of a roving party of commissioners, who should act as they thought best on these general principles : (1) that the rent paid for a holding should never be more than the present occupier could easily pay, to the exclusion of any other man ; (2) that the owner's improvements should become the tenant's, for the occupier was now to have not only his rent adjusted, but also to have the right to remain forever where he found himself so long as he paid the low rent ; (3) he could bequeath his holding as property to his successor. Any arrears of rent were also either cancelled by order of the commission or greatly cut down. American readers will say they guess that was pretty drastic legislation. And so it was. We shall see what are the fruits in a few years. Meanwhile the politicians who desire the Crofters' votes tell them that they must have a present made to them of cattle and sheep to stock the lands they will yet take from the neighboring land-owner to add to their holdings. Opinions will differ as to whether it was right to fix a "fair rent." It is not done elsewhere, but in the case of the poorest of the peasants I, for one, think it was very defensible. But in regard to the further measures, we shall see whether the strings of the land-owner's purse are not now greatly tightened in subscribing to help the peasant who has been placed in a position which tempts the land-owner to look upon him, not as his friend whom he would like ot help, but as his natural enemy, who may conspire with other against him. Most of the railways, the piers, and other public improvements, as well as all the large drainage operations, have hitherto been undertaken by the land-owner, who had a pride in doing them, and a satisfaction in seeing them make his property better and his people happier. The legislation now enacted tends to cut off his sympathy, and, in a wild a barren region where the kindly good-neighborship of the "big man" is of great advantage to the poor, to deprive the peasant of the aid and countenance he has hitherto had. An American may think the peasant is all the better without such patronage. If the land were good, it might be so, but in a wet climate and on bad soil can a man be as independent as he may become on the prairies on Nebraska or Iowa? The query is a painful one to those who know the Highlands, and hear the very different tone which men now assume when they speak of542 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. laying out their money elsewhere than in places where benevolent legislation confiscates it for the assumed benefit of the tenant, who is accidentally at the moment the recipient of such enforced and temporary bounty. They who have pointed this out are denounced as "depopulators" and "grasping landlords," but time will show whether they or the people's noisy advocates at election times are the true friends of the Crofters. Every person having a remembrance of Scottish song and story, every well-wisher to the most romantic part of the old country, will desire that as many of the peasantry as can remain with comfort to themselves on the wild shores and healthy glens shall be enabled to do so, "What will pay best"?--not for the land-owner, but also for the land-occupiers--must, however, be asked. They who have known comfort in the towns or in the better-equipped homesteads of the fertile low country, or in the States, or in the great colonies of Britain, will not be so contented with the old ways which were good enough for their forefathers. In one of the most fertile of the Hebrides, the island of Islay, Pennant, in the middle of the last century, saw the people rushing down to the strand to meet a vessel, for in that ship they saw their only hope of sustaining existence. They were starving, and it was bringing flour. Such scenes were possible in the "good old days." They are not so now, but they would again be possible in the Lewis and in some of the over-populated districts were it not that steamers and charity can bring more certain aid than was possible in the days when Pennant voyaged and truthfully wrote all he heard and saw. To keep the Highlander "on the land" may not always be a kindness to him. "What is the name of that glen ?" asked a tourist of the stage- driver in the Highlands. "The Devil's Glen, ma'am," was the answer, and the ejaculation which followed from the tourist was natural, when she emphatically murmured : "Poor Devil !" But the land-hunger is sufficient in the Highlands, as in Ireland, to make persons accustomed to the wet climate anxious to live there even on bad land. It is also not only the Crofter who wishes for more soil to squat upon, but others envy even his poor estate. There are numbers greatly in excess of the number of Crofters who demand of him some "rigs" of his land whereon to plant potatoes. There are many who cannot get this. They are SCOTTISH POLITICS. 543 told by their benevolent friends, the politicians who woo their votes, that they too must have land, and that they must not think of emigrating, for they must get what they can of the bad lands at home rather than in America or Australia. Accordingly the following language is heard. It was used last week in the Lewis, a large Hebridean island, to a former minister of the Crown, who, at present in opposition, hopes to get into power again on some wave of Gladstonian tergiversation. He was told that it was not forgotten by the Crofters that, when, a few years ago, they had taken the law into their own hands with a fair prospect of driving out the cattle of the land-owner and putting their own upon the grazings, the Gladstonian delinquent before them had acquiesced in the sending of an armed force to aid the police, who had been overpowered. They were willing to let these bygones be bygones so soon as they had an assurance that the enforcement of law by the supreme government would not be repeated, but they warned him that they would take up equal arms should the same act be repeated by any government. The burden, they continued, that took away the breath of a Crofter was that he dragged behind him the cotters and squatters. If there was any disorder, they would hold the government responsible. As long as they had thousands upon thousands of landless cotters, the government, in allowing good arable farms to dangle before the eyes of the landless, starving, desperate, hopeless me, were tempting these men to crime. The ex-minister replied by saying that he wanted all that was good in the ancient state of the Highlands restored, by which he doubtless meant the rapid suspension by the neck of all intrusive politicians. His audience accepted his words as an omen that every landed Crofter would soon have his little farm doubled in size at the expense of his neighbors, and that every squatter and every cotter who has no land should have land granted him by the government, so that he should no longer bother the Crofter ; and of course a good grant must be made to all landless men so that they may buy cattle, sheep, and "outfit" to stock any land given to them by a grateful public. Some Americans may think, on reading these statements, that the persons who make these demands on the good of their neighbors cannot much care for religion. They would be mistaken. For the moment these people have agreed that the "land question"544 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. comes before the church question. But when every man shall have a little farm stocked by the state and granted rent free, then, it is agreed, there must be a great deal of church talk. The form that their interest in church matters assumes is an interest in the refusal of any land-tax that may go with the land that may be given them. Of course they should have the land free of any drawback in the way of payment to anybody. But these demands are the dishonest men's demands. The bulk of the people pay something now for their Free-Church ministers, and the majority are quite willing to pay for the luxury of a little argument on creed and "Erastianism." Most of the clergy who minister to them are subsidized by richer members of their church in the south and east of Scotland, but they do not contribute for their sustenance. The number of adherents the Free Church possesses in the Highlands and islands is remarkable. There is a zone of Roman Catholic country, but the bulk of the western men are Presbyterian, of the division of that church which broke off from the Established State Church in 1843, mainly on the question of the election of the pastors by the congregations. Although "patronage," or the nomination of a clergyman to a parish by a patron, became only a nominal right many years ago, and has now for some time been formally and legally abolished, the Free Church still maintains its separate organization. The United Presbyterian Church is another large body, detesting to a greater degree than do the adherents of the Free Church all connection between church and state. In matters of general government, organization, ritual, and usage, the three bodies, "Established," "Free," and "United Presbyterian," are precisely alike. There may be a little more architecture in the Established churches, but that is doubtful. There may also among them be a few more organs used during worship, and there may in some instances be more written prayers used and a larger number of hymns sung, where in other services you will only hear the psalms of David sung according to a version made in the seventeenth century by a Welshman named Rouse, who was well inspired in the case of a few of his versions, and prompted by the demon of discord in the majority of his "renderings." But they are all in rhyme, and have attained through association a semi-sacred tenure in many Presbyterian minds, not to be disturbed by any afterthought or experience. Milton's versions are by many considered SCOTTISH POLITICS. 545 barbarous in comparison with the following specimen by Mr. Rouse : "Thus grieved was my heart in me, And me my reins opprest ; So rude was I and ignorant, And in Thy sight a beast." They all sing this with equal satisfaction. Why should they not join in having one national church "established" in the national reverence and love ? You may well ask. Questions are proverbially discreet ; the answers seldom. So it is best to decline to answer. To sound the unfathomable is an unprofitable task. The perverseness of human nature gives the best answer. But there is a strong party anxious to disestablish the state section of the Presbyterians and to disendow the church and apply the funds to education. It is probable they will succeed in severing the connection of the state, but not with the bulk of the church's property. This was of old given for the good of the donor's soul, for the support of the church, and for the education of children, which the Roman Catholic Church undertook almost alone in the middle ages. Since those times the church property has greatly increased by gifts which could not without the grossest impropriety be diverted to other uses than those for which they were designed. In Canada the various religious bodies have not kept up the distinction so tenaciously held in the old country, and the presumption is that in Scotland also union would take place after a time should the connection with the state be dissolved. The "Establishment" has formed "church-defence associations," and one of the most eloquent of her "divines" spoke a few days ago to this effect : "All that the Scottish Church wanted was this, that they would allow no man to go to Parliament and represent the opinion of Scotland who had pledged himself for disestablishment until it had been put as a fair, clear issue before the Scottish people. This was not a question that had to do with the three Presbyterian churches. It had to do with the great spiritual and moral interest that underlay our churches. It was a religious question affecting our dear land for generations yet to come. Disestablishment meant that the corporate life of the nation would be cut off from all recognition of the Supreme Being as its Ruler, and would become atheistic or agnostic. The act of disestablish the church was, when viewed righty, an act of disloyalty to God and his Christ. In regard to disendowment, the endowments were the legacies or bequeathments of pious generations gone by for the keeping up of the parish church and the religious objects of the day. They were now being used for the same purpose as for the last 1,000 years. What had the state to do with that? The state never gave these endowments, and the state had no right to alienate them as long as they were used for the religious wel VOL. CLI.--NO. 408. 35546 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. fare of the nation. What would they call an act that would take all the old endowments throughout the length and breadth of Scotland? He would tell them what it was called in the Bible. It was called robbery of God. The Church of Scotland was prepared to share these endowments tomorrow with the Free Church, with the United Presbyterian Church, on the one condition that they were kept for the purposes for which they were given, namely, the worship of God and for his religion. They were told that it was an injustice, an anomaly, but, at the same time, their opponents called endowments a bagatelle. Now it was the defenders of the churches' turn to influence candidates for Parliament. They were to make their voices heard as a national church, and they wanted every M. P. and Mr. Gladstone to know that the voices of the Scottish people were against disestablishment. If they were true to themselves, they would never see the old church down." After his late manner of examining, inquiring, and humbly following to alter that which he formerly defended, Mr. Gladstone has declared he is ready to follow any expression of the feeling of Scotland. This feeling will, of course, be measured by votes, and it is significant that at the last election the church showed herself strong enough to make a great deal of reticence prevail among the disestablishers on the question of disestablishment because they wanted to first gain a wide haul of votes for the setting up of a separate national secession parliament in Ireland. This probably means that the "Auld Kirk" position was found to be too strong to be forced, and the difficulty of the attack on her will undoubtedly be augmented if the assaulting party declare they desire to loot the camp as well as drive the defenders from their intrenchments. To an American jurist the chief interest of British politics at present must lie in watching how soon the tendencies of the new voters will make it necessary for Britain to imitate her American cousins in devising something like the fifth amendment to the Constitution. There is no doubt that private property in the old country is not nearly so safe as it is in the new. We are also probably in Britain advancing towards that which we have hitherto carefully avoided, namely, a written constitution. Whatever powers may be delegated by the Parliament to local assemblies, to provincial or to county representative bodies, must be clearly defined. Hitherto Englishmen have hated exact definitions, and the common sense of the comparatively few has been allowed to guide and govern the "happy-go-lucky" and "one-bit-at-a-time" method of British political procedure. With sections setting up, as Ireland does now, for a separate national recognition, and with the overcrowded population in England finding it more and more difficult to get food and elbow room, more attacks SCOTTISH POLITICS. 545 on property and more impatience of the slow justice of the supreme government are sure to arise. Greater power must be given to localities to settle matters among themselves, and it will be necessary to define clearly and concisely, and in a manner that can leave no doubt, how far the local powers extend. Thus gradually we shall arrive at having a good written constitution, such as has for so long been found of use and necessity in America. Of other and minor Scottish political affairs it is not necessary to speak, for they can hardly interest any one not dwelling in the land of cakes and caution. It is amusing to see Gladstonian candidates fishing for Irish national votes by telling the numerous fishermen that "free fishing," or no restriction or property in fish, will be recognized; and the American who spends Federal dollars in restocking the depleted waters where salmon used to be and are not, and in filling the waters even of the sea with ova that are to thrive again in the overfished marine banks, will think with satisfaction that soon his salmon will be the only salmon in the market, should such a "generous and liberal" plank be successful in the British reformers' platform. But these things are of little general interest, and will soon engross the attention of the natural scientist rather than of the philosophical watcher of politics. Scotchmen are probably shrewd enough not to be inoculated to any fatal extent with the periodical Irish small-pox of discontent; and it they think that more people can, with decent comfort, be housed in Scotland, and that they can gain more than they lose by a dislocation of the close union with England, they will effect their wishes, but will not act until they are very sure of the ground on which they venture, for they do not wish to pull their hands out of the full pockets of the Southron, where they have now been handling the "red, red gowd" for considerably over a century. LORNE.THE LADIES OF THE LAST CAESARS. BY GAIL HAMILTON. IN MISERY unspeakable perished Tiberius, the third Emperor of Rome, loving and beloved husband of Vipsania Agrippina, hated and hating husband of Julia; and was succeeded by his grand-nephew, Caius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. All these noble names history has discarded; he is known to us only by his nickname, Caligula, - Little Boots, - because of the military boots - the caliga - wherewithal his military mother shod him in camp to please and flatter the soldiers; as if the President were to be called "Little Brogans," because an ambitious mother in his youth had sought to conciliate the Irish vote by making her boy wear brogans. The sound of his nickname always angered Caligula, but Caligula and nothing else has he been called for eighteen centuries, and, alas for the poor lad! the best we know of him is his name. His mother, Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Agrippa and the woful Julia, seems to have been almost the only woman who escaped unscathed from the hapless hearthstones of Augustus's model family. When the knights at the theatre tried to raise a riot against Augustus for striving to purify society by too stringent marriage-laws, the astute Emperor summoned to his box this austere young princess with her devoted husband, the popular young general, Germanicus, and, holding their little ones in his arms and by his side, silently and successfully appealed to the purity, fidelity, chivalry, in every man's heart. The triumph of family fealty was of short duration. Germanicus died. Agrippina, haughty and straightforward, not politic enough to conceal her opinions or even her suspicions, standing between a sad, bad, reckless mother fighting for life, and a seductive step-grandmother fighting for power found but short shrift, and starved in exile. Of the rosey children whom Augustus loved, three little boys, the happiest of all, died in infancy; three little girls, the most wretched of all, would better never have been born; and three sons grew up to die of violence. One, Caligula, THE LADIES OF THE LAST CAESARS. 549 though slain at the early age of eight-and-twenty, found the years enough to make his name a watchword for infamy so long as time shall last. With the fierce bad blood of Mark Anthony in his veins, an epileptic from childhood, and through his mother's exile intrusted to the tender mercies of the step-dame Livia, what could be demanded or expected of the unfortunate boy? He was not without cleverness. Child though he was, he could discern the scheming of Livia, and acutely characterized her as a "Ulysses in petticoats," though not from the rostrum where, after her death, he pronounced her eulogy. But he was reared in an atmosphere of guilt, terror, enforced hypocrisy. Not one word dared he utter for the doom of his mother or his brothers. Tiberius, moody, misanthropic, mad, summoned him to his hiding-place at Capri, where he witnessed and shared a life of such gloom and horror as might have wrecked a steadier brain. Abject, enslaved, knowing no other way to conciliate, he copied the dress, the manners, the very tone, of Tiberius, with pitiful flattery; and Tiberius, who detested the servility which his tyranny exacted, was, no doubt, often wrought to frenzy by this poor, little, terrible travesty of himself. Tiberius died, and Caligula was free. Free and an emperor at twenty-four. Hitherto invisible in the sombre shadow of Tiberius, the nation rejoiced with great joy as the young man came out seemingly bright, fresh, fair, into the sunshine of the Palatine Hill whence Tiberius had fled, scourged by intolerable furies. But the Nemesis of Augustus Caesar pursued his memory with unquenchable fire. From all the glory and grandeur of his great-grandfather the crazed boy selected for emulation his shameless and shameful marriages, justifying and glorifying himself by the example of the "deified Augustus." One wife he discarded. Another had been the wife of one of his best generals, a man who became so great that, when Nero's flatterers would have persuaded him that if he died the empire would die with him, he replied: "No; the republic still has a support in Memmius Regulus." M. Lollius had been the teacher and tutor of Caligula. Reproached by his pupil for his extortions in Asia Minor, he had poisoned himself from chagrin. But his fabulous, if dishonest, wealth descended to the innocent hands of his grand-daughter, of whose exceeding beauty Caligula one day heard his grandmother speak. Lollia was then with her husband, Memmius550 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Regulus, who was commanding the army in Syria. Caligula instantly summoned her thence, and in spite of the protests of her legal husband, his loyal servant and soldier, forced her into marriage with himself. But to the caprice of Augustus he did not add the constancy; and soon wearying of the lovely heiress, he banished her from his home, but forbade her any other marriage, or even a return to her husband. His third wife, if wife she could be called to a man who polluted all relations, even the most sacred, was a woman without the charms of beauty or character; so that Caligula, with true maniacal acuteness and demoniacal playfulness, used to threaten her with the rack to make her reveal the arts she practised to enchain his love--that terrible love, a menace in its revel, an outrage in its expression. But quickly the madman ran his race--four baleful years of wild dominion--and perished with guilty wife and innocent child. Still may one stand beneath the vast frowning arches in the vast twilight corridors of his palace, on the spot where the gleaming dagger of Cherea sped the soul of Caligula to--I think no worse a world, for could a worse exist for him than this which granted him such a career of cruelty and crime? In the old time when Augustus and Livia had been wont to rejoice in the beauty and brightness of her grandson and his grand-nephew, Germanicus, his younger brother, Claudius, slow-witted, painfully bashful, uncourtly, but not without mental gifts and scholarly tastes, would often have been left in the background but for the kind appreciation of Augustus. Slow-witted he may have been, but he was swift enough and witty enough to rush and hide himself the moment he heard of Caligula's assassination, shrewdly fearing that he should be killed, or, first, sought and set for Emperor. Wise Claudius--wise in vain. A roving soldier saw him, brought him forth, and threatened his life if he did not instantly submit to the purple; thus a private in the army made him Emperor. Whoever has seen Alma Tadema's famous picture in the Walters Gallery at Baltimore will not soon forget the face, livid, distorted, ghastly, of Claudius, vainly crouching behind his curtain; or the tall Roman soldier whose sense of humor overpowers his sense of horror, so that we are fain to believe he was diverted by the sight of a fright that was needless, and invested his victim with the royal insigna as an excellent practical joke. THE LADIES OF THE LAST CAESARS. 551 Slow-witted and unambitious though he were, he had been as amply wived as his cleverer kinsmen. Betrothed in early youth to AEmilia Lepida, great-granddaughter of Augustus, he was presently separated from her because her family in some way offended Augustus. His second betrothed, Livia Medullina, blessed of fate, died on what was to have her marriage-day. He then married in swift succession Plautia Urgunilla, whom he divorced on suspicion on suspicion of grave crimes, after she had become the mother of two children, Drusus and Claudia; AElia Paetina, whom he divorced for comparatively trivial offences, after she had become the mother of one child, Antonia; Valeria Messalina, the daughter of his cousin, the great-granddaughter of Octavia and the ferocious and profligate Anthony, who crowned him with her dissipations and infidelities. One young man above all other attracted her fatal attention, Caius Sillius, reckoned the handsomest of Roman youths, of noble rank, great intellect, and high promise. He was already married to a noble lady, but, unable to withstand the seductions of an Empress, he divorced his wife and gave himself up wholly yo Messalina's devotion. While slow-witted Claudius was bending over his books in the library of Apollo or listening, delighted, to the long reading of literary "papers" by "literary societies,"-- which so bored the real literary folk that they used to sit outside the door and gossip as long as they dared, sending in surreptitious messengers from time to time to see how many leaves yet remained to read; and when certain that the end was not far off, the mean creatures--and play Pliny was one of them, as he confesses--used to sneak in and sit on the edge of chairs, just to show themselves, and slip out again--dear old Pagans! with such a naive touch of humanity; or perhaps Claudius was out on the Campagna planning the innumerable arches of his aqueducts whose beauty still spans that wilderness after the ravages of eighteen hundred years, bringing health from the hills; but all the while his wife was flirting in the the capital with the young consul-elect, visiting him at his house under cover of her numerous retine, not hesitating to permit the imperial carriage to be seen standing at his door, the imperial livery to be met flitting through his halls and corridors. She accompanied him incessantly abroad, loaded him with presents, even the priceless heir-looms of the place of the Caesars; 552 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. and all Rome, save only her plodding, patriotic, public-spirited, stupid husband, looked on agog and aghast. Claudius went down to Ostia, perhaps to supervise the splendid harbor which he built in spite of all his imperial civil engineers, who declared that it could not be built, but built it was, not only with the engineer's skill, but with the architect's beauty and the sculptor's art, with marble columns, cornice, and entablature, with mosaic pavement and memorial inspection. But Claudius left Messalina at home. And Messalina, in the frenzy of her wicked willfulness, determined to go through the forms of a marriage with her Caius Silius. He could not have been so reckless as she, but he probably counted it as dangerous to resist as to obey. The day was set, the guests were invited, a marriage-feast was set forth, and with civil contract and religious rites they celebrated the profane ceremony. The court circle of Claudius were horror-struck, not so much at the guilt as at the audacity of the act. They feared to tell him lest his blind love for him wife and her power over him should expose them to Messalina's revenge; and they equally feared his wrath at their apparent connivance should he of himself discover what it seemed impossible should long be concealed. That nothing of infamy might be wanting to this high pagan social life, they at length decided to acquaint Claudius with his public shame through two women whose association with him had been his private shame. The efforts of the court were to be directed to extorting from him the condemnation of Messalina before she should have a chance to see him and ply him with her blandishments. The two women, fitly named Cleopatra and Calpurnia, went at once to the Emperor, threw themselves at the feet, and gave him the startling tidings that Messalina had married Silius, The Emperor, confounded, summoned his confidential friend and attendant, the freedman Narcissus, who, according to their programme, confirmed the astounding story. Begging the Emperor's pardon for having been silent regarding her course while it had seemed merely a social scandal, he confessed, now that she had thrown off the mask openly in the face of the people, the senate, and the soldiery, "I must speak, for unless you, Cæsar, act with despatch, Silius is the master of Rome!" Silius, poort fool! was not master of Rome. Claudius, another, THE LADIES OF THE LAST CÆSARS. 553 though Emperor, was not master of Rome. It was the freedman Narcissus who was master of Rome that day. He instantly hurtried the Emperor back to his capital, never leaving him a moment to the workings of his own feeble will and insensate love. Through the whole journey homeward Narcissus sat by the Emperor in his carriage, and whenever unhappy Claudius already relenting, would moan, "Oh! my poor children!" Narcissus would mutter, "Oh! the villany of it! The villany of it!" and Vitellius, his servile friend, would add the gruesome groan, "O crime! O penalty!" Messalina and filius were at the height of their mad revels. It was in mid-autumn, and the place of the Cæsars was the centre of a bacchanal rout. They were enacting a representation of the vintage. Wine-presses were crushing out the fragrant fruit, and round the wine-vats leaped and danced wild women, Roman belles and beauties, garbed in skins like bacchanals. Messalina, with loose hair tossing, waved a thyrsus, and Silius, crowned with ivy at her side, led the drunken dance. Suddenly one of the throng, who is said to have climbed the highest tree in bacchanal frolic, but more probably was set to watch, reported to an eager questioner, asking him what he saw, "a terrible storm from Ostia." Messengers instantly rushed in, exclaiming that Claudius has been told and was returning bent on vengeance. The rioters fled in all directions. Messalina flew to her mother, in the gardens of Lucullus. For her own base pleasures she had braved her mother's severe displeasure, though the mother's own character left her no right to be displeased. Now, in fear and terrible trouble, the daughter's instinct turned to the mother's heart, and found by little help. Silius, feeling, no doubt, that the end had come, gathered up what manhood was left him, resumed his duties at the Forum, and resolved to die, if die he must, as die he did, without pleading or palter. The wretched Em- press, recovered from her first panic, did exactly what the wily Narcissus had counted upon her doing-determined to meet her husband. With the skill of a general she surveyed the situation, marshaled her forces, and took her strongest position. Her two little children, Octavia and Britannicus, she directed to be led out to meet and embrace their father. She then ran to the Vestal Virgins and prayed the powerful intercession of the Mother554 The North American Review. Superior. On foot and almost alone she crossed the whole city from the Pincian Hill to the Ostian Gate and, in a field-cart, - the only carriage she could procure, - unpitied and abandoned, she pressed forward over the Campagna along the road to Ostia, to meet her insulted and angered husband. Narcissus, on the watch, saw her coming and braced himself for the struggle. Afar off Messalina began praying aloud to the Emperor to "hear the mother of Octavia and Britannicus!" And the louder the Messalina cried the more strenuously harangued Narcissus to drown her cries, haranguing into the Emperor's ears the story of her wantonness and its publicity, nor wearied of holding up the memorials of her crime to divert his eyes and distract his notice till they had left her far behind, lost in the ever-gathering throng. Nearer the city the poor little children were descried with the Vestal Virgin Vibidia, but Narcissus quickly ordered them out of sight. The Vestal could not be so summarily disposed of, and her Narcissus piled with deception, promising her that Messalina should not be condemned unheard, but should have the opportunity to plead her own cause to Claudius. In one thing there was no deceit - his prompt and hearty prayer to the Vestal to retire and resume her devotions! Pious Narcissus! They entered Rome, but not the palace. Straight the bold freedman took the passive and prostrate Emperor first to the house of SIlius, and bade him witness the proof and the fruits of her folly in the family treasures of the Caesars transferred as tokens of love to adorn the halls and the chambers of Silius! Then the poor man was allowed to go home, and, having eaten a hearty dinner - for nothing seems ever to have affected the Claudian appetite - and refreshed himself with abundance of red wine, which softened his fond, foolish heart toward his beautiful wife, he escaped a moment from his stern keeper and bade a messenger tell Messalina he would hear her on the morrow! So then Narcissus had protested and labored in vain. No, for he knew his man. He went out quietly and ordered up his messengers - a tribune, a slave, some soldiers. Messalina had returned to her mother, and lay prostrate, her lovely loose hair prone along the ground; the shining silken hair that had waved in fragrant rhythm with the waving thyrsus only a few short hours before. Her mother knew too well how fitting The Ladies of the Last Caesars. 555 was her despair, and strove to rouse her to the only way of escape still left her - the stern old Roman way of self-slaughter. "To die becomingly," urged the Roman mother, "is all that remains"; but to that the poor writhing butterfly could not bring her resolution. She who had never troubled herself to live becomingly - what had she to do with the becomingness of death? She was only twenty-four years old. She wanted to live, only to live. Youth and health and vigor were strong within her; the physical joy of being; the keen pleasure of pleasure. She wanted to live, to be pardoned, to drain again and again and again the strong-spiced cup she had so often quaffed; and her voice of agony rang out through the unpitying groves in supplication to the Emperor, in imprecation of her foes, as hope or rage thrilled her impassioned heart. By the shock of a roughly-approaching party the door flew open, but it was not the messengers her husband had sent charged with the message that would have meant to her hope and life. It was the messengers of the freedman Narcissus. The tribune stood before the fallen Empress in respectful and pitying silence. The slave, sent to watch the soldiers and secure their perfect work, reviled her with insolence, as a slave may. Messaline understood. Her mother's words would have forewarned her. WIth trembling pitiful fingers she pressed the cruel steel to her soft white throat, to her panting tortures breast; but not courage could nerve that weak hand to a wound; Messalina could not "die becomingly." But the freeman was master. The slave was there to see that the freedman was obeyed, and the tribune obeyed. All that it was considered worth while to report to her husband was that Messalina was no more. Her dead body was granted to her mother. Claudius asked no question, nor ever paid to his murdered young wife or her stricken children the tribute of a tear. He but called for more wine, and continued his feast - this author, Emperor, master-mechanic. Then began in the most refined and polished clique of the highest pagan society a contest for the dead woman's place - a contest in which ex-slaves and fine ladies took the active part, and Claudius awaited passively the issue. One freedman advocated one lady, and another, another. Finally the competition narrowed down to Lollia Paullina, the some-time wife of his late nephew, Caligula, and Agrippina, the daughter of his brave,556 The North American Review. bright brother, Germanicus. The eleven years since her forced marriage with Caligula had but added richness to the beauty of Lollia and self-possession to her bearing. Her surpassing charms of person and grace of manner were enhanced by the splendor of array which the ill-gotten wealth of her grandfather placed at her command. When the young lady was queening it in Rome, Pliny affirms that he had seen her at evening parties with her hair dressed in emeralds, and pearls for ear-rings, necklaces, bracelets, breast-plate, and even the simple trimmings of her robe; and the calculating, cool, old wiseacre, instead of making up to her as a young man should and presenting his compliments, and entertaining her with his learning and his accomplishments and his adventures, must needs walk around her, with his eye-glass levelled at her gems, computing that they must have cost sixteen hundred thousand dollars! Well, dear Pliny, I have seen women in this simple Republic wearing nearly, perhaps quite, as many and as priceless, whose grandfathers never robbed a province, but bought their emeralds honestly by selling cabbages, driving a canal boat, wielding the butcher's cleaver, and otherwise benefiting humanity. Lollia's jewels do not astonish Americans, Sweet Gossip! But Agrippina, as his niece, had ready access to the Emperor, and her blandishments prevailed over Lollia's bijouterie. Nevertheless, because these heathen were far from being without the witness of God in their conscience, the relationship between the high contracting parties made the marriage illegal. A servile Senate responded, however, to the noble plea that Claudius deserved consideration because he had ever been content with his own wives and had not, like his predecessors, plundered the wives of other people! A special dispensation was granted, and the next day Agrippina became Empress. The Empress took the helm. As base as Messalina, she had the will to veil it under an austere demeanor. So much, at least, had she inherited from the mother. She ruled not with riot, but rigidity. Coveting the great estates of her whilom sister-in-law, and angry with her for having disputed the possession of Claudius and the empire, she never rested till she had procured Lollia's arraignment for treason. Stupid Claudius, spurred on by his wife and unmindful of his late admiration, appeared at the trial, addressed the Senate, emphasized the birth and circumstances The Ladies of the Last Caesars. 557 of the accused, and pronounced sentence of banishment and the confiscation of her estates. But Agrippina could not be easy in mind while Lollia lived, and the fatal tribune was quickly sent out to compel Lollia to self-execution. Then, having satisfied herself by an examination of the teeth that a dead, disfigured face they showed her was Lollia's, Agrippina entered into secure and serene possession of the coveted wealth. Only the other day, digging for the foundations of Prince Massimo's palace, the workmen came upon the remains of an unknown park. Many masterpieces of art and ornamental marbles indicated what the beauty of the place had been. A line of terminal stones was presently brought to light on which, breathless, chilled, dazed, one read the inscription: "These stones mark the lines of the gardens of Lollia, which gardens are not the property of the Emperor Claudius." Instantly across the crowded, wailing centuries sweep the white roves of Lollia walking in the shade of her oaks and her ilex groves, plucking the Roman violets of her fresh morning, singing love-songs by the coolness of her fountains, wringing wild hands of anguish at the ruin which threatened all - youth and beauty, love and luxury and life whelmed in one bitter moment by a remorseless and successful rival. True to the traditions of her blood, Agrippina, even before she had secured Claudius was scheming for empire by rending marriage alliances. Octavia, the young daughter of Claudius and Messalina, had been betrothed to a brilliant man, Lucius Silanus, a great-grandson of the deified Augustus. He had been prime favorite of Claudius, and honored not only with the promise of his daughter's hand, but with splendid triumphal ornaments and magnificent gladiatorial shows given to the people in his name as a personal compliment to him. Agrippina determined that the son of her first marriage, Lucius Domitius, should be the husband of Octavia. She caused Silanus to be accused of high crime. He well understood. On the day that Agrippina's marriage with Claudius proved the success of her intrigues and foreshadowed her dominion Silanus slew himself. The way was open. The consul-elect was bribed to move the Senate that Claudius might be solicited to betroth Octavia to Domitius; after which Domitius was formally adopted by the Emperor, who, giving his family name of Nero to the lad, gave a558 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. noble name to an infamous immortality. His own son, Britannicus, was but for two years younger--younger, but a clever lad, clearly aware of what was going on, and not afraid to speak upon occasion. The officious attentions of his stepmother he laid to their true source. Once when Nero, meeting him, accosted him by his name Britannicus, he calmly returned the courtesy by addressing Nero as Domitius. Nero reported the grievance to his mother, and his mother complained to Claudius that Britannicus was taught to despise the adoption. In consequence all the tutors of Britannicus were exiled, and new tutors were selected by Agrippina. Before the people, Nero, though but two years older than Britannicus, was presented in a general's uniform, while Britannicus appeared in boy's clothes. All these things the people noticed with a foreboding compassion, but they were helpless ; and at length the one wish of Agrippina was gratified, and in his sixteenth year Nero became the husband of Octavia. Hardly was this stepping-stone to the succession secured when danger beset her from another and unexpected quarter. Stupid Claudius, who, after all, knew more of what was going on around him than the pretended, over the wine-cup which he loved too well was heedless enough to say that he was fated to bear the iniquities of his wives and then to punish them. Agrippina was instantly on the alert. To punish them? To punish her? She declined to be punished! Had never Claudius heard the fate which befel her second husband? Claudius fell ill and Agrippina resolved that he should never recover. Between her and the doctor he never did. Punish Agrippina, indeed! His death was kept secret. While the Senate was offering prayers for his recovery, Agrippina was wrapping his dead body with cloths and warm applications to hide the truth. She detained his daughters in the room under one of other pretext. Feigning to be overpowered with grief, she clasped Britannicus in her arms, calling him "the very image of his father." She guarded all approaches to the palace, gave out word from time to time that the Emperor was improving--till all was ready. Then, at high noon, the palace gates were thrown open, and with fitting pomp and paraphernalia, forth walked--not Britannicus, but Nero, and was presented to the world as the new Emperor. There were many who looked back, hesitated, peered behind Nero, and anxiously asked, "Where is Britannicus ?" But they asked in vain. THE LADIES OF THE LAST CAESARS. 559 Agrippina was cursed with her granted prayer. Like Livia, she quickly discovered that her son was no longer her boy, but an independent man, the Roman Emperor ; and she was not Empress. When she entered the audience chamber, intending to receive jointly with the Emperor, Seneca, Nero's late tutor and now mentor, stood at Nero's side, and, while every one else fixed his eyes on the floor in breathless fear and expectancy, Seneca suggested in a low voice to Nero that he "meet his mother." Promptly and gracefully Nero acted on the suggestion, and conducted his mother to her seat--not to his. And so, under the guise of deference, the swift, silent battle was fought, and Agrippina lost. It was but the prelude of her coming fate. Haughtily she resented her secondary state, and refused to be conciliated. When Nero selected for her the most splendid of the state robes and the parure of the crown, he received but the ungracious acknowledgement that her "her son gave her only a portion of that which he owed wholly to her" ; and the sting of her words was in their truth. As Nero had no love for the wife his mother had imposed upon him, innocent Octavia, Agrippina took up her cause and heaped reproaches upon Nero for his conjugal infidelities. A freed woman, Acte, attracted the young Emperor's notice and what seems to have been a lasting attachment. He wished to dismiss Octavia and marry Acte. The haughty Agrippina resented that they had given her a slave for a rival ! But all to no purpose. Then she took another tack. She belied a mother's instinct, and gave herself to the encouragement of his worst vices ; and Nero's indifference was changed to disgust. She became desperate. With violent gesticulation and fervid appeals to Heaven, she called him to witness that, at any cost to herself, she would pull him down from the throne on which she had placed him, and which he refused to share with her. She would expose her own crimes, she would lay bare the wrongs of Britannicus, and bring to the true sovereign to his own. Nero was thoroughly alarmed. A sinister incident increased his alarm to panic. Britannicus, now fourteen, at a public play, was ordered by the king of the play, who, in this instance, was by lot Nero himself, to rise and sing some song to show his fine voice. By custom it was a comic song, and the boy, too young for such scenes, was expected to add to the amusement of the occasion, at least for Nero, by his confusion and the break-down560 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. of his "fine voice." On the contrary, instead of a song, he gave, with perfect self-possession, a recitation from Ennius, in which he personated a prince "thrown out of his father's throne and imperial power." The sensation in the audience was irrepressible, and, to Nero's intense surprise and chagrin, it was wholly of compassion for Britannicus. He felt that he could afford no delay. Poison? But the young prince ate in the same room with the Emperor, though, as the custom was for children, at a smaller table. Every dish was tasted by a special officer, and Nero dared not brave public opinion, even in servile Rome, to the extent of causing the simultaneous death of prince and taster. Rome was servile enough, but there was a great deal of human nature still in Rome, and no highest sinner of them all ever knew when he should pass the boundary line of forbearance. A plot was arranged by which a cup of beverage, tried by the taster, harmless, but scalding hot, was handed to Britannicus. He refused it as too hot, and cold water was poured in containing a poison so powerful that the doomed boy was instantly deprived of speech and breath. Every one was in consternation except Nero, who calmly remarked that Britannicus was subject to these ill turns from childhood and it would soon pass off! Sympathy became suspicion, and suspicion certainty. Some, horror-stricken, hurried away. Those who remained fixed their eyes on Nero. Into Agrippina's soul the iron entered. None so well as she knew the fell meaning of it all. She had shown her hand, and Nero again had won the game. Too well also young Octavia knew; but both women dissembled, the one her baffled revenge, the other her sisterly love. After a short silence the baleful feast went on. Britannicus was buried before the morning. Her ally and instrument removed, a fresh foe beset Agrippina. In every New England sitting room that respects itself, on some bracket, bookcase, or other pedestal, stands a bust of Clytie, with low brow, crisp, waving hair parted deep on the slightly bending head and falling over the slender neck, a gentle, modest, thoughtful, tranquil face, shapely shoulders, springing delicate, yet firm, from their curved and carven wreath. It is the portrait bust of the woman who now rose from the welter of crime and vice to give the coup de grace to Agrippina--Poppea Sabina. History has endowed her with every ornament but an unpolluted THE LADIES OF THE LAST CAESARS. 561 mind. Charm of person she inherited from her mother, who in beauty excelled all the women of her time, and that charm she preserved with unwearied pains, as her chief possession. Out of doors she wore always a veil; within she used all the recipes known to Roman ladies to attain or secure a good complexion. She covered her fave with a mask against the sun. When she travelled, a herd of five hundred she-asses followed her to furnish her bath of milk, whereby she trusted to keep her beauty during her life. Fervently at least she prayed to die before she lost it. Her beautiful mother, daughter of a famous and honored man, had been driven to death by the machinations of Messalina, so utterly without the knowledge of Claudius that, when, a few days after her death, her husband appeared at the imperial table, the Emperor asked him why his wife was not with him. He could only reply that she was no more. Engaging in mind and manners, modest by policy, but utterly corrupt and utterly reckless, Poppea had been early married to a roman knight, but was easily allured from him into marriage with a gentleman of the court, Otho, who himself afterwards became Emperor. So quickly she threw out her net for Nero that her husband was more than suspected of having secured her for the purpose of establishing his own sway over the erratic young man. If true, it was but partially successful, for her gentleman of the court was speedily banished to Lusitania under the pretext of a governorship, and Poppea was left to fight for the hand of Nero against his wife and his mother. Their combination proved too strong for her. Convinced that Nero would never marry her during his mother's life, she begged him to restore her to her husband. The covert threat produced the intended effect. Nero saw that Poppea would not be trifled with; that something decisive must be done if he would not lose her. His mother he had long, but decently, avoided. When she had withdrawn to her country seat at Tusculum or had secluded herself in her groves and gardens, he had praised her prudence and wisdom. this must now be changed, for it was necessary above all to gain access to her. Everything must seem natural. He dared no repeat the scene of Britannicus and defy popular suspicion. Moreover, it would probably be useless, for Agripinna was an adept at poisons and had fortified herself by constant anti- VOL. CLI.--NO. 408. 36 562 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. dotes. Rightly conjecturing that she would welcome any overtures for reconciliation, Nero invited her to visit him in his palace at Baiae, the fashionable watering place of wealthy Rome, on the bay of Naples. She was staying at her villa in Antrium, across the bay, the home in which Nero had been born. The delighted mother accepted his invitation, not without fear an suspicion; but hope was stronger than they. Nero met her on the shore with affectionate greeting and conducted her to his door, gave her the seat of honor a the sumptuous banquet which he had prepared for her, entertained her with pleasant talk, and asked her opinion concerning sundry matters of graver moment. At her departure he again escorted her in person, and, embracing her, clung to her neck and fixed his eyes upon her in long and fond farewell. Reposing in her stateroom during the sail home, Agrippina could not but listen with joy to the comforting assurances of her maid, Aceronia, lying at her feet, who congratulated her upon her reconciliation and renewed influence with Nero. Her boy was capricious, but he was her boy, after all, and--a crash! a horror! The roof of the cabin had fallen in, crushed with a weight of lead heaped upon it! The two women were saved by the sides of the couch, which rose high enough and strong enough to resist the pressure. Both crept out. Aceronia, in the selfishness of frantic terror, and supposing it accident, cried and called that she was Agrippina, and implored the sailors to "help the Prince's mother!" They rejoined by beating her to death with poles and oars. Agrippina heard, kept silence, let herself down from the slowly sinking boat, swam out into the darkness, and was taken up by one of the many small boats cruising in the bay, and so reached the shore and escaped to her own villa. The miserable mother, deliberating on her future course, promptly determined, for the present, to recognize nothing. She at once despatched a messenger to Nero to notify him that through the mercy of the gods she had escaped shipwreck, but besought him, however terrified at her danger, not to give himself the trouble of coming to inquire, as, though not injured, she was much shaken and especially needed rest. Nero also understood. He knew she would know, and that between them it was death for death. Paralyzed with fear, his imagination saw the daughter of Germanicus confronting the Senate, enkindling the soldiery, arousing the people. His free- THE LADIES OF THE LAST CAESARS. 563 man, Anicetus, who had engineered the abortive shipwreck, declared himself still able and ready to finish the work. Nero sprang up overjoyed, and exclaimed that he had that moment been presented with he empire and by a freedman. The messenger of Agrippina arrived with his smooth words that deceived no one. Anicetus slyly dropped a dagger between the messenger's feet, snatched it up, and on so flimsy a pretext assumed and announced that Agrippina had sent the man to assassinate her son, and therefore merited death. As the news of Agrippina's shipwrecked had spread , a great crowd had gathered on the shore and flocked to her house in joyous congratulation over her escape. Anicetus, plunging ahead, harshly dispersed them with his armed band, burst open the gates of her villa, seized such slaves as he met in her halls, and strode on to her chamber. Agrippina lay agitated and anxious. No messenger had arrived from Nero. Even her own messenger had not returned. A small light was burning dimly in the room. A single maid was in attendance. Agrippina perceived the change without - silence for the stir of the multitude. Across the silence came startling noises - not the joy of a jubilant throng. The maid arose. "You, too, are leaving me!" cried the despairing woman; and, turning, saw Anicetus with two sailors armed with clubs and swords - and saw no more. And still the story runs that among the surrounding hills long was the sound of an unseen trumpet heard, and wailing from Agrippina's grave. Nero waited, breathless, fearful, to see what Rome would do. Rome did nothing. Then at first cautiously, but gathering courage, as no man opposed, rudely and roughly he banished Octavia and in twelve days married Poppæa. The divorce and the remarriage the people endured; but when they learned that Octavia was not only repudiated, but banished and placed under a guard of soldiers, they raised such a murmer, mounting to clamor, that Nero recoiled and recalled Octavia. Forthwith the populace went up to the capital to offer thanks to the immortal gods. They threw down the statues of Poppæa, carried those of Octavia, wreathed with garlands, on their shoulders, and reërected them on the Forum and in the temples. More than this, the loyal, saucy, stupid, wise people, who knew quite well what they were about, thronged up the Palatine Hill to offer their grateful applause to Nero.564 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Poppaea was wild with rage, and Nero sent out his soldiers to disperse the mob and restore her displaced statues ; but I think there must have been many a jeer from the stalwart, sturdy folk, scattered before official spears and chuckling that they had, for once, given that haughty supplanter a piece of their minds ! But Poppaea threw herself upon her knees before Nero and besought him now at last to see for himself that her life was not safe while Octavia lived; that Octavia had only to come to town and a tumult was raised. In truth, it was Nero that Poppaea feared more than the Roman people. She knew his terror of them, and trembled lest he should succumb to them and give her up for Octavia, whom they loved. All her horses shod with gold could not bear her away from the fear of one weak, innocent, defenceless woman, discrowned of her husband, crowned with her innocence. A charge of guilt was invented against the innocent Octavia. The murderer of Agrippina was summoned, and, with assurance of immunity from punishment and promise of untold rewards, was induced to accept the odium of being announced as Octavia's partner in crime. As a penalty for the imputed crime she was banished to Pandataria, where so many of the imperial house had already been sent to perish. An emperor's daughter, an emperor's wife, she was left to the attendance of coarse soldiers. She lingered out a few days of woe, and then, not yet twenty years old, was ordered to die. Forlorn as she was, life was dear to her ; perhaps, rather, death was dreadful. She pleaded that she was no longer Nero's wife; she was but a widow; she was the Emperor's sister. Poppaea knew it all before. The poor child appealed to their common kin. In vain ! Her tender limbs were fast bound, life ebbed slowly in mortal terror, and the suffering soul was released. The triumph of Poppaea was complete. Then it was, I suppose, that, as she walked through the palace of the Caesars, feeling it now first her own, and saw the great Augustus glorified in bronze and marble Apollos, the ambition seized her to be herself immortalized among the gods. It was just whim to meet Nero's classic, artistic taste, and it was in perfect keeping with his refined sarcastic cruelty to select, for her impersonation in the hall of Apollo, Clytie, beloved of Apollo, but deserted and despised, pining away and changed into the sunflower which "turns to her God when he sets the same face which she turned when he rose." THE LADIES OF THE LAST CAESARS. 565 If Poppaea discerned the sinister meaning, none the less was the artist summoned, and the fair, calm face looks down the centuries upon us from its shining sunflower of eternal radiance. So fair and calm the face that looked down upon old Josephus- old Josephus! Why, it was a man in the flower of his youth that stood before the fair young Empress ; invested with the roy- alty which six-and-thirty years had lent him of Jewish virtue, Roman valor, and Greek grace. Well may Poppaea have smiled from the heights of a throne upon her admirer till all his rabbinic lore and all his patriotic uprightness melted in the fervor of his enthusiastic admiration, and all the lust and greed and murder vanished from its lovely curves and colors. The sweet voice, too, added its charm to captivate the high-born, accomplished, fascin- ating Jew she cared to conquer ; and, under the spell of downcast eyes and soft lips, faltering pious thoughts, he, man-like, came to think "she had a very religious nature," and did not hear the suppressed cough of her ladies in the palace or the rough Roman guffaw outside. But he laughs best who laughs last, and so much advantage reaped the countrymen of Josephus from Poppaea's smiles that her fine eyes gathered them all with the imperial sunshine. Nemesis did not tarry long for Poppaea. Weak and ill with an approaching motherhood, Nero left her for his drive one after- noon, and, returning late, was met by her reproaches for his delay. Vexed and uncontrolled, he retorted with a kick so violent that it caused her speedy death. From the rostrum the Emporer pronounced her eulogy and celebrated her funeral rites with the burning of more spices than his ships could bring or Araby the Belst produce from the harvests of a circling year ; but none the less had he kicked his wife to death. Conscience may have given Nero some inward loathing of Poppaea, some slight, sharp compunction for Octavia, since he betook himself next to Octavia's half-sister, Antonia, the daughter of Claudius and AElia Petina, and besought her hand in marriage. She had the courage to refuse him, perhaps choosing a swift to a slow death. She had her choice. In prompt revenge he, as was his wont, charged her with crime as a pretext for her death-so much was conscience worth, if, indeed, conscience yet remained alive within him. Statilia Messalina, whose husband he had vilely slain, preferred a slow death to a swift one, married the566 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. young Emperor, and survived him to a tranquil and intelligent life. With all his marriages and murders, he was only in his thirty-second year when the torch of the Caesars was forever extinguished in his blood. And, in spite of murdered mother and wife and child, over him in death stood faithful Acte, no wife, but a woman loyal to an ideal love, seeing in that deflowered body not the deflowered soul, but the high-hearted child of music and poetry and art and genius, the Greek boy overweighted with his stern Roman armor, not so much Rome's imperator as hers by love's own anointing and coronation, who "drew With one long kiss her whole soul through Her lips, as sunlight drinketh dew." And if upon her dark brow, as tradition holds, the dawn of Christianity had risen and kindled in her heart a rosy hope, it may have befallen, as with Philip Ostrander dying in the forest, a future in his face returned her gaze, and she who loved him last would yet love him at his best. Shall we condemn those actors of the old world? They were the children of their time. "It is not ours to separate The tangled skein of will and fate." Ours it is to see what are the tender mercies of the wicked. When men celebrate the grandeur and splendor of paganism, it is ours to see its crumbling and corrosion too. It is ours to see from what slough of despond a remote, obscure, and quickly-obliterated Roman province would lift the rich, great Roman and Rome-ridden world when a divine voice came through the troubled air : Sin when it is finished bringeth forth death. The true God is Eternal Life! GAIL HAMILTON. RELIEF FOR THE SUPREME COURT. BY EX-JUSTICE STRONG. Among the many subjects now reasonably deserving consideration from Congress, there can be no one which more imperiously demands early action than the present condition and the necessity for relief of the Supreme Court of the United States. Great public and private interests emphasize the demand. The court was created by the Constitution and placed at the head of one of the three divisions of this government to maintain the justs powers of each, as also to protect the rights of the States, and particularly and avowedly "to establish justice." Plainly it was never contemplated that at any time it should be allowed to become incapable of performing the functions assigned to it. If embarrassments should intervene, or obstacles to the efficient working of the court should arise, the Constitution conferred power upon another branch of the government to remove them, and the grant of that power carried with it the obligation to use it whenever it became necessary. Now, what are the facts ? For more than seventy years next following the adoption of the Constitution the court was able to discharge promptly all the duties imposed upon it. No suitor was unreasonably delayed, and the legal business of the government was never embarrassed by any inability of the court to give it early attention. During all that period the court needed no relief. Not until after 1860 did the number of cases brought into the court exceed an average of about seventy in a year. Not until after that year was the court unable to dispose of all pending cases within a term comparatively brief. There was, it is true, from year to year a gradual increase of the court's business, especially after 1850, and the length of the term during which the court sat was prolonged correspondingly, in order to accommodate this enlargement. Still, until 1860 the number of cases brought into the court was never so great as to be beyond the568 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. power of the court to dispose of them all. Even in 1858 the number of cases on the docket at the beginning of the term was only 261 ; in 1859 the number was 309 ; in 1860 it was 278, and in 1861 it was 265. Thenceforward there was an immense increase from year to year, doubtless owing, in large measure, to the Civil War, to the reconstruction measures, to the amendments of the Constitution, and to the establishment of the Court of Claims. This increase has continued steadily down to the present time, though questions arising out of the war, reconstruction, and the amended Constitution have been largely settled. There is now every reason to believe that the future will exhibit a steady increase over the present and past. The figures of past growth are worthy of note. In 1880, at the close of the second week of the term of the court, the number of cases set for argument was 1,069. In 1881 the number at the same period of the term was 1,113 In 1882 it was 1,110 In 1883 it was 1,169 In 1884 it was 1,174 In 1885 it was 1,177 In 1886 it was 1,251 In 1887 it was 1,277 In 1888 it was 1,408 In 1889 it was 1,478 It is not meant that all these cases had been brought into the court during the next preceding year. In each year a large part of them were remanets--cases which the court had been unable to dispose of at former terms, although the terms had been lengthened to seven months. Even in 1880 the calendar or argument list had become to large that a case could not be heard and decided within less than about three years from the time when it was brought into the court. The evil is much greater now. This overloading the court, and the consequent injury to suitors and to the government, have for many years attracted public attention and called loudly for relief. But nothing has hitherto been accomplished by Congress, from which alone relief can come. The court cannot relieve itself. As already remarked, its sessions are now about seven months in length, and so they have been many years. With the extremest industry it is impossible to dispose of more than about four hundred cases in any one year. Long experience has demonstrated that. It will require nearly four years to clear the present calendar, and if it were now clear, the next calendar would in all probability be beyond the power of the court to dispose of in due season. From three to four years must elapse before a case now brought into the court can be reached for decision, RELIEF FOR THE SUPREME COURT. 569 and in view of past experience, and of the amazing growth of the country, of its wealth and business, of the multitude of startling inventions, of the increase of railroads, and the prospective increase of commerce, it is not unreasonable to anticipate that, if relief does not come, the burdens under which the court is now struggling will grow larger from year to year. Is the present condition of things establishing justice ? Is it not, rather a practical denial of justice ? Has a suitor no just cause of complaint against a government avowedly organized "to establish justice" between itself and its constituents, and among its individual subjects, when he must wait three or four years before he can obtain it ? The evils of a continuance of such a state of things are too many, and too great to be patiently endured. Beyond the wrong to those who have just rights which they seek to enforce, there exists a temptation to persons in the wrong to remove cases from the lower courts into the Supreme Court solely for delay. The general public also suffers. Among the cases long delayed, there are always some, and often many, which raise questions in which the business of the country is interested--questions which, so long as they remain unsettled, paralyze industry and enterprise. I have said the court cannot relieve itself. Relief must come from some other quarter, and it can come from no other than Congress. The Constitution manifestly intends that Congress shall from time to time make all needful provision for the administration of justice. While it cannot create a Supreme Court (that having been done by the Constitution itself, and no power having been given to create another), it is empowered to establish inferior courts whenever it may deem them either needful or useful, and it may assign to them such jurisdiction as the public interest may require, excepting only in cases over which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction. Congress has power given to it by the Constitution expressly to except from the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court such cases as it may deem wise to except from it. Moreover, the Constitution gives to Congress the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution all powers vested by that instrument in any department of officer of the government. Can it be denied that the possession of such authority carries with it a duty ? If570 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. any officer of the government, or if the Supreme Court, becomes unable to execute efficiently and usefully a power vested in him or it (that is, the power of his office), is it not incumbent upon Congress to provide by law what is necessary and proper for the execution of that power? It is needless to pursue this subject further. I cannot think the power and duty of Congress to provide some remedy for the embarrassed condition of the Supreme Court, some relief for the present inadequate administration of justice, are doubted by anyone. Nor can I think there is any difficulty in finding a complete remedy for the existing evil. The late Mr. Justice Davis, long a member of the court, and familiar with its burdened condition before 1880, when its burden was much less than it is now, prepared and submitted to the Senate a bill, which, in his judgment, and in the judgment of the other members of the court, and I think, of the legal profession very largely, if not generally, would, if enacted into law, have efficiently and permanently relieved the court, and at the same time would facilitate the administration of justice in all the circuit courts of the country. No doubt it would have been an adequate remedy. A different proposition also was submitted by Mr. Manning, of Mississippi, in the House of Representatives on the 26th of January, 1880, and referred to the Judiciary Committee, from which it was never reported. Neither measure was ever moved farther, and Congress has hitherto remained silent, I had almost said indifferent. Yet the bill prepared by Mr. Justice Davis undoubtedly exhibits a plan for an arrangement that would effect all that is needful. And it furnishes, I think, the only possible adequate remedy for the exiting evil. It proposes the establishment of a court of appeals in each of the circuits into which the country is now divided--a court intermediate between the Supreme Court and the circuit courts. It is obvious that the details of such a plan may be various, but they all should contemplate vesting in the intermediate courts a large part of the appellate jurisdiction now belonging to the Supreme Court. To what extent this appellate jurisdiction may be taken from the Supreme Court and given to the courts of appeals may admit of differences of opinion. That Congress may determine. The courts of appeals should be courts of error alone, and their decisions should be final in most RELIEF FOR THE SUPREME COURT. 571 cases. They may be, and they probably should be, constituted either of the Supreme-Court justices assigned to the circuit and two or three circuit judges alone; or of circuit judges associated with one or more district judges. In regard to the extent of the jurisdiction to be given to the courts of appeal there may also be differences of opinion. Of course the Supreme Court must retain all the original jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Constitution. That Congress cannot take away. So it may be, or it may not be, wise to leave for that court immediate appellate jurisdiction of all cases in law or in equity in which there are questions arising under the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States. Perhaps the same may be said of revenue and patent cases, appeals from the Court of Claims, and cases in the territorial courts. But there is a vast body of other cases in which no questions arise under the Constitution, laws or treaties of the United States - - cases which may be excepted from the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court without danger to the correct and intelligent administration of justice. This is true of most cases which come within the jurisdiction of United States courts because of diverse citizenship of the parties. If these, with perhaps some others, were not removable into the Supreme Court for review, there can be no doubt that the court would find permanent relief and be able to dispose of all its business within a reasonable time. Certainly this would be the case after the present accumulation shall have been worked off. Unfortunately, that will occupy several years, and therefore a temporary continuance of the present evil may be unavoidable. But present evils may be endured if alleviated by an assurance of early-coming relief. The suggested establishment of intermediate courts of appeals contemplates that in all cases of which appellate jurisdiction is given to them, appeals from the circuit courts shall be taken only to them, and that writs of error may be sent to the circuit courts only from the courts of appeals. It is also a necessary part of the scheme that judgements of the courts of appeals shall be reviewable by the Supreme Court only when the amount in controversy shall exceed a fixed sum, say ten thousand dollars, or when the case presents a question arising572 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. under the Constitution of laws or treaties of the United States (if jurisdiction of such cases be given to the courts of appeals), or when the court shall certify that the case raises a legal question of sufficient general or public importance to require its final determination by the Supreme Court, or when a writ of error or an appeal shall be specially allowed by a justice of the Supreme Court. I forbear entering more fully into the details of the proposed plan. They may safely be let to the wisdom of Congress. But of the wisdom of this plan itself I think there will be little doubt. Its purpose and its effect, if adopted, are to sift out of the very large appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court large classes of cases that now encumber and, indeed, overwhelm the docket of that court, and commit them to the final disposition of another court of errors. It is impossible to see how suitors can be injured by it, or how the public can suffer. The Supreme Court will continue to be, as now, the final interpreter of the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States, and the protector of all rights held under them, while the judgments of the courts of appeals will be final in a vast number of cases. And in many cases, no doubt, where those judgments would admit of another review, they will be acquiesced in and allowed by suitors to become final. Nor would any suitor suffer injustice. He would have in a lower court a trial, and a review in a court of errors, as now, if dissatisfied. That is all which is allowed to suitors in the State courts. It is, I think, worthy of consideration that the establishment of intermediate courts of appeals, as proposed, is not an untried experiment. The highest courts of some of the States have been greatly embarrassed by the accumulation of business upon their dockets, and relief has been sought in various ways. In one State at least, if not in more, relief has been sought and obtained by the establishment of intermediate courts of appeals. I refer to Illinois. In that State appeals to the Supreme Court directly, and writs of error from it, are allowed in all criminal cases, in cases involving a franchise or freehold, and in all cases involving the validity of a statute. But all other appellate jurisdiction is invested primarily in intermediate courts of appeals, and their jurisdiction is final in all cases where the amount in controversy is below one thousand dollars. Cases involving a RELIEF FOR THE SUPREME COURT. 573 greater sum may be removed from the courts of appeals to the Supreme Court by writs of error or by appeal, and so may cases involving a smaller sum by special allowance. The arrangement is, in substance, the same as that proposed for the national Supreme Court by Mr. Justice Davis's bill. The system has been in existence nearly twenty years, and I am informed by the highest authority that it has worked admirably. The result has been that the Supreme Court of that State has been completely relieved, although it was about three years behind when the courts of appeals were established. It soon caught up, and since the institution of the intermediate courts it has not had on its docket more than half the number of cases it would otherwise have had. I am assured also that many cases which could under the law go to the Supreme Court stop at the decision of the appellate court. I may add that the intermediate courts are constituted of circuit-court judges. Beyond doubt an arrangement similarly formulated by Congress would bring speedy and permanent relief to the Supreme Court of the United States. It must be admitted that the plan contemplates and requires a moderate increase of the judicial force of the government. It requires an addition to the number of circuit judges now in commission. But the addition is needed if no new courts be established. The present circuit judges cannot do all that is needed in their circuits, and the business is steadily increasing. It is now many times greater than it was in 1869, when the last addition was made to the judicial force of the government. That was the only considerable addition that had been made within more than fifty years, though the population of the country had more than quadrupled and the business of the country more than correspondingly increased. Many of the circuits are now too large, and the admission of new States has added to the embarrassment. And what of the future? Can it be doubted that, with the rapid development of the country, with the wonderful advance in population, wealth, production, invention, and consequent litigation, the courts will be still more burdened, and, if justice be not denied, more courts and more judges will be indispensable? Is it not enough that in the past the judicial force of the country has not kept pace with the country's development? Shall the future witness a greater lack? I have heard it suggested that, instead of intermediate courts574 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW holding their sessions in each circuit, it might be wiser to institute only one, to sit in Washington, but sending its writs to all the circuit courts, and receiving appeals from thence. I spend no time upon this beyond saying that such an arrangement would be far less convenient than the establishment of a court of appeals in each circuit, that the costs and expenses to parties would be much greater, and that the circuits would lose much, if not all, of the advantages of the presence and work of the new circuit judges at home. I must not dismiss the subject without at least a brief notice of another plan for the relief of the Supreme Court which has been brought forward. It is the only mainly embodied in the bill introduced by Mr. Manning, to which I have heretofore referred. IT proposes a large addition to the membership of the Supreme Court ; a division of that court into two or three sections ; a distribution of the cases on the docket among the several sections, and a hearing and decision of the cases assigned to it by each section. In regard to this it may be said that a decision by a section of the court could not fail to be received, alike by the parties and the public, with less confidence than is now given to the judgement of the entire court. This is no unimportant consideration. There are others more grave. If the decisions of a section are to be final, not subject to review and correction, then the section is practically an additional Supreme Court, which Congress has no power to create. I know that some of the States, in order to relieve their highest courts, have organized an additional tribunal, coordinate and having equal powers. This it is conceded a State may do, for its legislature has all legislative power which is not withheld from it by the constitution of the State ; but Congress has no legislative power which has not been expressly granted to it, or which is not necessarily implied by express grant. No such grant can be found in the Constitution of the United States, and if there be any implication, it is a denial of power to ordain and establish any other than inferior courts. Moreover, if, after a section has heard, examined, and reached its conclusions in a case it has had under consideration, it pronounces no judgement to be entered there, it is manifestly only an attempted evasion of the Constitution. So if the court is to reconsider the case before giving judgement, instead RELIEF FOR THE SUPREME COURT. 575 of accelerating the disposition of its business, the plan must retard it. And in case there is to be no reconsideration this absurdity is involved : the court gives judgment in a case which it has never heard or considered. It is hardly to be expected that any conscientious judge will consent to that. I will not prolong this discussion. In 1881 I wrote an article (published in the May number of THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW of that year) in which I must more fully expressed my views of the needs of the Supreme Court and of the remedies proposed for relief. I am unwilling now to repeat what I then said. My present object is only to invite renewed attention to the subject, and to express the hope that Congress will no longer delay devising and furnishing that relief to the court which the "establishment of justice" and the voice of the public imperatively demand. WILLIAM STRONG.BUSINESS MEN IN POLITICS. BY THE HON. WARNER MILLER, EX-UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW YORK Our form of government giver the right to all to participate in it, and assumes that all will do so. Government is a science--the highest science: it has to do with business affairs: without government we are barbarians; with good government we a progressive, enlightened, educated, prosperous, and happy peoples. Our government is founded on the theory that that is the best which proceeds directly from the people governed. The science of government is most intricate. Philosophers and statesmen have studies it for centuries; yet but few of its fundamental principles have been determined so conclusively as to commend universal acceptance. As governments are so closely connected with the happiness and prosperity of the people, it follows that those who administer them should be not only patriotic, but skilled in the science of government by a thorough course of training and study. The science of government has been greatly neglected in the past in all of our schools and colleges; only lately has it been included in the curriculum of a few of our public schools. The fundamental principles of our government should be taught in all our high-schools and colleges. Much of the present disorder and unsettled condition of affairs in this country is due to an imperfect understanding or comprehension of the duties and powers of the government. Many wild and communistic theories are advocated by people who may be sincere and honest, according to their lights, but who would never think of entertaining them had they had the advantages of a careful education regarding the correct fundamental principles of government. Anarchism, socialism, communism, nihilism, and all forms of pernicious doctrines BUSINESS MEN IN POLITICS. 577 flourish in despotic countries, where the people are purposely kept in ignorance of the science of government, and are not permitted to have any voice in the management of affairs. Such autocratic rulers will always be confronted with these hostile and dangerous elements so long as they continue to policy of keeping their people in ignorance. Intelligence is the greatest of civilizers. Let the masses of the people of a country be educated, and I will show you a well-governed state. We are not free from socialism, anarchism, and their kindred evils in this country, but we have them here in less aggravated forms. Our atmosphere is no conducive to their growth on this side of the water. That these false doctrines can obtain any foothold here at all must be taken as an evidence that many or our people are totally lacking in understanding of the true principles of the science of government. They should be educated as to what the government ought and ought not to do. We have not attained the highest stage of development in the science of government. We have different parties advocating different theories of taxation and other ideas and principles. Probably we shall never see the time when everybody will say: "At last our government is perfect. We cannot improve on it in any way." But the more our people are educated in the fundamental principles of government, the higher will be our standard and the greater will be our prosperity and happiness. The wild and inconsiderate legislation which it to-day found in man of our legislative bodies would disappear with the more extensive education of the people. Therefore, I say, let the fundamental principles of government be included in the curriculum of all our schools, colleges, and universities, the same as any of the other necessary branches of learning. It is the most important subject that can be taught to the rising generation. One frequently hears it asserted that the government should step in and regulate the rate of wages, and do this and do that, exercising a paternal supervision over the people. That is all wrong. One of the good effects of a more liberal education of the masses of the people regarding the fundamental principles of government would be to do away with many of these false doctrines. Capital and labor have mutual rights which should be respected. The freedom of contract between one man and another should not be disturbed. VOL. CLI.--NO. 408. 37578 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. The theory sometimes advanced that any man is fit to hold a public office is erroneous. The men who hold office under the city, State, or nation should have ability and especial fitness for their respective positions. The reason why we have had more lawyers than any other class in public places in the past is because their training made them more familiar with the art of government; and they were perhaps better qualified to grapple with the legal and constitutional questions arising during the last twenty or thirty years than men in any other walk of life. But there is no longer any necessity or reason for giving the preference to lawyers in selecting men to hold our public offices and to represent us in our legislatures. We have arrived at a time when all the great fundamental and constitutional questions are practically settled, and they are not in politics now to any extent. There are no constitutional questions requiring the presence of a Webster or a Judge Story in our national councils; they have all been settled and are out of the way. The great problems for the present generation of statesmen to exercise their talents on are commercial and business questions. We have reached an era in our development, it seems to me, when the purely professional men should be succeeded in both our State and national legislatures by practical and experienced business men. they are more competent to deal with the live questions of the hour than any other class. On a purely legal constitutional question I should prefer to have the judgment of a Webster or a Story, but on a commercial or business matter the opinion of a practical business man would be worth more than the verdict of the highest legal talent possible to obtain. The men who are engaged in manufacturing, commerce, and transportation, being intelligent and educated men, are more competent to pass upon questions relating to their business than professional men who are not connected with those industries. The whole question of government to-day seems to me to be of constitutional rights under the law, taxation, and the development of the industries of the country. Certainly a business man is fully as competent to consider thee questions as any lawyer, no matter how gifted, who has no practical acquaintance with our great industries - if, indeed, he is not more competent. Questions like the settlement and opening of lands in the West, the tariff, mining, and marine, can be acted on more intelligently BUSINESS MEN IN POLITICS. 579 by men who have been made familiar with these subjects by their education and experience than by any other class, no matter what their attainments may be. In short, a great country like ours should have men representing all the great industries in all of its legislative bodies, both in the State and in the nation. For the next generation, at least, good common-sense business men can be infinitely more service to the country in our legislatures than almost any class of professional men: and this can be said without disparagement of any one. The one class which it seems to me desirable to retire permanently and for all time is the professional politician. He has certainly outlived his usefulness, if he ever had any - which I seriously doubt. To the professional politician we are indebted for the worst and most pernicious legislation on our statute-books. He has no desire to serve his country, and he probably never experienced a single patriotic impulse in his life. He is in politics for what there is in it for him personally and for his friends. On all matters affecting the general welfare of the people and the prosperity of the country he does not consult his constituents as to what their wishes in the premises may be; he does not even consult himself, but obeys blindly, and with a fidelity worthy of a better cause, the orders of some party boss who sits behind the screed pulling the wires. Such a spectacle is very distressing, and most humiliating to all lovers of honest and clean government. The American people are long-suffering, but I believe they have arrived at a point where they are about to deal with the purely professional politician as he deserves. His continuation in public life is a disgrace to the country. It is gratifying to note that there are signs of the downfall of the professional politician and his creator, the party boss, already in the air. The deliverance cannot come too soon for the general good of the country. Business men are gradually making their appearance in all of our legislative bodies. I realize, of course, that the average business man cannot give much time to becoming a candidate for and holding office, but none should be excused from the primary work of seeing that good men are nominated and elected. And there are a few business men to be found in every community who have achieved success and who can afford to accept public positions. Too much580 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. importance cannot be attached to the work to be done at the primaries. There is where the professional politician is the strongest. He has held his own for many years through his diligent work at the primaries. They are his stronghold. Once driven out an defeated at the primaries, the retirement of the professional politicians to private life will be a comparatively easy matter. Above all, therefore, business men should give their attention to primary politics. If the business man looks at it from a selfish stand-point alone, he must take this view, for in no other way can he protect his interests so well. He may reason that it is better to pay the extra taxation brought about by the pernicious legislation of the professional politician than to neglect his business. But if he follows this course, he may discover, when, perhaps, it is too late, that his business has been ruined by the politicians. A government like ours is supposed to look after each class alike, and therefore all classes should be represented in it. Every industry and commercial interest should be fairly and equitably represented in our legislative halls. Just now, when business and commercial questions are uppermost in the public mind, there is a necessity for a large number of practical business men in our legislatures than of representatives of any other class. The influence of business men in our legislative bodies is already seen to advantage. Wherever they are found, whether at Washington or elsewhere, they will be found to be exercising and wielding a marked power in shaping commercial and business legislation. A man who has earned a reputation for sagacity in business and financial circles is certain to have weight as a member of a legislative body. His fellow-members look up to him and defer to him on questions affecting the matters with which he is familiar. The business man as an office-holder and as a lawmaker is no longer an experiment. He has demonstrated to the satisfaction of the business world and to all who seriously have the welfare of the country at heart that he is a success. If he does not continue to increase and multiply in public places, he will have nobody to blame except himself. Three-fifths and possibly more of the legislation to be enacted in this country for the next twenty years will relate to the great commercial and business BUSINESS MEN IN POLITICS. 581 questions: there is nothing else in sight of more than passing importance. The situation, then, is: Shall the adjustment and settlement of these industrial and commercial problems be left to men who either have no practical acquaintance with them, or are unfitted, by reason of their subserviency to party dictation, to consider any question from a high and patriotic stand point, or to men who, by training and experience, have acquired a thorough mastery of these subjects? To intelligent and patriotic men of all professions and grades there should be but one answer. The need of the hour is to retire the professional politician, and with him his party "boss," and to place in power men who have a deep interest in the welfare of the country. Then, and not until then, will the pending industrial and commercial questions be settled satisfactorily to the people of the States and the nation. Warner Miller.REMINISCENCES OF A PORTRAIT-PAINTER BY G. P. A. HEALY. Louis Philippe, King of France, whose sympathies with our country are well known, ordered me to paint portraits of American statesmen for the Versailles gallery. Early in the spring of 1845 he said: "Mr. Healy, I hear that General Jackson is very ill. You must start at once for the Hermitage." The Hermitage, General Jackson's country place, was within twelve miles of Nashville, Tennessee. I lost no time, and somewhat fatigued by the long journey, a good deal excited, a little unnerved, too, by the excessive heat, though it was only the last day of April, I drove to the old hero's door. General Jackson was suffering from moving dropsy, and for forty days and forty nights he had been unable to lie down. He sat in a big arm-chair, propped up with pillows; he was worn out with fatigue and pain, and it was not without difficulty that I was admitted to his presence. I was so full of my object, so eager about it, that without any preparation I at once made my request. Nature evidently never intended me to be a diplomat. It is not impossible that General Jackson looked upon me as an impostor. At any rate, he answered curtly: "Can't sit, sir--can't sit." "But, General, the King of France, who has sent me all this way on purpose to paint you, will be greatly disappointed." "Can't sit, sir--not for all the kings in Christendom!" I could get nothing more from him, and, sick at heart with the disappointment, I bowed and left the irascible old man. On my return to Nashville I told my story to a friend of mine, who greatly blamed me for having gone directly to the General. Long suffering had made him suspicious of all strangers. He advised REMINISCENCES OF A PORTRAIT-PAINTER. 583 me to see young Mrs. Jackson, who happened to be at a friend's house in town that very day. The General had adopted the son of an old friend, Mr. Donelson, who took the name of Jackson. His wife, a young and very charming woman, was a great favorite with the General, and had real influence over him. I went at once and requested a few minutes' conversation with Mrs. Jackson. She listened to my story, read the King's letter, which I had neglected to show to the General, and promised to do her best. She added: "I own that I am not very sanguine. Father is very ill, and it is not easy to make him change his resolutions. Should I succeed, my husband will call at your hotel at eleven o'clock tomorrow, in order to drive you back to the Hermitage." As can well be imagined, I spent a very restless and feverish night. It was really hard to have taken so long a journey for nothing. Mrs. Jackson told me afterwards that her task had not been an easy one. At her first words he exclaimed: "Can't sit, child. Let me die in peace." She insisted, used her best arguments--all in vain. Finally she said: "Father, I should so like you to sit." He hesitated, much moved by her earnestness, and, with tears in his eyes, answered: "My child, I will sit." And so, at eleven the next morning, young Mr. Jackson drove up to my hotel, and it was with a light heart that I took my place at his side. When the General saw me, he said: "Sir, you made a faux pas yesterday. You should have shown me the King's letter." After this, things went on very pleasantly and easily. I was admitted into the sick-room as much as I chose, and the General before long seemed to like to have me near him. He was as polite and gracious as he had been unfriendly and curt. But he suffered greatly, and on one occasion he said: "I wish I could do you greater justice as a sitter, Mr. Healy." I assured him that all I asked was that he might forget altogether that he was a sitter.584 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. When the portrait was finished, the different members of the family assembled to see it. All approved it so warmly that the General begged me to make a copy of it for his adopted children. I replied that a copy never had the living look of an original, and that, if he could endure the fatigue of further sittings, this first portrait should be for him, and I could paint another for Louis Philippe. This he readily agreed to, and I began my second portrait. When it was finished, in its turn, the General said: "Mr. Healy, will you remain at the Hermitage long enough to paint a whole-length portrait of my dear child? I request this as a personal favor." The "dear child" was young Mrs. Jackson. I had just heard that Mr. Clay, whose portrait the King also had ordered, was about to leave Nashville, and I considered that my duty was to try to get a few sittings before he left the city. I shall never forget the impressive way in which the General said, after he had listened to me: "Young man, always do your duty; never allow anything to turn you from it." But I was soon back again. Mr. Clay had already left Nashville, and, owing to an accident to the river boat which he had taken, no one could tell me where he was at that moment. I at once began the portrait. General Jackson watched its progress with eager interest, and on more than one occasion he exclaimed: "I hope the Lord will spare me long enough to see my dear child's portrait finished!" I began it early in the week, and on the Saturday afternoon it was almost finished. The old man was much pleased, and looked forward to the following Monday morning, when I was to give the last touches. I was awakened, early on Sunday, by a long, pitiable wail. It was the cry of the negro servants--a sort of cadenced cry: "Oh, Lord! Oh, Lord! Old massa's dead! Old massa's dead!" The wail was then caught up by the slaves outside of the house, until it spread far and wise, all over the plantation; it was echoed here and there, now sounding close by, now dying off in the distance, always the same: "Old massa's dead! Oh, Lord! Old massa's dead!" It chilled the blood to hear it, and I remained sadly enough in REMINISCENCES OF A PORTRAIT-PAINTER. 585 my room, not daring, at such a time, to intrude upon the family. However, I soon learned from two boys, nephews of Mrs. Jackson, that "grandfather," as they called the General, was not dead; he had had a long fainting fit, which had at first been mistaken for death, and the end was not far off. At about six in the evening I went to the door of the sickroom for news. George, the General's black servant, said that his master was very low. I turned to go, when young Mr. Jackson, his face bedewed with tears, came to me. "Come in," said he; "father is dying." As I hesitated to disturb them in their grief, he continued: "Please come in. I wish it." Ten or twelve persons were already in the room, and all were weeping. The General was propped up in bed, his head sustained by his great friend, Major Lewis. Mrs. Jackson was kneeling by the bedside, holding his hand; on the other side of the bed the faithful negro servant stood. The General seemed unconscious, but suddenly he rallied and looked about him. He said very distinctly: "Why do you weep for me? I am in the hands of the Lord, who is about to release me. You should rejoice that my sufferings are at an end." These were his last words. His head dropped, and soon all was over. On seeing this, his adopted daughter, his "dear child," fainted, and was carried from the room. After leaving the Hermitage, where I remained some little time after Jackson's death to finish his adopted daughter's portrait, I went on to Ashland, Clay's beautiful country place near Lexington, Kentucky. The contrast was great in every respect. Instead of tears, of suffering, of death, I found happiness, luxury, and joyous life. Clay, though he had been a poor boy and a struggling young man, was at that time one of the most popular and successful orators and politicians of the United States. He was very fascinating in manner, and his friends took to heart his defeat when he ran for the Presidency almost as much as he did himself. On one occasion he said to me: "Mr. Healy, you are a capital portrait-painter, and you are the first who has ever done justice to my mouth, and it is well pleased to express its gratitude." Clay's mouth was a very peculiar one--thin-lipped and extending almost from ear to ear. "But," he added, "you are an indiffer-586 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. ent courtier; though you come to us from the French King's presence, you have not once spoken to me of my live stock. Don't you know that I am prouder of my cows and sheep than of my best speeches?" I confess my want of knowledge on the subject, but I willingly accompanied him around the grounds and admired the superb creatures, saying they would do very well in a picture. I fear that that was not the sort of appreciation he expected, and that I sank very low in his esteem from that moment. But on another occasion I proved a worst courtier still. His jealousy of Jackson is well known, and the two men formed a very striking contrast. During a long sitting he spoke of his old rival, and, knowing that I had just painted the dying man's portrait, he said: "You, who have lived so long abroad, far from our political contests and quarrels, ought to be an impartial judge. Jackson, during his lifetime, was held up as a sort of hero; now that he is dead his admirers want to make him out a saint. Do you think he was sincere?" "I have just come back from his death-bed," I answered, "and if General Jackson was not sincere, then I do not know the meaning of the word." I shall never forget the keen look shot at me from under Mr. Clay's eyebrows; but he merely observed: "I see that you, like all who approach that man, were fascinated by him." Another time a friend of Mr. Clay's, Mr. Davis, speaking of Jackson's proverbial obstinacy, said that one day, looking at a horse, Jackson remarked: "That horse is seventeen feet high." "Seventeen hands you mean, General." "What did I say?" "You said seventeen feet." "Then, by the Eternal! he is seventeen feet high." Clay would never have sworn to the seventeen feet. He knew how to make himself loved as well as admired. After his defeat by Polk he refused to see any one. It was with great difficulty that his friends obtained his presence at a banquet given in his honor. When he entered the dining-hall, where two hundred guests were assembled, no one present was able to restrain his tears, so popular was Mr. Clay and so great was the disappointment at not having him for President. REMINISCENCES OF A PORTRAIT-PAINTER. 587 It was at a dinner given by Clay at Ashland that I first saw and heard the "negro minstrels." I was delighted with them, and found the performance as original as it was charming. The head of the company, knowing that I lived abroad, asked me whether I thought they would have any chance of success in Europe; they had some idea of trying London. I greatly encouraged the idea, being persuaded that they would succeed admirably. Before I returned to Europe, they were all the rage in English society; the Queen was much pleased with their songs; and naturally, where she smiled the court and the town laughed and applauded. Though I had proved so mediocre as a courtier, my stay at Ashland was most pleasant, and Mr. Clay was the most courteous and hospitable of hosts. The portrait was successful, and we parted on the best terms possible. Some time later I was in Washington, where Clay also found himself, and, remembering with pleasure our long talks, I hastened to call upon him. Feeling unsure of my welcome, I followed the servant upstairs, and was near enough to the door to hear Clay exclaim wearily as he looked at the card: "What! another? Well, show him up." But when I entered he came forward with the sweetest smile and outstretched hands, saying with an intonation peculiarly his own: "What! you here? I thought you were with the King." After all, public men, even the best of them, are obliged to be good actors. It does not prevent them from being true friends to the few they really care for. As to the others, they wish merely to be popular; popularity is as necessary to them as the air they breathe. In September, 1845, I found myself in Boston, and there I obtained sittings from John Quincy Adams for the portrait ordered, among others, by King Louis Philippe. John Quincy Adams was then seventy-eight years of age. Unlike most of his predecessors at the White House, he continued to mix actively in politics after his term of office. When he sat to me he was a member of Congress, and was called the "old man eloquent." His conversation was most varied and interesting; so much so that at the time I took a few notes after each sitting, and these, by some chance, escaped destruction, whereas most of my papers were588 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. burned in the Chicago fire or have been lost in my frequent travels. From his childhood John Quincy Adams had known celebrated personages at home and abroad; his father's name made him welcome everywhere, even before he was appreciated for his own sake. It seemed odd to talk with one who had been in France before the Revolution, whose father had spoken to him familiarly of Voltaire, of Buffon, of the Encyclopédistes, of the French court; who had been at school, near Paris, with Franklin's grandson, somewhere about the year 1775. In 1845 the sensation was a strange one; and writing about these things in 1890 gives one an impression of the long succession of generations holding each other by the hand until they fade into the far-away past. One of my sitter's earliest and most agreeable recollections was that, while at school with Franklin's grandson, La Fayette with his young and beautiful bride visited the boys frequently, and no doubt brought them sweets from the Boissier of that day. "I was but a small boy then," said my sitter, "but I still remember what a deep impression the lovely marquise made on my youthful imagination." Later he was able to be of service to Madame de La Fayette. In the summer of 1792 La Fayette was taken prisoner by the Austrians. This mishap doubtless saved his life, as, had he been in Paris during the Terror, he would certainly have been swept away by the revolutionary storm. At that time John Quincy Adams was Minister at the Hague. He there received a letter from the Marquise de La Fayette, who was ruined, and could not join her husband for lack of money. Adams sent her the sum she needed, $1,500, only too happy to be of some service to the wife of La Fayette, remembering also his youthful admiration for the beautiful marquise. When, in his turn, Robespierre was dragged to the guillotine, a list of intended victims was found among his papers, and Madame de La Fayette's name appeared on that list. Once more John Quincy Adams saw La Fayette. It was in 1824, a short time before his election as President. La Fayette then visited America, where he was received with great enthusiasm, as was only too natural, and the Passy schoolboy, as Secretary of State, was able to return the cordial hospitality tendered him at the La Fayette mansion. John Quincy Adams accompanied the old hero to Washington. At Alexandria, during a banquet offered to the REMINISCENCES OF A PORTRAIT-PAINTER. 589 "nation's guest," the mayor, who presided at the table, received the news of Louis XVIII.'s death. Should La Fayette be told of this sad event or not? Adams was consulted, and, knowing that La Fayette cordially hated the King, said he would take it upon himself to break the news to their guest. He did so, and La Fayette was obliged to put his hand up to his mouth to hide a smile. John Quincy Adams was a most courteous gentleman. The first time he came to sit, I said something about the annoyance we artists caused celebrated people; Webster was very frank on the subject; he compared us to horse-flies on a hot day: brush them off on one side, they settle on the other. Adams smiled, but said that he was by no means of Webster's opinion; that he had enjoyed his sittings to artists on more than one occasion. He had, perhaps, found that a man busy with his brush can be a good listener. I, for one, listened with great pleasure. Copley had painted an excellent portrait of my sitter's father, and when I asked permission to measure the face, as I always do, he observed that he had seen Copley measure, not only his father's face, but his arms and legs. then he spoke of different painters he had known. he had, as a boy, seen Reynolds, whom he greatly admired, but who would often "not let well alone," and spoiled his portraits with over-care; Stuart he had sat to, through the portrait had to be finished by Sully, after the great artist's death. He had had many opportunities of studying the old masters in the different galleries. He had seen the Louvre, in Napoleon's time, filled with the finest masterpieces, unscrupulously taken from conquered countries. "But," added he, "there were too many; it was a surfeit of sweets; it was impossible to appreciate each picture seen thus crowded by other pictures. The Dresden gallery has always seemed to me an ideal gallery." On the landing outside of my painting-room, John Quincy Adams noticed two busts, that of Voltaire and that of Franklin. "Sir," said he in his impressive way, " these two men I should take as representative men of their respective countries. Look at this unquiet skeleton head, so full of satire, of energy, devilishly intellectual, bold in thought, but forced to be wily and full of tricks, capable of violence, however, between two mocking smiles, Voltaire prepared the Revolution which he was not destined toTHE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. pp. 590-591 see; indeed, some of his letters seem prophetic. My father saw him when he came to Paris at the age of eighty-four, after having been a kind of voluntary or involuntary exile during the latter part of his life. Public opinion turned at last; he was a sort of god. When he assisted at the first representation of his play, 'Irène,' at the Comédie Française, the whole audience rose and shouted out their enthusiasm. It was too much for the old man; he was killed with kindness. Now look at Franklin's head. It seems a little heavy in comparison, but how solid, how peacefully powerful, how full of reason and that first of qualities, common-sense! A strong-headed Englishman--for he was an Englishman seventy years of his life." Then he added: "And yet I love France; I was a boy there; I always went back with pleasure." He was in Paris during the ceut jours. He never spoke to Napoleon, but frequently saw him in public places, at the theatres, at balls, etc. But his sympathies were rather with the Bourbons than with the Bonapartes. While he was President of the United States he frequently saw Joseph Bonaparte, who was quite convinced that he was a much greater man than his brother. His one idea, the object of all his diplomacy and intrigues, was to proclaim his nephew emperor under the name of Napoleon II., while he himself meant to be an all-powerful regent. John Quincy Adams was an excellent classical scholar, and while speaking of his favorite authors he would grow quite excited, with his eyes cast upward. On more than one occasion, I saw him literally trembling with emotion. In those far-away days cold indifference was not yet the fashion. A man did not fear to show the enthusiasm he felt. Mr. Adams said that he could never, even then, read the account of the death of Socrates without tears springing to his eyes. On one occasion he made a learned comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and confessed that, in spite of the usually-received opinion, his preferences were for the Latin orator; he felt his eloquence more than that of Demosthenes. But my great delight was to make him talk about his early reminiscences of France and Frenchmen. I remember an anecdote which he held from his father about Buffon. We had been speaking of the anti-Christian movement of the last century, of the conviction among the philosophers that, if the world was certainly governed by some superior power, the God worshipped by mortals REMINISCENCES OF A PORTRAIT-PAINTER. 591 did not exist under the form their imagination had given to him. But if the philosophers between themselves indulged in these bold and subversive doctrines, they feared persecution, and never openly expressed them in their writings. A German who had undertaken a translation of Buffon's works said to him : "I see that you constantly use the word God. Do you believe in God ?" "Oh, certainly not. But in France I have to take into consideration the prejudices of the people. In Germany one is free to say what one thinks. Therefore, each time you see 'God' written by me, pray translate it as though it were the word 'nature.'" This struck me as very characteristic of the state of feeling in France before the Revolution. While executing the orders of my royal patron, my work brought me in contact with the most celebrated of our public men. It was then that I first conceived the idea of grouping them together in a large historical picture. I chose as my subject "Webster Replying to Hayne." The great orator was a magnificent-looking man, with his deep-set eyes, his superb brow, and his fine massive presence. His, naturally, was one of the first names on Louis Philippe's list. I remember that, when I showed his portrait at the court, an impulsive Frenchwoman asked me whether Mr. Webster had ever visited Paris. When I assured her that he had done so, she exclaimed: "Dieu! et dire que je ne l'ai jamais vu!" I was as enthusiastic as the French lady, but perhaps in a different way. Webster was the very man for the central figure of a large picture. His friends and enemies, in various attitudes of attention, of admiration, or of indignation, set him off very well, and in the tribunes I grouped all the prettiest women of the day, with their big bonnets trimmed with drooping plumes, and their oddly-made dresses, which in 1849 or 1847 did not seem odd at all. This was an immense undertaking, which required seven years to accomplish. I painted the picture in Paris, but all the studies, about one hundred and fifty portraits, I made from life. When at last the picture was finished, it was exhibited in America and finally placed in Faneuil Hall, where it is still to be seen.592 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. I painted Webster several times, the last being in 1848 at his country place, Marshfield. I there made a small picture of our great orator in his hunting gear; Mrs. Webster, his second wife, is seen in the distance in the doorway. This lady had no children, and as that time my wife was with me and had a small baby, Mrs. Webster declared that she would go barefooted from Washington to Boston to have such a white, soft, pretty baby of her own/ Her husband was very fond of holding the little creature in his arms and of playing with it after a solemn fashion. Life at Mr. Webster's was very simple and pleasant; his children by his first wife, friends, and relatives made a large home circle. One of these relatives on one occasion had Webster as his partner at whist, and it seems that one can be a powerful speaker without knowing the rules of that noble game. Being much absorbed by thoughts quite foreign to the cards, Webster forgot to return his partner's lead, whereupon this gentleman exclaimed: "Mr. Webster, you play like the devil's rag-baby!" It was while I was thus at work in the United States that I heard of Louis Philippe's fall; the King of France was an exile in England. Not only was this a real grief to me, but, from a worldly point of view, it was a real calamity. To fulfil the King's orders I had left an excellent English connection. Many of the portraits of American statesmen intended for him were either not finished or remained on my hands. I could scarcely expect that those who had overthrown Louis Philippe would think of keeping his engagements. However, I continued my work, and when I had all the materials ready for my big picture, I returned to Paris. I never regretted the time I devoted to it, however onerous to an artist such undertakings usually are, and this one proved particularly so to me. But I hold it an honor to have painted so many of my illustrious country people; to have grouped them about a man of whom all Americans are so justly proud. And, whatever criticisms may be addressed to "Webster Replying to Hayne" as a picture, I can at least affirm that it was painted with absolute sincerity and regard for the nature and truth. Each head on that vast canvas is a portrait. George P. A. Healy. ELECTION METHODS IN THE SOUTH. BY THE HON. ROBERT SMALLS, FORMERLY REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. The highest right of a citizen, and by far the most important for the protection of all citizens, is the right to vote for the candidates of his choice and to have his vote counted as cast. The Constitution of the United States and the constitutions of all of the States guarantee this right to all the citizens who have not forfeited the same by the commission of certain crimes and conviction therefor. It is not a question of fitness, intelligence, wealth, color, or previous condition of servitude, but a right secured by the organic law of the country and bestowed upon all. In South Carolina there is neither a free ballot nor an honest count, and since the election in 1874 the history of elections in the State is the history of a continued series of murders, outrages, perjury, and fraud. The brutality and fraud of the Democracy in the campaign and election of 1876 and the determination of its result were only equalled, but not excelled, by the Kuklux outrages which aroused the just indignation of the entire North. Republicanism was in that year overthrown by murderous gangs called "rifle clubs," who, acting in concert, terrorized nearly the entire State, overawing election officers and defying the courts, The elections in 1878 and 1880 were repetitions of the outrages of 1876. The shot-gun and rifle were the factors that prevented a thorough canvass, and a false count in those counties where Republicans made contests completed the work. Having perfect immunity from punishment, the encouragement, if not the active participation, of the State government, and the protection of the courts of the State, the rifle clubs committed their outrages without restraint, and the election officers their frauds without even the thin veneer of attempted concealment. Elections since then have been carried by perjury and fraud―two things worshipped and adored by the South Carolina Democracy VOL. CLI.―NO. 408. 38594 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Many apologists for the rule of the minority in South Carolina assert that the negro votes the Democratic ticket, and that to form a majority from the census giving the entire vote to the Republican party is erroneous. There are colored men who vote the Democratic ticket, and I suppose that there are Irishmen in Ireland who act with the Tories of England. There are, however, more white Republicans in the State who vote the Republican ticket than negroes who vote the Democratic ticket; and what better authority for the statement that a minority rules in South Carolina could be asked than the following from the lips of the present Governor of the State, who is also a member of the Board of State Canvassers, in a speech delivered at Chester, S.C., July 30, 1888, and repeated at Charleston, August 10,1888?― "We have now the rule of a minority of 400,000 over a majority of 600,000. No army at Austerlitz, Waterloo, or Gettysburg could ever be wielded like that mass of 600,000 people. The only thing that stands to-day between us and their rule is a flimsy statute―the Eight-Box Law― which depends for its effectiveness upon the unity of the white people." The statement is true as far as it goes, but it is not complete, In the manner of enforcing the election statutes lies the strength of minority rule, for even if the election laws which impose an educational qualification and otherwise restrict suffrage were properly administered, Republicans would still have a majority of the legal voters in the State. The Election Law places in the hands of the Governor the appointment of the supervisors of registration and their assistants, the commissioners of election for the election of Presidential electors and Members of Congress, and the commissioners of election for the election of State and county officers. The commissioners appoint three managers at each poll, who conduct the election, canvass the return of the managers, and determine all controversies in relation to the election. The manner of their appointment will give a better indication of how the officers act, and of their motives, than any partial discussion of their character, and for it to be understood properly some idea of the political organization of the Democracy is necessary. There is a State Executive Committee, the centre of control, with more power in the State than the President of the United States and all the laws of the country and State. Each county has an executive committee and a county chairman; the former is elected by the ELECTION METHODS IN THE SOUTH. 595 State convention and the latter by the county conventions. the rifle and other clubs exist, although murder has given way to theft, and delegates from them compose the county conventions― the basis of political action. The governor of the State receives his orders, called recommendations, from those political committees, and they in turn receive their orders from the rifle clubs. The supervisor of registration and the commissioners of election, both State and Federal, are appointed upon the recommendation of the Democratic county chairman and county executive committee, and the managers are selected from the rifle clubs in each precinct on their recommendation. It will therefore be seen that the entire machinery of the State is in the hands of the active politicians and partisans of a single party, without the presence of a single representative of any other party to secure even the appearance of justice. With one or possibly two exceptions, the policy of the supervisors is the inaction so far as Republicans are concerned, and in nearly every county in the State it is almost as easy to earn at once a competency from a basis of zero as it is for a Republican to secure a registration ticket or correct any change of residence or irregularity; and frequently when everything appears to be in shape, the registration-book on the day of election shows different initials, residence, or some technical objection that deprives him of his vote. The officer seldom appears on the day fixed by law, * and when he does, he manages to create so many delays that the few hours he remains are not sufficient for anything like the proper transaction of his business. Thousands of voters, after travelling fifty and often one hundred miles to the county-seat, the only place for registration, have to return home after a fruitless search for the register on the days that the law requires him to be present, and as these journeys cannot be made often, the voters are disfranchised and the votes lost. All persons desiring to vote the Democratic ticket are registered without personal application, and certificates are furnished them either before or on the day of election without even the formality of an oath as to eligibility. Registration, the fountain-source of election, curtails Republican suffrage by the expensive and incon- * Which is the first Monday in each month, commencing in January and closing on the first Monday in July of each year in which elections are held.596 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. venience it entails upon persons not living at the county-seat, by refusal through wilful neglect to register Republicans, and by fraud of the supervisor in making false entries; it adds to the Democratic vote through his fraud in unlawfully adding to the names on the registration-books those of all persons who are expected to vote the Democratic ticket. If fortunate enough to obtain a certificate and he is in the low country or the Seventh Congressional District, which strikes nearly every Republican centre, the Republican goes to the polls, if he can find them, early in the morning, as he is more or less acquainted with the delays there, especially if there is a promise of a large Republican vote. The hour for the opening of the polls comes and goes, and neither managers nor boxes make their appearance. The crowd grows larger and soon there are four or five hundred Republicans. Anxious inquiries are made for the managers. It is learned later that, of the managers, Colonel Jones has gone to town, Mr. Brown has gone hunting, and Mr. Smith says he does not intend to serve, as there is no pay in it. Four or five hundred Republicans are disfranchised by the neglect of the managers, and not even the letter or spirit of the law is violated by the poll not being opened. At a neighboring poll another scene is enacted. The polls are open, the boxes shown, the voters deposit their ballots, there is general levity, and everything appears to be fair. There are three hundred Republican voters; the Democracy have secured forty or fifty votes, and the polls close. The votes are counted; there are two or three hundred more ballots than names on the poll-list; instead of fifty Democratic ballots there are three hundred and fifty. The ballots are of regulation size, nobody has had access to the boxes but the managers, and the opening is too small for the introduction of any quantity of ballots without detection. Who put them in the box? The managers. The law for legalizing fraud is invoked. It requires the managers to draw ballots from the box until the number in the box tallies with the total number of votes cast. The box is shaken, for there is nothing for the Democracy to lose, being a case of "tail I win, head you lose"; the drawing is made; the votes are again counted. Result: the Democracy have a majority of fifty votes, more or less, at an overwhelming Republican precinct. The law has been obeyed and the rights of all protected. ELECTION METHODS IN THE SOUTH. 597 "The ballot shall be without ornament, designation, mutilation, symbol, or mark of any kind whatsoever, except the name or names of the person or persons voted for, and the office to which such person or persons intended to be chosen." Advantage is taken of the law by Democratic managers to perpetrate a fraud of their own. The opening in the ballot-box being small, a ticket inserted does not fall to the bottom of the box. The obliging and attentive manager pushes it down with his lead-pencil, managing to leave a mark on the ballot. At the count the marked ballots are thrown out as mutilated, and are not included in the vote. At an election in Beaufort County, a dishonest manager was caught performing the trick. The people at the polls prevented the ballots from being destroyed, but one of the commissioners of election, when the box reached Beaufort, obtained and destroyed them to prevent me from using them as part of my evidence. Other Republican precincts with large majorities are disfranchised by the managers of the election wilfully neglecting to take the oath required by law, failing to sign the returns or seal the boxes, or taking advantage of any other possible omission or violation of the numerous requirements of the election statute. These matters form the basis of protests from Democratic candidates, and are parts of the scheme of fraud that are seized upon by the Democratic commissioners of election as pretexts for refusing to count the votes of protested precincts. A little explanation as to the mode of procedure in deciding protests will at once show the injustice, amounting to fraud, that is practised. The commissioners meet. The boxes are in their custody, and the canvass of the votes goes on. All of the precincts where there is a considerable Democratic vote are counted at once. When the Republican precincts are reached, there is a protest filed by one of the conspirators. It charges the array of irregularities, and, incredible as it may appear in fraud-ridden and bulldozed South Carolina, it often contains a charge of Republican intimidation. The protest is general in its wording. No testimony is taken; the controversy is settled by affidavits; and as Republicans are not allowed by the commissioners to have any knowledge of the contents of the affidavits supporting the protests until the final hearing, when charges like intimidation, bribery, etc., are made, they have to make their fight in the dark,598 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. and their affidavits can contain little except general denials of the charges. The commissioners hear the affidavits and the arguments, if there are any, and by their decision reject sufficient Republican precincts to give the Democracy a majority in the county or Congressional district. The dirty work required of the commissioners where contests are made makes the office an undesirable one for honest men, and here are many honest Democrats who have no sympathy with the schemes of fraud and acts of violence practised by their political associates; but they are powerless in the face of the Democratic political machine that rules Democrat and Republican alike with its iron hand. Men are generally appointed who have little or no character and are violent persons. I have given as fully as limited space will permit the most prominent frauds and acts of injustice that occur in the registration of voters and after the gantlet of the eight boxes has been passed, and it will be seen that considerable more is necessary for the continuance of minority rule than eight ballot-boxes. The eight-box section, from which by common consent the statute takes its name, depends upon the unfair methods of its enforcement for its effectiveness. The poor whites who form the bulk of the Democratic voters could no more vote intelligently under its provisions than the ignorant colored voter. The mode of making the law one-sided is as follows: The managers have the custody of the Democratic ballots. They place a package for each box alongside or generally upon it, and the Democratic voter has nothing to do but fold and put it in. The boxes are often shifted to prevent intelligent Republicans from indicating to their more ignorant brethren the location of the boxes. The law requires the managers to read the names on the boxes when requested, but as this would be of no value to a man who could not read the ticket in his hand, and the managers have been caught lying so often when they pretended to read the names, the apparent protection is only a further abuse of a free ballot. As no ignorant man can place in the proper boxes eight or more distinct ballots with no other guidance than the names upon them, it can be readily seen that the section imposes an education qualification upon voters contrary to the constitution of the State; and it is this flagrant violation of the organic law that has given this section so much prominence. Democratic majorities in South Carolina are due, not to obedience to the law, but to its flagrant violation. If ELECTION METHODS IN THE SOUTH. 599 through mistake a ballot is placed in the wrong box, it is not counted, for this reason: the ballot-boxes are shifted, and only one voter at a time is allowed in the room where the votes are deposited. He is compelled by law to deposit his own ballots in the boxes. In review of all these frauds and outrages I call upon the true count to give their undivided support to the Lodge Election Bill. The State Republican Convention, when it adjourned on September 18, referred the matter of nominating a State ticket to its Executive Committee. This committee, of which I am a member, at its meeting in Columbia on October 6, owing to the above-stated facts, decided that it was inexpedient to nominate a State ticket. Since the adjournment of the committee the straight-out Democrats of this State have nominated a ticket, I think, is 99 per cent. better than the ticket nominated in Columbia, headed by B. R. Tillman, who is the personification of red-shirt Democracy. He bases his claims and qualifications for the office on the fact that he organized the first red-shirt club in South Carolina, and led it in the bloody massacres at Hamburg and Ellenton, and that the trusty rifle which did such deadly execution now occupies a prominent position in his parlor, and is one of the most cherished of all of his ornaments. He also opposes the levying of the two-mills school-tax, which is required by the constitution of the State. He is in favor of calling a constitutional convention, should he be elected governor, for the purpose of framing a new constitution. The nominee for lieutenant-governor on the same ticket said, in a public speech at Florence, that "it made his blood boil in his veins to see a negro woman occupy a seat in the same car with white people." While it is repugnant to my feelings as a Republican to advise my people to vote for any Democrat, yet in this emergency I must advise them to do anything that is legitimate to bring about the defeat of this arch-enemy of my race. The ticket headed by Mr. Haskell represents the better element of the Democracy of South Carolina, who, in my opinion, are opposed to the frauds perpetrated against a fee ballot, while the election of the ticket headed by Tillman means a perpetuation of all the evils mentioned in this article, and more. 600 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. I desire to state in the most positive and emphatic manner that the number of negroes in South Carolina who have voted the Democratic ticket from compulsion or other causes from 1867 to the present time would not exceed five hundred. The entire white vote of the State (census of 1800) is only 86,900, while the total colored vote is 118,889, and yet at no election held in the State, except the election of 1876, when the gigantic steal was perpetrated by the Democrats, has the Democratic vote ever exceeded 70,000. At any election in South Carolina when the votes shall be counted as cast, it will be found that the negroes of the South are as true and as loyal to the principles of Republicanism as they were to the flag of this great country when treason sought to blot it out. There are men now in Congress who are willing to vote for an appropriation out of the treasury to have us sent out of the country. As long as there was a Democratic government at Washington, and the South could get false representation in Congress, they were opposed to our leaving. But now with that lover of constitutional liberty, Benjamin Harrison, in the White House, they certainly know that the rights of all the citizens of this great country will be protected alike, and that South Carolina, like Massachusetts, will have an honest election law, under which there will be free elections and fair counts. These men who fought in two hundred and fifty-two battles for the perpetuity of this great nation. We do not intend to go anywhere, but will remain right here and help make this the most powerful of all governments. ROBERT SMALLS. A SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN ON THE LODGE BILL. BY A. W. SHAFFER, CHIEF FEDERAL SUPERVISOR OF ELECTIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA. MR. LODGE, in his interesting paper in THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW for September, came near to voicing the sentiment of Southern Republicanism when he said: "The original Supervisors' Law, of which this is an extension, was designed especially to meet the notorious frauds in the city of New York, and the present bill aims quite as much to cure frauds in the great cities of the North as in any part of the country." Reasoning from twenty years of experience, observation, and analysis, we think it would have been more creditable to judgment of himself and of Congress if he could have added, "and a great deal more." Whatever may have been the design of the framers of the act of 1871 referred to, it had its origin in the infinitely grosser frauds in the South, and its authority in their denunciation by Republican State and national conventions everywhere. While that act seems to have had some deterrent influence in the North, where the way of the transgressor was made hard by faithful courts, honest juries, and a correct public opinion, it did not so operate in the South, where all the conditions are reversed. Here the party arrogating to itself all the wealth, intelligence, and respectability constitutes the minority party-- the usual beneficiary of successful fraud. Here public opinion tolerates, when it does not justify, all crimes for the maintenance of the supremacy of the Democratic party; the State courts treat them as "a species of wild justice," and all juries ignore them. Falsification of elections in602 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. the South has been so common and so safe during the last twenty years of national "supervision" that Democracy has long since ceased to deny or extenuate it; the long-suffering victim meekly anticipates it at every election, and even the incredulous Northern Republican has come to comprehend it. Oligarchy sits enthroned by Fraud and Violence and dominates one-third of the Republic,--a visible monument of the folly and inefficiency of the Supervisory Act of 1871, which still encumbers the national statute-books, and of which, says Mr. Lodge, this bill "is an extension." Southern Republicanism is reluctantly, but irrevocably, opposed to the pending bill, on the general ground that it has had a surfeit of quackery and malpractice already. It has long known and tried to impress upon Congress the fact that the malady with which the South is afflicted has become chronic. The Congressional knife of excision must take the place of this folly of supervision, or fraud and violence must go on forever. Suppose, for illustration, that the president, teller, cashier, and other officers of a great national bank in New York should enter into a conspiracy to rob the vaults, falsify the books, destroy the records, and perpetuate themselves in office and power: what would the directors do when they detected the crime? Would they create a duplicate set of officers, under duplicate salaries, and set them in supervision over the rogues, to reduce subsequent crimes to a minimum? Would they not purge that bank from turret to foundation, reorganize the institution from the bottom up, and start the thieves on a dog-trot to the penitentiary? To obtain a comprehensive view of the Southern situation and see the folly of attempted supervision of State election officials acting under State laws, the Northern reader must divorce his mind from his surroundings. He must forget that respectable society, public opinion, intelligence, capital, labor, the courts, and the juries are arrayed in solid phalanx for the maintenance of law and order, without which no great party at the North could stand the ordeal of a single campaign. He must see, instead, a race possessing all the haughty pride and resolution of twenty centuries of domination, monopolizing the wealth, the intelligence, and the respectability of the people; a minority controlling their State, and more than half despising the general government; united by the strongest ties that ever bound mankind in any unholy A SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN ON THE LODGE BILL. 603 compact; sworn to rule at every hazard. These he must see arrayed in deadly political conflict against a party composed largely--perhaps two-thirds--of a confessedly inferior, despised, and contemned race, barely a quarter of a century out of barbarism. That a party so constituted and so antagonized can never maintain its political rights without violence, under a sickly-sentimental, half-hearted national supervision, ought to be evident to the commonest mind. That it is sickly-sentimental and half-hearted, witness these facts. First, that Congress has frequently declared that elections in the South are an unmixed farce. Second, that Congress is specially charged with the maintenance of a republican form of government in the States. Third, that Congress claims, and public opinion concedes, the constitutional authority to direct and control, absolutely, the election and qualification of its own members. With such support and such authority for effective legislation, Congress affect an attack upon this portentous evil by galvanizing into life, patching up, and extending an existing statute of supervision which was justly characterized by a Republican ex-Congressman from the South as "an attempt to oversee without overseers, and to coerce without coercers, under the provisions of a statute having no more vitality in the South than the laws of a foreign country." The primary cause of its lack of adaption to South lies in the difficulty of obtaining efficient supervisors to attend the registration and election. There are hundreds, perhaps thousands, of precincts in which no sufficient number of available white Republicans reside to man the polls with the requisite proportion of that party, and these precincts, far more than any other, are the centres of Democratic fraud, and require close supervision. It would be cruel to appoint colored supervisors there, even if negroes could be found in those remote rural districts with the requisite education and capacity, because their fellows of the opposite party would not serve with them, and the State officials would not suffer them about the polls. If, serving under aegis of a national commission, they determined to act without their opponents' assent, one would be about as likely to discover the lost pleiad as to find the colored supervisors of such precincts when the election returns were wanted. The natural retort of a critical mind would be: "How will604 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. you conduct an election under a national election law, if it cannot be effected under a national law of supervision?" The answer lies in the fact that supervision implies the recognition of the paramount executive authority of the State; which the State official is quick to see and swift to appropriate. The creature of an inferior sovereignty, he is, nevertheless, greater than that of the sovereign paramount, and regards the latter's presence as a deadly imputation upon his official integrity, and the exercise of the functions of his office as an unwarrantable insolence. There are five of these State officials at every poll, not required to be able to read or write,* the majority of whom are always Democrats, and whose chief study it is to make the way of the Republican supervisor a hard road to travel. Under a national election law there can be no conflict of authority, no question of precedence, no State interference, and no dodging of official duty. There can be no inducement for fraud, because a Congress possessing the nerve to "bell the cat" with such a way would provide the wholesome alternative of "honest elections or no representation." (The reader my elaborate this paragraph into a chapter, a sermon, or a book. It forms the key to the solution of the whole negro problem.) Granting that this bill has some valuable provisions not found in the existing statute of 1871,--notably that for the official canvass and certification of the vote,--it is fair, keeping these improvements in view, to judge of the probable utility and value of the new by the success or failure of the old. Brief citations of characteristic cases which were duplicated indefinitely in ten States, without possibility of correction or punishment, may be taken as samples of scores of methods of successful fraud committed in the actual presence of supervision. During the Presidential election of 1888, at the precinct of East Durham, that city of great Southern enterprise and Northern capital, 350 registered negro voters were challenged at the polls *During the debate on the State Election Law in the Legislature of 1888, a Republican member moved in amendment that the poll-holders be required to be able to read and write. It was voted down, because it would destroy the practice of selecting ignorant, stupid, or idiotic white or black men for the Republican precinct election officials, who would not have sense enough to detect or interfere with the frauds. Boards of county commissioners are elected by the country magistrates, who in turn are appointed by the Legislature-all Democrats to a man. These appoint the poll-holders, and the commissioners are acting upon the legislative suggestion described for the pending election. It matters not what the vote be; the count will be for the Democratic candidates. A SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN ON THE LODGE BILL. 605 and ordered to stand aside until 4 o'clock P.M. No specification of cause of challenge was made or requited, and when the cases were taken up at the appointed hour, the time was occupied in the argument of frivolous and irrelevant questions until night, when the polls were closed without the polling of a single one of the challenged votes, or the disclosure of a cause for their rejection. Again, Warren County, N. C., has twelve precincts, with a Republican majority in each, aggregating 1,315 votes. At the election of 1888 the county was equipped with supervisors at every precinct. Ignoring the lesser frauds at the polls, the aggregate vote of seven of the twelve precincts showed a Republican majority of 713 on the Congressional ticket. On the Tuesday following the election the board of County Canvassers --all Democrats--threw out and rejected the entire vote of these seven precincts, in open violation of law, for the following alleged causes: Nutbush and Shocco- Because the returns were not dates at the bottom, as well as at the top. Warrenton- Because the polls had not been opened precisely at 7 o'clock A.M. Sandy Creek- Because ditto marks (") were used after the names of some candidates upon returns. Fork- Because the number of the senatorial district was left blank in the returns Judkins- Because the number of votes was given in figures only in the returns. Roanoke- Because the first person chosen did not carry up the returns to the Board of County Canvassers, though a second did. These are fair samples of two devices by which enormous frauds were committed throughout the district. Other precincts and other counties has other devices equally efficient in the teeth of supervision, but when the unconverted evidence was laid before the grand jury of the United States Circuit Court, "twelve good men and true" laid their hands on the Bible and answered, "Not a true bill"; the only reason that the entire county of Warren was not thrown out being that the district had been "sized up" for the Democratic candidate for Congress. But the conspirators had underestimates the actual Republican and overestimated the probable Democratic vote in the district by 300; and the Republican candidate in a district polling 10,000 normal Republican majority was returned "by the skin of his teeth." That district was as well supervised as it well could be under existing conditions--as well, indeed, as it could have been if Mr.606 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Lodge had been present in person at every poll ; and if he had been there,-let it be said "with bated breath and and whispering humbleness,"-he would not now be trifling with a conspiracy against human rights the magnitude and enormity of which he does not understand. The bill contains structural infirmities which ought to be fatal. Of these, three are worthy of special consideration, to wit : First-The disfranchisement of fifty citizens in every election precinct, town, parish, city, county, or Congressional district, and one hundred in every city of 20,000 inhabitants, asking for the supervision of election. (See sec. 6.) Second-The gross inequality of compensation provided for services performed by the various officials. (See secs. 14 and 24.) Third-The excess of penalties provided beyond the limit of prosecutions upon information in lieu of indictment. (See penalties.) The mere statement of the first infirmity ought to be its condemnation. It is a tub thrown to the Democratic whale, and when the too generous donors are again floundering in the political waters, it is to be hoped that it may be given them to see see the folly of disabling one's best seamen upon the first indication of a storm. Some knowledge of the metal required of men who ask for the supervision provided by the bill may be drawn from a late speech at Raleigh by Senator Vance : "A Southern man who supports to Force Bill ought not to be allowed to live among us. Don't understand me as advocating violence, but there is such a thing as driving such men out by fierce intolerance and contempt; and they deserve all that can be heaped upon them!" If the Northern reader is deceived with the notion that "fierce intolerance" was intended to qualify "violence" in the minds of his audience, it will have accomplished its purpose there; but those men who have suffered the tortures of both for twenty years have not been able to distinguish the one from the other, and are not intimidated thereby. Only the base ingratitude of disfranchisement for patriotic service can make the heart sick and quench the fires of patriotic devotion. The character and extent of the second infirmary may be best illustrated by reference to past experience under like conditions. The work of the chief supervisor of elections for 1888 commenced in early August for the Eastern District of North Carolina and A SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN ON THE LODGE BILL. 607 continued until late in December, nearly five months. It related chiefly to the details of the selection, appointment, instruction, direction, and control of some six hundred supervisors and the proper disposition of their reports and returns. There were no deputy marshals, no paid supervisors, and no city canvassers. After the account of the chief supervisor for that service had run the gauntlet of the court and of the accounting officers of the treasury, he realized therefrom the net sum of $153.30-that is to say, about $1 per day. Meanwhile the account of the clerk of the court for two days' work of himself and of his deputy in filling up, signing, sealing, and recording supervisors' commissions was $749.05-that is to say, $374.52 per day. The Lodge Bill proposes to take from the clerk and put upon the chief supervisor the two days' work, amounting to $749.05, without compensation. Besides, it adds four supervisors for every precinct, for which the aggregate fees of the clerk would be $2,247.15, but for which the chief supervisor would receive absolutely nothing. There is fully 300 per cent. more work put upon the chief by the new than by the old act ; but his compensation is still dependent upon the ridiculous items of papers filed at ten cents each-an item which bears no more proportion to the amount of work performed than a dewdrop bears to the ocean, and may reach, all told, $1.50 per day. True there are some luxuries ; but they are expensive to a man on day-laborer's wages. He may have a deputy and a chief clerk, but he must pay both from his own salary. He may bring one action in the circuit court and another in the court of claims every day, if his little fees are not "paid on the nail"; but he cannot sue in forma pauperis, nor have the United States attorney assigned as counsel. Extraordinary care is taken to demonstrate the self-evident fact that these ten-cent fees are cumulative, and do not vitiate such as may have accrued for service as United States commissioner ; but, alas ! no single item of that description has ever yet been discovered in connection with these duties, under the microscopic vision of the most expert formulator of a bill of costs. Truly, the ways of the petitioner for supervision and of the chief supervisor are hard, their burdens great, and their rewards-nil. Not so the Board of State Canvassers, of which there are to be608 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. three members. These receive $20 a day each, and have a clerk to do their work at $12 a day, not paid from their salaries. While this clerk tabulates the returns, the members of the board may inhale their oxygen in the mountains and their ozone by the sea, limited only as to time and expense by their official consciences in certification, upon salaries 50 per cent. above that of a United States Senator. It is not surprising that the original act of 1871 should contain some inequalities of compensation, arising from unfamiliarity with the duties of a class of officers whose bills of costs even the accomplished experts of the treasury never yet adjusted twice alike; but to reenact the ridiculous provisions of that law twenty years later, and, in addition, to increase by 300 per cent. the labor of one officer without reasonable, not to say decent, compensation, while creating others with nominal duties and extraordinary salaries and clerical aid, may well subject its promoters to severe criticism, if not to the suspicion of inexcusable ignorance or of the attempt to handicap the law with provisions so revulsive as to render its effective execution impracticable. Of the third and last infirmity cited it may be said that the grand juries of the circuit courts constitute the stumbling-block before which all attempted prosecutions for election frauds fall. Summoned for intelligence and impartially assigned to grand or petit duties, the majorities are Democratic, in full sympathy with the criminals, if not one of them. No amount or character of testimony can convince such a jury that an election fraud was ever committed, and there follows in natural sequence the dictum, "Not a true bill." The Hon. D. L. Russell, the ex-Congressman heretofore cited, has suggested, in his own terse and unequivocal style, that, "instead of piling up penalties so as to make every breach of law a felony, the bill should pronounce infractions of its provisions to be misdemeanors, so punishable as to render it competent for the government to bring up offenders upon simple informations. Then if juries will not convict, there will at least be exposed two classes of criminals - those at the bar and those in the jury-box." That seems to hit the nail on the head. In conclusion: It has dawned upon the intellect of those who have borne the brunt of the political crimes for the last twenty-five years that their experience and opinions are neither sought nor A SOUTHERN REPUBLICAN ON THE LODGE BILL. 609 accepted, nor do they pass current in high places; that when they have asked for bread, they have received a stone; and when they sought a national system of Congressional elections,- a system that would be neither evaded nor annulled,- lo! there is tendered this miserable caricature of a long dead and forgotten statute, valuable only for the spoilsman, and fairly reeking with fraud, violence, and blood, because both threatening and impotent. Who shall judge them if, in the bitterness of deferred hope and violated promises, they cry aloud for deliverance from these their friends? A. W. SHAFFEROLD POETS. BY WALT WHITMAN. Poetry (I am clear) is eligible of something far more ripened and ample, our lands and pending days, than it has yet produced from any utterance old or new. Modern or new poetry, too, (viewing or challenging it with severe criticism,) is largely a void --while the very cognizance, or even suspicion of that void, and the need of filling it, proves a certainty of the hidden and waiting supply. Leaving other lands and languages to speak for themselves, we can abruptly but deeply suggest it best from our own--going first to oversea illustrations, and standing on them. Think of Byron, Burns, Shelley, Keats (even first-raters, "the brothers of the radiant summit," as William O'Connor calls them,) as having done only their precursory and 'prentice work, and all their best and real poems being left yet unwrought, untouched. Is it difficult to imagine ahead of us and them, evolved from them, poesy completer far than any they themselves fulfilled? One has in his eye and mind some very large, very old, entirely sound and vital tree or vine, like certain hardy, ever-fruitful specimens in California and Canada, or down in Mexico, (and indeed in all lands) beyond the chronological records--illustrations of growth, continuity, power, amplitude, and exploitation, almost beyond statement, but proving fact and possibility, outside of argument. Perhaps, indeed, the rarest and most blessed quality of transcendent noble poetry--as of law, and of the profoundest wisdom and aestheticism--is, (I would suggest,) from sane, completed, vital, capable old age. The final proof of song or personality is a sort of matured, accreted, superb, evoluted, almost divine impalpable diffuseness and atmosphere or invisible magnetism, dissolving and embracing all, and not any special achievement of OLD POETS. 611 passion, pride, metrical form, epigram, plot, thought, or what is called beauty. The bud of the rose or the half-blown flower is beautiful, of course, but only the perfected bloom or apple or finished wheat-head is beyond the rest. Completed fruitage like this comes (in my opinion) to a grand age, in man or woman, through an essentially sound continuated physiology and psychology (both important) and is the culminating glorious aureole of all and several preceding. Like the tree or vine just mentioned, it stands at last in a beauty, power and productiveness of its own, above all others, and of a sort and style uniting all criticisms, proofs and adherences. Let us diversity the matter a little by portraying some of the American poets from our own point of view. Longfellow, reminiscent, polished, elegant, with the air of finest conventional library, picture-gallery or parlor, with ladies and gentlemen in them, and plush and rosewood, and ground-glass lamps, and mahogany and ebony furniture, and a silver inkstand and scented satin paper to write on. Whittier stands for morality (not in any all-accepting philosophic or Hegelian sense, but) filtered through a Puritanical or Quaker filter--is incalculably valuable as a genuine utterance, (and the finest,)--with many local and Yankee and genre bits--all hued with anti-slavery coloring--(the genre and anti-slavery contributions all precious--all help). Whittier's is rather a grand figure, but pretty lean and ascetic--no Greek--not universal and composite enough (don't try--don't wish to be) for ideal Americanism. Ideal Americanism would take the Green spirit and law, and democratize and scientize and (thence) truly Christianize them for the whole, the globe, all history, all ranks and lands, all facts, all good and bad. (Ah this bad--this nineteen-twentieths of us all! What a stumbling-block it remains for poets and metaphysicians--what a chance (the strange, clear-as-ever inscription on the old dug-up tablet) it offers yet for being translated-- what can be its purpose in the God-scheme of this universe and all?) Then William Cullen Bryant--meditative, serious, from first to last tending to threnodies--his genius mainly lyrical--when reading his pieces who could expect or ask for more magnificent ones than such as "The Battle-Field," and "A Forest Hymn"? Bryant, unrolling, prairie-like, notwithstanding his mountains612 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. and lakes-moral enough (yet worldly and conventional)- a naturalist, pedestrian, gardener and fruiter- well aware of books, but mixing to the last in cities and society. I am not sure but his name ought to lead the list of American bards. Years ago I thought Emersen preēminent (and as to the last polish and intellectual cuteness may-be I think so still)-but, for reasons, I have been gradually tending to give the file-leading place for American native poesy to W. C. B. Of Emerson I have already to confirm my already avowed opinion regarding his highest bardic and personal attitude. Of the galaxy of the past- of Poe, Halleck, Mrs. Sigourney, Allston, Willis, Dana, John Pierpont, W. G. Simms, Robert Sands, Drake, Hillhouse, Theodore Fay, Margaret Fuller, Epes Sargent, Boker, Paul Hayne, Lanier, and others, I fitly in essaying such a theme as this, and reverence for their memories, may at least give a heart-benizon on the list of their names. Time and New World humanity having the venerable resemblances more than anything else, and being "the same subject continued," just here in 1890, one gets a curious nourishment and lift (I do) from all those grand old veterans Bancroft, Kossuth, von Moltke--and such typical specimens as Sophocles and Goethe, genius, health, beauty of person, riches, rank, renown and length of days, all combining and centring in one case. Above everything, what could humanity and literature do without the mellow, last-justifying, averaging, bringing-up of many, many years--a great old age amplified ? Every really first-class production has likely to pass through the crucial tests of a generation, perhaps several generations. Lord Bacon says the first sight of any work really new and first-rate in beauty and originality always arouses something disagreeable and repulsive. Voltaire termed the Shakespearean works "a huge dunghill"; Hamlet he described (to the Academy, whose members listened with approbation) as "the dream of a drunken savage, with a few flashes of beautiful thoughts." And not the Ferney sage alone; the orthodox judges and law-givers of France, such as La Harpe, J. L. Geoffroy, and Chateaubriand, either joined in Voltaire's verdict, or went further. Indeed the classicists and regulars there still hold to it. The lesson is very significant in all departments. People resent anything new as a personal insult. When umbrellas were first used in England, OLD POETS. 613 those who carried them were hooted and pelted so furiously that their lives were endangered. The same rage encountered the attempt in theatricals to perform women's parts by real women which was publicly considered disgusting and outrageous. Byron thought Pope's verse incomparably ahead of Homer and Shakespeare. One of the prevalent objections, in the days of Columbus was, the learned men boldly asserted that if a ship should reach India she would never get back again, because the rotundity of the globe would present a kind of mountain, up which it would be impossible to sail even with the most favorable wind. "Modern poets," says a leading Boston journal, "enjoy longevity. Browning lived to be seventy-seven. Wordsworth, Bryant, Emerson, and Longfellow were old men. Whittier, Tennyson, and Walt Whitman still live." Started out by that item on Old Poets and Poetry for chyle to inner American sustenance--I have thus gossipped about it all, and treated it from my own point of view, taking the privilege of rambling wherever the talk carried me. Browning is lately dead; Bryant, Emerson, and Longfellow have not long passed away; and yes, Whittier and Tennyson remain, over eighty years old--the latter having sent out not long since a fresh volume, which the English-speaking Old and New Worlds are yet reading. I have already put on record my notions of T. and his effusions: they are very attractive and flowery to me--but flowers, too, are at least as profound as anything; and by common consent T. is settled as the poetic cream-skimmer of our age's melody, ennui and polish--a verdict in which I agree, and should say that nobody (not even Shakespeare) goes deeper in those exquisitely touched and half-hidden hints and indirections left like faint perfumes in the crevices of his lines. Of Browning I don't know enough to say much; he must be studied deeply out, too, and quite certainly repays the trouble--but I am old and indolent, and cannot study (and never did). Grand as to-day's accumulative fund of poetry is, there is certainly something unborn, not yet come forth, different from anything now formulated in any verse, or contributed by the past in any land--something waited for, craved, hitherto non-expressed. What it will be, and how, no one knows. It will probably have to prove itself by itself and its readers. One thing, it must run through entire humanity (this new word and meaning614 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Solidarity has arisen to us moderns) twining all lands like a divine thread, stringing all beads, pebbles or gold, from God and the soul, and like God's dynamics and sunshine illustrating all and having reference to all. From anything like a cosmical point of view, the entirety of imaginative literature's themes and results as we get them to-day seems painfully narrow. All that has been put in statement, tremendous as it is, what is it compared with the vast fields and values and varieties left unreaped? Of our own country, the splendid races North or South, and especially of the Western and Pacific regions, it sometimes seems to me their myriad noblest Homeric and Biblic elements are all untouched, left as if ashamed of, and only certain very minor occasional delirium tremens lints studiously sought and put in print, in short tales, "poetry" or books. I give these speculations, or notions, in all their audacity, for the comfort of thousands––perhaps a majority of ardent minds, women's and young men's––who stand in awe and despair before the immensity of suns and stars already in the firmament. Even in the Iliad and Shakespeare there is (is there not?) a certain humiliation produced to us by the absorption of them, unless we sound in equality, or above them, the songs due our own democratic era and surroundings, and the full assertion of ourselves. And in vain (such is my opinion) will America seek successfully to tune any superb national song unless the heart-strings of the people start it from their own breasts––to be returned and echoed there again. WALT WHITMAN. THE LONDON POLICE. BY JAMES MONRO, C. B., LATE COMMISSIONER OF POLICE OF THE METROPOLIS OF LONDON. THE associations produced by locality in connection with administration are nowhere more noticeable than in the Metropolitan Police. For many years Bow Street was synonymous with the police force of London; in more recent times, and in every country, Scotland Yard has taken the place of Bow Street in representing to all the world the system of police organization in the metropolis. The close of the present year, therefore, which will probably witness a change in the headquarters of the force, may be said to mark a period in the history of its progress. The dingy collection of detached houses, thrust out of public view in Great Scotland Yard, which gave to the force a "local habitation and a name," is to be abandoned, and a spacious building on the Thames Embankment, "plain for all folks to see," will constitute the central office of the Metropolitan Police. With the architectural merits or demerits of the new structure the police have not concerned themselves; they are sentimental enough, however, to feel pleased that the transfer of site does not involve a change in the name of their headquarters, and that at New Scotland Yard the metropolitan force will still be able to identify themselves with the local designation which has been so long and so intimately associated with their past history. For the first time since the creation of the force the Metropolitan Police will have a central office which is worthy of the name, and the extent of the accommodations which it has been found necessary to provide is significant of the growth of the administrative system which is required to meet the wants of the capital of the kingdom and of a population not far short of six millions. At this period of its history a few remarks as to the constitution and organization of the great force administered from New Scotland Yard may not be considered out of place.616 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW Although some of the duties performed by the Metropolitan Police are imperial in their character, and extend far beyond the local limits of the metropolis, the force in its constitution is distinctively local, and the sphere of its ordinary operations is restricted to what is known as the Metropolitan Police District, embracing an area of about 700 square miles, within a radius of fifteen miles from charing cross. In commenting on the origin and development of modern police, Mr. Pike, in his "History of Crime in England," published fourteen years ago, writes: "Local traditions are not yet entirely extinct, and they have retained so much vitality, even in the capital, that the police of the 'city' of London is under the management of the corporation, while the police of the rest of the metropolis is under a separate control. Whether this apparent anomaly is due to the vitality of local traditions, or to the application of the principle of self-government qua police, police of the 'city' of London, surrounded as it is on all sides by the Metropolitan Police District, remains still under the control of the corporation of London, and is a separate force altogether from that which is known to the world as 'Scotland Yard.'" Roughly speaking, the strength of the whole Metropolitan Police force, officers and men, may be put at 15,000, from which may be deducted about 2,000 men who are employed at Her Majesty's dockyards and military stations beyond Metropolitan Police limits, or on special protection posts at the public offices or buildings. For the performance of ordinary police duties in the police district there remain, in round numbers, about 13,000 men of all ranks-a small force, truly, when we consider the enormous population concentrated within a limited area, and the immense value of property to be protected from the attacks of the most expert criminals of the country. We have not yet, in England, attained to that perfect state of society, referred to be an eminent French writer, in which "each one should always be his own constable, and end by not having any other"; and this ideal condition of affairs has hitherto not been reached, so far as I am aware, in any capital city or any country of the civilized world. On the contrary, the advance of civilization seems generally to be attended by demands for an increase of police. The strength of the police force in the city of New York, with a population exceeding one and one-half millions, was in 1888 about 3,400 of all ranks, supplemented by "special police," and able, in times of emergency like the recent railway strikes, to call to their assistance hundreds of detectives from Pinkerton's agency; THE LONDON POLICE 617 so that London, with population approaching six millions, is weaker, as regard the number of its constables, than the most populous city of the West. For years past the insufficiency of the strength of the metropolitan force to meet the growing wants of the capital has formed the subject of complaint on the part of the executive, and the same state of affairs appears to exist in New York. "An increase of the patrol force," write the New York Board in 1888, "is almost indispensably necessary. Many important and densely-populated sections of our city are inadequately protected, and frequent applications are made for police protection which the Board of Police are compelled to deny, while recognizing the necessity which prompts the several applications." The opinion of the Board of Police in New York, with a larger proportion of police to its inhabitants than London, has been that expressed by every Commissioner of Police of the metropolis for years past. The need for increased police to cope with the public demand for increased protection has been emphatically recognized by the press, and the opinion of the public has been humorously set forth by "Mr. Punch" in his cordial indorsement of the views of Policemen X., Junior : "If double tax the force, the numbers, too, you'll have to double 'em The Metropolitan Police has other duties-ah! a many, than them 'ere early peelers had, and if we costs a pretty penny. In times like these, so given to crimes, so socialistic and Home-rulish, The pressure of public opinion resulted, last year, in the augmentation of the force by 1,000 men, which will modify the demands for additional police for a time, But, even so, the police force is small, considering the duties required at its hands, and every foreign visitor to the capital is amazed when he is told that the protection of London is secured, by day and nights, with such a comparatively weak force as can be placed upon the beats. Weak in numbers as the force is, it would be found in practice altogether inadequate were it not strengthened, to an extent unknown, I believe, elsewhere, by the relations which exist between the police and the public, and by the thorough recognition on the part of the citizens at large of the police as their friends and protectors. The police touch all classes of the public at many points beyond the performance of their sterner duties as representatives of the law, and they touch them in a friendly way.618 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Few crossings in crowded thoroughfares can be got over by the nervous and the timid without an appeal for the courteous help of the policeman; no marriage party in the West End is complete without the attendance of Scotland Yard to quietly look after the safety of costly wedding gifts; the laborer in Whitechapel depends upon the early call of the man on beat to rouse him for his work; the police bands often cheer the spirits of unfashionable audiences in the East End, and the police minstrels are cordially welcomed at concerts for charitable purposes. Many a homeless wanderer has to thank the watchful patrol for guiding her to a "refuge" for the night, and it is no uncommon sight to see a little child, lost in the streets, trotting contentedly by the side of a burly guardian of the peace in a custody as kindly as it is secure. "Well, how were you on Sunday"? said the philanthropist, Miss Octavia Hill, to an old woman, in a low neighborhood; "was it very rough"? "Oh!" she answered, "it was like Heaven, such a lot of police about!" The police, in short, are not the representatives of an arbitrary and despotic power, directed against the rights or obtrusively interfering with the pleasures of law-abiding citizens; they are simply a disciplined body of men, specially engaged in protecting "masses," as well as "classes," from any infringement of their rights on the part of those who are not law-abiding - a force which is felt to be only a terror to the evildoer and "for the praise of them that do well." It is not to be understood that the public always smiles on the policeman, or that he is above committing mistakes. Of criticism, indeed, the members of the force come in for a full share from a public which not unfrequently finds a relief for its feelings in decrying its own institutions. We all know how fond John Bull is of declaring that he has no army fir to take the field and no navy able to appear with credit on the sea, and yet, notwithstanding - perhaps in consequence of - such unfavorable criticism, our soldier and sailors, whenever there is work to be done, seem to come up to the mark, and none is prouder of them at bottom than the said J. B. So with our police. Criticism, often hasty, often ill-grounded, is poured out upon them without stint at seasons of excitement, and any one reading the public prints at such times might readily imagine that London had no police worthy of the name. But, as Longfellow says, "The strength of criticism lies only in the weakness of the thing criticised"; and the THE LONDON POLICE. 619 record of the performance of their duties by the police constitutes a source of strength which, after all criticism and in spite of occasional fits of ill humor, the public fully and freely recognize. The entire force is under the command of the Commissioner of Police of the metropolis, who, acting under the immediate authority of the Secretary of State for the Home Department, is responsible for the administration of the whole police system throughout the Metropolitan Police District. Under him are three assistant commissioners, two of whom deal with details of discipline and ordinary business, the third being specially intrusted with the control of the Criminal-Investigation Department. For executive purposes the unit of police organization in London is the division. The whole of the Metropolitan Police District, including the River Thames, is marked off into twenty-two divisions; some small, where population is very dense and traffic very large; others of greater extent, in the suburbs and neighborhood of London. At the head of each of these divisions is an officer styled a superintendent, who is to the public the representative of police authority within divisional limits, and who is responsible to his superiors for the efficient direction and control of all matters relating to police administration in his jurisdiction. Under his command are several hundreds of men, distributed at various police stations throughout the division, and supervised by a chief inspector, inspectors, and sergeants, each rank of officer controlling others below him, till the divisional, or local, unit of the constable on beat is reached. It is obvious that the duties which are imposed on and required from an officer in the position in superintendent are very arduous and important. He is practically in the position of the colonel of a regiment which is always in active service, responsible for its efficiency and discipline, as well as for every detail of interior economy and administration connected with it. Let us hear what one of the superintendents, when examined before a recent committee, says as to the duties of his office: 625. How many hours on average have you? - I average 12 hours a day. 626. Night and day? - Night and day. 627. Do you ever get a Saturday half-holiday? - Never 628. Do you have Sundays at home? - Sometimes, but very seldom. 629. You have, in fact, constantly to be present and superintend anything that goes on in the division? - Unquestionably. 630. Anything that affects the duties performed by about 700 men? - Yes, the interior economy of the division and general supervision.620 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW 631. And you are held responsible for the efficient performance of every part of the duty by your subordinates ? - That is so. 632. And for that you receive what pay ? - My present pay is 350% per annum; it commenced at 300%. 633. Have you to be possessed of a knowledge of law ? - Yes. 634. For what purposes ? - For the purposes of administration, and also for the purpose of giving directions to all my subordinates upon all kinds of questions in connection with their duties to the public. 635. You are held responsible for knowing the law, and being able to apply it - the police law, that is ? - Yes, and to instruct others. 636. The whole action with reference to crime, for example, passes through your hands ? - It does. 637. And it is your business to control and advise and put right the officers who are charged with the general administration of the division ? - Yes. (Evidence of Superintendent Huntley before Committee on Police Pensions.) The position of superintendent is the chief prize of the service, to which any constable may look forward. Every one of these officers has passed through the ranks, and won his way to a superintendentship by specially good service ; and the tact and efficiency with which the duties are performed by the superintendents entitle them to the confidence reposed in them by their superior officers and the public at large. For administrative purposes, and, specially, for utilizing the combined services of the force at any time when required, the various divisions are formed into what may be termed four brigades, or police "districts," each one of such districts comprising several divisions, and being under the control of a superior officer, originally termed district superintendent, but now known as chief constable, who is responsible for the general administration of his district to the assistant commissioners, and through them to the commissioner. The principle of organization, in short, is one of local decentralization, tempered by centralization for administrative purposes ; the individual responsibility commencing with the constable on beat ; from his extending through sergeants, inspectors, chief inspector, to the divisional superintendent, and the general responsibility of the last officer being continued, through chief constables and assistant commissioners, up to the commissioner himself. All divisions are in direct telegraphic communication with headquarters and with each other, and the American system of electric communication between fixed posts in the streets and police stations is being introduced in exterior districts. How far this can be utilized in the crowded streets of interior divisions is a doubtful question, for reasons into which I need not enter here. THE LONDON POLICE 621 So far the experiment has hitherto gone, it has been attended with satisfactory results, and, where labor can be saved by such mechanical appliances, the Metropolitan Police will not be slow to profit by the experience of their Western brethren. We turn now to the personnel of the force. From what ranks are the constables of the Metropolitan Police drawn? It is often supposed that the majority of the members of a force so highly disciplined are furnished by the army ; but this is a mistake. The Metropolitan Police is not a military, but a civil, force. It forms no part of the garrison of London, and the proportion of soldiers who find a place in the ranks is, in reality, much smaller than is generally believed. The training of a soldier does not fit him for discharging many of the most important duties of a policeman, and the principle aimed at in the army with reference to military efficiency is diametrically opposed to that which must be followed in the ranks of the police. The whole teaching of a soldier is directed to suppressing his individuality - in the police such individuality is carefully developed; the sentry on his post remains blind to all that goes on around him, except as it concerns the limited range of the post, which he cannot leave - the constable on his beat has to keep his eyes open every moment, note what is passing, and interfere, in the interests of the public, at his discretion; military duty is necessarily unbending - police work is as necessarily elastic. In no place is it more necessarily elastic than in the crowded streets of London, and an army of military police would there be out of place. From all ranks of civic life policemen are recruited ; artisans, tradesmen, laborers, skilled and unskilled, yeomen's sons, farmers' sons, all find places in the ranks; for the Thames police sailors are required. The character of each candidate for admission into the force is carefully scrutinized, and his antecedents, so far as ascertainable within reasonable limits, inquired into. A moderate standard of educational acquirements is insistent on, and special regard is, of course, paid to the physical strength and constitution of each applicant. The medical examination which each man has to pass is probably stricter than in any other service in the country. The standard of height is just 5 feet 9 inches, and every effort is made to secure "selected lives" for a service which involves constant risk to life and limb, and which wears out strong men in about twenty-three years.622 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. The state of the labor market at various seasons of the year naturally influences the supply of candidates, but it may be said generally that in ordinary times there is not much difficulty in securing suitable recruits to fill the constantly recurring vacancies in the force. From one cause or another, about eight hundred to one thousand men, roughly speaking, enter the force every year; a list of candidates is kept at the central office, and as vacancies occur a sufficient number of applicants to fill them are summoned to go through their preparatory course of training. Until very recent times there was absolutely no provision made for the accommodation and supervision of these recruits. They were brought up to be drilled, and with the end of their hours of drill on the ground attached to one of the barracks of Her Majesty's Guards the interest of the police authorities in their prospective constables ceased. No quarters were provided for them; they were attached to no division; they were compelled to dispose of themselves in miserable lodgings in an expensive part of the town; the subsistence allowance paid to them barely provided them with the necessaries of life. All this, however, has been changed, and a comfortable section-house has been erected, where recruits are lodged and fed under the supervision of responsible officers, where they are made to feel, from the moment of their entering what is called the "preparatory class," that they are treated as members of the force, and where they learn practically that their interests are looked after even before they don the blue uniform and are sworn in as constables of the Metropolitan Police. As a rule, three weeks' drill is sufficient to allow of a recruit being passed into the ranks as a constable, when his practical instruction in the ordinary duties of a policeman commences. He is regularly taught the elements of police practice by an inspector; he is sent out on the streets in company with an experienced constable; he attends at the police courts to learn the conduct of case; and gradually he is trained to take up the full duties of an ordinary constable on beat. His pay is 24 shillings per week; after three years it rises to 27 shillings; after five years further to 30 shillings. Sergeants receive from £162; chief inspectors, £190; superintendents, £350 to £400. The salaries in the Detective Department are higher. These rates of pay are apparently THE LONDON POLICE. 623 much smaller than the salaries attached to police duties in New York. Patrolmen in that city, I find, receive from $1,000 to $1,200 -- equal, roughly speaking, to £200 to £240 per annum; sergeants, about £400; captains, £550; inspectors, £700. Making every allowance for difference in cost of living, it seems clear that the claims of police workers to rank, to some extent at all events, as skilled laborers are, in the matter of remuneration, more liberally recognized in New York than in the metropolis of England. The police "day" lasts from 6 A.M. to 10 P.M.; the "night" from 10 P.M. to 6 A.M., and the duration of "duty" varies according as it is performed by day or night. Day duty is performed in two tours of four hours each in interior divisions, while in exterior divisions, where the beats are longer, a constable remains on duty eight hours continuously. Similarly, duty at night is continuous for eight hours. Such night duty in winter is exceptionally severe, and every expedient has been resorted to for the purpose of diminishing the strain imposed by it on the men; but in practice it has been found less exhausting when performed even for eight hours continuously than in broken periods, as during the day. Still, the wear and tear produced by eight hours' night duty for a month at a time are very great, and nothing tells more severely upon the health and powers of endurance even of strong men. It is needless to detail at length the various duties which are performed by the blue-coated guardians of the streets. The public peace is a wide word, and its maintenance involves a sphere of duty as extensive as the expression itself. To any one who has witnessed it the regulation of traffic in the crowded streets of London by the policy is a matter for the highest admiration; and the security to life and property which is effected by their watchful care is, on the whole, marvellous. Prevention of crime in every shape is the highest duty of the uniformed police, but the results of prevention, being negative, cannot, unfortunately, be tabulated in figures. The public are ready to acknowledge police skill in a good arrest, or in the successful result of a complicated case, but they frequently fail to recognize the value of the quieter preventive measures which lead to no thrilling stories and no exciting incidents. The successful prosecution of dynamiters brought much credit to the police, who found the dynamite and who624 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. tracked the criminals to conviction ; but the most perfect specimens of police work in that campaign were preventive ; of which the public could not hear, and which naturally they could not commend. None the less real, however, is the value of the preventive influence of the police under ordinary circumstances ; it may not be fully appreciated by the public, but it is a reality to the criminal ; and while the measured tread of the night patrol may now and then interfere with detection, in very many cases it confers a security from attach which would very soon be found wanting if the much-abused "regulation boot" gave way to noiseless shoes or similar devices of the amateur policeman. The maintenance of the peace is not secured without grave risk of life and limb to the force engaged in repressing disturbance. The roughs of London have an unenviable reputation for resorting to violence, and their victims too often are the police. In the Whitechapel Division about one-fifth of the force are annually injured on duty, and the proportion of men throughout the service who are compelled to go on the sick-list from assaults or wounds amounts to no less than 9 per cent.--a proportion much larger than amongst even railway employees, whose vocations are justly reckoned peculiarly dangerous. Many an American visitor has expressed to me his astonishment at the frequency of savage assaults on the police, at the forbearance with which constables endure violence without retaliating in self-defence, and at the inadequate sentences which are deemed sufficient punishment for such offences. "Roughs who attack policemen and brutes who beat their wives," said one gentleman to me, "seem to be privileged persons in your country !" The marvel only is that such a state of things should be allowed to continue and that the public are content to see 9 per cent. of their protectors seriously injured every year without insisting that their assailants should meet with severe punishment. Any reform in this direction would do far more to protect the police than spasmodic suggestions to provide them with revolvers as a means of defending themselves from armed burglars. As a matter of fact, the armed burglar is a criminal seldom met with; firearms, as a rule, do not commend themselves to the burglar class, and the number of cases in which the revolver is used is insignificant. The use of the revolver by police would certainly, in the present state of English law as to self-defence, lead to complications THE LONDON POLICE. 625 which it is desirable to avoid; in ordinary circumstances the revolver is not nearly so useful for offensive or defensive purposes as the truncheon, and in a disturbance it might be quite as dangerous to the policeman as to his assailants. The opinion of the police themselves on this matter is the best indication of their lack of affection for the revolver. In every exterior division there is a store of revolvers kept at police stations, and any constable certified as fit to use the weapon is at liberty to have a revolver if he chooses; but the number of cases in which the permission is accepted is infinitesimally small. The metropolitan policeman prefers a truncheon in his pocket to a pistol on his belt, and takes his chances of danger from the armed burglar with comparative equanimity. The philanthropy, however, which has lately been active in agitating for milder sentences of habitual criminals might well make itself heard in protesting against inadequate punishment for crimes of violence against policemen. While the prevention of offences against the law and the arrest of the offenders form the principal duty of every constable, a special agency exists for the detection of crime and the supervision of habitual or dangerous criminals; this is known as the Criminal-Investigation, or, more briefly, the Detective, Department. The presiding officer of this branch is one of the assistant commissioners, and for the efficient control and direction of its operations he is directly and specially responsible. Every day the reported crime of the entire Metropolitan Police District is laid before him, and he is thus enabled, at a glance, to ascertain the occurrences of the past twenty-four hours, and to direct attention to any quarter where special action is required. The principle of administration is, as in other matters, based on the divisional system: local crime is dealt with locally by a staff of detective officers under the superintendent of the division; special crime of an exceptional character, or extending beyond local limits, by a special number of selected officers, stationed at headquarters. The operations of the whole staff are controlled by the assistant commissioner, aided by the chief constable of the Criminal-Investigation Department and two special officers styled superintendents. With the exception of the present chief constable and the assistant commissioner, every member of the detective staff, whether at divisions or headquarters, has served in the ranks and VOL. CLI.--NO. 408 40626 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW passed several years in the uniformed branch of the force. surprise has often been expressed that for the detective service, which requires special qualifications and highly-developed intelligence, recruits are not sought in other directions than simply within the ranks of the uniformed branch. Experience has, however, shown that such a system cannot be followed with advantage ; it has been tried and found not to answer; and while I do not think that improvement of existing arrangements is impossible, I can safely say that, for all practical purposes, the present system has turned out a staff of detectives with which any police administrator has the fullest reason to be satisfied. Every efficient constable, whether in uniform or in plain clothes, is bound, from the nature of his duties, to develop some of the qualities which go to form a good detective. Acquisition of useful information, observation of character, quiet attention to little things, application of the results of observation, fertility of resource, all are qualities which a constable on the beat has, every day of his life, opportunities of displaying, and there is no better school than a policeman's life in the streets of London for acquiring and applying the knowledge of human nature which is specially developed in detective work. The self-restraint and self-control which are nurtured by discipline form a valuable part of the training of a detective, and, with the opportunities for the display of aptitude for criminal work afforded in the performance of ordinary police duty, it is not difficult to select candidates who seem specially suited for a detective career. With a detective force, moreover, drawn from the ranks of the uniformed branch, the principle of unity in the force is most effectively maintained, and the jealousy which could be excited by the existence of a detective staff recruited from the outside is avoided. Each branch of the force relies on the other for assistance, and all, whether in uniform or on the detective staff, feel themselves to be members of one service, interested in performing their common duties to the public and in maintaining the reputation of the Metropolitan Police as a whole. I have often been asked to supply the rules of the Detective Department and of the system of criminal investigation. My answer has invariably been that there are no such rules. The object aimed at is to detect crime, and each officer, guided when necessary by advice from his superiors, is left to himself-to his own ingenuity and to the development of his trained common- THE LONDON POLICE. 627 sense-to attain that object. The only restriction imposed upon him is that his operations must be strictly within the limits of the law ; but detection "according to order" does not exist in the economy of Scotland Yard. In no department is the clasticity of police administration more required that in the detective branch ; and in no work is the development of individuality more essential than in the performance of detective duties. On such individual development Scotland Yard relies for success in the detection of crime, and the results justify the policy. The popular idea of the detective and the Metropolitan Police is that he can never get rid of the signs of his individuality as a member of a semi-military force; that his military gait betrays him even to a casual eye ; that, in spite of any disguise, the fatal "regulation boot" stamps him at once as a "passenger from Scotland Yard." It is almost a pity to dispel this illusion, which is certainly useful in diverting attention from many a detective ; but the fact remains that the staff of Criminal-Investigation Department, who have, probably for years, forgotten their acquaintance with the parade-ground, have no military gait ; they do not wear any regulation boot at all; and the are able, apparently without exciting the attention of even interested observers, to adapt themselves, as regards outward appearance, to any society where their vocation leads them. Were it allowable to tell tales out of school, I could give many amusing instances in support of these remarks. A specially important branch of the detective service at headquarters is to be found in the Convict-Supervision Office, which deals with the habitual criminal. Under the law, all convicts released on ticket-of-leave, or sentenced to police supervision in addition to imprisonment, are obliged to report themselves monthly to this office or to police stations. They are no allowed to leave the Metropolitan Police District without announcing their destination to headquarters, so that the police of the locality where they intend to reside may be communicated with ; and on returning within the limit of the London district they are bound to acquaint the Metropolitan Police with the fact. Of the value of this supervision system there is not the slightest doubt ; and, imperfect as it is in many respects, to its careful and efficient administration I attribute largely the check which, of late years, has been put upon organized crime. It is a system which might be628 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW used oppressively to the prejudice of the criminal anxious to turn over a new leaf ; and its working, therefore, is most carefully supervised, and intrusted to special officers. Every inquiry regarding supervisees is conducted with the greatest secrecy and consideration ; every effort is made, in cooperation with Discharged-Prisoners' Aid Societies and employers of labor, to procure work for convicts who are willing to forsake their old course of crime ; and every means is used, while effectively carrying out the provisions of the law, to avoid even the appearance of persecuting or hunting down the criminals who come under its operation. The societies for the relief of discharged prisoners have testified emphatically to the humanity of the police in carrying out this very necessary system of supervision ; and from personal experience, I can testify that the number of complaints made, even by prisoners, of improper action on the part of the police is infinitesimal. Such is a brief outline of the system adopted by the Metropolitan Police for preventing and detecting breaches of the law in London. Judged by results, it is not too much to say that the security of the public in the streets is achieved and public order maintained in a manner unsurpassed in any capital city of the world. The regulations of the vast traffic of the metropolis throughout the day, and up to a very late hour at night, is carried out in a quiet, unostentatious, and efficient manner, which calls forth the highest commendation of all foreign visitors, and life and property are protected, on the whole, in a manner which leaves no very serious ground for criticism. It is true that crimes of violence generally have diminished in modern times ; but, making every allowance for this, it is still marvellous that organized crime of a really serious character should prevail to so small an extent in an enormous population like that of the Metropolitan Police District. Excluding the unique series of outrages in Whitechapel,— at the non-discovery of the perpetrators of which none grieved more than the Metropolitan Police,—I cannot call to mind half a dozen really serious cases of murder which, within the last five or six years, have remained undetected; and the number of such offences committed is really small. Serious crimes against property, such as burglary and housebreaking, occur to the extent of about four a day, roughly speaking, and as regards detective results of these cases there is decidedly room for improvement. 629 THE LONDON POLICE Still, judging by the criminal statistics of other countries, so far as these are available, and so far as the difference of classification of offences admits of comparison, there is less serious crime in London, proportionately, than in the capitals of other civilized countries. Crime in the Metropolitan Police District, on the whole, is kept well in hand, in the face of a more watchful criticism of police action than is anywhere to be encountered,—without the facilities for police investigation which exist in most other European countries,—and under a criminal procedure the defect of which, to quote M. Taine again, is that "it protects the individual at the expense of society, that it is too difficult to obtain legal proof, and that many guilty persons go unpunished." For the results attained few will deny that the public are largely indebted to the officers and men of Scotland Yard. J. Monro. NOTES AND COMMENTS I. THE RUTHLESS SEX. If there is one more characteristic difference than another between man and woman, it lies, as has often been noted, in the manner in which any adverse criticism directed against either sex is regarded by the members of the particular sex supposed to be aspersed. If it happens to be the feminine sex upon which the remarks have been made, our sisters arise as one woman to defend themselves. And why? Simply because each woman feels that she is individually attacked, that she is at fault, that the writer or speaker is aiming directly at her. On the other hand, if it is the masculine sex which is criticised, man as a rule pays little or no attention to the matter. Generalities, he has found by experience, hurt no one in particular. No man's individual vanity is wounded by what may be said in disparagement of his sex as a whole. Passing from the sex to the individual, we find a different state of affairs. If in the intercourse of social life some woman is harshly criticised, do her sisters at once rally to her defence? Very seldom, it must be confessed. Instead, the word of disparagement is echoed, very faintly by a few women, very distinctly by many more, and with a delicate ingenuity in the prolongation of the note of dispraise worthy of admiration from a purely artistic point of view. Let a man be disparaged or harshly spoken against, do we find as a rule his brother-men, those who know him well, uniting to swell the chorus of adverse speech? I think not. I think it is a well-established fact that men in their intercourse with one another display a chivalrous regard for their fellows to a degree almost unknown among women. The loyalty to individuals which flourishes so vigorously amongst men seldom finds its counterpart among their sisters. It seems to me that it cannot be a hard matter to decide which is the loftier attribute of our nature--the feeling of personal loyalty to individuals of a sex which is due to a tolerant attitude of mind, or the fierce loyalty to one's sex which has its root in individual vanity and self-love. There are men who delight in stoning him who is down, as, on the other hand, there are women whose spirit of charity at such times is little short of angelic; but the sexes in the order named are not largely made up of such members. In spite, then, of some exceptions either way, the broad, distinctive fact remains that as a rule men are loyal to their fellows, however carelessly they may view any attack upon their sex, while women are disloyal to their sisters individually considered, but quickly resentful of any slight, real or supposed, which may be placed upon their sex. One result of the persistency with which women make personal application of general assertions is a perpetual air of being on the defensive, which manifests itself often in the adoption of a pitiless code of judgment passed mentally or otherwise upon those about them. This of itself would not establish the truth of the assertion that women are more cruel than men, but it certainly has some force as an argument upon that side of the question. It may seem a false putting of the case that such as assertion should be made when the many works of charity and mercy in which woman is engaged are remembered, but in spite of these labors of women the fact remains relatively true. Says Ruskin: "There is not a war in the world, no, nor an injustice, but you women are answerable for it; not in that you have provoked, but in that you have not hindered. NOTES AND COMMENTS 631 ...There is no suffering, no injustice, no misery in the earth but the guilt of it lies with you." Indifference, according to Mr. Ruskin, is the sin of which woman is most guilty--an indifference which arises from that narrow habit of mind which is exclusively occupied with the present moment, which refuses or is unwilling to grasp any other than the purely personal aspect of it. Her sympathies are quickly roused to what is immediately before her eyes, to what no mental effort is required to perceive, --as, for instance, a horse savagely beaten by its driver,--but it goes no further. Suppose that we are riding upon a street-car and the horses are straining every nerve to pull the heavily-loaded car up some sharp rise of ground. A street corner is reached and a woman standing there signals the driver to stop his car for her convenience. Unless he has received positive orders not to stop going up hill, he obeys her (with considerable inward grumbling), and the horses, which have stood their ground with some difficulty during the delay, are forced to redouble their exertions in order to overcome the inertia resulting from the stopping of the car. That she could have signalled the car from the foot of the hill or from the top never occurs to the woman, who, desiring to get on at that especial point, has no thought of anything further, the pain and even suffering which she has occasioned the horses being a matter of no moment to her. Or supposing the car is not ascending an up-grade, but is moving along upon a level stretch of road when signalled to stop at a street corner. A few steps further on a woman stands waiting for the car to come exactly opposite to her. It does not seem worth her while for her to walk those few paces and get on the car at the point where it has stopped for the convenience of others, and thus save the horses which draw it the strain and discomfort of an extra stoppage. Here is an instance of her indifference resulting in cruelty. Such occurrences as these cited are not exceptional, as any person who has occasion to travel on street-cars knows, but are happening hourly on every horse-railway line. And the average woman never perceives that anything is wrong in her practice in this regard until someone else, usually a man, has told her of it. She acknowledges that she never thought of it before, and forgets all about it by the next time she gets on a car. I might instance other examples of cruelty resulting from woman's indifference, but those already named show the general character of those I have in mind. I pass on now to speak of a more flagrant kind of cruelty, springing from another cause. Miss Helen Gray Cone, in her poem, "The Tender Heart," describes a young man, who is devoted to hunting, so wrought upon by the pathetic pleading of a girl, who quotes at length from the poets against the sin of killing the fowls of the air and the beasts of the field, that "At Emerson's 'Forbearance' he Began to feel his will benumbed; At Browning's 'Donald' utterly His soul surrendered and surrendered and succumbed. He thought, 'beneath the blessed sun!' He saw her lashes hung with pearls, And swore to give away his gun. She smiled to find her point was gained, And went, with happy parting words (He subsequently ascertained), To trim her hat with humming-birds." It is not very long ago since the cry went up that certain species of birds were in danger of speedy extinction from the wholesale warfare made upon them in the interest of milliners and their customers. A few women, be it said, had always by voice and example protested against a fashion which demanded such a sacrifice of animal life for its gratification; but it was not until men had almost unanimously exclaimed against it that any reform was accomplished. I fear there is very little reason to believe that, if fashion should again demand a sacrifice of birds, it would not be offered by a large majority of women till vigorous remonstrance on the part of the other sex induced another reform. But why should not women in general perceive the cruelty of such a fashion as quickly as men, and, not waiting to learn gentleness and mercy from the so-called rougher sex, exclaim against it632 The North American Review immediately? Is it not because vanity supplemented indifference, in this case, with cruelty of the most unnecessary, indefensible kind as its consequence? To pass to wider aspects of the question. Women have endowed charities - that some man has founded. Nay, they have sometimes established hospitals themselves, but not until man had pointed out the way. Al l honor to the Elizabeth Frys and humble Sarah Martins, but it was John Howard who preceded them. The order of the Sisters of Charity was founded by a man! It has happened not seldom in the history of the world that women have directly held the reins of the empire. How does the record of their rule compare with that of monarchs of the other sex? Did Boadicea, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth, and Catharine of Russia display in their reigns any such marked qualities of gentleness and mercy as would be sufficient to distinguish them as preeminent for the possession of those qualities above their brother-sovereigns? Were those women who ruled by proxy, like Eudoxia, Catharine de Medici, and the brilliant and scandalous array of women who pleased the sensual fancies of the second English Charles and the fifteenth French Louis, renowned for their merciful attributes? These all held for a time the destinies of whole peoples in their hands, but we do not hear that they exercised any restraining influences over savage man, but in one most notable instance quite the contrary. And the queens of the ancient world--do they seem to have hated cruelty and loved mercy? Even when woman in past ages has not herself been swift to shed blood, has not she inspired man to deeds of cruelty, and then, like Thais "led the way To light him to his prey"? Is there not even a touch of cruelty in the nature of the otherwise gracious English Queen, which shows itself in her rigid insistence upon the rule which provides that, no matter what may be the state of the weather or the constitution of the individual, the ladies presented to her must exhibit uncovered shoulders in the sight of their sovereign? The cruelty of man--for I am not asserting that man is not cruel--springs from a motive which in itself is not to be altogether contemned. Ambition to a certain extent is desirable, whether it manifests itself in a desire for power to be exercised for laudable ends or a resolution to obtain wealth to a reasonable amount. It is the excess of ambition in its many forms which provokes man's cruelty. Feminine cruelty is the outcome of less noble promptings, and, so it would seem, arises from indifference, vanity, or jealousy, according to its degree,--sometimes from a fusing of all three,--and it is seldom held in check by reason. I wish that I might end here, for if this were all there were to urge, and I bring forward nothing that is new in this connection, the title of this paper might with some reason be termed unjust and its implied assumption declared too sweeping to be true; but, O you women who cry out upon the cruelty and selfishness of men; you who are defended from the storms of this world by the care of these rough men, and you who proudly defend yourselves without such aid; you who dwell as the daughters of kings, and you who fare as those to whom toil is no stranger; O you women who are virtuous and honest, how are your hearts steeled against those sisters of yours who stumbled on ways that seemed smooth enough to you, who fell where you have walked upright! Have you defended that sister of yours whose good name has been assailed as earnestly as you have rushed to the defence of your sex when you fancied it was slandered? Have you refused to believe evil of her against whom some stone has been cast? Have you refused to record your sentence against one accused till her guilt was absolutely sure? Have you, when this last was proved, declared that guilt unpardonable and thrust the offender out from your life and from your thought forever? Have you ever stooped to help one of those who was weak where you were strong, or who was tempted where you were not, or who fell because the way to her was rougher than you have ever dreamed? Have you done all these things? The judgements which man passes upon his fellows are tolerant where woman's NOTES AND COMMENTS. 633 are narrow, because, instead of the one aspect of the question which she perceives, he sees many; they are merciful where hers are cruel, because he recognizes more fully the stress of temptation and the complexity of motive which lead to transgression. There have been a few women who have helped their weaker sisters to rise when they had fallen, but they are indeed few. The majority of women have done what they could to keep those who are down still in that position. They have refused to believe in the possibility of reform; they have withdrawn from all contact with those who have once found temptation greater than they could bear; they have, by their inflexible attitude, made a return to virtue nearly impossible on the part of those who have once turned from it. Who should be tenderer towards a woman's sin than a virtuous woman, and who is harder? O you queens, who have with your virtuous hands thrust your weaker sisters still further in the mire; who have shown aversion where you might have shown mercy; who have hardened your hearts, that should have been soft with pity; who have turned coldly aside from those, your sisters, whom you might have saved, and gone your ways as though these were not; O you who have lifted from your heads the crown of gentleness and mercy that all your sex should wear, are you not "ruthless" indeed? OSCAR FAY ADAMS. II A FATAL SYNONYME. A humorous traveller ascribes the bibulous habits of the southern Slaves to the circumstance that in the language of the modern Servians the word "ecstasy" has the additional meaning of "drunkenness"; but a still more mischievous synonyme is the English word "cold" as an equivalent of "catarrh." In North America and western Europe lung diseases have become almost as homicidal as all other disorders of the human organism taken together, and I am convinced that it would be no overestimate to say, year after year, a million cases of premature death are caused by the delusion of ascribing coughs and catarrhs to the influence of cold outdoor air rather than of foul indoor air. Even from an a-priori stand point of investigation, it ought to appear rather paradoxical that the human lungs, so similar in their construction to those of our dumb fellow-creatures, should be fatally affected by the same air which millions of different animals habitually breathe with perfect impunity. Birds, young lambs, conies playing on a moonlit mountain meadow, kittens making their debut at a housetop serenade, newborn monkeys cradled in the treetops of the tropical forest, colts and kids on a highland pasture, all breathe without the least detrimental effect the same air against which the dupe of the deplorable synonyme carefully closes his bedroom windows. Is a "draught" of pure cool air more perilous than a larger dose? How shall we explain it that sailors, hammersmiths, and railway conductors thrive under its influence, or that a constant influx of night air fails to affect the roving miner and the trapper in their tenuous tents? It is true that lung disorders become more frequent after the middle of November, but might that experience not be explained by the circumstance that winter is, par excellence, the season of indoor life? A conjecture of that sort seems, more than a century ago, to have dawned upon that shrewd observer, Benjamin Franklin. "I shall not attempt to explain," he says, "why damp clothes are more apt to cause colds than wet ones, because I doubt the fact. I suspect that the causes of 'colds' are totally independent of dampness, and even of cold." That conclusion is strikingly confirmed by the sanitary statistics of northern Europe and eastern North America. Consumption, it appears, is most frequent near the centres of industry, and its prevalence is exactly proportioned to the prevalence of indoor occupations. It is less frequent and less fatal in pastoral north Scotland than in manufacturing south Scotland; less frequent (measured by the death-rate per thousand inhabitants) in icy Manitoba than in smoke-shrouded New England. Its most numerous victims are not blizzard-breathing hunters and herders, but dust-breathing weavers, spinners, and millers. Its strongholds are not the634 The North American Review. draughty log sheds of the Canadian lumbermen, but the overcrowded, overheated, and underventilated tenements of night-air-dreading city dwellers. It ravages are just as fatal in the factory cities of southern France as in the factory cities of north Britain; nay, the hectic Scotch weaver, seeking salvation in a change of occupation, has a better chance of survival than his French fellow-sufferer, for frost is an antidote, and a consumptive, turning game-keeper in the Scotch Highlands, will recover sooner than if his means had enabled him to pass his winter in the sultry tropics. Frost is an antiseptic. In stormy winter nights its breath often purifies the indoor atmosphere of our city homes, in spite of all air-excluding contrivances, and we accordingly find that epidemic catarrhs are much less frequent in midwinter than in March, when the accumulated disease germs get their first fair chance of development. Experience has also demonstrated the still more suggestive fact that far-gone consumptives have recovered in a winter camp, exposed to the ringing tuberculosis is altogether too high to be wholly explained by the aggregation of incurable invalids. In other words, the most effective cure of pulmonary disorders has for centuries been mistaken for their cause. The Frost-giant Hrymir of the Scandinavian Saga was dreaded as the chief adversary of the human race, and an echo of that tradition from the land of the Baresarks may still haunt the souls of heir cotton-spinning descendants; but the general introduction of the word "catarrh" would do much to exorcise such ghosts of the dark ages, for the chief error of thousands of shortened lives could still be summed up in the epitaph, "Killed by a deceptive synonyme." Felix L. Oswald III. The Clamor for "More Money." The most frantic clamor for an increased supply of currency since 1873, when Wall Street Urged and persuaded Secretary Richardson to issue a part of the greenback "reserve," was raised in the early autumn of the present year. It is not to be denied that there was great stringency in the money market. There seemed to be but little loanable money, and what there was could be had only on terms that would have satisfied Shylock. Wall Street believed, in accordance with its usual habit of taking extreme views and of exaggerating every situation, that the country was suffering from a lack of currency; it laid the blame for this condition of affairs upin the government, and looked to the treasury as the only possible source of relief. Granting that more money was needed, Wall Street was right in its opinion that the treasury alone, at that moment, could alleviate the situation. The Secretary himself seems to have thought so, hor he adopted measures that let out upon Wall Street a flood of money and ut a speedy end to the stringency. In doing this, however, he was driven to such expedients that the natural flow of money of the market, should the conditions recur that prevailed in September, will be greatly impaired. The prepayment of interest acts like a value upon money going into the months to come and this funds will tone to accumulate in the vaults if that monument of Jacksonian recklessness and Yankee unteachableness, the independent treasury. During the previous month of August a new law had a new law gone into operation which was designed to make a regular monthly addition to the money in circulation; and the idea that lay behind this legislation was that the third million dollars; annual increase that resulted from the operation of the Silver Act of 1878 was insufficient to meet the currency needs of the country. Does the country need more money than it has? Did it need more in September? The answer to these must be a qualified one. Does the wheel of your ox-cart need a quart of oil to stop it from squeaking? That depends upon whether you are driving a clumsy Mexican cart, that is made expressly to squeak, or a well-finished American article, The demoralized victim of the opium habit cannot exist Notes and Comments 635 without his daily supply of the drug, and an extra dose for an occasion; but his neighbor, who has not debased his system, can get along better than he without any at all. So this country, accustomed to a wasteful use of money, to an antique system which makes that money now disappear and now reappear, without regard to the course of trade, and to the obtaining of such extra sums as are occasionally needed by every great commercial community, through the operation of artificial and not of natural means, - this country did really need more money so greatly that even some conservative thinkers were persuaded that the silver legislation of the late session of Congress was justified. Yet every one who knows the laws of money is aware that whatever artificial addition is made to the currency to meet a sudden want remains after the necessity for it has passed. Then it is first felt as a glut of money; next it furnished the temptation and the means of speculation, which, in turn, ends in stringency and a renewed clamor for money. As in the case of the victim of opium, indulgence leads to increased craving, and an interruption of indulgence causes violent distress. The needlessness of the repeated demands for an increase of currency which mark the financial history of this country may be demonstrated if it can be made to appear that not an increase of population, not an increase of business, not a combination of both, necessarily calls for an augmentation of the circulation. Now, in the first place there is nothing unreasonable in the proposition just announced, for the instrumentalities by which modern commerce economizes the use of actual money are capable of greater and more speedy expansion than is commerce itself. The bank, the clearing-house, the railroad, the telegraph - each of these suffers the devices by which an ever-increasing amount of service is imposed upon and rendered by each dollar of the circulation. So admirable is this machinery for the purpose to which it is pit that where full advantage of it is taken an amount of money adequate to the transaction of a given amount of business may easily be made to effect the exchanges when the volume of business has become twice of thrice as great. An illustration of this truth - the one one that will be offered here, the one one that is needed - may be found in the recent commercial and monetary history of England. London is still the exchange centre of the world, and in all financial matter it is still the principal ganglion. Let us first notice briefly these facts: that after the outbreak of the Civil War in America, and before the adoption of the gold standard by Germany, England might have had almost the whole gold product of the world for the asking. Then from 1873 until 1879 Germany was a great competitor for gold, since it was necessary to provide a full supply of coin for the new standard and since 1872 it has actually coined more than $600,000,000 worth of gold. Meanwhile, since the preparation for the resumption of specie payment in the United States began, not only has the whole gold production of this country - the greatest producer of gold in the world - been withheld, but a large sum had been drawn from England and other markets. France also has ceased coining silver and had required gold. Thus England, which had no competitors in the gold market for a long series of years, has recently had them on every hand. Yet such is the financial strength of London that, if gold had been needed, England might have drawn it from any part of the world, wherever there was gold. And now, how has England endured this severe competition? It has passed through the whole period without a single crisis, without seeing a moment when the rate of interest was excessive; and while the volume of business has gone on increasing steadily, it has been transacted easily and without friction upon a diminishing volume o currency. The fact of an increase of business requires no proof. The total receipts of British railways increased from 63 to 73 millions sterling between 1878 and 1888. The number of letters carried by the pose increased 50 per cent. in the same time. The gross value of the foreign trade, which was £611,775,239 in 1878, was £740,242,564 in 1889. The London bank clearings were 4,855 millions sterling in the year ended May 31, 1879; they were 7,648 millions sterling in the calendar year 1889. Facts like these might be cited by the score to illustrate the growth of British commerce. A stupendous structure of business and credit is erected upon636 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. the small but soft foundation of the English monetary system and the reserve in the Bank of England; and year the structure is built higher without peril to the stability of the whole. Moreover, as has been possible to remove a part of the foundation. During the eleven years from 1879 to 1889, inclusive, the gross importation of gold into Great Britain was £135,861,214; the exports, £140,572,084; the net export, £4,710,870. That is to say, taking no account of gold lost by abrasion and otherwise, and used in the arts, the stock of the metal which is the sole basis of British money for whereas the notes of the Bank of England in circulation during January, 1879, were 33 million pounds, they had diminished in January 1890, to less than 25 millions; and these notes constitute the only considerable and the only fluctuating class of paper money in use. Thus it appears that a greatly-enlarged volume of business was transacted easily with a volume of currency smaller by 13 million pounds, or $65,000,000. And how about the United States? Prior to resumption in 1879 the country had entered upon an era of wonderful prosperity, for which the currency in circulation was quite inadequate. Yet the only money of the country was 350 million dollars in greenbacks, a slightly smaller amount of national bank-notes, and a sum estimated at 200 millions in gold, the greater part of which was locked up in the treasury. Certainly not more than 800 millions of all kinds of money were in the hands of the people. Since then, up to October, 1890, there have been coined 377 million silver dollars and 487 millions in gold - 864 millions in all. The country has produced, according to Mr. Valentine's estimate, 365 millions' worth of gold; and it has made a net in the eleven years before June, 1890, of $165,004,126. (Imports, $413,213,288; exports, $248,209,162.) Meantime the issue of national bank-notes has decreased by about 170 millions, and the amount locked up in the treasury has increased, though not largely. It was estimated by the Treasury Department on October 1 that the amount of money in circulation was 1,498 millions; which sum, it will be observed, corresponds with reasonable exactness to 800 millions circulation in 1879, plus 864 millions coined, minus 170 millions of bank-notes withdrawn. And yet, with an addition of 700 millions to the circulation, the slight clogging of a few millions in the treasury about the first of September came near causing a financial crisis! Make every allowance for the greater growth of the population of this country as compared with Great Britain, and its enormous internal commerce, and still it does not appear that the vast increase of currency was needed. Still less do the facts give a justification of the sharp stringency, and the peril of a financial convulsion which the prompt and vigorous intervention of the Treasury Department was needed to avert. The explanation is to be sought deeper, and the remedy for a recurrence of the difficulty is elsewhere than in new coinage laws or in the action of the Secretary of the Treasury. This is no place, nor is the space at my command, to work out the problem; but one or two hints will indicate where a partial or total remedy may be found. 1. The sub-treasury system ought to be abolished forthwith. When business is active, the receipts of the government are large, but the outflow is not increased. At the very time when the use of money increases, the operation of an absurd treasury system causes it to disappear in vaults whose doors swing inward only, and to be lost to commerce. It is a very remarkable fact, if it be a fact, that is this country alone of all the world it is perilous to intrust the custody of the public money to a bank which can keep the public deposits as funds still available for commercial purposes. 2. The operation of the banks are conducted with a semi-privacy which results in a concealment of currency movements until the opportunity to take defensive measurements has passed. It would be greatly to the advantage of the banks and the banking interest if every considerable transfer of money from one city to another were promptly notified to the clearing-house, so that the movements of currency should be known by all. NOTES AND COMMENTS. 637 3. There should be a clearing-house of clearing-houses, for the purpose of effecting all the exchanges between the banks of the country in the promptest manner and with the least possible transfer of actual money. These are but desultory hints, that may be worth much or little. But in either even the fact remains that through the use of the proper means the present supply of money may be more than sufficient not merely for present needs, but for twice the population and twice the commerce of the United States to-day. An excessive amount of currency is doubly to be deplored as an incentive to speculation and a sure cause of inflated prices, and as locking up property in an unproductive form. The obstreperous advocates of more money are the lineal descendants of the flat-money Greenbackers, who once nearly succeeded in carrying their pernicious measures. The first thing to be learned is that legitimate business does not need an ever-increasing supply of money, but is injured rather than benefited by an excess of the currency. Then let us learn that, if commerce is left free of government interference with the monetary system, either by locking up funds or by letting them out to relieve a stringency, commerce can take care of itself. Then the only lesson remaining to be learned is the means of causing a dollar to do the utmost possible work in effecting the exchanges of the country. In short, we need more financial science and less senseless clamor for more money by men who do not know the first principles of the science. Edward Stanwood. IV. PREMONITIONS AND WARNINGS. The intimacy of my friends C. and L. was of the closest kind. Associated in business, sharing the same bachelor apartment and having much in common, they were like brothers. When L. died, his death affected C. deeply, its suddenness adding greatly to the shock. About two years after it occurred C. married. Mrs. C. had known L. The honeymoon was to be spend in a trip to Niagara. The wedding took place on Thursday, and the newly-married couple were to start on the 10:30 A.M. train on Friday. They drove to the station and, as C. opened the carriage door, he sawm or thought he say, L.'s figure standing in the station entrance. Mrs. C., following the gaze of her husband, saw it too. As C. alighted from the carriage the figure disappeared into the station, and though he searched among the throng of passengers, he could discover no trace of the apparition, if apparition it were. Now, C. is not a particularly superstitious man, but Mrs. C. has a certain amount of superstition in her nature; indeed, she had objected somewhat strongly to starting on Friday. So when C. fully convicted that the train would be wrecked or that something awful would occur. Saturday's papers were eagerly scanned for an account of the accident to the 10:30 train. Nothing was found. No accident had happened. An analysis of this case leads to a solution of those numerous cases of premonitions and warnings that constantly mystify mankind. Of course C. and his wife did not see L., but they undoubtedly saw some one who closely resembled him. The Friday start and the discussion upon it probably aided in the deception. If an accident had occurred to the 10:30 train, - and the chances of it some statisticians could figure to a decimal, - C. would have been firmly convinced all his future life that he had seen L.'s ghost. The warning that Mrs. C. would have claimed to have had against starting on their honeymoon on a Friday would have been recorded as genuine; Friday would have received another black eye, and another supernatural, ghostly warning would have been added to the many "well-authenticated" ones already extant. Now, this case of C. and his wife is not a unique one. It is as natural an occurrence as happens in every-day life. The human mind is so constituted as to fear injury and death. Fear is one of the most powerful of the mental emotions. It is638 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. because of our intuitive recognition of this fact that courage is the human virtue most admired, for courage in man is the result of the will conquering fear. Fear is the parent of superstition. It may be taken as an axiom that no man enters upon any undertaking involving known danger without a premonition of disaster. The reaction of the free-born premonition upon its parent fear exaggerates the latter, and tends to distort mental impressions, not infrequently to such an extent as to produce an hallucination or a delusion. This mental operation is, I believe, a very common one. Few men exist who have not at some time in their lives experienced it. The following rather remarkable example occurred to an acquaintance of mine, a reporter connected with a well-known news agency and a man of more than average intelligence: Late one night while returning to his home he was startled at seeing the cupola of a neighbor's house in flames. The fire appeared to have just broken out, and was curling out of a window, licking the cornice and roof. He listened for the alarm bell in a neighboring engine-house, and distinctly heard it ring and the noise caused by the engine horses as they rushed to their places. Some smoke borne on the wind from the fire entered his nostrils. All this took place in a few seconds of time. He hastened into his own house, found his wife awake, told her of the fire, exhorted her not to be afraid, and went to the window. The neighbor's house was in full view. No fire was there. Here we have a man, apparently in perfect health, deceived by three of his senses. The train of thought that led to the deception was started in this way: the reporter had been recently engaged in reportorial work connected with several large fires, and had feared that a fire in his own neighborhood would seriously affect his wife, who was in delicate health. I have frequently seen medical students suffering from delusive symptoms of a disease that they were studying. How often are we startled by a coincidence? The coincidence is as common as it seems remarkable; in fact, the words remarkable and coincidence are almost inseparable. A coincidence may be defined to be a concurrence of related events. When we recollect that a man's life is composed of an infinite number of events, and that all these events are caused by factors taking different periods of time to effect their results, it does not seem strange that related events should frequently occur coincidentally. Now, join one of these ordinary, "every-day" coincidences to a premonition or to an hallucination, and presto! the result is as astonishing as the conjurer's production of ink from the combination of two white liquids. The coincidence reveals the premonition and the warning. Unless the former happens, the latter is never told. The genuine, authenticated cases of premonitions and warnings are fathered by fear and mothered by coincidence. CYRUS EDSON, M.D. V. THE ARMY OF MERCENARIES Through the persistent efforts of certain real and pretended veterans of the Civil War, the people of this country are in danger of revising some old ideas and learning some new definitions. It seems the word "patriot" means "one who works for pay." Patriotism represents a cash bargain. The old Latin phrase is to be amended so as to read "Dulce et decorum est pro pecunia mori." The boy who is taught "that a country's a thing men should die for at need" will also be taught that no man should take the risk of dying until he has "dickered" with the country and exacted the promise of money be enough to cover the risk. And on the coin of the country the motto ought not to be. "In God we trust," but "How much am I offered?" He who for pay fights for some country other than his own is a mercenary, and deserves but little consideration from honorable men. He who for pay fights for his own country is a patriot, and may dun his government to the end of time. If a man for a pecuniary NOTES AND COMMENTS. 639 consideration saves a stranger from death, he may pocket his reward and know that the matter is at an end. If a man for a pecuniary consideration saves his mother from death, he is a very noble character and should constantly remind her of the service he has rendered and demand an annuity from her for the rest of his life. It will be understood that I do not refer to those who, having served bravely and well, went quietly to their homes when the end came, at peace with their own consciences and seeking nothing more. These will not be found in the ranks of the unscarred army that is now fighting for more cash. I am speaking of those survivors of war who resemble the cherubim and seraphim only in the fact that they "continually do cry," and who regard the public treasury as a grab-bag from which any one who can insert his hand under color of law may take whatever he can grasp. If this be patriotism, there are many persons, neither dishonorable nor unintelligent, who not only never feel the sentiment, but pray that they may be delivered from it. Worse things may happen to a country than to fail in an effort to preserve its unity. The loss of honor is more than the loss of territory. If the idea that service to the country should rest on a cash basis is the outcome of the Civil War, it is beyond question that the Union was saved at too great a price. It would be better that the Southern Confederacy should have taken its place among nations than that in the restored Union there should come to be a feeling that a man's loyalty is to measure itself by the amount of money which he can extract from the nation's pocket. No people have ever given such practical effect to admiration for heroic deeds as the people of the United States. No country has ever been so lavishly generous to its defenders as this. Provision has been made for the families of dead soldiers. Pensions have been showered upon almost all cripples who ever heard of the war. For the injured and indigent veterans homes have been provided. In nearly all of the offices within the gift of the United States and the several States veterans have the preference for appointments. All this for men who, if they fought for others, fought also for themselves. It was their own country that was in danger. Yet dishonorable veterans and alleged veterans, finding that robbery of the treasury is not difficult, eagerly pursue the vocation of highwaymen, and swing the threat of their votes over the head of a timid Congress. If we yield to the noisy demands of the orators of the rights of veterans and consider the question simply as one of debt, what do we find? That the Southern planter of a half-century ago had no such power over his slaves as the State has over its citizens. Every one is familiar with the exercise by the State of the right of eminent domain, and nearly every one knows the meaning of it--that the State has a right to the property of the citizen paramount to the right of the citizen. Every one is familiar with a draft made by the State in time of war; but I am inclined to think that very few people know the meaning of it. Yet it rests upon the same basis as eminent domain; in fact, it is another form of eminent domain. The State has a right to the life of a citizen paramount to the citizen's own right to his life. To him who carefully studies the meaning of a draft it explains everything and leaves nothing to be said. That the State should take an innocent and peaceable citizen, force him into the army, place a weapon in his hands, and stand him up before the enemy to kill or be killed,--nay, itself put an end to him if that be advisable--there is surely no more interesting commentary than this on the doctrine that the State is placed under a heavy debt to those who fight for it. There is no more question of contract between a citizen and the State than between a house and its owner or a chair and its owner. The citizen and all his belongings are owned by the State, to be "handled with care" undoubtedly, but to be used, when the occasion demands, by right of ownership. And if a man does not feel in his inmost soul that he belongs to his country, and that sacrifice for her is its own compensation, then let him know this fact, stated without sentiment and coldly: that he belongs to her as property, to be rewarded or not, as she sees fit; to be put to death or not, as she sees fit. Twenty-five years ago, had one flung at us the scornful question of Charles640 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Dickens, "what is a flag to them ?" we should have pointed to the Civil War and let that speak for us. The time seems to be approaching when we must try to think of some other answer. Of all the sorrowful things that have happened in this country this not far from the sorrowfulest: that there should be growing in the minds of the younger generation a feeling of something like contempt for those who have perilled their lives in a noble cause in the greatest war of history. And such a feeling is growing, in spite of the fact that just now the veteran seems to have it all his own way. For this the veteran has only himself to thank. He has permitted himself to be represented as a mercenary instead of a patriot ; he has not protested when the most disreputable beggars have assumed to act as his spokesmen ; he has allowed blatant demagogues to gain control of and render odious the Grand Army of the Republic ; he has viewed without disapproval the plunder of the treasury carried on under pretence of collecting a debt. It is not in this way that he can win the respect of succeeding generations. Let him, rather, repudiate the idea that the country owes him anything for his service to her. Let him deserve the name of patriot by asserting that a man owes to his country, at need, property, liberty, and life, and that when he parts with any of these in her service he simply pays a debt. Peace hath her victories as well as war ; and often even more that war peace tries a man of what metal he is made. Far too many believe that to the victors belong the spoils ; and not this alone, but that no one need feel called upon to enter the contest unless the spoils are guaranteed to the victors. This founding of service to the country, not upon the simple dictate of duty, but upon the inducement of some pecuniary consideration, is one of the evil tendencies of the time. To every one, as though for a final test of what life means to him, there comes, sooner or later, the question with which Flannigan of Flannigan's Mills achieved notoriety : "What are we here for if not for the offices ?" Let no one deem that country prosperous, however busy may be its factories and productive its fields, whose citizens have no answer for that question. JOHN H. HOPKINS. THE "ROYAL BLUE" LINE. 17 For many years foreigners have wondered at the speed, the luxury, the safety and the convenience of our railway service. It has been reserved for the year 1890 to produce a case of marvel in this direction, even to Americans. It is said that the steel pen was born of disgust at the insufficiency of the quill, and it is certain that public dissatisfaction with previously existing accommodations, was the soil in which enterprise, brains and capital have given the most remarkable and satisfactory railway service on the continent, and the only one in a north and south direction, worthy of the fame of American railways at home and abroad. Now a new sun has risen in the travelling sky; the highest, the most beneficent, which has ever been viewed by the tourist, critical as to niceties, or by the business man, exacting in the matter of essentials. The latest is the best. The mistakes of other trunk lines, all over this broad continent, have been avoided; their successes have served as hints from which to prepare others, yet more deserving of popular appreciation. Motley is no longer the only wear; but royal blue is the winning color in the race for success and popularity. The "Royal Blue" line between New York and Washington has quietly given the travelling public additional facilities, complete and sufficient in themselves to accommodate all the vast traffic between those cities; and has at once attained a measure of praise and patronage - using this latter word in its better sense- never before awarded in so short a time in the face of such powerful competition. The new service is not only up with the times, but in advance of the most noted usage. There are many things which go to make up such a service as that of the Royal Blue route; permanent way, rolling stock, motive power, terminal and way facilities, and good management, being the principal factors. Let a railway have engines of never so powerful traction, never so speedy action; let those purely mechanical attributes which are called into play for travellers' service exist in never so marked excellence and superiority- if the cars are ugly, stuffy, dark, uncomfortable, and rough riding ; if the road be rough and crooked, dusty and unsafe; if the stations are miracles of ungracefulness and convenient ; if the management be careless and indifferent, and the service unfrequent-the public will have none of it. Let the cars be palaces on wheels, replete with every invention which will minister to physical comfort, and decorated by the great color-masters of the day-if the speed be slow, and the other items not up to standards, those cars will run empty. Let the terminal stations be reared high unto heaven and resemble the great caravansaries of the metropolis- they will not atone for evils between them. Or let the management have wisdom, experience and good will, if it has not the materials to work on-in any of these cases the road cannot be a success. All the desirable elements must exist and be unstinted. Just in what measure and proportion these exist let the record of a flying trip in the "Royal Blue" train between New York and Washington, supplemented by careful and leisurely inspection on the return trip, attest. In the first place the route is aptly named the Short Line. Without being laid down as the Tsar plotted the line from Moscow to St. Petersburg-with the edge of a ruler- it is as near a straight line as the "lay of the land" and the position of its four principal cities will permit. No mere monetary considerations have conspired to swerve the line to increase the value of a section of undeveloped country, to avoid using an expensive piece of land, or to save the expense of a cut or a fill. The grades and cures are the easiest attainable, and inspection of the map shows that the route is much nearer perfection than is found on any other great through line. The line of the Central Railroad of New Jersey as far as Bound Brook, the famous "Bound Brook Division" of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad thence to Philadelphia, and an almost new section of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from the City of Brother Love to the Monumental City , go to make up the greater part of the route; the well known "B. & O." tracks from Baltimore to the nation's capital completing the wonderfully direct line between the seat of commerce and the seat of government of this great country. In undertaking competition in such a highway as that between two such important cities as New York and Washington, the projectors recognized full well the extreme folly of doing anything at all in the matter unless they did all that could be done and gave all that could be given, no matter what the obstacle or the expense. The new line must be better than the old ; and more than this, it must18. THE "ROYAL BLUE" LINE. be so much better than it shall be able at all times to maintain the lead. This is no slight undertaking. To succeed, means popularity and due profits. To fail would mean public dissatisfaction, internal demoralization, and a loss well up into ever so many figures; more of a loss than any one who has not sided in the operation of even a small railway could well predict or even imagine. But the die being cast, the work has been done vigorously and well, in every department; in little things as well as great ones. The permanent way which has been constructed on this short and direct route is noted in engineering circles for the solidity of its construction and the excellence of its maintenance. Not a device which will ensure smoothness of riding and safety of travel but has been embodied in the track; and the supervisors of the three roads take just pride in the superb condition of "the metals" which is the result of their vigilance, and which permits the attainment of the highest rates of speed by the most improved engines. For let the iron steeds be never so fleet, let the palace cars be never so comfortable, so easy riding, if the track be anything short of perfect originally, and be not kept up to the high standard set, high speeds can be attained only at the sacrifice of safety; and safety the public will have. There are times when in the race for gold, or under the cruel stimulus of anguish, men will cast prudence to the winds and risk life and limb in the attempt to outstrip time as he flies; but the tourist, in search of ease of mind and body, demands that he shall be absolutely safe, sleeping or writing, from terminus to terminus; and the keenest dollar-chaser, or even the anxious one straining every nerve to reach some loved one ere life is extinct, expects and demands safety no less than speed. Safety with speed, yes; but safety beyond all question; safety up to the limit beyond which no human prescience, skill, or watchfulness, can go. The public, on no matter what mission, can find comfort, safety, and speed, together. I have found it; you may find it. Let me be your pilot; for the time being, your "guide, philosopher and friend." Step with me aboard the smoothly gliding palaces on wheels of the Royal Blue, and make the trip from metropolis to capital in five hours by the watch- not five hours by the time tables, but five hours in only three hundred minutes, in fact. Take your breakfast leisurely- go to your office- look over and answer your mail, transact your other business, and meet me at the station and ferry house at the foot of Liberty street in time of the 11:30 train. Your friends who meet you here have come by the Sixth and Ninth avenue elevated trains; those from the East side having changed at South Ferry from the Second or the Third avenue lines; while this cheery Bostonian has come from the Grand Central Depot to Cortlandt street station without passing from under cover. The Belt Line cars pass the door, and five other surface lines are within gunshot. The bright and airy new spot at Jersey City, with its roof 60 feet from the tiled floor, is handsome, convenient and comfortable- the ladies' parlor being boudoir-like in its appointments; and the telegraph office, waiting-room, baggage room and all the expected and unexpected rooms being where you can easily find them; while the restaurant tempts one to linger. But through the plate glass doors glimpses of lady passengers reading in the windows of the "Royal Blue" cars, draw us out to inspect the latter. From the outside their appearance is rich, substantial and beautiful; the coats of arms of the three States through which the route passes, being a new feature one notes en passant. We are surprised at the size of the beautiful "car-shed," and at the flood of light and the perfection of ventilation. There are twelve tracks each holding fifteen cars for enough to seat 12,600 people) but they are needed, for every twenty-four hours one hundred and ninety trains arrive and depart. Think of the multitudes which could be received aboard or discharged from the trains which this vast structure would accommodate. No Centennial Inauguration, or Presidential Election- no other public event- would occasion even crowding, discomfort, or delay, to say nothing of danger. There are facilities for the population of the entire city of Washington to be "handled"in a day. A regiment of a thousand men could march up alongside of each track and step aboard the cars, without confusion or crowding. Twelve regiments- an entire division of three brigades of four regiments each- could embark at once, in less than ten minutes, and every man find a seat. In half an hour from the time the first man marched in, the entire division could have embarked and been whisked out to the seat of war, or of festivity, whichever it might be. But the cars- ah, those cars! those symphonies in royal blue and silver; those luxurious and magnificent travelling palaces, where mahogony, plate glass, and precious stuffs to delight the eye THE "ROYAL BLUE" LINE. 19 cover oak and steel-framed and trussed, braced and bolted so well that they might be dropped from a precipice- were there any on this line- without serious injury. Although owned by the line, they are all from the Pullman shops- the model car shops of the world- and embody all that is new in ornamentation, and all that is tested, that gives strength. There are on this train no sleeping cars- no need- it flies by day nly, but there is a Pullman parlor attached, and on the next train, as on all other night trains, you see "sleepers"with beds of ease, and dining cars with china from Desden, and cooks form Paris; library, buffet, and café, all on wheels and bound for the shadow of the great dome of the capitol. We pass through the parlor car, fitted like a drawing room in some rich man's home; and "ordinary" cars which have the same trucks, the same platforms, all the same appliances for making them ride easily and be strong and safe, as any "Pullman" has; and ensconsce ourselves in the soft cushions of the smoking compartment. Your Boston friend embraces the opportunity given by the elegantly appointed lavatory of these "ordinary" cars. We notice eight great four-light gasoliers in this "ordinary" car, and mourn for the eyesight strained to the limit of endurance in the illy-lighted palace cars that have the misfortune to not be "Royal Blue." Yes, it is a joke on you. We have been moving for the last few moments, and you did not know it until you looked out and saw the landscape sliding by. The vestibuled platforms seem unnecessary save in very stormy weather, as there is no danger of any one being slung off any platform on this line. The road does not turn sharp corners, and the cars would not play tricks with you if it did. The bay and harbor views are pleasant even to a New Yorker. That was Bergen Point, and here is the long two-mile iron bridge across Newark Bay--you see Newark to the north and the Staten Island hills to the south. Elizabethport, once a famous port, now a great coal shipping point lies there; and here is Elizabeth, once New Jersey's capital, and now a famous suburb of New York, having 200 trains a day to the metropolis. Flying past pretty towns, new and old, we whirl through thriving Plainfield, where so many "solid men of New York" live; and charming Dunellen, and stop at Bound Brook, a town 230 years old, recently awakened by the snort of the iron horse. We now enter on the Reading Railroad's crack division, a powerful "Wooten" locomotive taking the place of the Central's smoking steed that has so well accomplished its task. Southwest we fly, straight as the bee, through the gardens of Somerset and Mercer, and 15 minutes takes us to Trenton and the Delaware River. Only 12:38 by your chronometer as we pull out, and that is what the time table says. If you did but know it, we were a minute ahead of time when we got there. We shall have to learn all about Weston and Hamilton, Belle Mead and Harlingen, Skillman and Hopewell, Morris and Pennington on our return trip. Westward from Trenton we skim through the Keystone State, having crossed the noble Delaware on a magnificent granite-piered bridge, spanning not merely the river, but the entire valley, and giving charming views from either side of the train. Yardley and Makefield, Wooodburne and Glenlake --the rear platform will have to do for them, and 67 miles from New York we strike Langhorne, practically a suburb of Philadelphia. Parbland, Neshaming Falls, Somerton, Jenkintown--how swiftly we cleave the very air and reach them! Chelton Hills and all the rest of that beautiful chain of suburban settlements we can visit some other time, but not on the Five-Hour train. Wayne Junction is the focus and the concentrating point of the entire wonderful Reading System, and one of the most important junction points in America, but the Quaker City is nearing, or is it we who are moving? Only 1:38? Yes, the 60 miles from Bound Brook have been done in the hour, and are so done every day in the 365! We are at 24th and Chestnut streets, and have got there in two hours and eight minutes from New York, without risk or rough riding. A mammoth passenger elevator enables the upper street level to be reached without strain to wind or limb, and the Chestnut Street cars run in both directions from the depot door. This is a depot such as you did not expect to find in the Quaker City, and even the staid denizens of that comfortable realm of brotherly love are surprised when they enter it--so quietly and so swiftly has it been erected, and with so little "hurrah." Yet, here has been built up a local traffic which is of itself sufficient to require a large fast passenger equipment; and these solid-looking burghers who live under the shadow of their own vines and fig trees, for miles out in each direction from this graceful station, owe their radiant health and their general well-groomed air to the excellent suburban service established and developed by the B. & O. management. But our train is again in motion, as you might have found out that you had not been gazing at those demure and rosy Quakeresses going South for a week's pleasuring in the City of Magnificent Distances. From this point on, the picturesque route is that of the Baltimore & Ohio Co., and from here to the Monumental City is a new road constructed solely with the view of giving that great system a New York outlet, and of connecting the nation's capital and Maryland's great shipping port, with New York and the East. Skirting the eastern bank of the historic Schuylkill, and crossing it on a fine steel bridge, giving rapid glimpses of streams rushing between picturesque hills, studded with villa and cottage, and with old colonial dwellings; then following, along the high ground, the gentle curve of the noble Delaware, the metal line is traced through Darby, Ridley, and other beautiful stations, hardly a mile apart; through rapidly growing Chester with its ship yards and engine works, and thousands of looms and spindles; on, on, along the western bank, through Upland and Village Green, Carpenter and Concord, our flying hostelry reaches--but pauses not at the ancient and renowned city of Wilmington --with ship yards and cotton mills, morocco factories, paper mills and gunpowder "yards;" the town where the Puritan, the Pilgrim and the Plymouth were launched. Here the line spans the Brandy-20 THE "ROYAL BLUE" LINE. wine of Colonial and Revolutionary fame; and here it leaves the Delaware, and after crossing a narrow neck of land comes to the headwaters of the Chesapeake Bay. We stop a minute at Newark to give our iron steed to drink; and then rush through Barksdale and Singerly, Childs, Leslie and Whitaker; passing long stretches of water which reach in from the Chesapeake and are dotted with sails. When we come to the Susquehanna at Havre de Grace there is a grand view, once enjoyed leisurely while making the transit by boat, but now taken rapidly as the train rumbles smoothly over a magnificent steel and iron bridge, resting on piers of solid stone, based on the rocky ribs of the earth. Here is the home and haunt of the canvas back duck; and far around reach the peach orchards which supply the markets of Philadelphia and New York. The road now runs along higher ground, still in occasional sight of the bay, and passing Osborne, Aberdeen, and Stepney, Van Bibber, Clayton, and Bradshaw, Morrison and Matthews, Rossville and Bay View, until the bay shore is reached again at Cant n, where the train is run on to a marvellous ferry boat, 365 feet long, and capable of carrying three trains without disturbing anybody or anything. Six minutes suffices to cross the bay amid the shipping, and almost under the guns of Fort McHenry, famous since 1812. Passing Locust Point, the location of the great docks and piers of the B. & O. R. R., where the wealth of the great West awaits shipment, the Royal Blue rumbles quietly into the train shed of Camden Station, one of the B. & O.'s great stopping places in the Monumental City, no longer its Eastern terminus. And from now on we strike historic ground in railway matters, for the first nine miles are—so far as route is concerned—not only part of the first railways in this country—of the original "B. & O." road to Ellicott's Mills—but of the first telegraph line in the world—which line, by the way, was to have been laid in lead pipe underground, but that the plow made to do the trenching would not work unimpeded. At Relay the route leaves the old line, at a most picturesque point; a station and a park, a fountain and a monument, impress themselves on the memory. From the West the Patapsco rolls hoarsely over a rocky bed in a veritable cañon, and is crossed by an arched viaduct of stone. On, on, on! the road is double-tracked and good—the engine, a giant of giants—and in 45 minutes from the time of leaving Baltimore, the train rolls through the long shadow of the Capitol and comes to a standstill in the terminal station at Washington, five hours from the time of leaving New York. You are at New Jersey avenue and C street, one block from the Capitol. You find that the building has had many and desirable recent additions, among which are a new waiting room for ladies and an additional room for the baggage department. From the depot door cabs, busses, and street cars will take you in any direction, depositing you in any part of the great city quickly, cheaply. As it is but 4:30 you have plenty of time to transact business in Washington before going to your hotel. If you have not come on business, you need find no lack of amusement—nor need you go far, if sight-seeing be your present end and aim. There, away above you, rises the central feature of that matchless structure, the nation's capitol, with its graceful tiers of snowy columns, surmounted by a vast and beautiful dome, cloud-piercing, soul-inspiring. To right and left the nation's law makers exhort and wrangle; in the same immense building the dignified Supreme Court of the United States holds its sittings. At the other end of that wide avenue stands the White House—the goal of so many ambitious men. Near you is the immense structure in which are housed the War the Navy, and the State Departments, the Pension Building, the Post Office and the Treasury Departments, the Smithsonian Institute and the Corcoran Gallery, the Louise Home and the dozens of other places of interest scattered among lordly residences and reached by the best paved streets in America should keep you active for days to come. And when ready to return to Gotham you have, as you had in coming, a perfect road for a perfect journey. Absolute safety, marvellous speed, indescribable comfort and luxury are so combined that travel is more of a pleasure than a task; more enjoyable than ever. One little point might be noted by the astute observer—that this "Royal Blue" line is owned, operated, managed, in the interest of three great corporations, all of which have the reputation of consulting public comfort and convenience, and have pursued the policy of building up the settlements along their routes. Each of these three corporations is interested in seeing that its two associates in the business of furnishing the most rapid safe transit—or the most safe rapid transit, whichever you may call it—maintains a high standard in every particular. Carelessness or indifference of employés, deterioration of rolling stock or of permanent way, variations from the time table, on any one of the three great divisions, would be pounced upon at once by the vigilant authorities of the other two, even should its own officials overlook it. The traveling public has the benefit of three sets of safeguards against infringement on its comfort or safety—just as the depositor in a well managed trust company has the advantage of double vigilance over his funds or other valuables. With this triple alliance of operation and interest the public gets the benefit of enough branch offices in the four great cities on its route alone to make a respectable sized town, and of enough ticket agents and other employés to muster as a very full regiment. This gives him, also, convenience as to location of ticket offices, for there is hardly a quarter of any of the cities named where the business man with but a moment to spare for inquiries, the lady travelling alone and desiring to purchase her ticket or make her arrangements without going far, cannot find some one of the "Royal Blue" representatives, able and willing to render prompt, cheerful, courteous and efficient service. If to save time is to lengthen life, the "Royal Blue" will enable us to overstep the threescore and ten years which the Psalmist allots to us, or will at least put it in our power to make our stay on earth much more pleasant and profitable than would have been the case had there been no "B. & O." 21 GALVESTON, TEXAS. THE CITY AND THE PORT. ON THE Texas Coast, equi-distant from the mouths of the Mississippi and Rio Grande Rivers—a coast line of 670 miles—is situated the City and Port of Galveston. From the earliest times this port has possessed the greatest natural depth of water of any port between the mouth of the Mississippi River and Vera Cruz—a coast line of 1,160 miles. It to-day admits the free ingress and egress of vessels drawing 15 feet of water, and no other port on this coast line has a depth of as much as 10 feet. It is the only port on this extensive coast line where, by reason of its advantages as a port, a city of any considerable size has been built. The distinguished engineer, Colonel Enrst, for three years in charge of the Government works on the Texas Coast and now in charge of public works in the City of Washington, in an official document, speaking of the port of Galveston, lately said, "The natural advantages which created Galveston and made her the principal port of the State still exist to maintain her preëminence. She has no rival." It is the only port upon the Texas Coast that has a foreign commerce; it is also the nearest port to the centres of population and production in the Southwestern States and Territories, and especially to those parts of the country traversed by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, the Missouri Pacific, the Rock Island, and Southern Pacific Railway systems and connecting lines The City of Galveston is connected with the City of Houston, 50 miles distant on an air line, by two trunk lines of railway. Houston is the railroad centre of Texas, and its natural selection as such, with its eleven railroads representing $150,000,000 of capital, and the large investment there in foundries and machine shops, was controlled by the fact that it was the nearest available location for such purpose to the chief port on the Texas coast. It is gratifying to note that this port, which has exercised such powerful influence by reason of its natural advantages in the building up of cities, the construction of railroads and the settlement and development of the industries of the Southwest, upon the most careful and exhaustive examination by the ablest and most expert engineers, both civil and military, has been found to deserve the preëminence that was thus in the first instance instinctively accorded it; and that it now promises to afford such relief to the mining, agricultural and stock raising interests of that great region by furnishing the shortest and cheapest line for transportation through a port of the first-class to a market for their surplus products as alone is needed to give to its producers the profits of their industry. Recent conventions of the people at Fort Worth, at Denver and at Topeka, induced by the great need of the Southwest for access to a market for their surplus products, prevented hitherto by excessive charges for transportation, presented the facts showing this condition to Congress and urgently called on the National Government for the relief which it was within its power and obligation to afford by providing energetic measures for the improvement of some port on the Texas Coast as a port of first class; a port and harbor equal to the demands of the commerce of the world. Based upon this forcible presentation, Senator Coke introduced, and there was passed by Congress, March 2, 1889, a resolution directing the "Secretary of War to appoint a board of three engineer officers of the army to make a careful and critical examination of the Northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico and report as22 GALVESTON, TEXAS. to the most available point or points for a deep water harbor, to be of ample depth and capacity to accommodate the largest ocean vessel and the commercial and naval necessities of the country, and which could be secured and maintained in the shortest time and at the least cost." December 11, 1889, the board, thus constituted, reported designating Galveston as the point. They say in their report: "The act of Congress in compliance with which this report is made imposes upon the projected harbor the several requirement, and as the beard has grave doubts of the possibility of their fulfilment at the other points it is forced to decide in favor of the one which promises the greatest results. The Board therefore deems Galveston Harbor the most eligible point on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico west of 93° 30' west longitude for a deep water harbor fulfilling all the requirements of the act under which it was constituted, this being the only point fulfilling these conditions." The present Congress has just adopted the following provision in the River and Harbor bill for the work at Galveston: "Improving entrance to Galveston Harbor, Texas: Continuing improvement, five hundred thousand dollars; Provided, That contracts may be entered into by the Secretary of War for such material and work as may be necessary to carry out the plan contained in the report of the Chief of Engineers for 1886 for the improvement of that harbor, to be paid for as appropriations may from time to time be made by law," which has received the approval of the President. The report of the Chief of Engineers of 1886, referred to in the act of Congress, recommended the improvement of Galveston Harbor as a port of the first class, with a depth of from 25 to 30 feet, at a cost of $7,000,000, and submitted plans for the work. In addition to the greater depth of water at the entrance of the port, Galveston also offers the finest natural condition of a commodious harbor, possessing an area of 1,304 acres of water 24 feet deep or greater inside the bar, against 100 acres of equal depth by the Texas port possessing the next largest area. No question is made from any source as to the practicability of the improvement at Galveston in the manner and with the means proposed. In 1884 the late Captain Jas. B. Eads proposed to Congress to give 30 feet of water across Galveston bar by permanent works that would maintain that depth at a cost of $7,750,000, to be paid as the work progressed and as additional depths of water was obtained. The plans by which he proposed to do the work, as far as they were then outlined in his discussion of the subject before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, were substantially the same as those adopted by the Board of Engineers in 1886, on which the work is now being prosecuted. There is, it is believed, an entire concurrence of expert authority in favor of the success of the work on the lines now laid down. Thus it will be seen that nothing seems to be wanting to the brightness of the prospect of a deep water harbor at Galveston of a first class within the shortest time that money and skill can accomplish it. The Secretary of War, it is understood, will forthwith proceed to contract for the completion of the work at the entire estimated cost, less appropriations made subsequent to the estimate. The effects of the accomplishment of so grand a design cannot be overestimate; not only will it afford a greatly needed relief to the millions of enterprising people that now inhabit the country natural to the port, giving them the opportunity of a fair remuneration of their labor, and enabling them to apply the profit upon their surplus beyond their necessities to education and to the arts and refinements of a progressive civilization, but it opens up like opportunities to other millions to come and do likewise ; it not only cheapens all the freight from the mines, the granaries, the cotton fields and the ranches, which shall seek shipment through it, but as the shortest and cheapest route to the sea it regulates the tariff of railroad charges on every pound of freight that shall seek the seaboard from points west of the Mississippi River. GALVESTON, TEXAS. 23 It will be interesting to note the present condition of the city and the port upon which this sun of a new prosperity is now casting its rising beams. The City of Galveston is situated in the extreme east end of Galveston Island. The island itself is about thirty miles in length and from one to three miles in width, and has an average elevation of six feet above mean high tide. It lies outside the range of the cyclones and hurricanes of the gulf. The rise and fall of the tide here does not exceed from twelve to eighteen inches. On its sea-coast side the island slopes gradually to the water's edge, and this gradually inclined plane is continued under the water at the rate of something less than ten feet to the mile, so that a distance of three miles must be traversed before deep water is reached in the gulf. This inclined plane forms nature's great safeguard to the city against the violence of storms at sea, and so effectually does it prove that a storm at sea ordinarily causes but the breaking of the waves a few feet or yards higher than usual on the beach line without injury or danger. The history of the island presents no record of any serious disaster by storm. The harbor lies on the bay side of the city, an the channel here runs along the entire front at a depth of 30 feet, the difficulty encountered by sea going vessels of deep draught consisting, not in their inability to lie alongside the wharfs of the city or obtain safe and commodious anchorage in the harbor, but in the want merely of sufficient depth in crossing the bar at the entrance of the harbor; the bar being composed of sand, and at this point some three-fourths of a mile in width. The foundation of the city of Galveston was laid in the days of the republic of Texas. It has not been without its chapter in romance and in war. For years its site was the rendezvous of the privateersman or pirate Lafitte, and during the war between the states it was alternately occupied by the contending forces. The population of the city, according to the census just taken, is 29,000, While the people of Galveston have evinced the prevalent disposition to object to these figures as too low, they content themselves now with pointing to their "jewels," and showing an actual enumeration by the scholastic census of 8,892 children between eight and sixteen years of age, accept the situation with due resignation. Galveston is one of the healthiest cities in the Union, the death rate being 13 45-100 to the thousand. The city is entirely exempt from any prevalent type of sickness or disease, and has not been visited by the yellow fever since 1807. In this connection should be noted the admirable quarantine station maintained at this point by the State; in its equipment no cost has been spared, all the appliances used in the fumigation of vessels being those of latest scientific research and invention. A vessel and cargo can now be more thoroughly purified at quarantine in Galveston in ten days than could have been done in forty days by the old method. An efficient system of public free schools, embracing high school education, is maintained at a cost of $65,000 per annum ; the city levying for this purpose a tax of 20 cents on a hundred dollars, and the State 12 1/2 cents. Separate schools are provided for white and colored children. The schools are uniformly maintained for a scholastic term of ten months. The school buildings are commodious and possess all the modern appliances for heat and ventilation. Two of the school buildings were the donations of private individuals, each at a cost approximating $100,000, and beside furnishing every comfort and convenience, are themselves objects of architectural beauty. In the plan of the city of Galveston ample provision was made by donation of its founders for public buildings and parks, several of the latter being beautifully improved. Galveston is often called the "Oleander City," from the vigor and luxuriance with which this beautiful plant flourished in its soil and climate, many of the streets being lined with oleanders, whose flowers of varied hues present a vision of beauty to the eye. Roses flourish in Galveston with a luxuriance known in no other lati- 24 GALVESTON, TEXAS. tude; there is no month in the year when they cannot be seen blooming in profusion in the open air. The orange tree repays here with the beauty of its foliage, the fragrance of its flowers, and the sweetness of its fruit, the slightest care. It is no exaggeration to say that the Galveston Beach is unsurpassed for pleasure driving, and its surf for bathing; anything more delightful of the kind cannot be conceived. The banking capital of Galveston is over $10,000,000. Its bank clearances for the week ending September 28, 1890, which happen to be at hand, were $7,630,760. The credit of the city and its merchants is deservedly of the first class. It is frequently said that Galveston is the wealthiest city of its size in the Union; statistics, however, on this point are not at hand. The debt of the city amounts to $1,500,000 against which the city owns property above that value. Its 5 per cent. bonds command a premium in the market. Its principal street are paved with wooden blocks that have proven admirably adapted to the soil and climate. The city owns a complete water-works plant, costing about $500,000; also owns and operates its own electric light plant, and maintains a paid fire department. The water supply is derived from artesian wells from 800 to 1,000 feet in depth. Owing to the recent inauguration of numerous manufacturing enterprises, the supply is proving inadequate to the demand, but active measures are being taken to obtain an ample supply of fresh water; among others an experimental artesian well of 3,000 feet in depth has been ordered by the city and the money appropriated for the purpose. The city has 40 miles of street railway, now rapidly undergoing adaptation to the electric system. The cotton crop of Texas for the season 1889-90 was 1,750,000 bales, of which Galveston receipts and shipments were 858,486 bales. The exports and imports of the port for the season of 1889-90 were $85,000,000, of which in the item of exports cotton constituted $12,840,000, wool $3,000,000, and cotton-seed oil cakes $1,000,000. The sales of merchandise are approximated at $37,000,000. Two lines of steamships constantly ply between New York and Galveston. And at the date of the writing of this article there are now lying at the wharves of the city 22 steamships, that will take from the port 100,000 bales of cotton. The arrivals and departures for the day number 10 steamers. In looking upon the bright picture of Galveston's future, with ships bearing the products of the great Southwest to every quarter of the maritime world, and bringing in exchange the products and manufactures of every clime the sun shines on, sight should not be lost of the facilities of the port as they now exist. From the ample docks of the city, now being extended and improved, vessels are able to load as much as 7,000 bales of cotton without lighterage. Of the 858,000 bales shipped during the past season 91,609 bales were lightered. And including this lighterage the port charges at Galveston are among the cheapest in the known world. The various manufacturing enterprises of the city employ a capital of some $5,000,000; prominent among those recently inaugurated is the Cotton and Woolen Mills, with a capital of $500,000, and 25,000 spindles. This mill, within a few weeks past, has turned out its first bolt of cloth; there is a Bagging factory with a capital of $300,000, and a Twine and Cordage Factory, capital, $150,000, the former in successful operation, and the latter near completion. The Medical branch of the State University is located here and its splendid building is now about completed; immediately adjacent is the Sealey Hospital, the princely gift of a private citizen. The method of construction adopted by the Engineers in the work at Galveston excites the wonder and admiration not only of visitors unfamiliar with this character of work, but of the scientific Engineers of the world as well. The largest stone that can be quarried and transported is loaded on the cars at the quarries and from the railway track along the top of the jetty wall, 5 1/2 feet above mean high tide, are thrown directly into place. All scepticism as to the permanency of the work is lost in contemplation of its grandeur. Thousands of visitors have within a few months enjoyed here the novel experience of going three miles to sea by rail. The people of Galveston, though conservative, are not lacking in enterprise, and though cordial in their reception of those who chose to share with them and quick to render every proper encouragement, are too proud of their City to indulge in the bickerings of rivalry, and too confident of future greatness, to be now rapidly achieved and permanently maintained, to desire undue inflation of any kind or show false lights to the wistful gaze that from so many quarters is now turned on their fair City. R. G. Street 25 THE CITY OF HOUSTON, TEX. A glance at the map of Texas shows the commanding position of Houston as a commercial, manufacturing and distributing centre, and the many advantages and favorable conditions necessary to the speedy growth and permanent support of a large city. Situated at the head of tide-water navigation on Buffalo River, and about fifty miles on a direct line from the Gulf, Houston has all the advantages of the Gulf coast and none of its disadvantages. Its interior location, as well as its natural elevation of sixty feet above sea level, protect it at all times from the dangers of storms and tidal waves which so frequently occur immediately on the coast. HOUSTON IS SUSTAINED BY ONE OF THE BEST AGRICULTURAL REGIONS ON THE GLOBE, And it can be truthfully said that a circle, having a radius of 150 miles, with Houston as its centre, contains a wonderfully productive territory, with a soil and climate adapted to every variety of agriculture, and especially capable of producing more sugar than the people of the United States can consume for many years to come, and more cotton than i snow produced in the whole South, together with every variety of cereals, vegetables and fruit necessary to the comfortable sustenance of the human family under the most favorable conditions of advanced civilization. These are startling facts, but they are nevertheless true. SOUTHERN TEXAS, Of which Houston, the central metropolis, fanned by the soft sea breeze fresh from the Gulf, with its salubrious, semi-tropical climate, its great fertility of soil and variety of production, its uniform seasons, so favorable to profitable agriculture, has been appropriately called the "Italy of America," with the Gulf of Mexico as the Mediterranean of this continent. This truly delightful section of country, with its sunny skies, balmy breezes and fine artesian water, is the paradise of the farmer as well as of the cotton and sugar planter. In place of the freezing winters of the North we have here around Houston what may be called perpetual springtime from October to June in which any variety of beautiful flowers and delightful vegetables are grown in the greatest perfection. The cool Gulf wind greatly modifies the heat of summer and renders the night time of that season delightful. This truly wonderful and attractive section must and will in the near future be the home of millions of profitable farmers and happy people. TWELVE RAILWAYS CENTRE AT HOUSTON. As the great railway system of Texas and the Western States connect at Houston with tide-water, it is recognized under the Inter-State Commerce Law as the nearest competitive point for cheap freight to and from all points by land or water to Texas, and a large portion of the West. This competition for cheap freight to and from Houston has, within the last two years, made Houston the best and largest cotton market in Texas. Reports of the Cotton Exchange show that more than three hundred thousand bales of this valuable crop were bought and sold in Houston this season; more than half the cotton crop and other products of Texas find an outlet to the markets of the world through Houston, and with the increase of capital and commercial enterprise, Houston can and will be the market for a million bales or more of the great crop of Texas. The same cause (cheap freights) which makes Houston the controlling cotton market of Texas, makes it the cheapest point for handling and distributing all other articles of commerce to the trade of the Southwest. The close proximity of Houston to the great lumber regions of Texas, together with cheap freights, makes this city the most important lumber market in Texas and gives it the advantage of cheap lumber for the manufacture of all articles made of wood. CHEAP FREIGHTS AND ABUNDANCE OF RAW MATERIAL WILL MAKE HOUSTON A LARGE MANUFACTURING CITY. Already Houston has the largest railway machine shops in the South, being those of the Southern Pacific, Texas Central, and others, which swells the railway pay roll here to more than a quarter of a million per month, or more than three millions per year. Houston has already twelve lines of railway connecting her with tide-water, and contains over sixty miles of side tracks and switches within the corporate limits. These railways, with their connections, aggregate over ten thousand miles of line in Texas, and form the shortest and quickest connection with the railway system of Mexico, California and the great Northwest. The headquarters of this vast railway system is permanently fixed at Houston, giving employment to seven thousand people of Houston, and supporting over twenty thousand of its population. Most of these operators own their own homes here and are thoroughly identified with the interests of Houston. This vast accumulation of railway skill in every department makes the machine shops and offices of Houston the great railway school for supplying the necessary skilled labor for operating and maintaining the railways of Texas. This important faculty for educating and perfecting skilled labor is having the good effect of otherwise assisting the manufacture of nearly every kind of railway supply at Houston. The car wheel works located here are said to manufacture the best car wheels in America; these wheels are made from Texas pig iron, which has superior merit over any other for car wheels. The time is not far distant when everything necessary to the full equipment of railways will be manufactured in Houston. The skilled labor, abundance of raw material, and good market, will surely, at an early day, command the necessary capital. The manufacture of railway supplies for Texas and Mexico, will, of itself, do much to build a large city at Houston.26 HOUSTON, TEXAS. Houston has one of the best water supply systems of the United States. There are in the city over forty flowing artesian wells, furnishing the purest of water in lavish profusion. Houston now manufactures more cotton-seed oil than any city in the United States. Here three large mills consume one hundred thousand tons of cotton seed this season, producing about five million gallons of oil, and many thousand tons of cotton-meal cake, which are shipped from here to the markets of the world, and furnishing freight to more than one hundred vessels across the ocean. Houston handles annually about two hundred thousand hides, all of which go north to be tanned, and many of them are returned in boots, shoes, harness, and other articles to be consumed by our people. These hides should be tanned and manufactured in the boots, shoes ad other articles right here in Houston. Here is a good chance for the profitable employment of capital. THE LUMBER TRADE OF HOUSTON. Within a very few years, starting from almost nothing, this industry has made Houston to-day one of, if not the largest lumber and shingle market in the entire South. Extending north and east for upwards of three hundred miles, with an average width of 100 miles, the vast forests of pines lift their heads in all their emerald beauty and graceful strength. Here the eye enchanted with the view may roam over millions of acres untouched by the axe of the woodman. The headquarters of this giant industry, yet in its infancy, centres in Houston. One hundred or more saw mills are within one hundred miles of the city, nearly all of which are largely controlled by Houston capital. The supplies for the greater part of all these mills are purchased directly in this city and their banking business is transacted here. The intimate and analogous trades and manufacturing interests growing out of and dependent, either wholly or in part, upon this enormous lumber industry is fast placing Houston in the advance of all competing rivals. Annually here alone over 100,000,000 feet of lumber is changed into various articles of commerce, and this is no wise includes the trade in shingles, Houston dealers handling of 100,000,000 of them yearly, and reporting constantly an ever increasing demand. The shingle and lumber business of Houston has come to stay, to grow, and is rapidly becoming more and more one of the great factors in her list of industries. No place in the world can furnish like Houston raw material in such abundance for the manufacture of furniture, paper, cotton, and woollen goods, railway cars, carts, wagons, carriages, plantation and factory implements, It is an indisputable fact that, perhaps with one exception, there does not exist in the entire United States waters better adapted for steam purposes than those of Buffalo Bayou and Bray's Bayou, and ere long the visitor will behold the sides of these streams lined with factories, whose sharp sounding whistles will give the signal for employment to thousands of willing and worthy hands. Already the effect of increasing capital is seen in the lowering of rates of transportation, and this, which means also cheaper rates for coal, will give an impetus to manufacturing of all and every kind. SUGAR CULTURE It would not be possible to refer to Houston and neglect the mentions of such an industry as this. Parallel with the Gulf of Mexico, stretching from the eastern banks of the Sabine to the western shores of the Rio Grande, and for one hundred miles inland, the great state of Texas holds in its embrace an area of sugar land of nearly 20,000,000 acres. Within this magnificent tract are but eleven plantations--the production of sugar being as yet confined to the countries of Fort Bend and Brazoria --but from these few along have come annually 12,000,000 pounds of the best sugar and 1,200,000 gallons of syrup. Two thousand pounds, the average yield of sugar to the acre, and 150 gallons of syrup stands as the equivalent of $180. The land is an alluvial gypsum, in color a deep chocolate, and cultivation may continue for twenty to seventy years without the use of fertilizers. Highly improved sugar lands command to-day a price of say $100 per acre; moderately improved, $20, and wild land may be had from $5 to $10. It is not to be denied that it requires capital to open up and start in first-class order a sugar farm, but once well seeded, stocked and equipped, the return for the requisite outlay of capital and labor abundantly compensate the active toiler. In the very centre of the richest and largest portion of this sugar belt, at the head of Buffalo Bayou giving an open concourse to the sea, with eleven miles of railway radiating from her like the points of a star, and penetrating to the uttermost marts of the continent, stands Houston. She is given to-day the undisputed claim of being the distributing point for the destined principal sugar market of North America, as she already is the point of distribution for hardware and agricultural implements, groceries and provisions for Southern and Eastern Texas. The moneyed institutions of Houston, are second to none in the growing cities of the South. No greater assurance that capitalists have faith in the enterprises upon which they have embarked, and faith in the future of Houston, is needed than a glance at the sums of wealth invested in and held by banks, trust companies, manufacturing and industrial establishments. Four national banks report an invested capital of $1,070,000 with deposits of $2,000,000. Two private banks show a capital of $1,000,000 and their deposits reach the sum of $1,800,000. Three Homestead, a Real Estate and Loan Association, one Trust Company and a Water Transportation Company, show an aggregate capital of $1,150,000 while the sums invested in 160 manufacturing and other establishments including four Cotton Compressors of largest capacity, three Cotton-Seed Oil Mills giving a larger yield of oil and cake than in any other city of the United States reach the handsome figure of $3,750,000. In addition to these are the Gas Works, with a plant capacity for 100,000 population, and valued at $200,000, $100,000 is the estimated HOUSTON, TEX. 27 sum placed upon two electric light plants, 82 lights of which are for public use. The Water-Works boast a capital of $300,000, and the average daily supply of water is 3,500,000 gallons. PUBLIC BUILDINGS in Houston may challenge comparison with any other city of its size. Chief among them stands the Cotton Exchange and the Board of Trade building, admirable triumph of the architect's art and complete in all its appointments. The City Hall, the United States Post office building and the County Court House and Jail, are notable examples of their kind. In addition to these may be mentioned the Turnverein Music Hall, the Lyceum Hall and; Public Library, and the large Opera House with a seating capacity of 2,400, and fitted up with all the taste and luxury of a first class place of amusement. With the increasing commercial prosperity of Houston other and still finer public edifices are destined to grace the growing portions of the city, together with private residences of unexampled beauty and art. HOUSTON'S STREET RAILWAY SYSTEM. Mention should be made of the street railway system of Houston, which so completely traverses and surrounds the city, and which to all classes affords a most excellent mode of conveyance, running conveniently at nearly all hours of the day and night to the various railroad depots, business emporiums, public offices, etc., etc. Of the two railway companies, the Houston Street Road has six different routes comprising in all forty-five miles of completed road, and the Bayou City Company, Consolidated, now in process of changing to an electric motor system, will by this process include the addition of some twenty miles of city and suburban lines, thus affording the the residents in the outlying districts quick transit to the very heart of the city. THE HOUSTON POST OFFICE. A glance at the work done in the post office of Houston for the year 1889 will serve as a guide to the amount of commercial activity displayed by her energetic citizens. The gross revenue from the sale of stamps, postal cards, stamped envelopes, etc., amounted to $43,856.18 while the deposits by other postmasters were $74,349.51. In the money order department of the office 19,450 orders and postal notes were issued amounting to $212,860.54, and 27,348 orders and postal notes were paid, being a cash disbursement of $293,819.15. In the registry division the number of packages received in transit and the number of letters registered and also received for local delivery reached the sum total of nearly 500,000; of course, the business done for the present year, 1890, is rather greater than that of last year, and it is to be regretted that we are not able to give as yet the precise statement. HOUSTON'S EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. The City of Houston stands unrivaled in the United states in the promotion and furtherance of the cause of education. The State of Texas has been the most liberal in appropriations and the municipal authorities have ably done their part. The public school system of curriculum and training is second to none and reflects credit immeasurable on the city and its projectors and supporters. Each ward contains its large, handsome and commodious school house, and the attendance, discipline, and management of the Houston public schools has passed into a proverb. It is estimated that over 4,000 scholars are now receiving tuition under the direction of thorough and practically experienced teachers, almost all of whom have had the great advantage of preparatory training in local schools. The course of instruction requires eleven years for its completion, and is arranged as follows: Three years are devoted to the primary grades, great care being taken to have the pupils form useful habits of observation, to adopt the most correct methods of study, and above all to acquire a genuine love and thirst for knowledge. Four years are given to the grammar school grades, which are especially designed to supplement and amplify the work of the primary grades, and to prepare the pupils for the High School. The remaining four years in the High School affords instruction in mathematics, the natural sciences, the languages, literature, book-keeping and the theory and practice of teaching. The faculty of the University of Texas, by a unanimous vote, has made it an accredited High School, and its graduates may be admitted to that University without examination in the studies pursued by them in the High School. Students who do not desire to pursue a university course may rest assured that they will find the curriculum of the High School sufficiently extensive to fit them for the ordinary business demands of life. It is to the credit of Houston that the colored race receive the same consideration and attention awarded to their white neighbors in the method of instruction and personal comfort. There is no discrimination under any circumstances, and the most ample proof of this is shown when it is stated that the percentage in studies is proportionate with the attendance when compared between these two classes of pupils. Take it all in all the social, educational and religious features of the population of Houston are such as to call forth hearty commendation from strangers who may have formed opinions from hearsay regarding the condition of society in the Lone Star State. THE HEALTH OF HOUSTON. Nothing is of such vital importance as the health of a community, and a report upon such a subject possesses little value unless verified by recorded statistics covering a period of some years and carefully and intelligently compiled. Most fortunately for the city of Houston a painstaking and reliable record has been kept for the past ten years of the number of deaths, and in every instance, as far as could be ascertained, the cause of each death.28 HOUSTON,TEX. The result has been agreeably surprising. Taking the ten years under review, and excluding still-births, Houston shows the remarkably death rate of 5.81 per 1,000. Small as this rate is, when compared with other cities, the percentage of deaths among the blacks largely exceeds that of the whites. This mainly due to their unsanitary mode of living, exposure, poverty, and want of skilled medical attendance and nursing. Houston has been singularly free from the fatal ravages of epidemics. In 1885 the dengue fever-the only epidemic known here in ten years-raged with unexampled severity, but out of the large number of cases not a single death was recorded. Volumes could not testify to the healthfulness of Houston in a greater degree than this extract from a letter written by Dr. R. Rutherford, the State Health officer, to the Hon. John T. Brady. President Immigration Association: "None of our schools have been closed for a day from the prevalence of any epidemic causes. Our water-works system has been in operation ten years, and contrary to the usual prophesies of its entailing upon us diphtheritic influences, such has never been the case. The disease seldom occurs, and never to any considerable extent. I think this is a record that cannot be surpassed, if equaled, by any city of my knowledge; the almost complete immunity from the three great child destroyers, croup, diphtheria and scarlet fever. During ten consecutive years as Health Officer of your city I saw but one case of diphtheria and that was imported." A hasty glance around the city Houston would reveal at least forty-two church organizations, including most of the leading denominations of the United States. A Masonic Grand Lodges, the magnificent Temple costing alone $120,000. Other various local Masonic organizations, including Lodge Chapter Commandery, Lodge of Perfection, and lodges of many charitable societies all in flourishing condition. The following enterprises would merit even more than passing attention: The Houston & Texas Central R. R. shops, with a monthly pay roll of $37,000; the Houston Rolling Mills; Inman Compress; National Oil Mills and Southern Oil Mills, with a crushing capacity of thousands of toms of seed per annum, and each paying out weekly in wages a sum ranging from $2,000 to $2,500; Henry House Planning Mills and yards; Houston East & West Texas Railway shops, with a pay roll of $6,000; International Compress; the Dickson Car Wheel Works; Bayou City Compress, Employing 265 men; Merchants' and Planters' Oil Mills; Houston East & West Texas R. R. depot: International & Great Northern R. R. depot; A. Bering & Bros.' Mills and Yards; San Antonio & Aransas Pass R. R. Yards; Hudson Soap Works; Barrel and Cistern Factory: Cushman's Foundry, Machine Shops and Stove Works, manufacturing 20,000 stoves a yearly; Simpson, Hartwell & Stopple's Machine Shops and Foundry; The Creosote Works; The People's Compress; A. & E. McGowan's Machine Shops and Foundry; Phoenix Lumber Co.'s Mill Factory and Yards, with a working force of 100 men; R. D. Gribble & Co.'s Mill and Yards' and the Southern Pacific R. R. Shops, employing and centering in Houston 1,300 men, with a monthly pay roll of over $77,000, and in the shop proper giving work to over 500 men, with a monthly pay of upwards of $30.000. HOUSTON'S WATERWAY TO THE SEA. Under the direction of the United States Government the ship canal through Galveston Bay provides for a twelve foot ship canal not less than one hundred feet in width from the Mexican Gulf to the very confluence of White Oak Bayou with Buffalo Bayou at the business center of Houston. Over this grand outlet to the sea can be conveyed most safely and cheaply a vast and important coastwise and foreign trade, which ere long must of necessity assumed incalculable proportions. The Houston direct Navigation Co., organized here by the uniting of various transportation lines, conducts now the main business on Buffalo Bayou. Its equipment for this year consists of five steam tugs and thirty barges of about 1,000 bales of cotton capacity each, or a proportionate amount of miscellaneous cargo. In connection with this trade mention must be made of the Morgan Steamship Line which employs a fleet of ten vessels with an average capacity of 1,200 tons each. It is worthy of notice that the total number of bales of cotton transported by the Houston Direct Navigation Co. from January 1. 1869 to March 21, 1890, was 3,767,109; add to this the uncalculated amount of various commodities carried by other steamboats, steam tugs, barges and sailing vessels, and the convincing fact is apparent that the water traffic of Houston is assuming an importance more vast than could have been dreamt of a few years since by even her most devoted citizens. This highway to the sea means a gigantic step forward in her history and marks an era from which shall date the beginning of great things. HOUSTON AND HER TRADE WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES. The distance from Houston to Havana is only about 800miles and about 650 from Vera Cruz. A light drought steamship like one of the Morgan line can cover the space in about three days. Here, by reason of the completion of the Houston ship channel, is opened a new and important avenue for the employment of capital and skilled business enterprise. Not alone may the merchant and trader of Houston look to the Eastern and Northern ports as a market for his tonnage, but the profitable and multifarious trade of the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America lies at his feet. There need be no limit to the expansion of his trade with these countries. He is the nearest Gulf railway centre to Yucatan, the Greater Antilles and the countries lying on the shores of the Caribbean Sea. An interchange of commodities is what he has a lawful right to expect and he should demand equality with foreign powers the right to all legitimate barter. Surely no one can read these foregoing pages and fall to be convinced that Houston is one of the most progressive and wide-awake cities of the South. It must strike every thinking man forcibly that the inducements held out for the employment of capital and labor are worthy of serious consideration. With the leading business men of Houston and all faithful citizens one common purpose urges them on: "The good of Houston." They desire nought but this. For this they are willing to bend all their energies, to give freely of their time, their money, and to make, if needs be, personal sacrifices cheerfully and uncomplainingly, assured through all that the magnificent promise of the future will to be fulfilled, and that Houston shall become a power in the land, shall rank as the first city of the mighty South, and yet, what is dearer to them that all, the brightest star in the crown of their well loved Texas. W. B. FRANKLIN. WAXAHACHIE, TEXAS. 29 WAXAHACHIE, the country seat of Ellis County Texas is situated 30 miles south of Dallas, the largest city in Texas, and 42 miles southeast of Fort Worth a city of 30,000 inhabitants. It is the junction of the Fort Worth & New Orleans Railway, and the C. T. & N. W. Railway, which are operated by the H. & T. C. Railway. It also is the terminus of the Dallas & Waco Railway, which is now graded on 35 miles and as soon as the track is laid will the main line in Texas of the M. K. & T. Railway. There are also other railroads pointing to Waxahachie, and which are being rapidly built. The natural location of Waxahachie could not be better. It is in the center of Ellis County and is surrounded on all sides by the rich, black wavy paired lands. There are no swamps or stagnant polls within 30 miles of Waxahachie, nor is there one thing, object or locality, that could suggest aught but the best of health The average temperature in winter is 56 degrees and in summer 79. The trade winds which blow across the prairies of Texas, lend a peculiar charm to the comforts of Waxahachie. The days are thereby rendered pleasant and the nights are positively delightful. Waxahachie Creek, a stream fed by springs, runs close by the city, and beneath its clear, cool waters can be seen sporting the speckled trout white perch and other game fish. Waxahachie commands the trade of the richest and the best county in Texas. It receives annually over $2,000,000 worth of agricultural products and $40,000 worth of live stock. It distributes heavily while it does strictly a retail trade; few merchants do less than $35,000 business annually and $100,000 worth of goods is often sold in one year. A failure in business in Waxahachie is never thought of and there has not been one in three years. It has 4,500 inhabitants and, like those of the whole of Ellis County, they are mostly white. It has a $20,000 fee school building and employs a corpse of eleven teachers and selects the best that can be had. The following denominations have church buildings and hold regular services viz.: Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Cumberland, Christian, Episcopalian and Catholic. It has two roller mills, one elevator and three cotton gins, two planning mills, two lumber yards, six machine and implement houses, one engine and boiler works, two saddle shops and 51 mercantile establishments. It has three banks with a capital of $100,000 each and a surplus of $65,000 and with a combined deposit of $500,000. The combined wealth of the stockholders of these banks is $4,500,000 all local. Nearly all social orders have lodge rooms. An electric light plant has just been put in, a street railway is in operation, and a system of water works contracted for. The average receipts of cotton in the cotton season are 500 bales per day, and annual receipts 25,000 bales. When the remaining two thirds of Ellis County is put into Cultivation, Waxahachie will receive from 75,000 to 100,000 bales of cotton annually, and do a business of from $8,000,000 to $12,000000. There are not enough establishments in Waxahachie to do the business the place commands, and any kind of factory will pay, and will receive liberal and establish substantial aid.30 SHERMAN, TEXAS. This beautiful city is one of the first to meet the admiring eyes of strangers entering Texas from the north. It is the country seat of Grayson County and centrally located in what is conceded to be a very garden spot of agricultural and horticultural wealth. The country possesses a diversity of soil scarcely to be found in any other section of like size, and the generous returns to the farmer and fruit grower have invited a population greater than any other county in the State can boast. The founders of Sherman appreciated the importance of education; and, later citizens have joined in establishing institutions of learning, until it is now the conceded "Athens" of Texas. The public schools are conducted on the most approved modern methods. The morality of the city is fostered by the active ministry of Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Christian, Congregational, and Catholic Churches. The business of the city for the year 1889 aggregated &8,400,000, and the necessities of out commer- coal men are provided for financially by the Merchants' and Planters' National Bank, with a paid up capital of $600,00 and the City Bank with $400,000. The two have a line of deposits ranging from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000 We have railroad connections with all parts of the country.The Texas Pacific railway with east and west connections. The St. Louis, Arkansas & Texas has its northwestern terminus here. The Houston & Texas Central has its northern terminus in the county and connects Sherman with the seaboard at Galveston, while the Missouri, Kansas & Texas is now building into the city from the north and the Texas & Pacific is constructing a branch to the northeast through the coal fields of the Indian Territory, which will give our manufacturing interests cheap fuel and splendid timber. Another railway from Sherman northwest 55 miles to the coal fields is now surveyed and will soon connect the city with the great Santa Fé system of the southwest. During 1889, 195,000,000 pounds of freight were received at our deposits and 120,000,000 pounds shipped out by our merchants. Sherman has two street car lines (one of which is run by electricity) that aggregate nine miles of track. These furnish excellent facilities for travel from the business centre to suburban homes. The city owns an extensive system of electrical lights, and many miles of water mains that receive their supply from deep wells and distributes water at very cheap rates wherever needed. One of the largest Cotton Seed Oil Mills with a daily capacity of 600 barrels, and two foundries and machine shops constitute the most important industries of the city. These, with marble works, planing mills, brick yards, furniture factories, cigar, soap, ice, mattress, broom, candy and carriage factories, constitute the principal industries and give employment to over a thousand operatives. As a manufacturing centre, Sherman commands cheaper fuel and greater supply of hard woods than any city in Texas. Her values have not been inflated by sensational booms, but investments here at this time will secure better returns and have a brighter prospect for future advancements than any other city of the Southwest. In the brief space allotted to this article we can only point to a few of the evidences that invite immigration and capital. The City stands with outstretched hands to welcome all who choose to come and cast their fortunes with her, and the near approach of a season of rapid advancement invites, with an eloquence not clothed in words, every man who seeks a home in the great and prosperous State. CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. Electric lightened and steam heated vestibuled trains, with Westinghouse air signals, between Chicago, St. Paul, and Minneapolis daily. Through parlor cars on day trains between Chicago, St. Paul, and Minneapolis. Electric lightened and stem heated vestibuled trains between Chicago, Council Bluffs, and Omaha daily. Through Pullman vestibuled sleeping cars daily between Chicago, the Yellowstone Park, Tacoma, and Portland, Oregon. Solid vestibuled trains daily between St. Louis, St. Paul, and Minneapolis. Finest dining cars in the world. The best Pullman sleepers. Electric reading lamps in berths. Five thousand seven hundred miles of road in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, South Dakota and North Dakota. Everything first-class. First-class people patronize first-class lines. Ticket agents everywhere sell tickets over the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. ZANESVILLE, OHIO. 31 To the readers of the North American Review I desire to address a few words, hoping not only to interest them for the time being. but to impress upon their mind a few facts regarding a remarkable city. As human beings we all differ, no two being alike; and it is no less so with the many cities of the country. The same rule holds good with regard to many cities of our land. The city I write about is one with many remarkable features-remarkable to that extent as to justify favorable mention, and on your part more than passing attention. Exaggerated newspaper articles are no uncommon thing. In fact scarce a day passes but some highly colored article is going the rounds as to this, that and the other city. Should not the statement I make regarding the city about which I write appear as great or grand as some of the descriptions allude to, the reason, therefor is to be found alone in the fact that all statements coatained herein are facts beyond dispute and that challenge the most critical examinations, ctc. No student of American history need be reminded of the position of little Ohio in the brotherhood of States, and while the history of the United States cannot be correctly recorded without the history of Ohio, it is even so true that the history of the little, but great State of Ohio cannot be written without the history of the City of Zanesville. The Muskingum River, the largest river in the State, rises in the northern part of the State, flowing in a southerly direction, emptying into the Ohio. This river is justly conceded to be one of the few grandly beautiful rivers to be found in America. Large steamboats ply the river, and are patronized to no small extent by pleasure excursions, bent on seeing the beautiful sensory of the Muskingum Valley. The Muskingum valley are so varied as to embrace almost every product of the field, the farm, and the garden. So productive is the soil and so general the products thereof that living in the city of Zanesville is materially cheapened thereby. Zanesville, the city about which I write, is located in Southeastern Ohio on the Muskingum River, at the point where the Licking River empties into the former. The land adjacent to Zanesville is somewhat rolling, adding much to the beauty of the city and furnishing excellent building sites for her people. The Muskingum River is under the control of the general government, and annually large sums of money are being spent to the place the same in first-class condition. Zanesville is a manufacturing city, ranking with the best-best because of the fact established beyond dispute by the numerous varied, and successful manufactories now within her walls. Why is such the fact os w pertinent question, and one that can be answered fully and freely. 1st. The very best of railroad facilities. Seven railroads now enter the city. 2d. Water transportation by boat to all points on the Muskingum River, Ohio River, and Mississippi River, and all points tributary thereto. 3d. Fuel for manufacturing the most reliable known, of quality equaling the best, and at prices as low as 62 1/2 cents a ton. 4th. Living: the cost of living in Zanesville is cheaper than in any city of its size in Ohio. This is largely due to the manner in which the land adjacent to our city is made to contribute is great abundance the varied products of the garden, field, and farm. 5th. A prosperous people, contented and happy, a very great per cent. of her working people owning their own homes, thus insuring a stability and a reliability of labor that few cities possess.32 ZANESVILLE, OHIO. The advantage just named have placed no small part our manufactories in the front as the successful competitors of the best in their line. Zanesville possesses many other features worthy of notice, and, within their own peculiar way, they have contributed much to her growth and prosperity. The school system of this city is excellent, and has received as such State recognition. It has one private female seminary, under good management. Churches, twenty in number, and all denominations. The water-works system consists of large pumping engines, located on the river above the city, pumping the water from the river into large reservoirs, on the hilltops, from which reservoirs the water is conducted to all parts of the city through a comprehensive system of mains, in all a thorough and complete system. A well organized fire department comprising five district departments each of which has in service one of Zanesville's own make of Fire Carriages. Well manned-this department has so far proved very efficient. Three daily paper a d six weeklies attest to the character of our people as one of intelligence Hotels-That have done as much to advertise Zanesville as any one thing in our city. We make the broad claim; that of a having one of the very best hotels that can be found anywhere. Bridges-Our city being located on both sides of the Licking and Muskingum Rivers, bridges are an absolute necessity. Eight now span the river and two more are in the course of construction, to cost in the neighborhood of $350,000. As an index of the business of our city, permit us to say that the Zanesville Post Office sold last year to her business men and manufacturers no less a quantity than $35,000 worth of postage stamps. Homes for dine residence properties-we find them in Putnam, Buckingham Place, The Terrace and Seventh Ward, while for comfortable substantial homes they are to be seen on every hand. Zanesville is truly proud of her Memorial Hall. It is the largest public hall in the State with but one exception-comfortably seating 2,500 or standing 4,000. The Schultz Opera House is one of the few well managed places of amusement. The management of this house gives to the people of our city that is enjoyed by the largest cities of our country. In this we lack nothing. Zanesville is a healthy city, her mortality rate very low. Electric system of street railway. Arc light, incandescent light and illuminating gas are the lights of the city. Clays.-The clay industry of Zanesville has grown to enormous proportions. To-day hundreds of our people are engaged in making from the class dug from our hills the following line of clay products, in some lines of which they are unable to supply the demand; Glazed, ornamental and fine pressed brick that have not an equal short of St. Louis on the West and Philadelphia on the East; building brick, paving brick, fire brick, sewer brick, flue linings, chimney tops, flower pots, sewer pipe terra cotta vases, cuspadores, cooking vessels, stoneware of all kinds, floor tile, decorated tile and fancy, all of which of clay are here manufactured and shipped into every State in the Union. We have the largest encaustic tile works in America. We have this fearlessly but truthfully spoken of our manufacturing industries, trusting that our reward will be many inquiries from capitalists and others seeking to improve their present location, or to know more of Zanesville, the best general all-around city that can be found in the United States. This is a broad assertion, we admit, but the same will stand investigation, and we invite the most critical examination We are of the opinion that one of the very best evidences that can be offered as to all we have said as to the growing and prosperous condition of our mercantile and manufacturing interests, is attested by the fact that we have no idle factories and mills; no idle business blocks, and farther no idle houses. This speaks volumes for Zanesville's stability. More buildings have been erected in Zanesville during the last three years than in the ten years prior thereto, and all are occupied. New industries have been started and the older ones increased. We have no boom. We have had no boom. We are not going to have a boom. We don't take any stock in. booms. Our growth has been steady and of the most satisfactory kind and we prefer to keep it going just that way. We would be glad to furnish further information to party interested. Address the writer, WM. S. BELL, Secretary Board of Trade, Zanesville, O. 33 PLAZA HOTEL, Fifth Avenue, 58th to 59th Streets, NEW YORK, October, 1890. In connection with the opening of the Plaza Hotel, the proprietors respectfully desire to call attention to some of its features of elegance, comfort and convenience which are exclusively identified with this new and magnificent establishment, the construction and furnishing of which has been at a cost exceeding two million five hundred thousand dollars. The location-directly opposite the Fifth Avenue entrance to the famous Central Park, which is accessible for riding or driving without crossing pavements-is conceded the finest and most advantageous in the metropolis, this opinion taking into consideration all seasons of the year. The hotel having an exceptionally large frontage on three thoroughfares, is assured of abundance of sunlight, air and ventilation, the latter on the newest and most successful system devised for public buildings. The outlook from the windows and balconies is surpassingly interesting and attractive, being one continuous panorama of city life in its best and most brilliant aspect. Trains on the Sixth Avenue Elevated are made up at the Fifty-ninth street station, half a block from the hotel; the Fifty-ninth street cross town surface cars, connecting with all ferries, steamship and steamboat wharves, the Grand Central Station; elevated and surface railways pass the doors; also the stages of the Fifth Avenue Transportation Company. Connected with the hotel is a livery where may be ordered all kinds of carriages, cabs and hansoms, at reasonable rates for high class vehicles. The Plaza Hotel, the construction of which has been most complete, substantial and thorough, is ABSOLUTELY FIRE PROOF. It is decorated, furnished and equipped in a manner and style that will not suffer by comparison with the finest and most sumptuous private residences of the refined and wealthy classes. It has every modern comfort, luxury and convenience, and many attractive features of home life now for the first time introduced in a hotel. The electric light is used throughout the entire establishment. The hotel will be conducted on AMERICAN and EUROPEAN plans at a schedule of rates consistent with superior accomodations, the finest Cuisine and unexceptionable service, attendance and surroundings. The hotel staff has been made up of the most experienced and competent members of the hotel profession. Mr. H. W. Riddell and Mr. Thos, W. Adams, late of the Windsor, Mr. Jesse Hipple, late of the Murray Hill, New York, and Mr. I.P. Swan, late of the United States, Saratoga, comprise the office staff. Mr. Charles H. Shelley is steward, and Mr. H. D. Mower, superintendent. Each and every position has been filled by those who are specially qualified, and it is believed no other hotel is in this particular so advantageously officered in every department. The Plaza Hotel will be conducted to gain the approval and satisfaction of the best and most discriminating classes, and to achieve a reputation for general excellence second to no other at home or abroad. An inspection of the establishment is invited by those seeking a transient or permanent residence in the metropolis and all letters of inquiry for fuller or more detailed particulars will receive prompt attention F. A. Hammond.34 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE. THE best indication of what this periodical may be expected to do for its readers during the coming year is what it accomplished during the past year. The record is one which has no parallel in periodical literature. In the announcement which accompanied the number of the REVIEW for September, 1889, the editor made the following statement of the purposes with which he should conduct this periodical: "It shall continue to be, so far as my efforts can make it, a magazine of the times, in which topics of commanding interest in every field of human thought and action shall be discussed by representative writers, whose words and names carry authority with them. While the REVIEW shall remain impartial on subjects upon which the mind of the world is divided - its aim being to present to its readers material to assist them in arriving at intelligent conclusions - its pages shall be open to the ablest advocates or exponents of both sides of all such questions. It shall thus continue to be a comprehensive reflex of the highest and broadest thought of the day, and of its most important activities in every direction." Notice how this promise has been fulfilled. The two most famous statesmen of the English-speaking world, Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Blaine, began the Tariff discussion in January. They were followed by Mr. R. Q. Mills, framer of the Mills Bill; Senator Morrill, framer of the Morrill Bill; Mr. McKinley, framer of the McKinley Bill; Mr. Breckinridge, Sir Richard Cartwright, and others. Divorce has been discussed by Cardinal Gibbons, Mr. Gladstone, Bishop Potter, Colonel Ingersoll, Senator Dolph, Justice Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, and other well-known writers, including a number of distinguished women. Electric lighting was discussed by Mr. Edison, Mr. Westinghouse and Sir William Thomson. The great Constitutional question of the Limitations of the Speakership has been fully discussed by the present Speaker, the Hon. T. B. Reed, and his predecessor in the Speaker's chair. the Hon. Jno. G. Carlisle, as well as by the famous X. M. C., by the clerk of the house of Commons, and Professor James Bryce, Mr. Parnell. Mr. Balfour and Mr. John Morley have discussed from different standpoints Mr. Baltour's Land Bill for Ireland. The question of strikes has been discussed on both sides by Henry GEorge and Austin Corbin; post-office and telegraph matters by Hon. Don. M. Dickinson, ex-Postmaster-General, and Norvin Green, President of the Western Union; music and the drama by Walter damrosch and Charles Wyndham. Literary topics have been treated by Ouida, Madame Adam Marion Harland, George Parsons Lathrop, Mona Caird, Max O'Rell, Mrs. Campbell-Praed, Gail Hamilton; and scientific subjects by Dr. W. A. Hammond, Dr. H. C. McCook, Professor R. H. Thurston, General Nelson A. Miles and others. Among other features which illustrate the policy of the REVIEW in endeavoring to secure the views of recognized authorities on current topics of moment may be mentioned the following contributions: "The best fields for Philanthropy," by Andrew Carnegie; "The New Method of Voting," by State Senator Charles T. Saxton, the Governor of Massachusetts and the Governor of Connecticut; "The Doctrine of State Rights," by Jefferson Davis; "British Capital and American Industries," by Erastus Wiman; "Discipline in the Navy," by Admiral Porter; "The Plea for Eight Hours" by Master-Workman Powderly; "Socialism in Germany," by Oswald Ottendorfer; "What Shall we do with Silver?" by the Hon. Roger Q. Mills; "The Mississippi Floods," by General A. W. Greely, Chief of the Signal Bureau; "Why Cities are Badly Governed," by State Senator Fassett, Chairman of the Fassett Investigating Committee; "Criminal Politics," by E. L. Godkin; "Railway Men in Politics," by the Hon. Chauncey M. Depew; "Problems of 'Greater Britain,'" by Sir Charles W. Dilke and the Marquis of Lorne, ex-Governor-General of Canada. Subscription price, $5.00 a year. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, 3 East 14th Street, New York. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 35 A FLASH OF LIGHTNING Turns the air to ozone, makes it vitalizing. The same thing happens to the compound oxygen treatment. It is made of nature's oxygen. It is charged with nature's electricity. You inhale it: at once a warming, genial glow pervades the system. Disused air cells open up to receive and retain this nourishment. The chest expands. The head gets clear. You can think. Better still you can turn your thought to action. This is getting well in nature's way. Your vigor becomes your remedy. A book of 200 pages will tell you who have been restored to health and strength in this way. It is filled from cover to cover with signed endorsements. This book will be sent entirely free of charge to any one who will write to Drs. Starkey & Palen, No. 1529 Arch St. Philadelphia, Pa. 120 Sutter St. San Francisco, Cal. 58 Church St., Toronto, Canada. LIEBIG COMPANY'S Extract of Beef. It is the pure essence of meat broth or concentrated BEEF TEA, free from fat or gelatine. A quarter of a teaspoonful in a cup of water, properly seasoned, is most refreshing. It soothes and settles the stomach, allays brain excitement, and induces sleep. Invaluable to brain workers. A slight addition if it gives great strength and flavor to soups, gravies, sauces and made dishes. WHEN ORDERING ASK FOR Liebig COMPANY'S Extract, And see that it bears the signature of Justus von Liebig in Blue Inkacross the label. GRAND NATIONAL PRIZE of 16,600f. QUINA LAROCHE'S INVIGORATING TONIC, CONTAINING Peruvian Bark and Pure Catalan Wine. Endorsed by the Medical Faculty of Paris, as the Best Remedy for LOSS of APPETITE, FEVER and AGUE, MALARIA, NEURALGIA and INDIGESTION. An experience of 25 years in experimental analysis, together with the valuable aid extended by the Academy of Medicine in Paris, has enabled M, Laroche to extract the entire active properties of Peruvian Bark (a result not before attained), and to concentrate them in an elixir, which possesses in the highest degree its restorative and invigorating qualities, free from the disagreeable bitterness of other remedies. 22 rue Dorout, Paris. E. FOUGERA & CO., Agents for U. S., 30 North William street, N. Y. LAROCHE36 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. ESTABLISHED 40 YEARS. BUY OF THE MANUFACTURER. RICH FURS. Excellence of Quality. Elegance of Style. HENRY SIEDE, 14 WEST 14TH ST., 5TH AVE. cor. 38TH ST., and 2 WEST 38TH ST., NEW YORK. Send for catalogue containing full directions for measurement. Mail orders can be fitted perfectly by our system. CEYLON POSTAGE TEN PENCE STAMPS- ALL GENUINE! 100 rare Varieties China, Nicaragua, Honduras, Old Japan and Egypt, Bosnia, Peru, Orange, Hawaii, fine old U.S., Interior, Treasury, P.O., War, etc., with elegant Stamp Album, only 25c. 100 assorted rare Mexico, Ceylon, Guiana, Turkey, Costa-Rica, etc., only 10c. Large new 20 page Price-List, etc., FREE! AGENTS WANTED at 33 1-3 per cent com. STANDARD STAMP CO., removed to 923-925 Lasalle St., St. Louis, Mo. THE GREAT AMERICAN TEA COMPANY CHANCE FOR ALL To enjoy a Cup of Perfect Tea. A trial order of 3 1/2 pounds of Fine Tea, either Oolong, Japan Imperial, Gunpowder, Young Hyson, Mixed, English Breakfast or Sun Sun Chop, sent by mail on receipt of $2. Be particular and state what kind of Tea you want. Greatest inducement ever offered to get orders for our celebrated Teas, Coffees and Baking Powder. For full particulars, address The Great American Tea Company, 31 and 33 Vesey St. Postoffice Box 289. New York, N. Y. LADIES' AND YOUTH'S Brain Workers & Athletes Complete GYMNASIUM AT HOME. J. E. DOWD'S EXERCISER Complete $5.00. 116 Monroe Street, CHICAGO. Metal Ceilings. Artistic, Durable, easily put up in new or old buildings. H. S. Northrop, M'f'r., 18 Rose st., New York. Printers. Kellogg, A. H., 100 & 102 Reade St. TO-DAY, A Weekly Journal of Politics. 3 Somerset Street, Boston, Mass. $1.00 PER YEAR. A record of the Facts and Considerations which show that Individual Liberty is good for the people of the United States; And that, therefore, Legislative Regulation is injurious for them; They are injured by Governmental interference with Banks, Railroads, Post Office, Education, International Trade, Relations between Laborers and Employers, and by the countless other extensions of the political function in a Socialistic sense; Leading to the neglect of Justice, the one thing needful. TO-DAY has been published for over a year. Sympathizers with the object should come to its support. The endeavor will be to provide them with a readable and useful paper. J. MORRISON-FULLER, WALTER C. ROSE, Editors. Subscribe now. Send for Specimen Copy. TO-DAY, 3 SOMERSET ST., BOSTON, MASS. About Gloves. When buying Gloves remember that there is such a thing as a price that is TOO CHEAP. It is better to pay a fair price and get good gloves like HUTCHINSON's. They are made from selected skins, in the best manner, and are Warranted to be the most serviceable made. If your dealer does not keep them, send stamp to the manufacturer for the book "About Gloves." It will interest you. JOHN C. HUTCHINSON, Establish 1862. Johnstown, N. Y. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 37 Haviland China at First Hands. After Dinner Coffee Set: 1 COFFEE POT, 1 SUGAR, 1 CREAM, 6 A. D. COFFEES. A. D. COFFEE SET. If you are buying china you want the finest ware, the latest designs and color effects. In all these HAVILAND & CO. are the acknowledged leaders, as their latest importations show. SOUP TUREEN. Goods Suitable for Wedding or Holiday Gifts in Great Variety. CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. FRANK HAVILAND, 14 BARCLAY ST., NEW YORK. THE ONLY NAPHTHA LAUNCH. OVER 700 IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION. PRACTICALLY PROVEN THE SIMPLEST and safest motor yet invented. No Engineer, no Government inspection, no steam, no dust dirt, smell, smoke, or ashes. Perfect cleanliness. Increased passenger accommodation, with less draught and less weight as compared with steam launches. 60 leading yachts using them as tenders. Launches in stock. If going to Florida this winter take one along. CAN RUN IT YOURSELF. Send 5-cent stamp for Catalogue. NAPHTHA LAUNCHES are manufactured only by GAS ENGINE AND POWER CO., Morris Dock Station, New York City.38 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER BUSINESS TYPEWRITERS. FOR A LOW PRICE. PERFECT ALIGNMENT. HANDSOME TYPE. PLAINEST PRINT. Work looks better than that of the most expensive machines. WORLD TYPEWRITER $15 WRITES 77 CHARACTERS. WALNUT CASE, $2.00. Catalogue Free. Address Typewriter Department, Pope Mfg. Co., Boston, New York, Chicago. COLUMBIA CYCLES. No pleasanter season for riding than the Fall and "Indian Summer." Settled roads, cool, pure air, glorious scenery!--who can resist being out in it? No wheel? Not too late to buy. Try it all through the season. Send for our catalogue. POPE MFG. CO., 77 Franklin St., BOSTON. Branch Houses: 12 Warren St., New York. 291 Wabash Ave., Chicago. THE CRANDALL $50.00. NO AGENTS. NO COMMISSIONS. In consideration of the increasing demand for a standard two-handed Typewriter at a low price, we have abandoned the expensive method of selling through agents, and now offer the same machine (heretofore sold at $75.00) direct from Factory to user at $50.00 net cash. Write us for catalogue, sample of work, and special features of the "Crandall." Address Crandall Machine Co., New York, 353 Broadway. Chicago, 237 La Salle St. Factory, Groton, N. Y. "HAMMOND" TYPEWRITER. --Ideal and Universal Keyboards.-- HIGHEST SPEED RECORD ALL IN ONE WEEK. The Hammond won all the prizes in the late typewriter contest by the unanimous decision of five printers, representing the largest establishments in America; 2,772 contestants, representing all leading machines. A check for $7,267.50 just received from the U. S. Treasury for 75 Hammonds. WE DO NOT GIVE THEM AWAY. THE HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO., 447-449 East 52d St., 77 Nassau St., New York. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 89 You buy me, a Remington Standard Typewriter. I write your business letters. He reads your well-written letter and concludes to purchase. You sell a good-sized bill of goods. I did it. Am I not entitled to some credit? Mind you I am a Remington Standard Typewriter. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 327 Broadway, New York. The largest order the U. S. GOVERNMENT ever placed for Writing Machines was for the "National" Type Writer Irrespective of price, the best and most complete Writing Machine made. Embodies every good quality found in other Writing Machines, and has many points of superiority, all its own. Smallest and most comprehensive double case finger key machine made. Writes eighty-one to eighty-five characters, including capitals, small letters, figures, punctuation marks, commercial signs, etc., with only twenty-nine keys to learn and manipulate. Entirely portable. Weighs about thirteen pounds. Occupies space of a Dictionary. Perfect Manifolder. More and better manifold copies than upon any machine made. Price, including portable office case-$60 Every Machine Warranted. NATIONAL TYPEWRITER CO., Manfrs. and Sole Agents, 715, 717 and 719 Arch Street. Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. Send for illustrated pamphlet, giving fac-simile of key-board. SWIFT SAFETY HAMMERLESS AUTOMATIC REVOLVER. MAKE NO MISTAKE; BUY THE SWIFT. FOR SALE BY DEALERS. UNEQUALLED For Symmetry, Beauty, Material and Workmanship. AS PERFECT A PISTOL AS CAN POSSIBLY BE MADE. If your dealer does not have it, we will send it postpaid on receipt of price. Send 6c. in stamps for our 100-page illustrated Catalogue of Guns, Rifles, Revolvers, Police Goods, Sporting Goods of all kinds, etc. This Catalogue is so large the postage on it alone costs 5c. Price, $10 Safety Barrel Catch. Impossible to throw the barrel open when discharged 38 Cal. Using S. & W. C. F. Cartridges. For Sale by all Dealers. JOHN P. LOVELL ARMS CO., Manufacturers, Boston, Mass. NEW PATENT. THE ONLY PERFECTLY SAFE PISTOL MADE.40 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. A MAN UNACQUAINTED WITH THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY WILL OBTAIN MUCH INFORMATION FROM A STUDY OF THIS MAP OF THE Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Including Lines East and West of the Missouri River. The Direct Route to and from CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND, DAVENPORT, DES MOINES, COUNCIL BLUFFS, WATERTOWN, SIOUX FALLS, MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL, ST. JOSEPH, ATCHISON, LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS CITY, TOPEKA, DENVER, COLORADO SPRINGS, and PUEBLO. Free Reclining Chair Cars to and from CHICAGO, CALDWELL, HUTCHINSON and DODGE CITY, and Palace Sleeping Cars between CHICAGO, WICHITA and HUTCHINSON. Daily Trains to and from KINGFISHER, in the Indian Territory. SOLID VESTIBULE EXPRESS TRAINS of Through Coaches, Sleepers and Dining Cars daily between CHICAGO, DES MOINES, COUNCIL BLUFFS and OMAHA, and Free Reclining Chair Cars between CHICAGO and DENVER, COLORADO SPRINGS and PUEBLO, via St. Joseph, or Kansas City and Topeka. Excursions daily, with Choice of Routes to and from Salt Lake, Portland, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The Direct Line to and from Pike's Peak, Manitou, Garden of the Gods, the Sanitariums, and Scenic Grandeurs of Colorado. Via The Albert Lea Route. Solid Express Trains daily between Chicago and Minneapolis and St. Paul, with THROUGH Reclining Chair Cars (Free) to and from those points and Kansas City. Through Chair Car and Sleeper between Peoria, Spirit Lake and Sioux Falls via Rock Island. The Favorite Line to Watertown, Sioux Falls, the Summer Resorts and Hunting and Fishing Grounds of the Northwest. the Short Line via Seneca and Kankakee offers facilities to travel to and from Indianapolis, Cincinnati and other Southern points. For Tickets, Maps, Folders, or desired information, apply at any Coupon Ticket Office, or address E. ST. JOHN, JOHN SEBASTIAN, Gen'l Manager. Gen'l Tkt. & Pass. Agt. CHICAGO, ILL. HOLMAN's PADS. Holman's Liver Pads cure Malaria, Holman's Liver Pads cure Biliousness, Holman's Liver Pads cure Dyspepsia. 32-page Illustrated Pamphlet sent free. HOLMAN LIVER PAS CO., 81 John Street, New York LOANS FOR CORPORATIONS AND INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS MADE, Bearing 6%, 7%, and 8%. We deal in Mortgage Loans, Commercial Paper, Bank Stocks and Municipal Bonds, REFERENCES: National Bank of Kansas City; First Nat. Bank of New York; First Nat. Bank of Chicago; Maverick Nat. Bank of Boston. MERCANTILE LOAN AND TRUST CO., 501-503 Delaware St., KANSAS CITY, MO. THE MOST POPULAR CHRISTMAS PRESENT IN THE WORLD BISSELL'S GRAND RAPIDS. CARPET SWEEPER WITH LATEST IMPROVEMENTS SOLD EVERYWHERE. Ideal Felt Tooth Polisher. ENDORSED BY LEADING DENTISTS. NON-IRRITATING TO GUMS OR ENAMEL DANIEL GREEN & CO., 122 East 13th St., New York. FREE ASTHMA CURE African Explorers on the Congo river have discovered a True Specific and Positive Cure for Asthma in the Wonderful KOLA Plant. Immediate Relief and a Sure Cure Guaranteed. NO PAY UNTIL CURED. It Never Fails. Office for Export and Wholesale trade, 1164 Broadway, New York. For Book and FREE Trial Case of The KOLA Compound (HIMALYA), address Central Office, KOLA Importing Co., 134 Vine St., Cincinnati, O. BATH CABINET. Affording a refreshing Turkish Bath at home. ROLLING CHAIR. A Priceless Boon to those who are unable to walk. Descriptive Circulars of both mailed free. NEW HAVEN CHAIR CO., New Haven, Ct. CANDY, Ex. Paid. GILL, 1429 F. St., WASHINGTON, D.C. 1 lb., 90c.; 2lbs, $1.50; 3 lbs., $2.25; 4 lbs., $3; 5 lbs., $3.75. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 41 BUFFALO LITHIA WATER Nature's Remedy for Bright's Disease, Gout, Rheumatic Gout, Gouty Dyspepsia, Rheumatism, and all Diseases of Uric Acid Diathesis. DR. WM. A. HAMMOND, of New York, Surgeon-General U.S. Army (Retired), Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System in the University of New York, Etc.: "I have for some time made use of the Buffalo Lithia Water in cases of affection of the Nervous System, complicated with Bright's Disease of the Kidneys or with a Gouty Diathesis. The results have been eminently satisfactory. Lithia has for many years been a favorite remedy with me in like cases, but the Buffalo Water certainly acts better than any extemporaneous solution of the Lithia Salts, and is, moreover, better borne by the stomach. I also often prescribe it in those cases of Cerebral Hyperaemia resulting from over-mental work - in which the condition called Nervous Dyspepsia exists - and generally with marked benefit." Dr. Wm. B. Towles, Professor of Anatomy and Materia Medica in the Medical Department of the University of Virginia: "Buffalo Lithia Springs, No. 2, belongs to the ALKALINE or perhaps to the ALKALINE SALINE class, for it has proved far more efficacious in many diseased conditions than any of the simple ALKALINE waters. "I feel no hesitancy whatever in saying that in Gout, Rheumatic Gout, Rheumatism, Stone in the Bladder, and in all diseases of the Uric Acid Diathesis, I know of no remedy at all comparable to it. "Its effects are marked in causing a disappearance of Albumen from the urine. In a single case of Bright's Disease of the Kidneys I witnessed decidedly beneficial results from its use, and from its action in this case I should have great confidence in it as a remedy in certain stages of this disease. In Dyspepsia, especially that form of it in which there is an excessive production of Acid during the process of nutrition, I have found it highly efficacious." Water in Cases of One Dozen Half-Gallon Bottles, $5 per Case at the Springs. THOMAS F. GOODE, Proprietor, Buffalo Lithia Springs, Virginia. Travel by the Gulf, Colorado &Santa Fe Railway. THE ESTABLISHED SANTA FE ROUTE POPULAR TEXAS LINE TO AND FROM NORTH, EAST, SOUTH, WEST, VIA KANSAS CITY OR ST. LOUIS. Unsurpassed equipment, quick time, low rates, and all modern comforts. Elegant PULLMAN PALACE BUFFET SLEEPING CARS run through every day in the year between KANSAS CITY via Purcell } All principal Santa Fe Points { ST. LOUIS via Paris. Connecting at TEMPLE with FREE RECLINING CHAIR CAR SERVICE from and to LAMPASAS SPRINGS, the celebrated Summer and Winter Texas health and pleasure resort. Winter Tourist Tickets to Lampasas at low rates and liberal limits on sale at all principal Northern and Southeastern points. Through Tickets, Baggage Checks, Sleeping Car Berths, and all travelling information promptly Furnished on written or verbal application to any Santa Fe Route agent, or to E.F. SISSON, Southern Passenger Agent, Chattanooga, Tenn. W.A. TULEY, Travelling Passenger Agent, Dallas, Tex. JAMES N. FULLER, G.E.A., 323 Broadway, New York. J.H. Scott, General Superintendent, Galveston, Tex. H.G. THOMPSON, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, Galveston, Tex.42 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. Dorfinger's American Cut Glass. TRADE DORFLINGER MARK CLARET DECANTER, Every piece of our glass has our trade-mark label on it. Be sure and see it if you want the genuine. SARGENT'S ROTARY BOOK CASES. New Principle, New Designs, Superior to all others, Minimum of Friction, No Sticking, No Squeaking, No Waste Room. This is but one of many styles. It holds a set of the "Century Dictionary" on the side shelves, the front shelves are adjustable, with a capacity of 150 or more ordinary books. Other styles accommodate Encyclopedia sets, others the same in connection with ordinary sized books. We make in large variety other library specialties: also Reclining Chairs, Rolling Chairs, Invalids' Goods, etc. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Factory, Muskegon, Mich. Address SARGENT MFG. CO., 814 Broadway, New York. Fitted with Films. THE LILLIPUT. The Ideal Detective Camera. Makes a picture 2 1/2 Inches Square. LIGHT, COMPACT, EASILY HANDLED. The films are transparent and are manipulated the same as a dry plate. Camera covered with handsome sole leather case, with sling strap. Outside measure, 4 x 4 x 6 inches, and contains six patent double holders, fitted with film kits. Camera complete with six pat. holders & kits. Films for 108 exposures. Non-Actinic Lamp. $25.00. E. & H. T. ANTHONY & CO., Manufacturers and Importers of Photographic Instruments, Apparatus and Supplies, 591 Broadway, N. Y. FRANK MILLER'S HARNESS DRESSING FRANK MILLER & SONS FRANK MILLER'S HARNESS DRESSING UNEQUALED FOR USE IN LIVERY. EXPRESS AND PRIVATE STABLES. Gives a beautiful finish that does not peel, crack, smut or harden the leather. SOLD BY HARNESS DEALERS. ESTABLISHED 1834. J.M. QUINBY & CO. OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, GOWNS. 177 CLOAKS. MANTLE. MANUFACTURERS OF FINE CARRIAGES AND ROAD WAGONS. Factory and Warerooms, 35, 37 & 39 DIVISION ST. Adjacent to Broad St. Station D. L. & W. Railroad, 30 minutes from New York City. We manufacture Carriages of the highest grade, and sell them from the warerooms, connected with our works, direct to the user, at moderate prices. These prices are not increased by intermediate profits and expenses, but are based only upon a single minimum profit on the cost of the best skill materials and finish. Accurate hand drawings, with description and prices, will be sent on inquiry. Orders are solicited for the best class of Vehicles, suitable for City and Country, Park or Road. We publish no Catalogue. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 43 THE NEEDHAM ORGANS SEND ORDER FOR STYLE 63. A CHRISTMAS OFFER. From now until January 1st we have authorized our agents to sell this Organ for $100 net cash. If desired we will ship direct from factory on receipt of price in case our agents should be unable to fill your order. The organ here illustrated, Style 63, is one specially adapted for home use. It has not only a variety of tone in solo stops, but a full, rich, singing quality when all stops are used in combination. The first-class material, workmanship and the artistic voicing of their reeds place The Needham Organs beyond all competition for home use. The excellence of design and beauty of finish make them a most desirable ornamental piece of furniture, superior in quality, in construction, in purity of tone and in excellence of all materials used. NOTICE. The superiority of our Organs has brought us many inquiries for special designs to correspond with the finish of Church, School, Lodge or Home. As our factories are the Largest in the World we have every facility for the execution of such orders at but a slightly increased cost over regular styles, and shall at all times be pleased to furnish estimates for this special work The Needham Company was the pioneer of organ manufacturers, and with the perfection that comes from experience offer their instruments with a larger number of excellences combined in one organ that can be done by any other maker at the same price. Address our agents everywhere, or The Needham Organ Co., 292 Broadway, N. Y. [*STYLE 63 Solid Black Walnut and French Burl. Beautifully carved and highly finished. Containing three French Plate Mirrors. Action contains two full Five-Octave Sets of Reeds, Divided Octave Coupler, ten Stops and two Knee Swells, 10 STOPS -Vox Celeste, Clarinet, Melodia, Viola, Treble Coupler, Vox Humana, Forte, Bass Coupler, Diapason and Principal.*]44 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. This is our new Teacher HAVE YOU SEEN IT? THE EDUCATIONAL MARVEL. "Cultivate the growth of constructive imagination in your children by giving them word-pictures." KINDERGARTEN AT HOME. Let them study or play, They'll learn either way. THE ONLY MECHANICAL SPELLER IN THE WORLD. IT HAS NO RIVAL. This is truly the educational device of the period. Will spell any word of two, three, four, or five letters. One touch of the keys, and our boys and girls are delighted. Carefully made. Superbly finished. Simple, yet perfect mechanism. Cannot get out of order. ALWAYS INSTRUCTIVE, ENDLESS AMUSEMENT. IT IS THE CHILD'S BEST COMPANION. This sparkling, spirited, sensible device can be purchased at any notion, book, toy or stationary store, or will be sent carefully to any address on receipt of One Dollar. KINDERGARTEN NOVELTY CO., Ltd., 427 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Penna. ESTABLISHED 1849 SOLE PROPRIETOR E. FOUGERA, Brooklyn, New York. LANCELOT'S CIGARETTES FOR ASTHMA E. FOUGERA'S PREPARATIONS (Established 1849). Comp. Iceland Moss Paste (for Colds). " Iodinized Cod Liver Oil, Dragees Pyrophosphate of Iron (Blood Tonic). Elixir Horse Radish (Blood Tonic). Nutritive Wines (Blood Tonic). Ready-Made Mustard Plasters (Mild and Strong). Syrup Pyrophosphate of Iron (Blood Tonic). Vermifuge, Comp. Dragees of SantoEau Angelique Tooth Wash. [nine, Angelic Tooth Powder. " " Paste. Crisoline, Blonde Hair Wash. DELLUC'S PREPARATIONS (Established 1770). Biscotine (Food for Infants). Comp. Fld, Ext, Dandelion and Rhubarb (Depurative). [(Depurative). Comp. Fld Ext, Senna and Dandelion Elixir of Calisaya (Tonic). St. Thomas Bay Rym. Glycerine Sans Pareil Hair Tonic. Quinine Hair Tonic. Sachets--Iris de Florence. Cologne Waters--Triple Extract (New Mown Hay, Violette, Jockey Club, Ext No. 1 etc.) Eau Cydonine (Hair Shampoo). Triple Extract Vanilla (for Flavoring). LANCELOT'S CIGARETTES FOR ASTHMA. For further information concerning these Preparations, Circulars, Price Lists, etc., address E. FOUGERA, Pharmacist, Sole Proprietor and Manufacturer. 809 EIGHTH. STREET, Brooklyn. New York. THE ADDER is so called because really too simple to be styled a "machine" yet we guarantee that it will add up ledger accounts, any number of columns, two at a time, with mechanical accuracy, and give instantaneous results in tallying. From the United States Signal Office, Washington. "Several 'Webb Aders' have for a number of years been in constant use in a division of this office, and have recommended themselves by their accuracy and rapidity." -- Gen. A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer. From W.C. Esty. Professor of Astronomy, Amherst College. "The 'Adder' makes calculations requiring extended adding --real oases in those vast deserts of figures in which astronomy abounds." From H. W. Cannon, Ex-Comptroller of the Currency and President of the Chase National Bank, New York. "An absolutely correct adding machine. Requires no mental effort to add up two columns at a time, the process being so simple that a child could easily learn to operate it." All that the correspondents above say we guarantee. Price, $7.00. Sent by mail on receipt of price and 15 cents postage at customer's risk; by express (at customer's charge) or C. O. D. Circulars with full-size cut, description and testimonials, on application. WEBB'S ADDER COMPANY, 58 Cedar Street, New York. Crosby's Vitalized Phosphites FROM THE NERVE-GIVING PRINCIPLES OF THE BRAIN OF THE OX AND THE EMBRYO OF THE WHEAT AND OAT. For 20 years Physicians have accepted the fact that this BRAIN PRINCIPLE is the best restorer of vigor to the human system. Vitalized Phosphites restores vitality and renovates all the weakened functions of both brain and body. It cures nervousness, strengthens the memory, refreshes a tired brain and gives bright new life and vigor. It has vitalized many thousands of the world's best thinkers and workers. It is a Vital nutriant Phosphite, not an inert Acid Phosphate. Druggists, or sent by mail, $1. 56 West 25th Street, New York. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 45 THE FIDELITY AND CASUALTY CO. 140 TO 146 BROADWAY, N. Y. CITY. ASSETS, - - - over $1,231,752.50. INSURANCE. FIDELITY.- Bonds of Suretyship for persons in positions of trust. CASUALTY.-Personal Accident, Plate Glass, Boiler, Employer's and Landlord's Liability. OFFICERS. WM. M. RICHARDS, GEO. F. SEWARD, ROBT. J. HILLAS, EDW'D. L. SHAW, President. Vice-President. Secretary. Ass't. Secretary. DIRECTORS GEO. S. COE... Prest. Am. Ech. National Bank. J. S. T. STRANAHAN...Prest. Atlantic Dock Co. ALEX. E. ORR.........Of David DOWS & Co. G. G. WILLIAMS...Prest, Chemical Nat'l Bank. A. B. HULL............Retired Merchant. H. A. HURLBURT.......Commr. of Emigration. J. D. VERMILYE..Prest. Merchant's Nat'l Bank. JOHN L. RIKER.......Of J. L. & D. S. Riker. WM. H. MALE......Prest. Atlantic Trust Co. J. G. McCULLOUGH.N. Y., L. E. & W. Ry Co. WM. G. LOW.........Counsellor at Law. J. ROGERS MAXWELL..Prest, C. R. R. of N. J. WM. M. RICHARDS...........President. GEO. F. SEWARD............Vice-President. THE HUSTED Investment Co., Kansas City, Kansas. FOR THOSE seeking profit for idle funds, our GUARANTEED MORTGAGES and SIX PER CENT. DEBENTURES are very attractive. They rest on improved productive KANSAS CITY real estate worth treble their face, and constantly increasing in value, besides the Company's $350,000 Paid-up Capital. Investigation solicited. General Offices-HUSTED BUILDING, KANSAS CITY, Kansas. New York Manager: F. E. MAINE, AUBURN, N. Y. Philadelphia Managers: B. F. GLENN & SON. HELENA, MONTANA, AS A PLACE TO INVEST MONEY. The enormous amount of funds invested by the citizens of Helena in mining enterprises, induced by the abnormally large profits arising therefrom, leaves open for Eastern capital exceptional opportunities in real estate and building investments, which, while absolutely safe, yield incomes ranging from 15 to 50 per cent. annually. Real Estate is constantly on the advance in value as the result of an output of wealth unequalled in the history of the world. Eastern incomes based upon 5 and 6 per cent. investments may be largely augmented without risk by shifting the principal to a locality offering wider opportunities. A visit to Helena will demonstrate the truth of this statement and convert the most incredulous. For full information, address L. G. PHELPS, Sec'y Citizens' Committee, HELENA, MONTANA.46 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. HUCKINS' SOUPS Tomato, Ox Tail, Pea, Beef, Vermicelli, Mock Turtle, Okra or Gumbo, Green Turtle, Julienne, Chicken, Terrapin, Macaroni, Consommé, Soup and Bouilli, Mullagatawny. RICH and PERFECTLY SEASONED. Require only to be heated and are then ready to serve. Prepared with great care from only the best materials. Have enjoyed the highest reputation for more than 32 years. TEST FREE Send us 20 cents, to help pay express, and receive, prepaid, two sample cans of these Soups, your choice. J. H. W. HUCKINS & CO., SOLD BY ALL LEADING GROCERS. Sole Manufacturers, Boston, Mass. CAUTION W. L. Douglas Shoes are warranted, and every pair has his name and price stamped on bottom. $5.00. $4.00 $3.50 $2.50 $2.25 $2.00 FOR GENTLEMEN $3.00 $2.00 FOR LADIES $2.00 & $1.75 FOR BOYS $1.75 FOR MISSES W. L. DOUGLAS $3 SHOE FOR GENTLEMEN $5.00 Genuine Hand-sewed, an elegant and stylish dress Shoe which commends itself. $4.00 Hand-sewed Welt. A fine calf Shoe unequalled for style and durability. $3.50 Goodyear Welt is the standard dress Shoe, at a popular price. $3.50 Policeman's Shoe is especially adapted for railroad men, farmers, etc. All made in Congress, Button and Lace. $3 & $2 SHOES FOR LADIES, have been most favorably received since introduced. Ask your Dealer, and if he cannot supply you send direct to factory enclosing advertised price, or a postal for order blanks. W. L. Douglas, Brockton, Mass. TROY PRESS, Troy, N.Y. Eight pages jammed with news. Leading, Largest and Liveliest. MONEY CAN BE MADE Manufacturing Rubber Stamps. Send for price of outfits to J. F. W. DORMAN & CO , 217 E. German St., Baltimore, Md. U. S. A. PATENTS FRANKLIN H. HOUGH, Washington D. C. No attorney's fee until Patent is obtained. Write for Inventor's Guide. POULTRY FOR PROFIT. We will send FARM-POULTRY, the best poultry Magazine, six months for 25 cts.; or for 15 cts. if you will mention this paper. I. S. JOHNSON & CO., Box 2118, Boston, Mass. CRAZY WORK 60 asst'd beautiful Silk and Satin pcs., enough to cover 500 sq. in., 25c best pcs. and larger pack, $1.00. LEMARIE'S SILK MILI, Little Ferry, N. J. PILLOW SHAM HOLDER, nicely plated, fu set, with screws complete, to any address for 10 cents. Agents, wanted, T. M. GANDY, Chester, Conn. WITCH HAZEL JELLY FOR CHAPPED HANDS AND FACE Tones, smooths, softens, whitens and strengthens the skin. After shaving. WELL!!! try it. Price, 25c. All druggists, or THE MAYELL-HOPP CO., Cleveland. BUBIER'S POPULAR ELECTRICIAN. -An illustrated monthly journal. devoted to the benefits of the amateur and public. Postpaid one year, 50c.; six months, 25c. Catalogue free. BUBIER PUBLISHING CO., Lynn, Mass. TRADEMARK THE BARKER BRAND LINEN COLLARS ABSOLUTELY BEST, BARKER BRAND. IN SHAPE FINISH AND WEAR. TRY THEM. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 47 To-day, To-morrow, Yes, and for eighteen days you may sit down to your dinner-table and have a new soup served to you. Nay, more, every single one of our eighteen varieties is more carefully prepared than the most thorough of your own cooks can prepare it. Green Turtle, Terrapin, Chicken, Consommé, Purée of Game, Mulligatawny, Mock Turtle, Ox Tail, Tomato, Chicken Gumbo, French Bouillon, Julienne, Pea, Printanier, Mutton Broth, Vegetable, Beef, Pearl Tapioca. French Soups Is this not a tempting variety? Ready, too,-except warming-for the table. How can we emphasize this? You must believe it enough to try a can as we suggest. For sale by all Fancy Grocers. A sample can sent on receipt of the price of postage, 14 cents. The Franco-American Food Co., 42 West Broadway, New York. Cluett's NATICK SPACE 1 1/2 IN WIDTH AT POINTS 2 3/4 Cluett's CHICASCA HEIGHT IN FRONT 2 1/2 IN CLUETT, COON & CO.'S Collars for Gentlemen. Sold by the Leading Furnishers. TRADE Monarch MARK. SHIRTS ARE THE BEST FOR SALE BY THE FINE TRADE. CLUETT, COON & CO.'S TRADE MONARCH MARK. SHIRTS FACTORIES, - - - TROY, N. Y.48 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. THE PERFECTION MEAT CUTTER. The Latest, Best and Most Improved for Family Use, for CUTTING COOKED MEATS, CHICKEN, LOBSTER OYSTERS, ETC., for CROQUETTES. Materials for Mince Meat and Fruit Cakes. Almonds, Cocoanut, Citron, Figs. BEEF FOR BEEF TEA. Beef and Pork for Sausages, Puddings, Scrapple, Hog's-Head Cheese Pulverizing Stale Bread and Crackers for Frying Purposes By the use of the PERFECTION Cutter, all cold pieces of meat, tough ends of steak, etc., usually wasted, can be made with little trouble into many of the tasty dishes found in leading hotels and restaurants. It is Simple to Use. Easy to Clean. Cannot get Dull or Out of Order. Price within Your Means. Descriptive circulars, together with Mrs. Rorer's "Dainty Dishes for All the Year Round," giving sixty recipes of plain and fancy dishes prepared by use of Perfection Cutter, mailed free on application to AMERICAN MACHINE CO., Lehigh Ave. and American St., PHILADELPHIA, Pa. PARABOLON MAGIC LANTERNS AND MYSTEREOPTICONS. KEROSENE OIL OR LIME LIGHT. For Entertainment or Instruction at home or in large halls. DO YOU PHOTOGRAPH? We can make Lantern Slides from your Negatives. Special facilities on the premises for the production of the very finest Colored Slides, Apparatus, &c. CATALOGUES FREE. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. J.B. COLT & CO., 16 Beekman Street, New York. OUTFITS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE! BUILDING, PAINTING DECORATING, etc. My 100-page Illustrated Catalogue sent free. Adress WM. T. COMSTOCK, 23 WARREN ST., NEW YORK. GOLD MEDAL PARIS 1889. THE BELGIAN LAMP THE LEADING LAMP OF THE WORLD. Endorsed by U.S. Light-house Department. This is the perfection of kerosene lamps. It gives a perfectly white and steady light, far more powerful than that of any other made. Over 600,000 Lamps Sold Yearly. MANUFACTURED BY THE AMERICAN BELGIAN LAMP CO. 31 Barclay St., New York. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULAR. Invigorating Lavender Salts. (REGISTERED). Our readers who are in the habit of purchasing that delicious perfume, Crab-Apple Blossom, of the Crown Perfumery Co. should also procure a bottle of their celebrated Invigorating Lavender Salts. No more rapid or pleasant cure for a headache is possible. While leaving the bottle open for a few minutes permits a most agreeable odor to escape, which purifies and refreshes the air most perceptibly. -Le Follet, Paris. THE CROWN PERFUMERY CO, 477 NEW BOND ST., LONDON. Sold everywhere. THE BANNER LAMP EXCELS ALL OTHERS FOR Beauty, Brilliancy, Safety & Economy. GIVES A STEADY WHITE LIGHT. SUPERIOR IN WORKMANSHIP AND FINISH. Prices Lower THAN ANY OTHER LAMP of equal merit. Several attractive styles. Ask your dealer for it. Take no Other. THE PLUME & ATWOOD MFG. CO. New York, Chicago, Boston. PRINTING OUTFIT. Four Alphabets, Rubber Type, Holder, Ink Pad Tweezers, 1891 samples, Cards, Scrap Pictures and Catalogue. All 14c. FRANKLIN PRINTING CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN. OUR NEW STANDARD STEREOPTICONS AND MAGIC LANTERNS EXCEL IN POWER SIMPLICITY AND PORTABILITY SEND FOR CATALOGUE TO J.SCHEIDIG & CO. MANUFACTURERS 43 MAIDEN LANE NEW YORK. The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co. The Most Extensive Manufacturers of Billiard and Pool Tables in the World. Newest and Most Elegant Styles, with Unequalled Monarch Cushions. BILLIARD MATERIALS, CLOTH, BALLS, CUES, etc., of our own manufacture and importation. 860 Broadway N.Y. CITY, cor. 17th St., Union Sq. CHICAGO, CINCINNATI, ST. LOUIS, SAN FRANCISCO. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 49 Art and Beauty. Americans are fond of art. Their homes, their decorations, their furniture prove it. It extends even to lamps. Notice to what perfection we have arrived at in the line. Formerly the burners demanded all the skill. Now art is called in. The new lamps, "Concolor" and "Miltonia," are a revelation to every one. They are so dainty and beautiful that they decorate the room in which they are placed. The harmonies of color in your home can be preserved. You can match your lamp to your hangings, however new and delicate the shades. Variety not only in colors but in sizes - you can have Banquet, Intermediate, Library, Parlor, etc. The burner is of course important. So only the best are used in these lamps. State which you prefer - Pittsburgh Central-Draft, Globe Incandescent, or the Duplex. We have them. Thus, you have your favorite burner in a beautiful frame. The light seems so different; imagine the sun shining through rough glass, and then look at it through fine and delicate porcelain. Words cannot describe - neither cuts. Neither writer nor artist could fully explain their beauties with pen or pencil. Our illuminated catalogue - itself a work of art - shows them in their tints. This is sent free on application. The Phoenix Glass Co., (LAMP DEPT.) 258 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.50 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. Powers' Duplex Temperature Regulator Controls the Dampers of any Heating Apparatus, No electricity used! Entirely Automatic!! With Hot water, in extreme weather, a temperature of 220 degrees can be carried in an ordinary open system if desired. IT PREVENTS BOILING OVER. With either hot water or low pressure steam, a uniform temperature is maintained in the house without any care of the dampers. W.P. POWERS, 82 Erie St., Chicago, Ill. Send for circular. The SPENCE HOT WATER HEATER For Heating By HOT WATER CIRCULATION. National Hot Water Heater Co. Sole Manufacturers Boston, 195 & 197 Fort Hill Sq. CHICAGO,108 Lake Street. FLORIDA STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATERS FULLY GUARANTEED. REPUTATION ESTABLISHED. 19 Sizes for Steam. 14 Sizes for Hot Water. 15 Sizes for Soft Coal. POSITIVELY NON-EXPLOSIVE--ECONOMICAL--WILL NOT RUST OUT--WILL LAST A LIFE-TIME--IS SELF-FEEDING--WILL RUN FROM 10 TO 14 HOURS WITHOUT ATTENTION. THOUSANDS and THOUSANDS in use RELIABLE AGENTS IN ALL THE LEADING CITIES AND TOWNS IN THE UNITED STATES. SEND FOR NEW CATALOGUE. PEIRCE,BUTLER & PEIRCE MANUF'G CO. Sole Manufacturers, SYRACUSE, N.Y. BEFORE BUYING GRATES & MANTELS Write for our illustrated thirty-two page circular of the celebrated ALDINE FIRE PLACE, Sent Free. We will ship the ALDINE to any responsible person under POSITIVE GUARANTEE of our CLAIMS. See our advertisement in September Century, and address ALDINE MFG. CO., Grand Rapids, Mich. ANTI-COLD WEATHER CLUB Of temperate, refined people who secure cheap transportation, hotel rates and homes on small monthly payments in South Florida. Join. Write. O. M. CROSBY, 99 Franklin St., New York. Boots and Shoes. Nathan, B., 219-221 6th ave. Patent Corset Shoes for weak ankles and for the prevention of bow legs. Send for catalogue. Dramatic Publications. The DeWitt Pub. House, 33 Rose st. Fine Picture Frames. Th. A Wilmurt & Son, 54 E. 18th st. Lamps, "The Rochester." "Best lamp in the world." E- Miller & Co., 10 & 12 College Place Stained Glass. Mayer & Co., 124 W. 23d st. HOT WATER HEATERS AND WARM AIR FURNACES 51 "Perfect" TRADE MARK. Thousands of these successful goods in use all over the country. Acknowledged the bestmade. "Perfect" Warm Air Furnace. "Perfect" Hot Water Heater. SEND FOR TESTIMONIALS AND CIRCULARS. RICHARDSON & BOYNTON CO., Manufacturers, 232 & 234 Water St., New York. 84 Lake St., Chicago. "I knew by the smoke, that so gracefully curl'd Above the green elms, that a cottage was near, And I said, 'If there's peace to be found in the world, A heart that was humble might hope for it here!'" Moore. When Tom Moore wrote the above, a man was contented with much less than to-day, and the storied cottage now passes away to make room for the modern mansion. But no home, however expensive, is complete without the GURNEY HOT-WATER HEATER AND REGULATOR. We have published and are mailing free, two books that you want, "HOW TO BEST HEAT OUR HOMES," and "TESTIMONIAL COMPANION." They are invaluable. Please send your address to GURNEY HOT-WATER HEATER COMPANY, Main Office, 163 Franklin St., corner Congress, Boston, Mass. NEW YORK, 88 JOHN STREET. CHICAGO, 47 SO, CANAL STREET.52 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. HALLET & DAVIS, 179 TREMONT STREET, BOSTON. FISCHER PIANOS. ESTD. 1840. Renowned for Tone and Durability. Sold at Moderate Prices. Rented and Exchanged. ESTABLISHED 50 YEARS. FISCHER 85,000 NOW IN USE. The FISCHER PIANOS are used by the best artists, and will be found in homes of refinement, taste and musical culture. WAREROOMS : 110 FIFTH AVE., COR. 16TH STREET, N. Y. CITY. Steck Pianos GREAT POWER, EVENNESS OF SCALE, RICH SINGING QUALITY & ABSOLUTE DURABILITY. Used by hundreds of Academies, Colleges, Schools, etc., for more than 33 YEARS in preference to all others, because the STECK PIANOS have proved to be the Most Reliable Instruments after the severest tests. What some of the leading artists say : WAGNER.-“Everywhere acknowledged to be excellent.” LISZT.-“ They give the liveliest satisfaction.’ ESSIPOFF.-“They very best piano made.” WILHELMJ.-“Rank far above all possible competition.” LUCCA.-“Are unparalleled for the majestic singing quality of tone.” TAMAGNO.-“Combine all the essential qualities of a really perfect piano, immense power with exquisite sweetness.” ARDITI.-“Without fear of contradiction the Steck ranks higher than all other instruments now manufactured.” GEO. STECK & CO., Manufacturers, Warerooms: Steck Hall, 11E. 14th St., New York. ————————————————————————— What’s the News ? The Chautauqua School of Photography. Headquarters during all the year but Summer time at our store. Summer time at Chautauqua. It must be “photographic headquarters” that would receive so important a commission from Chautauqua authorities. Isn’t it likely that at such a place your photographic wants can be supplied ? Send to the Scovill & Adams Co., 423 Broome Street, New York. Nov. 1, 1890. INSTANTANEOUS CHOCOLATE THE GREATEST INVENTION OF THE AGE NO TROUBLE NO BOILING EVERY FAMILY SHOULD HAVE IT POWDERED AND PUT UP IN ONE POUND TIN CANS 75 CTS. PER CAN STEPHEN F. WHITMAN & SON INVENTORS AND SOLE MANUF'R'S PHILADELPHIA, PA. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 53 JAS. G. WILSON, Patentee and Manufacturer, 74 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET, NEW YORK. English Venetian Blinds. Rolling Partitions. Rolling Venetian Blinds. Rolling Steel Shutters. ENCLOSE THREE TWO-CENT STAMPS FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. ALL KINDS OF Paneled and Embossed METAL CEILINGS If you are about to build or repair use a steel ceiling. It will last forever. Can be applied right over old plaster. Send for Catalogue, designs, photograph, estimates, etc. DURABLE FIRE PROOF ORNAMENTAL SUITABLE FOR PARLOR LIBRARY-KITCHEN. STORES. SCHOOLS HOSPITALS, CHURCHES- HALLS JOHN McCALLUM & CO., 64 VESTRY STREET, N. Y. CITY. Sole agents for the Kinnear Patent Paneled Ceiling. STANDARD THERMOMETERS FOR ALL PURPOSES. For Sale by the Trade Everywhere. Standard Thermometer Co., PEABODY, MASS. NEW YORK OFFICE : Room 413 Telephone Building, 18 Cortlandt Street. HARTMAN'S PATENT INSIDE SLIDING WINDOW BLIND Is the most popular Blind in America. Architects and builders prefer it to any other for MERIT, STYLE, CONVENIENCE and ECONOMY. Not Complicated, The ONLY Blind that is furnished with an automatic BURGLAR PROOF LOCK, free of charge. This is an item of immense magnitude, and may save you many times the cost of Blinds and perhaps life also, and the only Blind that gives entire satisfaction. THOUSANDS IN USE. Agents wanted everywhere. Send for illustrated catalogue and prices. Manufactured by HARTMAN & DURSTINE, 57 Larwill St., WOOSTER, OHIO. DRESS REFORM GARMENTS IN ALL STYLES BATES WAIST, (Substitute for Corsets.) Jersey Knit Union Under-garments in Silk, Wool, Merino and Gauze. Perfection of fit, finish and durability. C. BATES & CO., 47 Winter St., Boston. 67 West 23d Street, New York. Catalogue sent free.54 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. HAIR ON THE FACE, NECK, ARMS OR ANY PART OF THE PERSON QUICKLY DISSOLVED AND REMOVED WITH THE NEW SOLUTION MODENE AND THE GROWTH FOREVER DESTROYED WITHOUT THE SLIGHTEST INJURY OR DISCOLORATION OF THE MOST DELICATE SKIN. Discovered by Accident. - IN COMPOUNDING, an incomplete mixture was accidentally spilled on the back of the hand, and on washing afterward it was discovered that the hair was completely removed. We purchased the new discovery and named it MODENE. It is perfectly pure, free from all injurious substances, and so simple any one can use it. It acts mildly but surely, and you will be surprised and delighted with the results. Apply for a few minutes and the hair disappears as if by magic. It has no resemblance whatever to any other preparation ever used for a like purpose, and no scientific discovery ever attained such wonderful results. IT CAN NOT FAIL. If the growth be light, one application will remove it permanently; the heavy growth such as the beard or hair on moles may require two or more applications before all the roots are destroyed, although all hair will be removed at each application, and without slightest injury or unpleasant feeling when applied or ever afterward. MODENE SUPERCEDES ELECTROLYSIS. Recommended by all who have tested its merits - Used by people of refinement. Gentlemen who do not appreciate nature's gift of a beard, will find a priceless boon in Modene, which does away with shaving. It dissolves and destroys the life principle of the hair, thereby rendering its future growth an utter impossibility, and is guaranteed to be as harmless as water to the skin. Young persons who find an embarrassing growth of hair coming, should use Modene to destroy its growth. Modene sent by mail, in safety mailing cases, postage paid, (securely sealed from observation) on receipt of price, $1.00 per bottle. Send money by letter, with your full address written plainly. Correspondence sacredly private. Postage stamps received the same as cash. (ALWAYS MENTION YOUR COUNTY AND THIS PAPER.) Cut this advertisement out. LOCAL AND GENERAL AGENTS WANTED. MODENE MANUFACTURING CO., CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A. Manufacturers of the Highest Grade Hair Preparations. You can register your letter at any Post-office to insure its safe delivery. We Offer $1,000 FOR FAILURE OR THE SLIGHTEST INJURY. EVERY BOTTLE GUARANTEED. "PEN AND INK IN YOUR POCKET." (Copyright 1890.) OUR "INDEPENDENT" FOUNTAIN PEN Holds Ink for a Week's Use, and is fitted with a superior Gold Pen to suit any writer. Many People think our Pens are the best in use. Price, $1.50 and upwards. Please send for Testimonials and Illustrated Price-List. J. T. ULLRICH & CO., 106 and 108 Liberty Street, New York. SAFE, SIMPLE, PERFECT, ELEGANT. THE MOST AND BEST LIGHT FROM KEROSENE OIL. THE "ROCHESTER" LAMP. Have your FACTORY SAFE, your STORE ATTRACTIVE, and your HOME CHEERFUL with the light of the "Rochester." We warrant every lamp. ONE THOUSAND varieties (our store is an art room) of Liberty, Hall, Piano and Banquet Lamps, Chandeliers, Vase Lamps, etc., etc. Every genuine lamp is plainly marked the "ROCHESTER." -- TAke no other from your dealer. MANUFACTURED BY EDWARD MILLER & CO, 10 AND 12 COLLEGE PLACE, NEW YORK. Three minutes' walk from Post Office. Send for circular. Key-Winding Watches made Stem-winders. Gentlemen's American Watches made Stem-winders by applying Abbott's Stem-Winding Attachment. Endorsed and used by all American Watch Mfrs. 40,000 in use. Your jeweler can do it. HENRY ABBOTT, Mfr., 4 Maiden Lane, New York. TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, BULBS, HARDY PLANTS. THE BEST FOR FALL PLANTING. List of Specialties, also Catalogues, on application. FRED. W. KELSEY, No. 145 Broadway, New York. We are offering our fine and elegant Buck-Boards and Surreys [hung on our patent Half Elliptic Spring], Park Phaetons, Buggies, Phaetons, Road Wagons, Fine Portland Cutters, Two Seated Russian Sleighs. At very low prices. Write for Catalogue. WATERLOO WAGON CO. L'T'D., Mention NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. Waterloo, N. Y. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. 55 New Kodak Cameras. "You press the button, we do the rest," (Or you can do it yourself.) SEVEN NEW STYLES & SIZES ALL LOADED WITH TRANSPARENT FILMS. For Sale by all Photo. Stock Dealers. Send for Catalogue. THE EASTMAN COMPANY, Rochester, N. Y. Mention NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. MORE SOLD THAN ALL OTHER MAKES COMBINED. The Paul E. Wirt Fountain Pen, Bloomsburg, Pa. 350,000 in Use. Positively The Leading Pen. "An absolutely perfect reservoir pen, a pen compared with which all other pens are frank failures." Ask your dealer or send for catalogue. Mention North American Review. "Mark Twain." OPIUM OR MORPHINE HABIT Painlessly and Permanently Cured at home. The only hope for the Opium Eater. Discovered and tested in 1868. Book Sent Free Address Dr. S. B. Collins, Discoverer and Sole Manufacturer. P. O. Drawer 691, Chicago, Ill. Formerly La Porte, Ind. 10 CENTS PER COPY. SHEET MUSIC. Full size (11x14). Same as sold in music stores generally at from 30c. to $1.00. Large list to select from. Send ten cents for sample copy. Vocal or Instrumental. Catalogue FREE. NATIONAL MUSIC CO., CHICAGO ILL. 25 CTS PISO'S CURE FOR CONSUMPTION 25 CTS Best Cough Medicine. Recommended by Physicians. Cures where all else fails. Pleasant and agreeable to the taste. Children take it without objection. By druggists. MILLER BROS STEEL PENS Are AMERICAN AND the BEST, MILLER BROS. CUTLERY CO. M.F.R.S. of STEEL PENS MERIDEN, CONN. Ink Erasers and Pocket Cutlery. SAVE MONEY, Before you buy BICYCLE or TYPEWRITER Send to A. W. GUMP & CO., Dayton, Ohio, for prices. New Bicycles at reduced prices, and 400 second-hand ones Difficult repairing. Bicycles, Guns and Type Writers taken in exchange. Ely's Cream Balm Cures COLD IN HEAD RELIEVES INSTANTLY. ELY BROTHERS, 56 Warren St., New York. Price 50 cts. THE CURE FOR CATARRH COLD IN HEAD HAYFEVER DEAFNESS HEADACHE ELY'S CREAM BALM 50C TRADE MARK56 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER Emerson Superior Quality, Moderate Prices. Boston 174 Tremont St. All Pianos Fully Warranted Catalogues Free 50,000 Sold New York 92 Fifth Ave. Pianos 20 Years of Success Without lost to investors a good reason for buying the Debenture Bonds and Mortgages Loans of the American Investment Co. Assets, $2,000,000,00. Highest rate of interest consistent with choicest security. Pamphlets free. Address 150 Nassau Street, N.Y. Cit. Tacoma, Western terminus main line N. P. R., R. and the most rapidly growing city in America. Grand opportunities for investors. Good time and place to buy city and suburban property with a certainty of large profit or to loan your money on gilt edge real estate at 8 and 9 per cent. Correspondence solicited for mutual benefit, C.L. Mancu, Real Estate and Loan Agent, Post Office Building, Tacoma, Washington. IDLE Invested to yield a present income of from 6 per cent to 8 per cent with one half the profits. Send for circulars to Wm H. PARMENTER, General Agent of the WINNER INVESTMENT CO, 50 State Street, Boston, Mass. MONEY ASTHMA CURED TO STAY CURED Send name and address for THESIS, with REPORTS of CASES, to P.HAROLD HAYES, M.D., 716 MAIN ST., BUFFALO, N.Y. GOOD HEALTH BY THE “NEW METHOD.” Chronic diseases of women or men cured without drugs. Home treatment. Not a “Mind cure” but a scientific system. Better and cheaper than the “Hall System.” You must investigate this. Send stamp for health pamphlet. HEALTH SUPPLIES CO., 710 Broadway, N.Y. IDEAL MUSICAL BOX Is the Latest Invention in Swiss Musical Boxes. It is the Sweetest and Most Perfect Instrument for the Parlor. Any number of tunes can be obtained for it. The Largest Stock of Musical Boxes in America. Send 4 cent stamp for Illustrated Catalogue . JACOT & SON, 298 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. SEND A SLIP OF PAPER the size of year finger an 10 cents in silver for postage, etc., and I will mail you one of these Solid Rolled Gold finger I ings and my large Illustrated Catalogue of Rings, Emblems and Novelties, for Agen’s to sell. $1.00 an hour can easily be made selling these goods. Address at ones to CHAS. E.MARSHALL, Lockport, N.Y. FORCE BEARD OR HAIR. Prof. Dyke’s Elixir has restored the hair on my head, when I was perfectly bald, J.T. Biggs, Bryan, Tex., Oct. 8 John Miliard, says. Prof. Dyke’s Elixir has produced a heavy mustache on my upper lip in 4 weeks. My face was entirely smooth. Thousands more EITHER SEX. ANYBODY. Prof. Dyke’s Elixir grows the heaviest beard and hair in 4 weeks. Complete remedy, in bottles or metal cases, with the finest perfume known, for 25e, in stamps or silver. Worth four times this amount. We mail secure . Address Smith Mfg. Co. Palatine. Ills. ——————————- LADIES- Mail stamp for sealed instructions how to enlarge your bust five inches, using “Emma” bust-developer; Cosmetics are humbugs, our guaranteed or money refunded. “Emma” Toilet Bazar, 224 Tremont St., Boston. Our 24- page Illustrated Catalogue mailed for six cts. __________________________________________ OPIUM CURSE! Enslaving thousands. Habitues, your chains broken and a perfect cure effected quickly and painlessly. No Lost Sleep, Pain, Nervousness or Exposure, by Dr. KANE'S New Method. Dr. Kane was for years head of the great DeQuincey Hospital. Cure guaranteed or money refunded. Book, with testimony of 300 doctors Free. Dr. H. KANE, 174 Fuiton St., N.Y. ___________________________________________ Harman Wire Mat. FLEXIBLE. SOFT AS CARPET. LASTS FOR YEARS STEEL OR BRASS ASK YOUR DEALER OR WRITE HARMAN MFG CO. BEAVER FALLS, PA ALWAYS CLEAN. SANITARY INVENTION. ENDORSED BY PHYICIANS. REVERSABLE EGEGANT. SALES AGENGIES 102 GRAMSERS ST. NEW YORK 508 STATE ST. CHICAGO ___________________________________________________ SUFFERING WOMEN. B A SYSTEM OF HOME TREATMENT WITH THE Electropoise (TRADE MARK.) Female Troubles of all kinds yield so quickly that is is really a pleasure to treat a woman who is so broken up as to be a bugbear to the Medical Profession. By a moderate us of the Poise, Dys- peptics find some pleasure in life, and perma- nent cure soon follows. Constipation in its worst forms is quickly cured. Insomnia vanishes. Rheumatism, acute and chronic, is one of our strongest points. THE ELECTROPOSE, 1425 New York Ave, Washington, D.C. Agencies in the principal cities. ____________________________________________ GARFIELD TEA FOR CONSTIPATION AND SICK HEADACHE GET A FREE SAMPLE FROM ANY DRUGIST OR SEND TO 319 W. 45 ST. NEW YORK, N.Y. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER 5758 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. The P. D. Q. CAMERA. The Latest Improvement in Detective Cameras. Takes pictures 4 X 5 inches in size, either vertically or horizontally. Can be used either with our cut Films or Plates. Protected by four patents, and another pending. Handsomely covered with Black Grained Leather, and fitted with fine Combination Instantaneous Achromatic Lens, with one Patent Double Dry Plate Holder and two Film Holders. PRICE, complete, only $20.00. Same in Polished Walnut only $15.00. E. & H. T. ANTHONY & CO., MANUFACTURERS, 591 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Forty-seven years established in this line of business. Sample negative film and carrier, either 4 X 5 or 5 X 8 sent on receipt of postage. ASK YOUR DEALER FOR SCARFS AND SUSPENDERS Bearing our Trade-Mark. WC&W THEY ARE THE BEST MADE. WELD, COLBURN & WILCKENS, MANUFACTURERS, 593 Broadway, New York. 5c. PER COPY. Music mailed to any address. Selection of over 2,500 copies. Catalogue mailed free. SIEGEL & CO., 77th ST. and 3d AVE., NEW YORK. EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRICITY. By EDWARD TREVERT. 186 Pages, 87 Illustrations. Gives complete directions for making Electric Batteries, Bells, Induction Coils, Galvanometers, Motors, Dynamos, Telegraph, Instruments, etc. Price, $1, post-paid. BUBIER PUB. Co., Lynn, Mass. PEDINE, the great foot remedy for making the feet SMALLER. Instant relief for cold or perspiring feet. At Drug and Shoe Stores, or sent free on receipt of 50c. Sample package only a dime. Illustrated Pamphlet Free. THE PEDINE CO., Wold Building, N. Y. PALMER'S Piano Primer. Endorsed by Dr. Mason, Mr. Sherwood, Mr. Parsons and other great Pianists. 75c. Dictionary of 2,500 Musical Terms, 25c. Book of 516 Interludes, $1.50. H. R. PALMER, Lock Box 2841. N. Y. City. TYPEWRITERS. Largest like establishment in the world. First class Second-hand Instruments at half new prices. Unprejudiced advice given on all makes. Machines sold on monthly payments. Condition and title guaranteed. Any instrument manufactured shipped, privilege to examine. EXCHANGING A SPECIALTY. Instruction book and packing box free. Wholesale prices to dealers. Two (20 pp. and 40 pp.) illustrated catalogues Free. TYPEWRITER} 70 Broadway, New York. HEADQUARTERS,} 144 La Salle St., Chicago. WM. PENDLETON GAINES, ATTORNEY AT LAW. Dealer in Texas and Mexican Lands, MORTGAGES AND VENDOR'S LIENS. Money loaned and invested for residents and non-residents. Eighteen years experience in land matters. Correspondence solicited. 120 E. Sixth St., Austin, Tex. P. O. Box 162. Fine Ranches, Stock Farms, Grain Farms, Cotton and Sugar Plantations, Mineral Lands, Large Bodies of fine Agriculture Lands for Colonies. REFERENCES: Hon. L. S. Ross, Governor of Texas Austin, Tex. Jas. H. Raymond & Co., Bankers Austin, Tex. First National Bank Austin, Tex. City National Bank Austin, Tex. American National Bank Austin, Tex. Provident National Bank Waco, Tex. THE TOURISTS LAMP STOVE WILL BOIL WATER IN 3 MINUTES OVER ANY LAMP CHIMNEY SENT BY MAIL POST PAID FOR 15 CTS. TOURISTS LAMP STOVE CO., 413 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago, Ill. W. P. ATKIN, PRINTER, 16 Chambers Street, New York. BANK AND OFFICE FITTINGS Fine Brass Work. Special designs on application. ANDREWS MFG. CO. 76 Fifth Av., N.Y. City A. H. ANDREWS & CO., 195 Wabash Av. Chic'go INVESTORS should get information about First Mortgage investments (land and railway bonds) paying 6% TO 8% TWENTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE. Have invested $15,549,923 Principal and Interest paid on the day when due $12,107,576 J. B. WATKINS LAND MORTGAGE CO. 319 BROADWAY. NEW YORK. PANHANDLE And Northwest Texas IMMIGRATION ASSOCIATION Will furnish FREE reliable information about the Best Wheat Country, the Best Fruit Country, the Best All-Round Farming Country, with Cheap Land and a Climate Unsurpassed. For full particulars, address N. C. BLANCHARD, Secretary, FORT WORTH, TEXAS. TOKOLOGY, A complete Ladies' Guide. 150,000 sold. This most popular medical work can only be bought of Agents or direct from us. Agents wanted in every part of the country. Prepaid for $2.75. Sample pages free. ALICE B. STOCKHAM & CO., 161, La Salle St., Chicago NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER 59 SALT LAKE CITY, ONE OF THE GREAT FIVE, New York, Chicago, Denver, Salt Lake City and San Francisco, Midway between Denver and San Francisco, 700 miles from either, with no rivals roth to British Columbia or south to Old Mexico, Salt Lake City is destined to become one of the great Overshadowing Commercial Centres in the chain between New York and San Francisco. The recent mighty inflow of the best American blood has doubled her population, begun the development of untold resources, built up strong churches of all leading denominations, created charming social conditions, fostered the public school system, directed municipal improvements and opened the most profitable business investment, manufacturing and mining opportunities ever presented by a city that in three years will contain over 100,000 people, and before the end of the century several times that number. Special inducements are offered for investments in real estate, silver and iron mines and coal lands. The Utah mines are equal to any in the United States, and many properties as yet but little developed, show indications equal to those already paying dividends. No country presents greater facilities for accumulation of wealth, or more amply repays careful investigations. For information concerning real estate and first mortgage loans in Salt Lake City and vicinity, and silver, iron, or coal mines in the Territory, call upon, or address J. F. JACK, 235 South Main St., Salt Lake City, Utah. REFERENCES: Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Bank. McCornick & Co., Bankers. T. R. Jones & Co., Bankers. }Salt Lake City, Utah. Commercial National Bank. W. H. H. Spofford & Co. FACIAL BLEMISHES The largest Establishment in the World for the treatment of Hair and Scalp, Eczema, Moles, Warts, Superfluous Hair, Birthmarks, Moth, Freckles, Wrinkles, Red Nose, Red Veins, Oily Skin, Acne, Pimples, Blackheads, Barber's Itch, Scars, Pittings, Powder Marks, Bleaching, Facial Development, Hollow or Sunken Cheeks, etc. Consultation free at office or by letter. 128 page book on all skin and scalp affections and their treatment sent sealed to any address on receipt of 10 cts. JOHN H. WOODBURY, Dermatologist, 125 W. 42d St., New York City. WOODBURY'S FACIAL SOAP for the Skin and Scalp, at Druggists or by mail, 50 cents. SEDGWICK FARM FENCE PRICES REDUCED Best Fences and Gates for all purposes. Free Catalogue giving full particulars and net prices. Ask Hardware Dealers, or write SEDGWICK BROS., RICHMOND, IND. Watch out to see what trade or profession your son is inclined to. He will succeed best in that he likes best. If he wants a Scroll Saw, it indicates that he is of a mechanical turn of mind and can learn to use it to advantage. While sawing is a better exercise than any kind of play, it contents the boys to stay at home, cultivates their tastes, and makes their hands skillful for any artistic or mechanical employment which they may wish to follow in after years. We have the names of many thousands who have turned these saws to great profit during the past fifteen years. Give an ingenious boy the tools and he will see to all the rest. We sell the best foot-power saw (called the No. 1 Rogers) with Drilling Attachment, Blower, Tools, and Designs, for $3.50. The Goodell Lathe, as seen in the above cut, costs $12, with Scroll Saw Attachment and all necessary tools and designs. We are now the headquarters for all things in the scroll-sawing line, including Foot and Hand Machines, Star Saw Blades, Designs of every kind, Wood Clock-Movement, etc., etc. Send money for what you want, or buy from hardware dealers. Circulars with full particulars sent to any address on receipt of a two-cent postage stamp. MILLERS FALLS COMPANY, 93 READE STREET, NEW YORK. TRADEMARK REGISTERED PATENTED Harderfold Hygienic Underwear. Endorsed and commended by best known Physicians of the country. "Two-fold throughout, thereby creating an inter-air space," which affords complete protection from draughts or sudden chills, warmer, softer, with no irritation to the skin, more elastic, better fitting and with less weight than single fabric underwear. Manufactured from finest selected and hand-sorted Australian Lamb's Wool. Adapted for wear to Men, Ladies and Children, and surpassing in protection to the person - comfortand pleasure to the wearer - any goods heretofore offered to the public. Sold by leading merchants in all principal cities. Illustrated catalogue mailed free on application to HARDERFOLD FABRIC CO., TROY, N.Y.60 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. Know Something about Varnish. You do not need to know much. What you do need to know is that some is good and some is bad, and how to distinguish between them. One that endures with glassy clearness for years---ten years, or twenty, if not exposed to sun or weather---is good. If it rusts, or spots, or evaporates, turns to dust and blows away, leaves the wood without brightness and color and life, it is bad; though the badness may be in the wood or in putting the varnish on. The first thing to know of any new thing is what to expect of it. We have made a people's primer on varnish. MURPHY & COMPANY. Newark, Boston, Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW ADVERTISER. PEARS "And a Nice Little Boy Had a Nice Cake of Soap Worthy of Washing the Hands of the Pope." Ingoldsby Legends. Insist on having PEARS SOAP. Substitutes are sometimes recommended by Druggists and Storekeepers for the sole purpose of making more profit out of you. Wm. P. Atkin, Printer, New York. Full Weight Pure DR. PRICE'S CREAM BAKING POWDER Most Perfect Made Its superior excellence proven in millions of homes for more than a quarter of a century. It is used by the United States Government. Endorsed by the heads of the Great Universities as the Strongest, Purest and most Healthful. Dr. Price's Cream Baking Powder does not contain Ammonia, Lime or Alum. Sold only in cans. Price Baking Powder Co., New York. Chicago. San Francisco. St. Louis. GOLD MEDAL, PARIS, 1878. W. BAKER & CO.'S BREAKFAST COCOA from which the excess of oil has been removed, Is Absolutely Pure and it is Soluble. NO CHEMICALS are used in its preparation. It has more than three times the strength of Cocoa mixed with Starch, Arrowroot or Sugar, and it therefore far more economical, costing less than one cent a cup. It is delicious, nourishing, strengthening, Easily Digested, and admirably adapted for invalids as well as for persons in health. Sold by Grocers everywhere. W. BAKER & CO., DORCHESTER, MASS. OMAHA WATER-WORKS 5% GOLD BONDS, Due July 1, 1907. Coupons Payable January and July 1. We offer, at par and interest, a limited amount of these Bonds, and call attention to the following statement: 1886......................$123,341.58 1887 ..................... 168,983.60 1888 ..................... 230,052.98 1889 ...................... 281,558.91 1890, est'd ............. 350,000.00 NUMBER OF WATER TAKERS. Dec. 31, '86 .......... 2,575 Dec. 31. '87 ............. 3,673 Dec. 31. '88 ............. 4,862 Dec. 31 '89 ............. 6,198 Dec. 31. '90. est'd. ..... 7,500 Population 1880 ...... 30,518 Census 1890 ........... 139,526 This Property, Besides Its Expenses And Interest, Is Earning And Paying 6 Per Cent. Dividends on &800,000 Preferred Stock. C.H. VENNER & CO., 33 Wall Street, New York, 8 Congress Street, Boston. FLEURETTE This sweet sounding name, on account of its appropriateness, has been given by Colgate & Co. to their latest style, a sweet and lasting NEW PERFUME. The combination of odors which form the bouquet of Fleurette is exceedingly rich, possessing that delicacy and refinement which distinguishes all of COLGATE'S Soaps and Perfumes KNABE PIANOS Unequalled in Tone, Touch, Workmanship and Durability. Warerooms: 148 Fifth Avenue, New York; 22 & 24 E. Baltimore St. Baltimore; Washington Branch: 817 Market Space. DECKER BROTHERS' MATCHLESS PIANOS 33 Union Sq., N.Y. DECKER BROTHERS'