FEINBERG/WHITMAN LITERARY FILE Box 35 Folder 19 Prose "Have Americans a National Literature?" (Apr. 1891). Review of Reviews. Printed copy.THE BUSY MA[?] EDITED BY APR[?] FRONTISPIECE THE RIGHT HON. ARTHUR BALFOUR, [?] History of the Month at Home and Abroad, Illustrated with Portraits and Caricatures. Character Sketches— THREE EMPIRE BUILDERS. SIR JOHN MACDONALD, SIR HENRY PARKES, THE HON. CECIL J. RHODES. Illustrated. Book of the Month— JOHN MURRAY. By SAMUEL SMILES. With Portrait. RECENT RUSSIAN LITERATURE A Quarterly Causerie, etc. etc. etc. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS ARTICLES How to Fight the Tap Room. The State As Antichrist. By Count Leo Tolstoi. Another Practical Social Programme. By Mr. Mundella, M.P. The English Church of the Future. By F. Herbert Stead. Girl Life in Italy. With Portrait. The Horrors of Cattle Ships. General Booth A Pen and Ink Sketch. A National Literature for America. By Walt Whitman. NOTICED. How it Feels to be Beheaded. How we Seized the Land of Ophir. By Sir John Willoughby. The Last Days of the Earth. By Camille Flammarion. A Plea for National Pensions. By the Rev. Moor Ede. Wanted, Little Sisters of the Poor. By the Countess of Meath. How to Face the Cold. by Dr. Richardson. The Pope's Veto on American Politics. By Dr. Joseph Cook. Love and Civilisation. LONDON Office: MOWBRAY HOUSE, Norfolk St., Strand, W.C. For INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see pages ii. and iii.; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page 15. PRICE SIXPENCE.R IS S Stores, THRO [?] Life's healthy prime Hale old age Makes Delicious PUDDINGS CUSTARDS RIZINE of all GROCERS CORN DEALERS STORES SAMPLES & RECIPE BOOKS FREE BY POST. RIZINE FOOD CO., LTDL., Works, 87, BORO' HIGH STREET, LONDON, S. E. The "PREMIER" CYCLES ARE THE BEST LIBERAL CASH DISCOUNT. "EASY TERMS" System. Price Lists Post Free. HILLMAN, HERBERT & COOPER, LIMITED 14, HOLBORN VIADUCT. LONDON, E.C. ESTABLISHED) WORKS, COVENTRY. (1875 Use the "ENGLISH" TYPEWRITER. PERFECTION OF WRITING MACHINES. VISIBLE WRITING. 87 CHARACTERS LIBERAL CASH DISCOUNT. Price Lists POST FREE. EASY TERMS SYSTEM. Hire with option of Purchase. 2, LEADENHALL ST., LONDON, E.C. Trade Mark G.W.W. Registered. G. W. WILSON & Co.'s PHOTOGRAPHS Can be had in all sizes and styles, and printed by almost any process— unmounted and mounted—in albums at all prices, and as lantern slides. Their English Series Includes, London, complete series of the English Cathedrals, the Thames, Oxford, and Cambridge, Shakespeare's Country, Bristol, and the West of England, "The Dukeries," Derbyshire and the scenery of the Peak, Yorkshire, its Cathedrals, and Watering Places, etc. English Catalogue post free on application. Their Scottish Series Includes complete sets of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, etc., the scenery of the Borders, the land of Burns, the Trossachs, the Lochs, Bens, and Glens of the Highlands and West Coast, Orkney, and Shetland, etc. Scottish Catalogue post free on application. Their Permanent Series Includes about 150 of the most beautiful and most interesting views in Great Britain on 24" x 18" plates, and printed by an absolutely unfading process. These views are specially adapted for framing. Prospectus and List of Large Views post free on application. Their Lantern Slide Series Includes lecture sets of the most interesting districts of Great Britain, and in addition, many foreign ones—the Holy Land; the Alhambra; Antiquities at Athens; the Giant's Causeway, Ireland; etc. THEIR SERIES OF INSTANTANEOUS STUDIES IS UNRIVALLED. Lantern Slide Catalogue post free on application. 2, St. Swithin Street, Aberdeen. IN DARKEST ENGLAND. THE CHILDREN OF THE SLUMS are being earnestly sought out, rescued, encompassed by a new environment (involving Food, Clothing, Education, Industrial Training, and Christian Instruction), through the agency of DR. BARNARDO'S HOMES About Sixty New Cases are admitted each Week. The doors of the Homes are kept open day and night. No destitute and homeless child has ever been refused admission. 4,000 Children are now actually in the Institution, but the work of rescue could be indefinitely increased if adequate means were forthcoming. Donations will be thankfully received by the Treasurer, William Fowler, Esq.; by the Chairman of Committee, Samuel G. Sheppard, Esq.; by the Bankers, London and South-Western Bank, and Messrs. Prescott, Dimsdale, and Co.; or by the Founder and Director, Dr. Thos. J. Barnardo. OFFICES OF THE INSTITUTIONS 18 to 26, Stepney Causeway, London, E. JOHN ODLING Secretary. ADVERTISEMENTS. i For INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see pages ii. and iii.; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page xv. BEECHAM'S PILLS. Worth a Guinea a Box. A Wonderful Medicine for all Bilious & Nervous Disorders, SUCK AS Sick Headache, Constipation, Weak Stomach, Impaired Digestion, Disordered Liver, &c. BEECHAM'S PILLS have been before the public for half-a-century, and are to be found in every English-speaking country; they have by far the largest sale of any patent medicine in the world. BEECHAM'S ST. HELENS LANCASHIRE PATENT PILLS Second Edition. Crown 8vo, paper boards, 2s. THE MESMERIST'S SECRET. By DANIEL DORMER, Author of "Out of the Mist." Saturday Review: "A work somewhat after the manner of the famous Mr. Hyde and Dr. Jeckyll." The Bookseller: "There is a tragic interest in the story." Court Journal: "The story is in itself exceedingly interesting, and the various incidents, which happen in Paris, are told in a natural manner, free from exaggeration and dramatic effect. Few will give up the perusal of the novel until the final chapter has been reached." JOHN HADDON & CO., 3 and 4, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, E.C. WM. POLSON'S CORN FLOUR. The Original and First Manufactured in Great Britain Manufacturer to HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. USED IN THE QUEEN'S HOUSEHOLD FOR MANY YEARS. WM. POLSON & CO., Paisley and London. TRY IT IN YOUR BATH. SCRUBB'S CLOUDY HOUSEHOLD AMMONIA Marvellous Preparation. Refreshing as a Turkish Bath. Invaluable for Toilet Purposes. Unexcelled Cleansing Preparation For the Hair. Removes Stains and Grease Spots from Clothing, &c. Restores the Colour of Carpets. Cleans Plate and Jewellery. 1s. Bottle for 6 to 10 Baths, of all GROCERS, CHEMISTS, &c. SCRUBB & CO., 15 RED CROSS STREET, LONDON, S.E. MR. WM. HEINEMANN'S LIST. DE QUINCEY MEMORIALS. Being Letters and Other Records, here First Published. With communications from COLERIDGE, the WORDSWORTHS, HANNAH MORE, PROFESSOR WILSON, and others. Edited, with Introduction Notes, and Narrative, by ALEX H. JAPP, LL.D., F.R.S.E Two Vols., demy 8vo, with Portraits. 30s., net. THE COMING TERROR; and other Essays and Letters By ROBERT BUCHANAN. One Vol., 8vo. HEDDA GABLER: a Drama in Four Acts. By HENRICK IBSEN. Translated from the Norwegian by EDMUND GOSSE. One Vol., small 4to. 5s. FIVE NEW 3s. 6d. NOVELS. PRETTY MISS SMITH. By FLORENCE WARDEN Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. A ROMANCE OF THE CAPE FRONTIER. By BERTRAM MITFORD. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. FROTH. From the Spanish of Don Armando Palacio Valdés. By CLARA BELL. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. LOS CERRITOS. By GERTRUDE FRANKLIN ATHERTON, Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. A MODERN MARRIAGE. By the MARQUISE CLARA LANZA. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d LONDON: WM. HEINEMANN, 21, BEDFORD STREET, W.C. BREAKFAST OR SUPPER EPPS'S GRATEFUL—COMFORTING. COCOA BOILING WATER OR MILK.ii ADVERTISEMENTS. For INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see pages ii. and iii.; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page XV. Messrs. Macmillan and Co.'s New Books. MR. GOLDWIN SMITH ON THE CANADIAN QUESTION. Just published, 8vo, cloth, 8s. net. CANADA AND THE CANADIAN QUESTION. By GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L. The subject is dealt with under the following hands:—The French Province— The British Provinces—French Canada before the Conquest—French Canada after the Conquest—History of Upper Canada—The United Provinces— The Federal Constitution—Fruits of Confederation—The Canadian Question—Appendices. NEW VOLUME OF ENGLISH MEN OF ACTION. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. WARWICK THE KINGMAKER. By C. W. C. OMAN, M.A., Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. ANTI-JACOBIN.—"The most valuable of the excellent series to which it belongs. It is beyond all question the best book which has yet appeared on the Wars of the Roses." PREVIOUS VOLUMES. General Gordon. By Colonel Sir W. Burler. Henry V. By the Rev. A. J. Church. Livingstone. By Thomas Hughes. Lord Lawrence. By Sir Richard Temple. Wellington. By George Hooper. Dampier. By W. Clarke Russell. Monk. By Julian Corbett. Warren Hastings. By Sir Alfred Lyall. Strafford. By H. D. Traill. Peterborough. By W. Stebbing. Captain Cook. By Walter Besant. Sir Henry Havelock. By A. Forbes. Clive. By Colonel Sir Charles Warren. Sir Charles Napier. By Colonel Sir W. Butler. Sir Francis Drake. By Julian Corbett. Other Volumes will follow. NEW VOLUME OF THE ENGLISH STATESMEN SERIES. Just published, crown 8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d. PEEL. By J. R. Thursfield, M.A., late Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. DAILY NEWS.—"A model of what such a book should be." PREVIOUS VOLUMES. William the Conquerer. By E. A. Freeman, D.CL., LL.D. Henry II. By Mrs. J. R. Green. Oliver Cromwell. By Frederic Harrison. Henry VII. By James Gairdner. Cardinal Wolsey. By Prof. M. Creighton. William III. By H. D. Traill. Walpole. By John Morley. MACMILLAN and CO., LONDON. IF YOU WANT— APPLY TO— EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding St., LONDON, E.C. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Deposit a/c's opened. Standing Orders received. Lists on Application. Any Information given. FISHER'S "EIFFEL." THIS IS FISHER'S LATEST. IT IS ALREADY A GREAT SUCCESS VERY FLAT. WILL GO UNDER RAILWAY SEAT. £10 TO £100. S. FISHER, 188, Strand. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. Atkinson's Truss .... v. Anti-Burton Beer .... iii. Bailey's Rubber Brushes .... 3rd Cover. Barnardo's Homes .... 2nd Cover. Beecham's Pills .... i. Blondeau Soaps .... xvii British Cycle Manufacturing Company .... v. Bond's Marking Ink .... v. Coventry Machinists' Co. .... xvi. Callard's Foods .... xii. Carbolic Smoke Ball .... xiv. Crown Perfumery Co. .... xiv. Cadbury .... 4th Cover. Church of England Assurance .... 3rd Cover. Caligraph Writing Machine .... x. DROOKO UMBRELLA (Wright, Glasgow) .... xx. Egerton Burnett .... v. English Type Writer .... 2nd Cover. Eyre and Spottiswoode .... ii Epps's Cocoa .... i. Fry's Cocoa .... xiv. Fisher's Bags .... ii. Follows and Bate .... xii. Guy's Tonic .... xiii. Haddon's Books .... i. HEINEMANN'S, Wm., LIST (Publisher) .... 2nd Cover. Hodgson's Carpets .... 3rd Cover. Hammond Type Writer .... xi. Harness' Electropathic Belt .... xix. Health Cocoa .... 3rd Cover. Health Exerciser .... xii. Hay's Hop Ale .... xiii. Hooping Cough .... xiii. Hydropathic Establishment .... iii. Juno Cycles .... v. Knitted Corset Co. .... xiii. Keating's Lozenges .... xiv. Loisette .... xiv. ADVERTISEMENTS. iii For INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see pages ii. and iii.; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page sxv. INDEX.—(Continued.) Macmillan .... ii. Midland Counties Watch Co. .... x. Mattei's Remedies (Wilford) .... v. MUTUAL LIFE CONSOLS INVESTMENT INSURANCE .... xvi. Marshall's "Farola" .... xiii. Mattei's Remedies (James) .... iii. Norris's Boots .... x. Non-intoxicant Beer .... xii. Player's Tobacco .... xi. Pease's Serges .... xi. Premier Cycle .... 2nd Cover. Pears' Soap .... 4th Cover. Polson's Corn Flour. .... i. Review of Reviews .... vi., vii., and viii. Religious Tract Society .... iii. Rudolph's Laboratory .... xviii. Rizine .... 2nd Cover. Robinson and Cleaver .... xiii. Scrubb's Ammonia .... i. Staffordshire China .... iv. Swan Sonnenschein and Co.'s List .... ix. Statham and Co. .... x. Singleton's Eye Ointment .... v. Swift Cycles .... xvi. Simplex Fire Range .... v. "Swan" Fountain Pen .... xvi. Sun Life Assurance .... vii. "Spectacles" (Fournet) .... xiv. Trilene Tablets .... xii. Thomson's Corsets .... xiv. "To Stout People" .... xiii. Warner's Corset .... iv. Westmeria .... iii. Wilson's Photographs .... 2nd Cover. Woodcock's Pills .... iv. Ready April 24th. Price Fifteen Shillings. Cloth Cilt, Top. IN SCRIPTURE LANDS, New Views of Sacred Places, BY EDWARD L. WILSON With 150 Original Illustrations Engraved from Photographs taken by the Author. Mr. WILSON'S journey in Scripture Lands was the first instance in which a fully equipped artist photographer has visited the scenes made memorable by the Bible narratives, and has reproduced, both by camera and by word painting, the people, the ruins, and the famous spots which have become household words throughout Christendom. The 150 illustrations in this volume were selected from 2,000 negatives that Mr. WILSON brought home with him after his wanderings, and they have been reproduced by some of the best known of American artists. The Religious Tract Society, 56, Paternoster Row, London. HATCH CHICKENS! AND HEAR THEM WITH "WESTMERIA" INCUBATOR BROODER THEY ARE THE ONLY MACHINES TO [?] TWO GOLD MEDALS HAVE BEEN AWARDED [?] OF THEM ARE IN USE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES [?] [?] [?] for Catalogue WEST [?] [?] HYDROPATHY. "SMEDLEY'S," BIRKDALE, SOUTHPORT, TURKISH, RUSSIAN and other BATHS, MASSAGE, and the WEIR-MITCHELL SYSTEM. Terms from 2 1/2 guineas per week. Prospectus. Apply to the MANAGER. SEND FOR MATTEI'S REMEDIES And Full Information To JOSEPH JAMES, 1, PROMENADE PLACE, CHELTENHAM. Just Published, Post Free, 1s., "Stepping Stone to Electro-homœpathy." (See Advertisement in December Number). GOLD MEDAL ANTI-BURTON A NON-INTOXICANT HOP ALE STIMULATING, refreshing, pleasant drink, combining tonic properties of the finest pale ale without any intoxicating principle. "Palatable and refreshing."—Daily Chronicle. "Refreshing and grateful flavour."—City Press. "Meets a decided want."—Grocers' Journal. 3 doz. case pints to nearest station for 16s; an allowance of 8s. Cd. for case and bottles when returned. 9 gall. cask to nearest station for 16s.; an allowance of 7s. for cask when returned. COX & COMPANY, 178, York Road, King's Cross, London, N.Advertisements. For Index to advertisers, see pages ii. and iii. ; and General Contents Index, page xv. Dr. Warner's Coraline Corsets Boned with Coraline, which is ABSOLUTELY UNBREAKABLE. These Corsets are a beautiful shape, and delightfully comfortable to wear. Considerably over ten million pairs have been sold. Ask your Draper for them. Refuse all others. The prices are 4/6 to 12/6 Send Post Card to the manufacturer: W. Pretty, Ipswich, for an illustrated catalogue. Staffordshire China, For 19s.6d. Carriage paid (2s. extra to Scotland or Ireland) we will forward direct from the factory the following case of fine China and Faience; - Beautiful China Tea Service (sample cup and saucer on receipt of 13 stamps), full size, forty pieces in new Terra Cotta Decoration and Gold, or rich Peacock Green and Gold; Handsome Break Tray or Cheese Stand; Covered Butter Cooler and Stand; Teapot and Stand; Mounted Hot Water Jug. All the Faience richly hand-painted and gilt. Buy Goods fresh and bright from the Potteries. Badged and Created Ware for Schools, Hotels, Clubs, etc. For 17s.6d. we will forward direct from the factory, CARRIAGE PAID (2s. extra to Scotland or Ireland), this complete Dinner Service on best Ivory tinted Ironstone China, new decoration in bright pink or brown. Contents of Service: --12 meat plates, 12 pudding ditto, 12 cheese ditto, 5 meat dishes (assorted sizes), 2 covered vegetable dishes, 1 complete sauce tureen with ladle and stand, 1 sauce or butter boat. Buy china direct from the potteries, fresh and bright. On goods for export we pay carriage to English port and ship at lowest possible rate. Illustrated Designs of Tea, Coffee, Dinner, and Chamber Services Free. Please mention this Paper. Hassall & Co., Charles Street, Hanley (Staffordshire Potteries). Wesleyan Minister's Experience. One of the most acceptable Wesleyan Ministers in the Lincoln District has recently passed through a crucial experience. The Minister in question suffered severely from Indigestion, Wind on the Stomach, Liver Complaint, and their attendant evils. At times the pain was excessive. He tried the usual round of advertised remedies, but rather grew worse. At last a Friend, a Local Preacher, residing near Wisbech, who had suffered martyrdom from the same complaints, and consulted in vain several of the leading London Physicians, recommended him to take. Page Woodcock's Wind Pills, a well-known medicine that had brought him from the verge of the grave. The effects were marvellous. To use his (the Minister's) own words: "I was induced to give the Wind Pills a trial, and am bound in all fairness to admit that the relief was so instant and grateful, that ever since, I have kept in my possession some of your Pills, which I consider, are a valuable antidote for this distressing malady. You are at liberty to use my testimony, but please do not advertise my name. I shall have pleasure in replying to any inquiries." All sufferers from Indigestion, Liver Complaint, Wind on the Stomach, Costiveness, Giddiness, Sick-Headache, Heartburn, Palpitation of the hear, Biliousness, Skin eruptions, & c., should lose no time in availing themselves of this most excellent Medicine. These Pills being, Purely vegetable, tasteless, and mild and tonic in their action, may be taken with perfect safety by the most delicate of either Sex. Sold by all Chemists, at 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., and 4s. 6d. Post free for 14, 33, or 54 stamps. N.B. - The Name and Address of the Minister above referred to will be sent by Page Woodcock, Lincoln, to any person on receipt of Name and Address on the back of a post-card. ADVERTISEMENTS. V For Index to advertisers, see pages ii. and iii. ; and General Contents Index, page xv. OUR EYES 250 Years' World-Wide Reputation. -- Estab. A.D. 1596. SINGLETON'S GOLDEN OINTMENT By far the best remedy known for Inflamed Eyes, Weak Sight, Sore Eyes, Scorbutic Eruptions, Piles, Bruises, &c. Price 2s. of all Dealers in Patent Medicines. Public Caution! None can be Genuine unless the words Singleton's Golden Eye Ointment are engraved round the Pot and on the Government Stamp. Stephen Green, Lambeth Rd., London, S.E. GOLD MEDALS, 1882 & 1888. Prices £5 to £18 18s. Cushion Safeties and Tricycles, in great variety. All interested in Cycles should write for our 200-page Lists for [18??], of over 1,000 New and Second-hand Cushion and Solid Tyre Safeties, Bicycles, and Tricycles, and about 4,000 Unsolicited Testimonials, post-free. Large discount for cash, or Easy Terms from 10s. per month. BRITISH CYCLE MANUFACTURING CO., 45 Everton Rd., Liverpool, & 6, Palatine Buildings, Victoria St., Manchester. GIVEN AWAY: YOUR NICKEL SILVER PEN and PENCIL CASE, with you Name in Rubber, complete 7½d. stamps, or for you Name or Monogram. Rubber Stamp for Marking Linen or Paper, enclose 3½d. stamps for postage, &c. Mention this magazine and address GIVEN AWAY POSTAGE FREE CRYSTAL PALACE( JOHN BOND'S) GOLD MEDAL MARKING INK WORKS, 75, Southgate Road, London, N. Caution -- Refuse all fraudulent imitations RUPTURE. ATKINSON'S PATENT TRUSS for the Radical Cure of Rupture is a Certain Remedy. Reports of Lancet, British Medical Journal Hospital Gazette, Medical Press, Practitioner, Chemist and Druggist, Homœopathic Review, Illustrated Medical News, &c. Post free on application to B.F. Atkinson, 7, Mill St., Hanover Sq., London. W. Special Warrants of Appointments to H.M., the Queen, H.I.M. the Empress Frederick, and H.R.H. the Princess of Wales. EGERTON BURNETT'S ART FABRICS Spring & Summer Patterns Post Free. No Agents Employed. Carriage Paid on Orders of £1 in value to any Railway Station in the United Kingdom. EGERTON BURNETT ROYAL SERGES and OTHER FASHIONABLE MATERIALS in New and Artistic Designs and High-class Weavings in Pure Wool for the coming season. Unsurpassed for Beauty, Novelty, and Sterling Value. Admirable Wearing Qualities -- Perfect Finish. The immense variety of New Patterns comprise Specialties for Ladies, Children, and Gentlemen. The Navy Blue Serges will not turn a Bad Colour with Sun, Rain, or Salt Water. EGERTON BURNETT, Wellington, Somerset, England. All Communications Respecting ADVERTISMENTS To Be Addressed To JOHN HADDON & CO.'S Central Advertising Offices -- 3 & 4, Bouverie Street, E.C. JUNO CYCLES The "Juno" Cushion tyre Are the Very Best. Sole Makers -- THE METROPOLITAN MACHINISTS' CO., LD., 75, Bishopsgate Without, London Any Machine. 12 equal Monthly Payments. June Cushion. £12 12s., 21s monthly, or 10 per cent. cash discount. Lists (100 pages) Post Free. COUNT MATTEI'S REMEDIES. Directly Imported By WILFORD & CO., Authorised Agents of Count Mattei. (And in daily communication with him.) 41, Hanway Street, Oxford Street, London. Descriptive Circular, with List of Remedies and their uses, free on application The following works by Count Mattei (English editions) give full information: -- "Principles of the New Science," 2s. 6d. (very complete). "Vade Mecum of Electro-Homœopathey," 9d. Marca de Fabrica. THE "SIMPLEX" Convertible Close or Open FIRE RANGE. Has Rising Bottom. Down Draught Flue to Oven, and Slow Combustion arrangement. Guaranteed to work efficiently and to give satisfaction in every respect. A Cure for Smoky Vents. Price £5 to £30. Inspection invited. Drawings, with full particulars, free on application. A large staff of Skilled Workmen for Town or Country Work, for fitting up Ranges, laying Tile Hearths, &c. David Foulis, Smith & Iremonger, 61, George Street, Edinburgh.[*Advertisements. vi [?] FOR INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, SEE PAGES II. AND III. ; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, PAGE XV.*] "Review of Reviews" Reprints HOW TO HELP ; With the Rules and Regulations of the Association of Helpers, with an appendix on the Future of Journalism, by W. T. STEAD 32 pp. octavo, with coloured wrapper. Price twopence, by post twopence halfpenny. THE WORKHOUSE CHRIST. A Plea for Humanising the Workhouse. A reprint from the REVIEW OF REVIEWS of 1890, 12 pp. octavo. Price one halfpenny. For distribution, 2s, 6d. per 100. THE SALVATION ARMY AND ITS SOCIAL SCHEME. 32 pp. quarto ; being a reprint of the account of the Salvation Army and description of General Booth's book "In Darkest England and the Way Out," from the REVIEW OF REVIEWS of October and November, 1890, with all the original illustrations and portraits. Price twopence. For distribution, £4 per 1,000. THE MISSION OF THE MAGIC LANTERN. A reprint from the REVIEW OF REVIEWS of December, 1890. Price one penny, 18pp. octavo, with coloured wrapper. For distribution, £2 10s. per 1,000. THE DISCROWNED KING ; Or, THE FALL OF MR. PARNELL. 26 pp. quarto, price one penny. AN ALBUM FOR THE PEOPLE ; PORTRAITS AND AUTOGRAPHS. Second Edition. The first edition of the 20,000 copies having been exhausted within a week of publication, a second edition of this unique collection of portraits and autographs will be published in April. 160 pp. quarto, containing portraits. Price one shilling and sixpence. "Review of Reviews," Mowbray House, Temple. "The Story that Transformed the World; Or, the PASSION PLAY at OBER-AMMERGAU, 1890." Cloth Boards, Gilt, Price 2s. 6d. The text, German and English, has been thoroughly revised, and additional illustrations are given, completing the series published this year. They make the volume a permanent and unique memorial of what seems likely to be the last performance of the Passion Play in Europe. In addition to these reproductions of the Photographs of the Play, the volume contains several views of the Ober-Ammergau, Ettal, and neighbourhood, especially photographed for this publication. This Volume, which contains reproductions of nearly one hundred Photographs, is published at 2s. 6p. Post Free. [*Advertisements. vi [?] FOR INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, SEE PAGES II. AND III. ; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, PAGE XV.*] THE ANNUAL. PERIODICALS AND PHOTOGRAPHS. ANNUAL INDEX AND DIRECTORY, 1890, WILL APPEAR SHORTLY, THE FIRST ANNUAL OF THE "REVIEW OF REVIEWS." This Publication will contain features never before combined in any Annual :-- 1. A Directory and Handbook for all the leading Magazines and Reviews of the World. Giving a brief, succinct account of the Periodicals of the Planet, illustrated with the Portraits of Editors. 2. An Index of the important Articles in the Periodicals of the English-speaking Race. This will be an invaluable Key to the Periodical Literature of the past year. Unlike all previous Indices, it will be published before the articles indexed have been forgotten, and will be issued at a price within the means off all. 3. An Index to Standard Photographs. At present no Catalogue exists in any language giving the public any guide as to where they can procure the photographs which they require. No one who has not made inquiry into this matter had any idea of the number, the variety, and the utility of the artistic ans scientific photographs issuing monthly from the press. The whole will be copiously Illustrated by specimen of various systems of process-printing and by choicest samples of the Standard Photographs of the World. Price, Stiff Paper, One Shilling. Cloth, Two Shillings. Postage 3d. extra. "REVIEW OF REVIEWS" OFFICE, MOWBRAY HOUSE, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND, W.C. NOW READY. The SECOND HALF-YEARLY VOLUME of the "REVIEW OF REVIEWS." Price 5s. ; Post free, 5s. 6d. Orders should be sent at once. The First Half-yearly Volume is still obtainable. Price 4s. 6d. ; post free 5s. Cases for Binding the second half-yearly Volume of the "REVIEW OF REVIEWS" may be had from the Publisher, "Review of Reviews" Office, Mowbray House, Norfolk Street, Strand, W. C. Price, Post Free, 1s. 6d. Title Pages and Index for Vol. 2 on the receipt of 1d. Stamp. THE SUBSCRIPTION TO THE "REVIEW OF REVIEWS." For the United Kingdom, Europe, North America, and Egypt, including Double Number, Post Free Twelve Months, 8s. 6d. ; Six Months, 4s. 6d. For other Countries, rate 6s. 6d. Yearly, plus Postage. Single Copies, Post Free, 8½d. "REVIEW OF REVIEWS" OFFICE, MOWBRAY HOUSE, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND, W. C.In the Press. Price is. ----------------------------- MATTEL v. THE KNIFE ----------------------------- CANCER: ITS INCREASE, CAUSE, & TREATMENT ----------------------------- A Reprint of of Several Articles on the Subject FROM THE "NATIONAL REVIEW" & "REVIEW OF REVIEWS," WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE "MATTEL" TREATMENT FOR CANCER And An EPITOME of the TREATMENT ADAPTED TO ORDINARY DISEASES. BY SAM. KENNEDY, F.R.C.S.E ----------------------------- To be published at COUNT MATTEI's Central Depot, 18, PALL MALL, EAST. ADVERTISEMENTS. ix FOR INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see page ii. and iii.; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page xv. SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO.'S NEW LIST. ------------------------------- Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Adapted from the Work of Prof. SEYFFERT by HENNRY NETTLESHIP, M.A. Corpus Professor of Latin Literature in the University of Oxford; and J.E. SANDYS, Litt. D. Public Orator in the University of Cambridge. With over 450 Illustrations. 4to, double columns, 21s. SECOND EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED AND EXTENDED TO ABOUT 50,000 BOOKS. 1,100 pp.4to cloth extras, 31s. 6d. net, with very copious Authors and Subjects Indexes. The Best Books. A Reader's Guide to the Choice of the Best Available Books in all Departments of Literature down to 1890, with the Dates of the First and Last Editions, and the Price, Size, and Publisher's Name of each Book Accompanied by numerous Characterizations, Biographical Notes, &c. By WILLIAM SWAN SONNENSCHEIN. The whole work is divided into CLASSES, each of which is subdivided into SECTIONS, and again into PARAGRAPHS and SUB-PARAGRAPHS, systemati- cally and lucidly arranged. ------------------------------- SONNENSCHEIN'S LIBRARY OF PHILOSOPHY. Edited by J. H. MUIRHEAD, M. A. (Oxon.). THE NEW VOLUME OF DE PFLEIDERER'S VERY IMPORTANT WORK. Theology in Germany and Great Britain since 1825 DEVELOPMENT OF. Large Svo. 10f. 6d. "A highly interesting work. 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SMOKE PLAYER'S NAVY CUT. [PLAYER'S NAVY CUT] PLAYER'S Navy Cut is the Original. and Smokers are Cautioned against limitations. Sold only in 1oz. packets, and 2, 4, 8 oz. and 1 lb. TINS, which keep the Tobacco in Fine Smoking Condition. THE PIPE IN THE WORKHOUSE. One who dates from the High Alps, and signs himself "Old Screw," says :- "I have been struck with your suggestion in the October number of the REVIEW for a scheme to supply smokers in union workhouses with tobacco. * * * Were I in London I would at once start a collecting-box for the fund, and levy contributions for it on my smoking acquaintances, but unfortunately my business compels me to be a wanderer round the Continent for the next nine months. I can, however, do a little, and would like to contribute a pound of what I consider the best smoking tobacco- viz.. 'Player's Navy Cut' (this is not an advertisement). I enclose, therefore, a cheque for the amount," - Review of Reviews, November. 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ADVERTISEMENTS. xiii For INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see pages ii. and iii.; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page xv. Indigestion Roast pork takes five hours and twenty minutes to digest, venison only one hour and thirty minutes, but fig-seeds never digest. This clearly proves how important it is that all should pay attention to the digestibility of food. Guy's "Guide to Digestion" contains an interesting account of the time taken to digest nearly every article of food known ; and when it is borne in mind how seriously business anxieties and harassing family cares interfere with the healthy activity of the stomach, it will be seen of what infinite consequence to happiness is this "Guide." A copy will be sent, gratis and post free, to any reader who, when writing, will mention Review of Reviews. A Few Opinions. "The time which each edible takes to digest, from pork to periwinkle, is here depicted." "We recommend it strongly to all those who digestion is faulty." "By perusing its pages Dyspeptics may see what to eat and what to avoid." GUY'S TONIC CO., 4, Ludgate Circus, London, E.C. Nervousness Awarded GRAND DIPLOMA (Highest Award) Edinburgh, 1890 ; TWO PRIZE MEDALS, Paris, 1889. ROBINSON & CLEAVER'S IRISH CAMBRIC Children's Bordered 1/3 per doz. Hemstiched : Ladies' Bordered 2/2 per doz. Ladies' 2/11 1/2 per doz. Gentlemen's Bordered 3/3 per doz. Gentlemen's 3/11 per doz. Embroidered Handkerchiefs from 1/- to 20/- each. Initials, &c., woven and embroidered. POCKET HANDKERCHIEFS. IRISH DAMASK TABLE LINEN. Fish Napkins, 2s. 11d. per dozen. Dinner Napkins 5s. 6d. per dozen. Table Cloths, 2 yards square 2s. 11d. : 2 1/2 yards by 3 yards, 5s. 11 d. each. Kitchen Table Cloths, 111/2d. each. Strong Huckaback. Towels 4s. 4d. dozen. Frilled Linen Pillow cases, from 1s. 2 1/2d. each. Samples and Illustrated Price Lists of above ; also of Shirts, Collars, Cuffs, &c., &c., post free, to any part of the world. BY APPOINTMENTS TO THE QUEEN AND EMPRESS FREDERICK OF GERMANY. ROBINSON & CLEAVER, BELFAST. KNITTED CORSETS WRITE FOR LIST. SUPPORT WITHOUT PRESSURE LADIES' COMBINATIONS in Natural Wool, 8s. ; Merino, 5s. 6d. ; Pure Natural Wool Vests, 4s 6d, ; very best warm Ribbed Vests, 3s. ; Children's soft Scotch Wool Combinations from 2s. 9d. ; an excellent article. Gents' Knitted Vests and Pants. Knitted Belts, Knee Caps, Gloves and Hosiery. SANITARY KNITTED CORSET CO., MANSFIELD RD., NOTTINGHAM. (Quote this Magazine.) HAY'S HOP ALE This SPARKLING NON-ALCOHOLIC and REFRESHING BEVERAGE is made from the CHOICEST HOPS grown, and is unrivalled for its peculiarly fine HOP FLAVOUR and AROMA. "Evolves a Delicious Aroma of Hops."-Medical Press. "An Excellent Drink for any time of the Year."-The Bazaar, Exchange and Mart. "This is an excellent non-alcoholic beverage." The Lancet. "It is a nearer approach to Bass's or Allsopp's Ale than any non-intoxicants preceding it."-Eastern Morning News. 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JAMES MARSHALL {22, ADELPHI TERRACE, GLASGOW. {43 KING WILLIAM ST. LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON E.C.xiv. ADVERTISEMENTS. For index to Advertisers, see pages ii and iii; and General Contents Index page xv. FRY'S PURE CONCENTRATED COCOA. Dr. Gilbert D. Sutherland, F.E.I.S, and Professor J. Alfred Wanklyn, M.R.C.S, The eminent Analysts, Report:- "We have made an exhaustive analysis of Fry's Pure Concentrated Cocoa, and certify it to be PURE and of the best quality. It is an excellent Dietetic food and beverage; highly nutritious palatable, and invigorating." The CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL Will Positively Cure Colds Catarrh Asthma Bronchitis Throat Deafness Hoarseness Loss Of Voice Influenza Hay Fever Sore Throat Snoring Croup Whooping Cough Neuralgia Headache As all the diseases mentioned above proceed from one cause- viz., Taking cold -- They can be cured by one remedy -- viz., THE CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, 27, Princes Street, Hanover Square, W. NEW ENGLISH PERFUME. 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Ingle, M.A) was "impressed with the possibilities of improvement to memory which the lecture open up." (2). As a device for memorising, or as a System of Memory-training, admirable- R.A. Proctor. (3). Physiological and scientific- Dr. Andrew Wilson (April, 1889). We again recommend Loisette's System. -- Dr. A. Wilson (April, 1883). (4). I intend to educate my son entirely on your System. There is more logical training in it than in many treatises on Philosophy- Rev. C.E. Cocking, M.A, Oxon., Rector of Lee. (5). Three Exams, passed -- Rev. R. Dewe, B.A. Camb. (6). The applications of the system as numerous as the affairs of life. -- Rev. J. Amos, M. A, Camb. (7). An excellent travelling companion- Commander J. B. Haye, R.N. (8). Taught by corres ondence. In three weeks I was able to memorise the names of more than 400 men -- A. W. Jamieson, Major, B.S.C. (9). An invigorating physiological exercise- A. Carter, M.D. (10). Top in examination- Thos, Tait, M.A. (11). Tremendously popular in Oxford -- Pall Mall Gazette, 4th February, 1890. Prospectus Post Free from PROFESSOR LOISETTE, 37, New Oxford Street, London. ROWLAND'S MACASSAR OIL nourishes and preserves the hair, makes it soft and silky, and is the best BRILLIANTINE, Being not too greasy or drying; specially suited for Ladies' and Children's Hair, bottles, 3s. 6d., 7s., 10s. 6d. ODONTO whitens the teeth, prevents decay, sweetens the breath. Sold everywhere THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS A Sixpenny Monthly. Vol. III. April, 1891. No. 16. Contents Frontispiece: -- Page The Right Hon. Arthur J. Balfour, M.P. Progress of the World: -- Portraits of Mr. Robert Underwood Johnson, Secretary of American Copyright League ..... 319 Mr. G.H. Putnam, Publisher ..... 320 Cartoon - "Activity in American Literary Circles".. 321 Portraits of Mr. Erastus Wiman ..... 323 Prince Napoleon ..... 325 Dr. Windthorst ..... 327 The Right Hon. H.C. Raikes ..... 328 Mr. W.H. Preece ..... 329 Captain Grice Hutchinson, M.P. ..... 330 Diary of the Month ..... 332 Obituary: -- Portraits of late Earl Granville and Sir Joseph Bazalgette ..... 333 American Legislation in 1890 ..... 334 Private Morals and Public Life ..... 336 Current Caricatures: -- The Struggle for the Soul of Prince Napoleon ..... 337 German and French Views of the Recent Crisis .... 338 American Views of Mr. Blaine's Foreign Policy ..... 339 At the Court of King Labour ..... 340 The Fallen Colossus ..... 340 Sir Charles Dilke in the Forest of Dean ..... 341 The Political See-Saw ..... 341 Character Sketches: Three Empire Builders: -- Sir John A. Macdonald ..... 342 Portrait ..... 343 Electioneering Cartoons ..... 345 Sir Henry Parkes (with Portrait) ..... 347 Some Australian Caricatures ..... 351 The Hon. Cecil J. Rhodes (with Portrait) ..... 352 Vanity Fair Caricature, etc. ..... 355 The Briton's Fatherland (original poetry) ..... 357 The Experimental Cancer Hospital ..... 358 Views of St. Saviour's; Portrait of the Mother Superior ... 359 Leading Articles in the Reviews: -- How It Feels to be Beheaded .... 360 How to Fight the Tap-Room ..... 361 General Booth as Abbot Samson .... 362 The English Church of the Future. By F. Herbert Stead (with Portrait) ..... 363 Edison's Talking Doll ..... 364 Journalism as a Profession for Women ..... 364 Girlhood in Italy. With portrait of Signora Salazaro ... 365 Have Americans a National Literature? By Walt Whitman .... 366 Leading Articles in the Reviews (continued) :- -Page Another Practical Social Programme. Portrait of Mr. Mundella .... 367 Some French Statesmen. .... Portrait of M. Jules Ferry ..... 367 The Freedom of Religious Discussion. ..... By Prof. Max. Müller .... 368 The Light of the Firefly. By Lady Blake ..... 368 Wanted, Little Sisters of the Poor. By the Countess of Meath ... 369 A Plea for National Pensions. By the Rev. H. Moore Ede .... 370 The Last Days of the Earth. By Camille Flammarion ..... 370 The State of antichrist. By Count Tolstoi 371 The Chinese Question ..... 372 How to Face the Cold. By Dr. Richardson ..... 373 Bimetallism for the Multitude ..... 374 Love as a Law of Progress ..... 375 A Ghastly Story ..... 376 Should we Pray for the Dead ..... 376 Reviews Reviewed: -- The Contemporary Review ..... 377 The Fortnightly Review ..... 378 National Review ..... 379 The Nineteenth Century ..... 379 Westminster Review ..... 381 The Forum ..... 381 North American ..... 382 Shorter Notices ..... 384 Poetry ..... 385 Russian Literary Causerie. By Dr. E.J. Dillon ..... 386 The Foreign Reviews: -- German ..... 391 Italian..... 393 French ..... 394 Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Scandinavian ..... 396 The Musical Magazines ..... 397 Some Military Magazines ..... 398 Photographs of the Month: -- Portrait of Empress Frederick ..... 400 Portrait of School Board of London in Council ..... 401 Art in the Magazines..... 402 The Book of the Month: -- Some French Books ..... 410 Reference Books of 1891 ..... 411 Contents of the Leading Reviews ..... 412 Notable Articles in the Magazines ..... 413 Index. ..... 416 xvi ADVERTISEMENTS For INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see pages ii, and iii. ; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page xv £116,000 was recently paid by a leading merchant for an investment policy in this company. THE LARGEST LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY IN THE WORLD. The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York Send for Copy of the New Prospectus and read Investment Insurance. 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Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes has used one of the Mabie, Todd & Co's Gold Pens since 1857, and is using the same one (his "old friend" ) to-day. Send Postal Card for Free Illustrated List (containing interesting Testimonials from the best people, who have used them for years) to MABIE, TODD, & BARD, 93, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON. COVENTRY MERCHINISTS' CO., Ltd. By special appointment to the H.R.H the Prince of Wales. "SWIFT" CYCLES London : 15 & 16, HOLBORN VIADUCT Manchester : 9, VICTORIA BUILDINGS Works : COVENTRY New Spring frame "Swift", "The Leading Machine." "CLUB" CYCLES Illustrated Catalogues free, with particulars of our GRADUAL PAYMENT SYSTEM.THE RIGHT HON. ARTHUR J. BALFOUR, M.P. From a Photograph by CHANCELLOR, Dublin. LONDON: J.S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED EDTN. THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS VOL. III. No. 16 APRIL, 1891. PRICE SIXPENCE. THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. April 1st, 1891. The American Copyright Act. THE first place in the month's record of the Progress of the World unquestionably belongs to the new law by which, for the first time, the Englishman and American meet in the literary world on a footing of equal rights. The new measure may be faulty, but it does at least mark one great stride in the work of unifying the English race. In the ideal English-speaking world for which we are working, all English speakers will be citizens of one great commonwealth, enjoying equally all rights, privileges, and protection without any question whether they are born in Melbourne, or Minnesota, or Manchester. On March 4th -- the closing day of the session and expiring day of the fifty-first Congress -- the American Legislature enacted a law which makes it possible for the citizens of all other countries to secure precisely the same privileges of copyright protection in the United States that American citizens may claim. Thus ends with victory and honor a campaign that has been pushed more or less intermittently for nearly sixty years. The best result of the law will be its tendency to promote international good feeling, the unity and pervasiveness of English literature. The new law will come into effect next July. It should be noted that the new American law will not permit the copyright privilege to be granted to American authors unless the type is set and the books are printed in the United States: so that foreign authors are not discriminated against in any particular. The new copyright protection is extended to foreign maps, charts, [*MR ROBERT UNDERWOOD JOHNSON, Associate Editor of the "Century Magazine" and Secretary of the American Copyright League.*]320 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS musical composition, engravings, lithographs, cuts, paints, photographs, drawings, paintings, and works of art, as well as to books. There must be simultaneous publication in America, however, otherwise, the protection is forfeited. Of all men, Mr. Robert Underwood Johnson, of the Century Magazine, deserves most credit for the fact that the measure was actually passed. Among the publishers, the house of the Putnams' had been most prominently identified with the copyright movement. English authors who have thought that American copyright would bring them sudden affluence, will doubtless experience some disappointment. but the material gains of the measure will not be inconsiderable, and the moral gains will be immense. THE FIFTY-FIRST AMERICAN CONGRESS. Whatever else may be said of the first Congress of the second century of legislation under the Constitution, its activity has been unparalleled. Some account of the work of the fifty-first Congress will be found in another column. The two chief measures of the last session were the Silver Bill and the McKinley Tariff Act. The anti-trust legislation is noteworthy as an attempt to stem strong and dangerous tendencies; the anti-lottery law is an effective measure in the interest of public morals; the land-grant forfeiture Act is a tardy concession to the popular judgment that subsidised railway corporations should have been held to their agreements; the immigration law will considerably improve the inspection of new comers and the sifting out of the disqualified; the army legislation greatly ameliorates the position of enlisted men. The new silver law repeals the act of 1878 which made the monthly coinage of 2,000,000 dols. worth of silver obligatory, and it requires the purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of silver each month, and the issue in payment of Treasury notes redeemable in coin. The subsequent attempt to pass a free silver coinage bill was frustrated. The actual law may at least be pronounced safer and better than its predecessor. Unquestionably the great majority of the American people favour international bimetallism; and apparently a popular majority now desire the unconditional experiments of a free national coinage of both metals. Under the circumstances of popular pressure the late Congress could hardly have been expected to do anything more conservative than it did actually do with silver. The McKinley tariff law stands, and must be judges at a later day in the light of its results. It is not impossible that this measure, through its very stringency, will have the effect to hasten full reciprocity with Canada; and its provisions for free sugar upon the basis of reciprocal trade relations with the central and southern republics of the western world, are already opening new markets for American manufacturers. May not the McKinley bill prove the final effort in the tariff-stimulated development of American industries, and force manufacturers to the position where further development will be clearly hampered rather than assisted by a high tariff? AUSTRALASIAN FEDERATION. The two sections of the British Empire which are the most sparsely peopled, have last month preoccupied the attention of the intelligent observer. On March 2nd the National Australasian Convention met at Sydney, to consider and report upon a scheme for the federalisation of the seven provinces of Australasia. Before long, it is to be hoped, a similar Convention [*Mr. George H. Putman, The New York Publisher.*] THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 321 will meet in London, to consider a similar scheme for the whole Empire. Even apart from this, the Convention is notable enough since the fathers of the American Constitution founded the Republic of the United States. The keynote of the Convention was struck by Sir Henry Parkes, its president, in his toast, "One People, One Destiny," and the proceedings of the twenty-five representatives of the four millions of Australasian have been unexpectedly harmonious. The following are the resolutions accepted by the Convention as embodying the principles on which the Federation of Australasia must be established: -- 1. The powers, privileges, and territorial rights of the several existing Colonies shall remain intact, except in respect to such surrenders as may be agreed upon as necessary and incidental to the power and authority of the National Federal Government. 2. Trade and intercourse between the federated colonies, whether by means of land carriage or coastal navigation, shall be absolutely free. 3. Power and authority to impose customs duties and duties of excise upon goods subject to customs duties [*Whitman. Amelie Rives. Mrs. Burnett. Miss Murfree. Max O'Rell. Holmes. Lowell. Howells. Twain. Whittier. Nye. Phelps. Harris. ACTIVITY IN LITERARY CIRCLES. Caused by the Passage of the International Copyright Law. From Life.*]322 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. and to offer bounties, shall be exclusively lodged in the Federal Government and the Parliament, subject to such disposal of the revenues thus derived as shall be agreed upon. 4. The military and naval defence of Australia to be intrusted to the Federal forces under one command. The New Constitution. The preamble to the second part of Sir Henry Parkes's motion—"That, subject to these and other necessary provisions. the Convention approves the framing of a Federal Constitution which shall establish "—having been agreed to, the first serious debate took place upon the powers of the Senate. As the example of the United States was followed in allotting equal representation to all the federating States in the Senate, the small States wished to strengthen its authority, while the larger States insisted upon confirming real power in the House of Representatives. The latter view ultimately gained acceptance, and the clause as finally amended passed as follows :— The Federal Parliament is to consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, the former consisting of an equal number of members from each colony, to be elected by a system which shall provide for the periodical retirement of one-third of the members, thereby securing to the body itself a perpetual existence combined with definite responsibility to the electors : the House of Representatives to be elected by districts formed on a population basis, and to possess sole powers in originating all Bills, appropriating revenue, or imposing taxation. The equal representation of constituent States, regardless of their comparative importance, creates absurdities which can only be overcome by minimising the privileges and authority of the Second Chamber. At the same time it may freely be admitted that not even a system which gives equal voice to Vermont and New York in the American Senate, or to Western Australia and New South Wales in the Australasian Senate, is anything like so absurd as the constitution of the House of Lords. But is it really a providential law that a Second Chamber must always be more or less of an illogical anachronism ? The Canadian Elections. Free Trade within Australasia, Protection against all the world, including the mother country, is the watchword at Sydney. It is equally the watchword that has enabled Sir John Macdonald to carry the elections for the Dominion Parliament. His majority, however, has shrunk from fifty-one to twenty-five ; and but for the Maritime Provinces, where Sir Charles Tupper saved the situation, it would have gone badly with him. On the whole, the result intensifies the regret with which his electoral tactics were regarded on this side of the Atlantic. It is never well, except in the last emergency, to convince one half of an electorate that the other half, composed of their neighbours, friends, and relatives, are traitors to the Crown. No party advantage can adequately compensate for the shock which it gives to the fundamental principles of confidence and patriotism. And where, as in the present case, the party advantage has been very small, it is doubly doubtful whether Sir John Macdonald was well advised in branding the Opposition as traitors in posse if not in esse. The Hon. E. Blake, the eminent ex-leader of the Liberals, has retired from politics because he can neither oppose Free Trade with the States, which he believes would be advantageous to Canada, nor propose annexation, which he equally believes to be the natural corollary of the Free Trade he desires. Sir Richard Cartwright, the leader of the Opposition, stoutly denies that the Canadians were likely to abandon their political freedom for the sake of a commercial advantage. There is a good deal to be said in favour of his idea that there is no better service which Canada can render to the Empire and to the English race than that of paving the way for a more friendly alliance between the Empire and the Republic by cultivating close relations with the latter. This is obvious. But Free Trade with America and a protective tariff against England is such an Irish method of proceeding that no one will be seriously sorry that Sir John has obtained a five years' lease during which he may negotiate with Empire and Republic on equal terms. The American view of it. Writing on this subject, my American colleague says : There are no plots on either side of the boundary line, no treasonable conspiracies anywhere forming, and no possibility of political union between Canada and the United States, except as the result of a peaceful and gradual evolution. Such union is only contemplated speculatively, as men forecast the long future. Nobody is making any preparation for it as a probable event in the lifetime of this generation. Nothing can avail to change the fact that Canada is commercially an outer fringe upon a great industrial community ; and that there can be no large development or prosperity for the Dominion until there is gained an indiscriminate flow of trade across the political boundary. And the whole issue of the late election is involved in this fact. Sir John has won a victory that is a moral defeat. He retains control of the Parliament, but his former majority of fifty-one is reduced by a half. It would have been better if Sir John had completed a definite scheme of draft-treaty of reciprocity before appealing to the constituencies. An THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 323 analysis of the election figures seems to show that about half the electors, if not an actual majority, voted for Liberal candidates ; and it is highly significant that the two great provinces, Ontario and Quebec, have given very heavy Liberal gains. The farming communities have also, as a rule, been strong against the Government. The maritime provinces of the east, and the new provinces of the far west, support Sir John ; but the whole feeling of elation and strength is in the Liberal camp. The campaign has been one of extraordinary educational value. As for the bugbear of annexation, this campaign has done much to clarify opinion. It is absurd to call the Liberals annexationists, and it is no part of the practical business of the day to deal with the possible continental confederacies of the dim future. The plain fact is that the Liberals of Canada want free trade with the United States and do not want to withdraw from the British Empire. This is true even of Mr. Erastus Wiman, the most representative of the Canadians in the United States, and the most indefatigable and influential exponent of the advantages of commercial union. He has always maintained that the presence of Great Britain on the Continent of North America is a pledge of peace between the great English-speaking communities, and therefore to be favoured heartily from every point of view. His formula as regards annexation is terseness itself, and it is in these words : "Annexation is unnecessary, undesirable, and impossible." A Pretty Kettle of Fish in Newfoundland. The Newfoundland Government having negotiated a convention which gave to the United States privileges in Newfoundland denied to the Canadian or British vessels, have found their Convention disallowed by Downing Street, at the direct instance of the Canadian Government. When the Newfoundlanders were still smarting from this sacrifice of their interests to those of the Dominion, they were still further aroused by the decision of the British Government to refer the whole vexed question in dispute between the Colony and France to arbitration. Newfoundland protested against the inclusion of "the question of the lobster" in the issues submitted to arbitration. To make matters worse, the Newfoundland Courts gave judgment, quite correctly it seems, against the British naval officer who obeyed the orders of the British fort in closing a factory in accordance with the provisions of the modus vivendi. Downing Street thereupon promptly introduced a Bill giving them power to enforce their treaty obligations in Newfoundland. Thereupon ensued a pretty hubbub. "Newfoundland sacrificed to Canada !" "Newfoundland coerced by Downing Street !" "Down with the Imperial connection!" "Hurrah for Independence !" "Long live the Republic !" Newfoundland lies in the region of icebergs, but on occasion its inhabitants — many of whom are Irish — can wax as hot and as red as their own lobsters when they are boiled. It remains to be seen whether Ministerial soft-sawder, and a promise to guarantee a railway loan of £2,000,000, will mollify the indignant fisherman. The Behring Sea Arbitration. More and more clearly will it become evident every year that the question which dominates every other question is the relation between the two great sections of the English-speaking world — the Empire and the Republic. Their rivalry has been the deciding issue in the Canadian elections, and it is at this moment intensifying our [image] MR. ERASTUS WIMAN.324 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. difficulty with Newfoundland. Sooner or later it will make itself felt in Central and Southern America. The difficulty in the far northern Pacific has been temporarily shelved by Lord Salisbury's acceptance of Mr. Blaine's offer to send the sealing difficulty to arbitration. Lord Salisbury's despatch (February 21st) is a tolerably incisive state paper. The following are the questions which Mr. Blaine and Lord Salisbury agree should go before the arbitrator:- 1. What exclusive jurisdiction in the sea now known as the Behring Sea, and what exclusive rights in the seal fisheries therein, did Russia assert and exercise prior and up to the time of cession of Alaska to the United States ? 2. How far were these claims of jurisdiction as to the seal fisheries recognised and conceded by Great Britain ?" 3. Was the body of water now known as the Behring Sea included in the phrase "Pacific Ocean," as used in the Treaty of 1825 between Great Britain and Russia. 4. What are now the rights of the United States as to the fur-seal fisheries in the waters of the Behring Sea outside the ordinary territorial limits. Mr. Blaine proposed to refer other questions to arbitration. Lord Salisbury accepted the American view on one of them, that which asserts that all Russia's rights passed unimpaired to the United States, but he objects to submit the other points to the arbitrator. Lord Salisbury wrote that he had no objection to refer the general question of a close time to arbitration, but terms of reference should not beg the question in favour of the special and abnormal rights claimed by the United States. He concluded by asking that the arbitrator should be empowered to award damages to British sealers if it was decided they had been seized without warrant in international law. This is so obviously fair that is impossible to believe that Mr. Blaine will refuse his consent. Arbitration, then, being conceded, the question arises as to who shall be arbitrator. On the principle of finding some one who knows nothing about the matter in dispute, a Swiss arbitrator is suggested. It is not creditable to the English-speaking states that they should need to go to a foreigner to settle their disputes. A judge from the Supreme Court at Washington, a representative from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, who should be empowered to select a president-say an Australian, or an American like Mr. Russell Lowell-ought to be able to settle the matter without invoking the aid of a foreigner. The Indigestion of the Republic. The United States is suffering from a surfeit of foreigners. The terrible scene enacted at New Orleans on March 14th is but a violent and passing spasm induced by the presence in the American Republic of a mass of crude, undigested, and indigestible foreigners. The incident is instructive. For years past New Orleans has been cursed by the presence of a secret society of Italian terrorists know as the "Mafia," against whom the local authorities have waged war in vain for years. The Mafia was a kind of New Orleans Thuggee, differing from that of Whitechapel only in being much better organised, and in doing business on a much greater scale. The Mafia, it is said, contracted for murders at £1 per head, and from these Vehmgericht no citizen was secure. Mr. Hennessy, Chief of Police, set himself to extirpate this scourge. He was shot down by the Mafia. Several Italians accused of participation in his murder were arrested and sent for trial. The jury, who have been accused of being either terrorised or corrupted, acquitted six of the nineteen who were arrested. A fresh charge was brought against the six, and all were kept confined in the city prison. Early in the morning of the 14th, however, Mr. Parkerson, a prominent and universally respected local leader of the Young Democratic party which commands the support of the majority of the citizens, addressed a meeting beneath the statue of Henry Clay, which had been summoned by the leading citizens of New Orleans, and invoked the authority of Judge Lynch. Headed by an organised body of 200 old soldiers, the crowd poured down upon the gaol, smashed in the gates, seized the imprisoned Italians, and hanged or shot elevan of them. Here is a grim and ghastly picture of one of the episodes of this gaol delivery by Judge Lynch, which recalls only too vividly a scene in the French Revolutions: -- A side door of the prison opening on Marai's Street was pushed open, and several armed men appeared pushing before them Polizzi, the half-crazed Sicilian, who offered to turn States evidence. He looked aghast with terror, and was evidently quite mad. He was without coat of hat, and wore a red flannel shirt. His long, black hair hung dishevelled over his face. The crowd called upon the armed men to kill him. He was dragged down to the corner of Marai's and St. Anne streets. The crowd was dense, and it was difficult to force a passage. From balconies men and women watched the scene with opera glasses. At the corner is a lamp-post. A man threw a rope across the street. Another man scaled the post and passed the rope over it with a noose at one end. The noose was adjusted round the neck of the trembling wretch by willing but unskilled hands, the other end of the rope was tugged at by a line of men who quickly formed for the purpose. The man was hoisted into the air, but only for an instant, for the rope slipped and he fell to the pavement. In a couple of seconds the rope was readjusted, strong hands pulled it taut, and the body was dangling from the post. As soon as the man was high enough to make the range safe and allow the shots to escape the heads of the people a dozen reports rang out. The blood gushed from Polizzi's face, and many shots THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 325 riddled his body. Then the rope was tied securely to the post and his corpse left hanging. When eleven were slain, Mr. Parkerson was carried home should high after a speech in which he had declared that the responsibility for the tragedy rests upon "the infamous jury who acquitted the murderers." It may be so; but, if so, why were not some of the jurors hanged? COMPLICATIONS. The massacre of the Italians has created a storm of indignations in Italy. The Italian press talked about despatching an ironclad to the mouth of the Mississippi, and the Italian Minister at Washington called upon Mr. Blaine to deliver up to justice the authors and accomplices of the massacre. Mr. Blaine telegraphed to the Governor of Louisiana reminding him that the American Government was bound by its treaty obligations to protect the persons and property of Italian subjects domiciled in the States, and urged him to take measures to bring all offenders against the law promptly to justice. Nothing whatever was done to carry out this request. The President was overwhelmed with telegrams, and so extraordinary was the flood or protest "that he was induced to break through his rule of keeping the Sabbath, and to hold a conference with Mr. Blaine in the afternoon." But he may confer till the cows come home, it will not help him to square the circle. However deplorable the incident may be, it was natural, and, indeed, inevitable. It secret murderous associations kill the chief of the police and terrorise juries so that no man's life is safe, then in self-defence the people will take the law into their own hands, and kill out those whom they believe to be guilty. Nor are the Italians the only foreigners in the United States who will do well to take a hint as to the danger of carrying murder too far. Italy may protest, but if she does more than remonstrate the only effect will be to lead to very rigorous measures of restriction against the immigration of persons from the murder districts of Europe. THE RESTRICTION OF IMMIGRATION. The American people are beginning to look at this matter from a scientific, statistical point of view. They are in the position of the owe of [*Prince Napoleon.*]326 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. one of the finest stud farms in the world for the production of human beings. Why should they consent to spoil their breed of pedigree stock by allowing the introduction of the refuse of the murder breeds of Southern Europe. In Egypt one person in every 12,000 is assassinated every year. In Italy the proportion is nearly as high, being 8.05 to every 100,000 inhabitants. The proportion of England, Whitechapel notwithstanding, is 0.40, Why should the English-speaking Republic allow the unlimited introduction of this murder strain into the blood of its citizens ? At present the tide is unchecked. On March 17th a terrible catastrophe in Gibraltar Bay incidentally reminded us of the blood of Italian immigration that is pouring to the United States. A British steamer-- Utopia, what irony there is in the title! -- with 880 Italian passengers on board, attempted to anchor in the Bay as the southwest was blowing hard and a tremendous sea swept her decks. The current and the wind swept her broadside on down upon the ram of our ironclad the Anson. The great iron beak tore open the steamer's side, and in five minutes the vessel, with all her crowd of Italians, went down in the sight of our fleet, Everything was done that human valour could do to save the living freight of the doomed Utopia, but more than 600 perished. PRINCE NAPOLEON. The death of Prince Napoleon, the Red Bonaparte, reminds us of the limitations of the law of heredity. The Corsican corporal, whose genius prostrated Europe before the feet of the Revolution, belonged to a notable family, but although all the Napoleons have been distinguished, none of them have shown the remotest trace of the peculiar power which made the First Napoleon at once the idol and the terror of the world. Prince Napoleon died at Rome on the evening of March 17th. He had the Napoleonic countenance, but his physical resemblance to his uncle was but a mask. Behind that there was no doubt a good deal of the cynicism and brutality and intellect of the Bonapartes, but of military talent not an iota, and as little political genius. Plon-Plon, who ate sausages on Good Friday to the scandal of the faithful, made his peace with the Church within a few hours of his death, but he never made his peace with his countrymen. They hated and despised him to such an extent that, when the Zulu spears made him the heir of the Imperial tradition, they buried the empire in his reputations as in a grave. To his second son, who is mentioned in his will as the inheritor of the dynastic pretensions, his recommendation is like the decimal point in arithmetic. NAPOLEON AND BISMARCK. Hardly had Prince Napoleon been laid to rest in the royal mausoleum at La Superga, near Turin, than the Marquis of Villeneuve, a relative and friend of the deceased, published in the Figaro a very remarkable story of Prince Napoleon's interview with Prince Bismarck immediately before the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. The Marquis says that Prince Napoleon was sent by the Emperor to discuss the situation and to ascertain what Bismarck was driving at. The Prussian seems to have entered into the spirit of the occasion. In twenty minutes, with great spirit, M. de Bismarck set forth the following plan: -- Germany to achieve her unity and ally herself with France. The two nations, closely bound together, to drive Russia back to her Steppes, to make Hungary the pivot of the Austrian Empire, and open to it free access to Constantinople; to deprive England of her colonies and make them the receptacle for the overflowing population of Germany and France; and to reduce Spain, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries to the rank of mere satellites. To tempt France Bismarck suggested first Geneva, then Luxemburg, and finally, when Napoleon asked for the Rhine, offered Belgium. What about England? said Napoleon. Count Bismarck. -- England! Well, if I was an American cotton planter, or an Indian Rajah, what the English might think I should be bound to take into very serious account. But I am a great Continental Power, and simply ignore England. What can she do? She may be able to send out eighty thousand, one hundred thousand, say, at the outside, one hundred, one hundred thousand, men; she cannot possibly mobilise a greater number. Are we not strong enough, you and we together, to drive them into the Channel? Prince Napoleon's reply to this edifying observation was to say that he should sum up their conversation to the Emperor as follows: -- "M. de Bismarck has proposed to us a burglary on a very large scale. As we cannot hand him over to the police, let us join him and share the plunder." Bismarck laughed loudly, and shook hands, saying, "You, at all events, do understand me." Bismarck certainly understood his visitor. WINDTHORST. It would be difficult to conceive a greater contrast than that which exists between the Epicurean cynic who inherited all the selfishness of the Napoleons and the brave, honest, public-spirited little Ultramontane, Herr Windthorst, whose death last month was little short of a public calamity. Germany has few great parliamentary figures, but Windthorst was one of them. The little "Pearl of Meppen" for years had led with consummate ability and unimpeachable honesty the "Pope's Brass Band" in the Reichstag. He was worth more to the Catholic Church than many a cardinal, and his death leaves THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 327 a gap which no one at present seems able to fill. He was a Hanoverian, but he was also a German, and the German Empire could well have spared many a supporter rather than this intrepid and indefatigable opponent. A very touching story is told of his last moments. Herr Windthorst lived very simply, and died as he lived, unattended save by the two female relatives who watched by his deathbed. He was sinking fast, and they were wondering how soon unconsciousness would deepen into death, when the dying man roused himself and began to deliver, as if he were speaking in the Reichstag, a speech in favour of a Bill repealing the provisions of the law against the Jesuits. In silent awe the two sorrowing women listened as Herr Windthorst went on, making point after point, with the same precision and the same earnestness that distinguished him in the tribune, where he evidently imagined himself to be. At last the speech was ended. Then Herr Windthorst lay back on his pillow and never spoke again. It was the swan song of the old Ultramontane leader -- the ruling passion strong in death. If only there had been a phonograph in that chamber of death! GERMANY AND FRANCE. The German Emperor has caused to be published in the Times a curious statement as to the reasons which led him to enforce more strictly the passport system in Alsace and Lorraine. In effect, it is an intimation that as recent events show that M. Déroulède -- although he does not mention his name -- is the real ruler of France, "it is incumbent on the heads of nations seeking peace to restore the barriers separating the nations which cannot look at each other without frowning." The measure is merely a temporary rampart behind which he can safely await the arrival of the day when a handful of howling dervishes will no longer be able to intimidate the pacific and rule the rulers of France. The Emperor subsequently received a deputation from the provinces, and told them with emphasis that the restrictions are to be maintained. As he said in the communication in the Times, he does not believe and had never believed, in a reconciliation with France, for he knows that no sacrifice can make it thorough. In Germany the work of consolidation goes on. Von Moltke demands the unification of railway time in Germany. At present there are five different times on the railways, and as this renders mobilisation arrangements difficult, he demands the establishment of one normal time for all Central Europe. Civilisation is thus getting one more lift in the powder cart. Chancellor Caprivi has been distinguishing himself in the Reichstag by declaring [*Herr Windthorst.*]328 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. the status of the non-commissioned officer should be improved as they might be needed to combat the Social Democrats in the streets. Social Democracy, he said, was the greatest danger to the State, and he always inquired first when making any new proposals, "What effect it would have on Social Democracy ?" A good saying of General Caprivi is going the round of the press. In 1887 he and Bismarck were together in Berlin, and Prince Bismarck was suffering "in body and was deeply depressed. He complained that he saw the German Empire, the work of his life, in process of decay. General Caprivi answered, 'Your Highness, I always think that God Almighty has taken so much trouble to make Brandenburg, Prussia, and Germany united, great and strong, that He would not recover his costs if He let us drop now.' " A similar feeling has been the consolation of many an Englishman. Russia and Finland. The tenth anniversary of the Tzar's accession to the throne has been marked chiefly by newspaper articles, which congratulate Russia on the fact that ten years have passed without a catastrophe. Alexander III. has issued a very good and timely rescript to the Finns, who have been horribly afraid of late that the Russification applied to the Baltic provinces was about to be extended to Finland. The Tzar explains that the measures which alarmed Finland were undertaken for the purpose of attaining objects common to all parts of the Russian State, and were proposed with a view of obtaining a closer union of the Grand Duchy with the other parts of the Russian Empire. No doubt, the suspicious might reply. But the Lamb does not particularly hanker after closer union with the Bear. The Tzar, however, repeats in the most categorical fashion his pledge that he will respect the right, privileges, religion, and fundamental laws of Finland. Writing to the Governor-General, Count Heyden, on March 18, the Tsar says:- I authorise you to convey to my loyal subjects of Finland in my name that I have for the Finnish people the same consideration, concern, and confidence as before, while undeviatingly preserving the rights and privileges granted to them by the Monarchs of Russia, and that I have no intention of changing the principles of the existing internal administration of the country. That is very good. If the Tzar would issue a similar rescript relieving the Stundists and other Nonconformist sects against the persecution which they dread, it would be still better. The Labour Commission. Politics at home have been somewhat overshadowed by the Labour Commission, or rather by the attempt to constitute it in such a way as to satisfy all parties. Lord Salisbury appointed the Commission in order to use it as a weapon against the unwholesome delusion of Legislative regulation of adult labour. The Rubicon which divides us from Socialism is the dictum that "With the ordinary labor of the adult man Parliament has not a right to interfere." But surely with the ordinary labour of the adult man Parliament has much more right to interfere than it has with the ordinary labour of the adult woman. For the adult man has at least something to say in the election of Parliament. The adult woman has no voice. Yet Lord Salisbury proposed to legislate for the regulation of her labour without scruple, not even caring to inquire whether by doing so he does not indirectly regulate the labour of the adult male fellow-worker. So little does the significance of the female labour impress the Ministerial mind that the Government has refused to appoint any women as members of the Commission. Women are at least one half the human race. They are pressing more and more heavily upon the labour market, but in a Commission of twenty-one there [*THE RT. HON. H. C. RAIKES, M.P.*] THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 329 is not even to be a single seat reserved for their representative. Mrs. Fawcett would have been an ideal Royal Commissioner, but the Government is obdurate. It is understood that Lord Hartington will be chairman, and that there will be seven employers and seven workmen on the Commission, while the balance will be kept by Mr. Mundella and Sir Lyon Playfair, Lord Derby, and Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, with two or three others. Sir John Gorst, whose interview led to the appointment of the Commission, has gone to Teneriffe for his health. It does not always do for an under-secretary to be too successful in forcing the hands of his colleagues. Progress Backward The movement towards more human conditions of toil has last month received a check. Ministers who approved at Berlin of the raising of the age of which children enter factories from ten to twelve, now object to carry out this very simple measure at home. The Home Secretary is entirely opposed to this moderate instalment of reform. He is supported by Lancashire and Bradford, and it will be wonderful if Mr. Mundella does succeed in compelling Ministers to carry out of a reform which they instructed Sir John Gorst to support at Berlin. Outside the Legislature there are signs that the employers are now going to have their innings. The stand-up fight between the shipowners and the Union has resulted in a complete victory for the former. It is to be feared that the upward movement of wages has received a check. The London compositors have amicably arranged for an advance, but there are indications in some of our staple industries that the hour has come for reductions rather than "rises" of wages. The North British Railway Company reported last month that the sum available for dividend was £178,000 less than it was in the previous year. The luxury of a strike, which might have been averted if the North British had been as reasonable as the North-Eastern, was responsible for the entire sweeping away of the whole of their reduced receipts. It is well sometimes that the ways of the evil-doers should not be laid in too easy places, although, of course, it is hard that unoffending shareholders should suffer for the ill-temper of their representatives. Mr. Raikes Again. The Postmaster-General has it in his power to be the most popular administrator in the land. He is the only Minister whose department touches every citizen ; he has always a surplus, and he has all the experience and all the brains of the Post Offices of the world from which to select boons with which to minister to the comfort and contentment of the public. He is the greatest representative of State Socialism in the land; and just now, when the tide is running so strongly in the Socialist direction, he can always be sure of the interested attention of the whole public. Yet Mr. Raikes, the present Postmaster-General, has so contrived to muff all his chances that he is the most unpopular member of the Administration. He originates nothing, he spoils everything. He vetoes penny postage to the Colonies, stands in the way of all reforms, and last month he crowned the edifice of his blundering by suppressing the Boy Messengers, whom an enterprising private company had established in London for the conveying of messages on the payment [*Mr. W. H. PREECE.*]330 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. of 3d. Electric call-boxes were supplied to customers, who has only to press a button to secure the attendance of a messenger within a maximum of five minutes, who would deliver any parcel or letter or make any call that might be desired. Mr. Raikes, seeing that this private enterprise was flourishing, came down upon it with the heavy foot of jealous, and obstructive officialism. The Post Office, he said, had a monopoly of such business. They had never done any of it before, but he proposed to do a small part of it now, as a fig-leaf to cover the shamelessness of his conduct toward the Boy Messengers. If he persists in this course, he will probably have to disappear, to the immense advantage of the Cabinet. Not even the most, perverse ill-luck could give Lord Salisbury a worse Postmaster-General than Mr. Raikes. Contrast with this blundering at headquarters the energy and capacity of Mr. W. H. Preece, the chief electrician of the Post Office, who last month has opened telephonic communication between Paris and London. THE ECLIPSE OF MR. PARNELL. Mr. Parnell has been agitating himself by holding a series of meetings in Ireland to protest against his deposition, and he has published a manifesto addressed to the Irish people of America. The Nationalists who have cast him off have now established the National Federation as a substitute for the National League, which has now become the mere pocket league of Mr. Parnell, and what is of even more importance, they have secured an independent organ in the daily National Press -- a journal which has been started with the blessings of the Church and the God-speed of all the Irish representatives save the discredited remnant who follow Mr. Parnell. The death of the Member for North Sligo created an opportunity for testing the hold of the Parnell myth upon a town population in the North-West. The polling will have taken place before this sees the light, but at present the battle rages fiercely between Mr. Val Dillion, Mr. Parnell's nominee, and Mr. Ald. Collery, who has been nominated by a convention representing the non-Parnellite Nationalists. The conflict between the two factions has been very severe. The Parnellites resorted, as their nature is, to physical force arguments in the shape of stones and blackthorns. Nothing but the cold steel of Mr. Arthur Balfour's constabulary averted a bloody collision on Easter Sunday. If Sligo gives the same verdict as Kilkenny, Mr. Parnell's prestige will be destroyed outside Dublin. In the Irish capital the populace is now, as ever, in favour of the patriot who is most anti-English. EVEN IN "REBEL CORK." Mr. Parnell, goaded by the taunts of his opponents, who predicted that he would be defeated if there were an election even in "rebel Cork," his own chosen constituency, challenged his colleague, Mr. Maurice Healy, to put the matter to the test. Speaking on the 17th of March, he said, "I have always been willing from the first to submit myself to your judgment, and I say to-day to those gentlemen who talk so about driving me out of public life and out of Ireland, that I am willing to go to my constituents to-morrow, if my colleague in the representation of the City of Cork will do the same." Mr. Maurice Heally, M.P. for [*Captain W.G. Grice-Hutchinson, M.P. From photo by H.G. Duncan, Birmingham.*] THE PROGRESS OF THE WORLD. 331 Cork, at once wrote to Mr. Parnell offering to resign his seat for the city if Mr. Parnell would have to do the same, in order that their constituents might have an opportunity of pronouncing that judgement to which Mr. Parnell protested he was so eager to submit. Mr. Parnell delayed for several days replying to this appeal, and then descended to a shuffle. He proposed that Mr. Maurice Healy should resign his seat first and contest the city, and submit to another contest. He lodged his resignation the hands of Colonel Nolan, with instructions that it was not to be tendered until after Mr. Healy's resignation, and the subsequent election. Mr. Maurice Healy instantly replied, placing his resignation in the hands of Sir Thomas Esmonde, to be handed in concurrently with Mr. Parnell's. He then wrote to Mr. Parnell, telling him that "a trick of this kind imposes on nobody, and simply covers you with contempt." To this Mr. Parnell has made no reply. Meanwhile in Cork, Mr. Dalton, one of Mr. Parnell's friends, has nearly blinded Mr. Tim Healy, by striking him across the eyes heavily in the dark, driving the broken glass of his spectacles into his eyeball; and a Cork jury has refused to convict the prisoners charged with rioting at Tipperary Court-House. In three cases the jury acquitted the accused, thereby showing that they disbelieved the witnesses for the Crown, and in the two other cases they disagreed. The trial was notable f or the appearance of Mr. Morley in the witness-box, to give evidence against the police whom lie controlled five years ago. It narrowly escaped ending in a tragedy, for the Court- House caught fire while the judge was addressing the jury, and nothing but the calm self-possession of Mr. Justice Monroe averted a hideous catastrophe. He kept his place until the Court was cleared, although the flames were raging overboard, and only quitted the Bench a short time before a shower of molten lead streamed down into the Court. ASTON ELECTION. Mr. Gladstone addressed an enthusiastic meeting of Liberals at Hastings on March 17th, but instead of warning the Irish of the inevitable consequences of encouraging Mr. Parnell's rebellion against the majority of the representatives of the Irish constituencies, he formally passed upon Mr. Parnell the major excommunication. He explained that he has acted but as the reported of the general conviction of the best and soundest portion of the Liberal party, in asserting that the disclosures in the Divorce Court, which were of a complex and not a simple character, made Mr. Parnell impossible as constitutional leader of Ireland. Mr. Gladstone said: That is a final fact in the case. We are ready to face defeat, exclusion, political misfortune, but to create a constitutional leadership in Ireland under guidance such as I have referred to, the Liberal Party are not prepared, and no consideration will make them assent to it. (Here may I note, by the way, a correction by Mr. Schnadhorst of a statement, made by me on authority only second to his own, as to the telegrams from candidates refusing to stand if Mr. Parnell were not deposed. His authority is, however paramount, and I accept the correction.) Mr. Balfour has been winning golden opinions by the way in which he has coped with the problem of the relief of distress in Ireland. His explanation on March 12th, of the measures taken to secure that relief work should relieve the starving and benefit the district instead of demoralising the community was instinct with administrative capacity of a high order. Add to this the terrible vivid object-lesson of the glittering line of bayonets, which alone kept the Parnellites on Easter Sunday from the throats of their hated rivals in the country roads of Sligo, and it is not difficult to see many reasons for discouragement on the part of the English Liberals. Nothing, however, had prepared them for the crushing defeat which overwhelmed them at Aston. There was a Liberal majority of 1,153 in Aston in 1885, and in 1886 the Unionist majority was only 782. Imagine, then, the dismay of the Liberals when Captain Hutchison polled 5,310 votes, as against 2,333 recorded for Mr. Phipson Beale. This has been the heaviest blow which any English constituency has yet delivered against the policy of Home Rule. Unless Mr. Parnell abandons his policy of revolt, Aston will not stand alone. OUR AMERICAN EDITION. I am glad to be able to announce that at last our bonâ fide American edition, re-edited and Americanized, smartened up with American illustrations and American editorials, has made its appearance. Henceforth our circulation in America will be independent of the rest of the circulation in the British Empire, a circulation which I am glad to say stands now higher than it has ever been since the REVIEW was started. We have now four times the maximum circulation which was anticipated when the review was projected. The sale of the REVIEW has continually increased from the first number, and we have had to reprint the back numbers in order to supply later subscribers with complete sets from the first. We have now all the numbers in stock, but new subscribers had better procure the bound volumes, which can be had from the publisher. I have to apologise for the delay in bringing out the second edition of "Portraits and Autographs," but the foggy weather which has prevailed for so long rendered it impossible to produce the Woodbury Type frontispiece with the rapidity that was desired. I hope, however, to issue both the "Album" and the "Index" this month.DIARY FOR MARCH. Events of the Month. Mar. 2. Decree issued by French Government to suppress betting on racecourses. National Australian Federation Convention opened at Sydney, Sir Henry Parkes, President. 3. Horse Show opens at the Agricultural Hall. Testimonial presented to Mr. W. Galbey for services in horse-breeding. United States Congress passes Copyright Bill. 4. Associated Chambers of Commerce pass resolutions in favour of the Zone system for railway passenger traffic and of the establishment of Boards of Concillation by Chambers of Commerce. 5. Visit of the Queen to the Horse show. Last meeting of Associated Chambers of Commerce. Resolutions passed in favour of uniform penny postage throughout the British Empire. Defeat of Chillian Government Troops at Iquique. Result of Canadian Elections gives Sir J. Macdonald's Government majority of twenty-five. 7. Federation Convention in Sydney approves of Sir H. Parkes's resolution as a basis for federation, that the Federal Supreme Court should have as late power in Australia, and that Free Trade be established between the Federated Colonies. 9. Abduction of Mrs. Jackson by her husband. 10. Great storms. Trains snowbound in the West of England. Select committees of Inquiry into the Hours of Labour by Railway Servants commences sitting, with sir M. Hicks Bench as President. Irish National Federation (An'l Parnellit) inaugurated in Dublin. 11. Anglo French Agreement for settlement of Newfoundland Fisheries question by arbitration signed. 12. Financial Panic in Paris. Run on the Société des Dépôts. Advance by the Bank of France of 60,000,000 francs. 13. Mr. Parnell's manifesto to the people of America. 14. Deputation from Alsace-Loraine to the German Emperor to ask for mitigation of the passport regulations. Lynching of eleven Italians acquitted of the murder of the Chief of Police at New Orleans. Debate in the Federation Convention closes. Convention resolves itself into a Committee to consider Sir Henry Parke's resolutions. Great fire at Syracuse, New York State. 15. Mr. Justice Cave and Mr. Justice Jeune refuse writ of habeas corpus to compel Mr. Jackson to produce his wife in court. 17. New Telephone Line between London and Paris opened. Sinking of the Utopia off Gibraltar. 562 lives lost. 18. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council reverses decision of the Supreme Court of Victoria that the Colonial authorities have not power to limit Chinese immigration on the ground that more immigrants were brought than authorized by the Colonial Statues. 19. Jackson Abduction Cast in Court of Appeal before the Lord Chancellor, the Master of the Rolls, and Lord Justice Fry. Order made for the liberation of Mrs. Jackson. House of Commons Standing Committee on Trade begins consideration of two Factories and Workshops Bills of Sir H. James and the Home Secretary. 20. Funeral of Prince Napoleon at Turin. 21. Forty-eighth Oxford and Cambridge Boat-race. Oxford wins by half a length. The Queen leaves England for Grasse. 24. Empress Frederick opens new wing of Bedford (Women's) College, Baker Street. Trials of Tipperary Rioters at Cork Assizes commences. Deputation of gentlemen interested in Newfoundland to Mr. W.H. Smith. 25. Arrival of the Queen at Grasse. 25. Conclusion of the Inquiry into the loss of the Utopia. Captain discharged. Examination of Mr. Morley at the Tipperary Rioters' trial at Cork. 26. Deputation of five members appointed to come to London to state the views of the Newfoundland Government. 27. Metropolitan Cabdrivers' Trade Union Meeting in Hyde Park. 28. Easter Monday Volunteer Manœuvres at Brighton. 30. New received of the Massacre of British Ghoorka troops in [Asram ?]. French Surgical Congress meets. UTTERANCES, NOTABLE AND OTHERWISE. March 2. The Pope on the position of the Church, and its progress in England. 4. Mr. Parnell, at Clerkenwell, promising the support of his party to the working classes on labour questions. 6. M. Herbette, French Ambassador to Berlin, to an interviewer on the strained relations between France and Germany. Lord Huntly's inaugural address as Lord Rector of Aberdeen University, "The Prospective Development of Modern Socialism." 7. The Bishop of Durham, to the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching, on "Ideals of University Teaching." 9. Sir C. Dilke at Cinderford, in response to the invitation to him to become Liberal candidate for the Forest of Dean. 10. Mr. J. McCarthy, Mr. Sexton, and Mr. Davitt at the Irish National Federation Meeting. 11. Lord Carrington at Walbrook, on Federation. Sir M. Hicks Beach at Cirencester, on Labour questions. 13. Sir C. Russell, M.P., at Marylebone, against the Land Purchases Scheme of the Government. 14. Mr. Gladstone at Eton, on Homer. Mr. Parnell at Galway. 17. Mr. Gladstone at Hastings, on the Fictitious Surpluses of the Government. Mr. Chamberlain at Aston Manor, on Social Reforms. 21. Sir J. Lubbock on the proposed issue of one-pound notes. PARLIAMENTARY RECORD. HOUSE OF LORDS. Mar. 2. Bill to empower the London County Council to make by-laws requiring that furnaces consume their own smoke read a second time. 6. Earl of Wemyss calls attention to the recent strike in Scotland. 12. Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf) Bill read a third time and passed. 16. Lord Salisbury, in answer to Lord Kimberly, states that if the ship Countess of Caraderm, seized by the Portuguese on the Limpopo, was landing arms belonging to Portugal, the seizure would be justifiable, otherwise the arrest would not be justified. 17. Nomination of five members to sit on the Railway Rates Committed. Tithe Bill read a third time and passed. Seed Potatoes (Ireland) Bill read a third time. Technical Instruction Bill passed through Committee. 19. Bill to receive the Act of George III, empowering the Crown to enforce Treaties with Foreign Powers with respect to fishing rights introduced by Lord Kuntsford and read a first time. 20. Technical Instruction Bill read a third time and passed. 21. The Prime Minister replying to Lord Kimberly states that Government would be glad to consider representative from Newfoundland as to the Enforcement of Fishery Treaties Bill. HOUSE OF COMMONS. Mar. 2. Nomination of Sir. A. [Rellit ?] and Mr. Packard to the Select Committee on the House of Labour of Railway Servants. Discussion on Sir J. Colomb's motion for a Return showing what proportion our naval expenditure bore to our sea-borne commerce, and the proportion of expenditure borne by our leading Colonies to the value of their sea-borne commerce. Motion negatived without division, Lord G. Hamilton expressing the willingness of the Government to grant the Return in another form. Committee of Supply on Navy Estimates. Vote agreed to. 3. Debate on Mr. Stansfeld's Motion for the abolition of the plural vote. Speeches by Mr. Gladstone, Mr.Chamberlain, and others. Motion defeated by 291 to 189. 4. Bill to amend the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act of 1881 read a second time after a division, 159 to 141. Metropolitan Water Companies Charges Bill and Metropolis Water Supply Bill read second time and returned to the Select Committee. 5. Motion by Mr. Storey for an adjournment to discuss the conduct of the police at Silksworth evictions rejected by 203 to 121 Committee of Supply on Army Vote. 6. Ten Railway Bills read a second time, and referred to a Joint Committee of Lords and Commons. 9. In answer to Mr. J. Morley, Sir J. Fergusson states that a Proclamation had been issued by the Military Commander at Suakin, stating that the Egyptian Government has resumed authority in the Tokar district, calling on the tribes to repel the Dervishes, and granting amnesty to all except some notorious slave-dealers. Committee of Supply on Supplementary Naval Estimates. Debate on the Vote for Naval services. Sir W. Harcourt accused the Government of having deliberately withdrawn from the control of Parliament and the country the naval defence expenditure by placing it on the consolidated Fund. Vote agreed to without division. 10. Debate on Mr. H. Vincent's Motion for the encouragement of Friendly Societies by the State. 11. Small Holdings Bill read a second time after speeches by Mr. Chaplin, Sir W. Harcourt, and Mr. Chamberlain. 12. Committee on Supply. Debate on Vote for £55,831 for relief of distress in Ireland. After speeches by Mr. Balfour and Mr. Morley, Vote agreed to. 13. Sir J. Fergusson states that negotiations with Lisbon would shortly begin for the renewal of the Treaties with Portugal on suitable terms regarding the Indian Possessions of the two countries. Motion by Mr. J. Stuart that freeholders and owners of ground values in the Metropolis ought to contribute directly a substantial share of local taxation defeated, after speeches by Sir H. James and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, by 149 to 123. 16. Mr. W.H. Smith states that the Government had come to the conclusion that it would not be advisable to appoint women on the Royal Labour Commission. Committee of Supply on Civil Service Estimates. On Mr. Labouchere's motion for reduction of vote for Civil Service Charges, Sir J. Fergusson states that no advance beyond Tokar was contemplated, and in answer to Mr. Conybeare declined to state the progress of negotiations with Portugal. Proposed reduction negatived without division, and Vote agreed to. 17. (Morning Sitting) Sir J. Fergusson states that the Government of Newfoundland had been asked to nominate a delegate to represent the Colony on the Board of Arbitration with France. (Evening) Motion by Mr. Pickersgill for a Select Committed to inquire into the growing prevalence of betting and gambling negatived, after speech by the Home Secretary, by 70 to 47. 18. Motion for the second reading of the Local Option Bill (Wales), carried after speeches by Mr. Matthews and Mr. Morley by 185 to 179, and Bill read a second time. Debate on the second reading of the Mines Eight Hours Bill. 333 19. Chancellor of the Exchequer announces acceptance of the private offer of £80,000 to build a National Portrait Gallery at South Kensington. Debate on the Lords' Amendments to the Tithes Bill. 20. (Morning) Telegram read. Resolution of Newfoundland Legislature praying House of Commons to delay Imperial legislation to enforce Fishery Treaties until legislature of the colony would present their views. Sir J. Fergusson states that the draft of Bill introduced into the House of Lords is not yet communicated to the Government of Newfoundland. Lords' Amendments to Tithe Bill agreed to by 174 to 117. (Evening) Motion for the Sunday opening of National Galleries and Museums rejected by 116 to 39. 23. Committee of Supply on Civil Service Estimates. 26. Royal Assent given to the Tithe Bill, Seed Potatoes (Ireland) Bill, Army Annual Bill, Bill relating to custody of children and technical instructions. BY-ELECTION. Aston Manor: Polling. March 20. Captain Grice Hutchinson. (C) ...................................... 5,310 Mr. Phipson Beale (L.) ..... 2,332 Majority ............................... 2,978 OBITUARY. Feb. 25. Sir W. Kirby Green, British Minister to Morocco. 21. Charles Lee Lewis. 18. George Kynoch, Conservative Member for Aston Manor, 57. March 1. Jules de Swert, violon-cellist, and director of the Ostend Conservatoire, 48/ 2. Armand Béhle, leader of the Imperialist Party, 82. 3. Lieut.-Gen. Sir Richard Barter, 62. Leonard W. Jerome, 74. 4. John Walsh, Fenian. 5. Col. J.C.W. Ferguson. 8. Dr. Franz Miklositch, philologist, 74. 10. Thomas Graham Murry, Writer to the Signet, etc. 11. Col. Richard Hippisley Bingham, 85. Rev. R.H. Quick, educationist and author of "Essays on Educational Reformers," 50. C.A. Middleton, leader of the Junior Bar in the Divorce and Probate Court. 12. Alderman Peter M'Donald, M.P. for North Sligo, 54. 12. John Dick Peddle, formerly M.P. for Kilmarnock, 67. Théodore de Banville, French poet of the Romantic School, 68. 13. Henry Pratt, astronomer, 53. 14. Canon Wasse, British chaplain at Rome. Dr. Ludwig Wind horst, leader of the Ultramontanes in the German Reichstag, and "King of the Reichstag," 80. 15. Rev. John Hawirey, school-master. Sir Joseph W. Bazalgette, engineer to the Metropolitan Board of Works, 72. Gen. Mutkuroff, formerly Minister of War for Bulgaria. 16. Dowager Countess of Ranfurly, widow of the Third Earl of Ranfurly. Princess Marianne Bonaparte, Custodian of the House at Ajaccio where Napoleon was born, 79. Edward, Count Gallas, of Bohemia, member of the Upper House of the Austrian Diet, who distinguished himself in the Italian War of 1848 at the Battle of Solferino, and during the Prussian War of 1866, aged 86. Gen. Campenon, French War Minister, Nov. 14th, 1881, to Jan. 26th, 1882; Oct. 9th, 1883, to Jan. 3rd, 1885; and from April 6th to Dec. 26th, 1885, aged 72. 17. Prince Jerome Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon I., 68. M. Frémy, formerly Governor of the Crédit Foncier. 18. Henry Heyes, baritone. 19. Judge Roxburgh, of the Ipswich County Court. 20. Captain John Rennaway Simcoe, R.N. Lawrence Barrett, Actor, 52. Mrs. Strutter, Head Nurse to the Russian Imperial Household since the birth of the present Tzar. 21. Gen. Johnston, the Confederate General, who opposed the late Gen. Sherman, and who surrendered to Sherman on the same terms as did Gen. Lee, aged 878. 22. Dr. Alexander Bennet M'Grigor, writer and prominent citizen of Glasgow, 64. 23. Mrs. Annie Charlotte (Lynch) Botta, writer of poems under the pseudonym of "Kate Lynch," 71. 24. Lord Alfred Seymour. 31. Earl Granville, 75. [*The Late Earl Granville.*] [*From a Photo by) (A.J. Melluch, Pall Mall, W.*] *[The Late Sir Joseph W. Bazalgette.*]334 RECENT AMERICAN LEGISLATION I. --THE WORK OF THE FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS. WITH the Fifty-first Congress opened the second century of legislation under the Constitution. The election of 1888 placed every department of the Government not then under Republican control in possession of that political party. For the first time in sixteen years the Executive department, the Senate and the House of Representatives, became politically harmonious. Two measures stand forth prominently amongst the vast number of those of general importance which came up for consideration in the last Congress. One was the McKinley Tariff Bill, which provided for the reduction of Government revenues-- both internal and from imports-- and the equalisation of duties on exports, and which further authorised the establishment of reciprocal trade relations with other countries. This Bill passed both Houses by a strictly party vote, and received the President's signature. The Fifty-first Congress disposed finally of a great part of the unfinished legislation which had come down to it by direct inheritance from previous Congresses. Among the most important of the old Bills upon which this body took final action were:-- The Copyright bill, which recognised the author's property in his own literary productions. This Bill was passed on the expiring day of the Fifty-first Congress. It extends the privilege of copyright protection to foreign authors upon the same terms as to American authors, with the proviso that all copyrighted books must be manufactured in the United States. The Postal Subsidy Bill, which provides that the Government shall contract only with American steamship companies for carrying the mails, and which fixes the price to be paid for this service, and the minimum rate of speed at which the mails must be carried. This Postal Subsidy Bill will call for appropriations reaching perhaps into the millions of dollars, and is expected at once to stimulate the construction and operation of American steamships, and the opening of several new lines. It was passed in lieu of a Bill which failed, after long discussion, and which was intended directly to subsidise construction of ocean steamships. The Land Grant Forfeiture Bill, which provides for the reversion to the public domain of all land grants made to railroads not then occupied by these companies for the purpose granted. The Bill to relieve the Supreme Court by creating an intermediate appellate tribunal for the sifting of cases. The Bill to raise the salaries of the United States District judges. And the Bill providing for the establishment of forest and park reservations in the State of California. In addition to the successful measures of legislation which have been already mentioned, the following Bills of varied nature and importance became laws in the last Congress : Two Dependent Pension Bills, placing on the pension roll all persons now permanently incapacitated for work, who served at least ninety days in the United States army and were honourably discharged. The last provision introduces an entirely new principle into the pension legislation of this country. The Anti-Lottery Bill, forbidding the use of the United States mails for the benefit of lottery enterprises--a blow at the Louisiana State Lottery Company. The Anti-Trust Bill, which had for its object the prevention of combinations in the form of trusts in restraint of of trade among the several States or with foreign countries. The Owen Bill, for the further regulation of immigration. This Bill takes the inspection of immigrants away from State control and places it with a Federal Inspection bureau to be created for that purpose. The Bill to apply part of the proceeds of the sales of public lands, and the receipts of certain land grant companies, to the support of agricultural and industrial colleges. The Contagious Diseases Bill for preventing the introduction of contagious diseases from one State into another. The Bill for the inspection of meat intended for the exportation, and making it unlawful to import into the United States and adulterated or unwholesome food, drug, or liquor. II.-- STATE LEGISLATION IN 1890. In ore than one-half of the States the legislatures meet only in odd years. Some twenty volumes, of varying bulk, contain the sum of the law-making in as many States for 1899. Twenty-eight millions of people were represented by the legislative bodies which did this work. THE FAMILY. Except for the North Dakota marriage-license law, the provisions of which are very stringent, there was little new legislation. Laws to compel support of families were passed in North Dakota, Ohio, and Vermont, with penalties for abandonment by husband. In New York married women are to have right of action for injuries to person, property, or character; the husband not to be liable for the wife's wrongful acts, not for injuries caused thereby. In Massachusetts, in libels for divorce on the ground of adultery, particeps criminis may appeal and contest the libel. In New Jersey divorces may be granted in the case of desertion for two years (formerly three). PUBLIC MORALS. North Dakota prohibits selling, giving, lending, or showing to minors any publication principally devoted to illustrating or describing immoral deeds. The usual list of laws relating to the licensing and prohibition of the liquor traffic were enacted. In Mississippi it was thought necessary to prohibit treating to intoxicating liquors on church grounds. In Massachusetts, person under eighteen years of age may not be employed to serve liquors to be drunk on the premise, and in Maryland minors are to be punished for obtaining liquors by misrepresenting their ages. In a number of the States, the sale of tobacco in any form to minors under a certain age is forbidden. In Maryland, this age-limit is fifteen years, in North Dakota and Virginia sixteen, and in Kentucky and Utah eighteen. In New York, children "actually or apparently under sixteen years of age," are forbidden to smoke or use cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco in any form, in any public place. Utah also prohibits the sale of opium to minors. In a group of miscellaneous regulations which may properly be placed under this head, we note the New York law making it a misdemeanour to deliver a libellous statement for publication, the Maryland law prohibiting street musicians or vendors from having in their possession children under eight years of age, the Virginia law against loading or unloading ships' cargoes on Sunday, and the laws of Louisiana and Virginia against furnishing minors with pistols or knives to be carried as concealed weapons. EDUCATION. North Dakota, Washington, and Utah, each established an elaborate public school system. Kentucky lays a tax on her railroads for the benefit of her schools, while in Louisiana the proceeds of sales of unclaimed freight by common carriers is to be devoted to the same object. New compulsory education laws were passed in Massachusetts and Ohio, the former State maintaining truant schools in each county. New York exempts from taxation the buildings of associations which provide free night-schools, lecture courses,or libraries. In Iowa, New Jersey, and Ohio, the purchase-of-text-books is committed to the school boards. PUNISHMENT OF CRIME. In both Iowa and Louisiana, the principle of indeterminate sentences has won recognition on the statue books. Virginia permits minors charged with any crime, and certain other persons when arrested or convicted, to be remanded to the custody of the State Prison Association. POLITICAL REGULATIONS. New election laws were passed in Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, and Washington. Each of these introduced the "Australian ballot" in essential features. LABOUR AND CAPITAL. In almost every part of the country laws were passed for the protection of wage-earners. Of special importance was the New York weekly payment law, which applies to all corporations except railroad companies. Maryland prohibits railroad companies from keeping back from employés any part of their wages for relief or insurance purposes. Ohio forbids contracts by which railroad employés surrender rights to damages. The same State limits the railroad working days to ten hours, and forbids employés being kept on duty more than twenty-four hours consecutively--assuredly not an unreasonable provision. Women and children may not be employed as factory operatives, in New York or Virginia, for more than ten hours in the day. Iowa and Ohio establish "Labour Day" as an annual holiday. In Massachusetts, manufacturers are to report all accidents to employés to the proper authorities. Vigorous "anti-trust" laws were passed in Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Dakota. All restraint of trade is declared illegal. By the Louisiana statute, persons "monopolising, or attempting to monopolise, any part of trade or commerce," are deemed guilty of a misdemeanour. PUBLIC FINANCE. North Dakota and Utah, following the example of other Western commonwealths, offer bounties for the encouragement of manufactures of native products. Beetroot, sugar, potato starch, binding-twine, and iron were placed on the subsidy list. Utah exempts from taxation property used in making Portland cement. Maryland and Vermont provide for State taxation of corporations. North Dakota and Washington have constructed elaborate systems of local taxation. The assessment and taxation of bank stock is a knotty problem in several States. Ohio now requires that it be assessed to the banks themselves, and not to individual shareholders. Railroad taxation receives special attention in North Dakota, Vermont, and Washington. In each of these States a tax is levied on the gross earnings of the roads accruing from business done in the State. MISCELLANEOUS. Space does not permit the notice of the numerous details of railroad legislation. Iowa requires joint freight rates to be established, with the same accommodations to local as to inter-state traffic. Louisiana fixes a maximum passenger tariff. Kentucky and Washington, partly following the lines of Federal regulation, prohibit discrimination in freight and passenger rates. The "warehouse acts" of North Dakota contain probably the most complete system yet devised for the public management of grain-handling. The counties of that State are authorised to issue bonds to procure seed-grain for needy farmers, thereby acquiring liens on the crops. __ HOW TO PREVENT BREACH OF PROMISE CASES MR. W. A. SLOAN, in the Ladder, throws out a hint to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and at the time proposes to give greater protection and security, both to men and women, in matrimonial engagements. His scheme is simply this: No promise of marriage shall be binding unless written on stamped paper; and alone with every promise a penalty shall be fixed upon, and entered in the same document, which is to be signed by the party promising, and attested by two independent witnesses not related in any way to the party in whose favour the deed is drawn up. Of course, the promise might be filled up by either a man or a woman, but one thing Mr. Sloan is sure of--both parties would think twice before signing such a document, and make themselves sure that they meant marriage before doing so. The lowest stamp duty suggested is 2s. 6d. for a promise without a penalty or with any penalty up to and including £100; thereafter 2s. 6d. for every £100 or part of £100. Appended is a specimen stamped form:-- FORM DEED OF PROMISE OF MARRIAGE. I, Adam Gardner, residing at No. 1 Folly Gardens, Liverpool, on this the 25th day of February, 1891, do hereby promise, in the presence of Herbert Kane and Abel Lambie, to marry Eve Appleworth on or before the 31st day of December, 1891; and, failing to do so, I do further, of my own free will and in good faith, agree to pay a penalty of Two Hundred Pounds sterling (say £200) to the herein-mentioned Eve Appleworth, on the proof of such failure on my part. ADAM GARDNER. Witness--Herbert Kane, 10, Lord Street, Liverpool. Witness Abel Lambie, 13, Clayton Square, Liverpool.336 Private Morals and Public Life. The Protest Against Sir Charles Dilke.- Proposed Conference. The protest sent out last month against the attempt of Sir Charles Dilke to force himself into public life before fulfilling any of the pledges which he had given of vindicating his character, or of confessing his sin as publicly as he denied it, has been much more widespread than the protest against Mr. Parnell. The Archbishop of Canterbury abstained from signing the protest on the ground that his opinions were so well known that there was no necessity for him to restate them, it being, it would appear regarded as almost an insult to suppose that there could be any doubt as to the displeasure with which the Primate of the English Church regarded the attempt of a man lying under the shade of so foul an imputation attempting to take his place in the Legislature of England. Cardinal Manning, who also refrained from signing the protest, has made known unmistakably his opinion on the subject. His conviction is clear and unmistakable. Five years ago he held that the verdicts in the two trial necessitated the retirement of Sir Charles Dilke until those verdicts have been annulled, or Sir Charles Dilke has cleared his character publicly in the Courts, and the Cardinal's convictions remain unchanged. While the heads of the Anglican and Catholic churches thus abstained from signing the protest, for reasons which emphasise more strongly even than their signatures their agreement with the movement of which the protest is an expression, the protest itself has been signed by more than five thousand people, including many of the clergy, the leading representatives of the Nonconformist Churches, most of the women who have taken part in public life, and an immense number who have an intense repugnance of such a depravation of public life as would be involved in the unquestioned return of Sir Charles Dilke. Some of the Signatures. The Head Master of Harrow. The President of the Wesleyan Conference. The President of the Methodist New Connexion. The President of the United Free Methodists. Rev. Henry Allon, D.D. Rev. Newman Hall. Rev. A. M. Fairbairn, D.D. Mr. W. Bramwell Booth. Mrs. Josephine Butler. Miss Ellice Hopkins. Rev. Cannon Moore Ede. Rev. Thain Davidson, D.D. Ven. A.S. Aglen, Archdeacon of St. Andrews. Rev. John J. James, D.D., ex-President of Wesleyan Conference. Rev. Dr. Thomas. of Liverpool, ex-Chairman of the Congregational Union. The Rev. A. T. Wigner, ex-President of the Baptist Union. The Dean of Peterborough. The Chairman of the Congregational Union. The Chairman of the London Baptist Association The Moderator of the English Presbyterian Church. Rev. Principal Rainy, D.D. Rev. J.B. Paton, L.L.D. Mr. J. Benjamin Scott, City Chamberlain Mr. Percy W. Bunting. Mrs. Sheldon Amos. Lady Sandhurst. Rev. Canon Ellison, Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen. Rev. James Macgregor, D.D., one of H.M.'s Chaplains. Rev. J.F. Moulton. Mr. J.E. Symes, Principal University College, Nottingham. Mrs. S. Woolcott Browne. Rev. James Martineau, D.D. Rev. Canon Scott Holland. Rev. John Clifford, LL.D. Rev. Joseph Parker, D.D. Rev. Hugh Price Hughes. Mr. F.N. Charrington. Mr. J. Kennedy, Y.M.C.A. Mr. J.E.K. Studd, Polytechnic. Rev. F.B. Meyer. Rev. Anthony Holliday. Rev. T. Bowman Stephenson. Rev. Canon Boweres, Examining and Domestic Chaplain of Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. Rev. Jos. Wood, D.D., Principal Primitive Methodist College, Manchester. Rev. Dr. Edmond. Rev. Robert Whyte, D.D. Edinburgh. Rev. And. Thompson, D.D. Edinburgh. The Moderator of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists. The Rev. Dr. Dale, of Birmingham, the Rev. Guinness Rogers, and Mr. Berry, of Wolverhampton, who have not signed the protest, have written expressing their desire that Sir Charles Dilke should not return to public life until he has cleared his character. No such emphatic expression of opinion was forthcoming in the case of Mr. Parnell, although Mr. Gladstone, as he has told us, recognised the adverse judgment as expressing the unalterable convictions of the best part of the nation. In the highest places in the Liberal party there can only be one opinion as to the conduct of those who are aiding and abetting Sir Charles Dilke in his attempt to resume his position in the House of Commons, although it is contrary to the etiquette of political parties for the leaders to express any opinion as to the choice of a constituency. What is wanted is something like a General Council of representatives of all Christian Churches for the purpose of considering one of the gravest of all the moral questions which confront the citizens of a modern democracy. The outburst of moral indignation which led to the deposition of Mr. Parnell, and has carried the protest against the return of Sir Charles Dilke to Parliament before he has confessed his sin or cleared his character, has left behind it on the national conscience an uneasy feeling that it is time something was done to formulate more explicitly for the guidance of the electors on what principles they should be guided when they are confronted by the candidatures of men of evil life. There is, of course, no authority capable of laying down authoritatively what should be done. Each elector is the independent and ultimate judge -- responsible to God for his vote. But because in free and Protestant countries no ecclesiastical or secular authority exists qualified or authorised to bind the consciences of citizens by its dicta, that is no reason why the leaders of the religious societies in which the religious life of the country finds expression should not afford the individual citizen the benefit of their collective wisdom on this point of the Relation of Private Morals to Public Life. We shall all be as free as we were before to take our own course, but it will at least be well for us to have written up before our eyes, in terms the simplest can understand, what, in the opinion of those who represent the christian Church in Britain, is the best, truest, and most Christian course to take in dealing with such cases. If the Churches of our land dare not even attempt to furnish such information to the citizen, they will go far to justify the taunt that if a man wants guidance in such matters he must go to Rome before he can find it. Unfortunately, at Rome he finds not only a guide but a master. This is not a matter for the "Nonconformists conscience" alone. It is one which concerns all religious men. What is wanted is an expression of the moral sense of the nation on a question which goes deep down to the roots both of politics and morals. 337 CURRENT HISTORY IN CARICATURE. Selections From the Comic Press of the World. Few features of the Review have been so widely approved as the selections from the comic papers of the world. The caricaturist, with his pencil, hits off the popular ideas of man and events often with much greater facility and point than is possible to the poor slaves of the pen, who, after writing many pages, fail to produce anything like the effect of a clear-cut impression that is left by a single cartoon from the hand of a master. The Americans have an immense advantage over us in the use they make of colour. No one knows how much the colour adds to the effect until he tries to reproduce them in black and white. Very often the spirit evaporates with the pigments. This month I have devoted more space to caricature than heretofore. A very effective American cartoon will be found in the "Progress of the World," illustrative of the joy among American authors on account of the passing of the Copyright Act. The cruel caricatures of the Sydney Bulletin are laid under contribution for the Character Sketch of Sir Henry Parkes. One of my helpers in Canada supplied me with the rough and ready placard illustrative of the tariff issue, at the General Election, which she assures me was the most effective of all the weapons used by Sir John Macdonald in the electoral campaign. French caricature is much more audacious than that of England and American, of which we have a typical example in the cartoon on this page. Prince Napoleon, whose defiant atheism was the scandal of all good Catholics, died after receiving extreme unction and was accorded religious burial. The artist of the Grelot has not hesitated to make the scene at the death-bed the subject of his sarcastic pencil. Cardinal Mermillod, who had to be satisfied before the sacraments were administered, is represented as struggling with the author of all evil for the soul of the late Prince, which, in allusion to the famous sausage dinner on Good Friday, is represented in the shape of a winged sausage. The artist leaves us in doubt as to which of the eager rivals will obtain possession of the coveted prize. What really happened about Prince Napoleon is as follows. It is not true that the Prince made his peace with the Church. Notwithstanding all the prayers of Cardinal Mermillod, who was constant in his attendance on the dying man, the Prince obstinately refused to abjure his atheism, or to forgive his son. He cherished his vindictiveness towards the latter until the last moment of apparent consciousness. When the Prince became insensible the Pope sanctioned the administrator of Extreme Unction, the charitable doctrine of the Catholic Church being that it was possible a work of grace might have been wrought in the heart of the inarticulate and dying man. Extreme Unction was, therefore, administered, and the Prince received burial with the rites of the Church. Under these circumstances, however, the chances of the sausage-soul in the caricature must remain in doubt. The other French caricatures relate to the increased severity of the passport regulations in Alsace-Lorraine, and the refusal of the French artists to exhibit in Berlin. The latter subject is also treated from a German point of view. One of the most striking caricatures of the month is that which reaches us from Rome, which represents the statesmen of Europe as pigmies crawling over the massive limbs of the fallen Colossus. The American cartoons illustrate the transatlantic conception of the foreign policy of Mr. Blaine, and the dispute with England over the Behring's Straits question. The English cartoons deal with the worship of King Labour and the candidature of Sir Charles Dilke for the Forest of Dean. As to the remark made by one of the caricaturists about my pamphlet making money, I may state that the distribution of the pamphlet has been free. [*From Le Grelot) (March 22, 1891.*] [*The Cardinal's Struggle for the Soul of Napoleon.*]338 From Uk.] [March 6th 1891 GERMAN ART CIDING HER FRENCH SISTER From St. Stephen's Review.] [March 14th 1891 SET FAIR From L Greist.] THE EMPEROR'S REVENGE. [From Le Silhouette. FRANCE AND GERMANY. 339 From Judge.] [March 7, 1861. BLAINE'S GRANDEST ACHIEVEMENT: THE COMMERCIAL UNITY OF THE AMERICAS. From Puck.] [March 4 1891. THE HIGH PRIEST OF PROTECTION BUILDING A PEDESTAL FOR HIS OWN STATUE From Judge.] [Jan 24, 1891. BLAINE THE BRITISH LION, AND THE BEHRING SEA. Blaine: "You may Roar, but you must Dance." From Puck.] [Jan. 21, 1891. AN EXCHANGE OF OLIVE BRANCHES.340 From Funny Tolls.) (March 14, 1891. COURTIERS AT THE COURT OF GIANT KING LABOUR From Il Papayllis) (March 7, 1891 THE FALLEN COLOSSU 341 March 21, 1891.) ARIEL, OR THE LONDON PUCK. [???] STEAD CONTRA DILKE. The Edge of the [?????] [?????] You Bad Little Boys. If You Don't Climb Down in Two Minutes, Twenty-three and a Quarter Seconds, I'll Publish a Pamphlet About You and Make a Lot of Money. From the Dwarf) IN THE FOREST OF DEAN (March 14th, 1891. MOONSHINE- Mar 7, 1891 THE TWO CHARLIES: OR, ONE UP AND T'OTHER DOWN. "No Sooner Was the Ole Man Broken with [???] Than [???] [???] [???] for the [???] [B???]"342 CHARACTER SKETCHES: APRIL. THREE EMPIRE BUILDERS- SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD, SIR HENRY PARKES, AND THE HON. CECIL J. RHODES. THE makers of history within the British Empire during the last six weeks have all been natives of Greater Britain. At home things have been comparatively quiet. Such movement as there has been is a movement initiated outside the islands and capital of our race. The Men of the Month are all Colonials, and each by himself might well occupy the whole of the space which this month must be shared between the three, for each of these statesmen, empire-builders, and constitution-makers is a personality well worthy attentive study. They are the characteristic products of the Victorian age--characteristic both for their defects and their virtues, and notable quite as much for their contrast to our home-bred politician as for their essential fidelity to the English type, or perhaps, as one of the three is a North Briton, it would be more correct to say the British type. Compared with the issues which these men are handling, how petty seem many of the parochial controversies of the great Vestry at Westminster! While Mr. Raikes is creating a small social earthquake by his suppression of the Boy Messengers, Sir Henry Parkes is federating Australasia, Sir John Macdonald has been doing battle for the Empire as against the Republic, and Mr. Rhodes is annexing half a continent. The spectacle is so suggestive that I cannot resent the temptation of passing in review, very briefly and in such a manner as to justify, if not to necessitate, the publication of a more complete study hereafter, the three great Colonial Prime Ministers who have been making history in the three great divisions of the British Empire. I.- SIR JOHN ALEXANDER MACDONALD, G.C.B., etc., PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA. SIR JOHN MACDONALD has the reputation of being, and is, without question, the most popular man in the Dominion, and may also be fairly described as the foremost statesman in our colonial Empire. Even his political opponents in the Dominion, who, as a rule, have as great a regard for him, apart from his politics, which they profess not to like, as his supporters, will admit the first proposition, and his lengthened experience and achievements entitle him to the second designation. There are not a few of his admirers who go so far as to say that he has not a compeer in the Mother of Parliaments of to-day, and shake their heads wisely when any difficulty arises, either in home or foreign, and especially in colonial affairs, and exclaim, not always to themselves, "They want a man like John A. there." A SCOTCHMAN CAUGHT YOUNG. Although born in Scotland, Sir John was caught young, like many other Scotchmen who have made their mark in the colonies, having accompanied his parents to Canada seventy years ago, when six years of age. His training and general up-bringing have, therefore, been entirely colonial. Without having had the advantage of a university career, his education is said to have been pretty thorough. In any case he is one of the best read and cultured men in the Dominion, and a good classical scholar. He is an omnivorous reader, with an appetite for literature, of all kinds, as voracious as his memory is keen and retentive; and it is one of the pleasures of the librarian of the splendid Parliamentary Library at Ottawa to look after his wants in that direction. The future Premier was intended to follow the legal profession; he was called to the Bar of Upper Canada in 1836, on attaining his majority, and practised for eight years, during which period he showed much promise, and assumed a leading position in the profession. It is a curious coincidence that he and Mr. Oliver Mowatt, the "little Premier," as he is called, the head of the Provincial Government of Ontario, a strong political opponent but a warm friend, were brought up in the same law office at Kingston. Sir John entered Parliament in 1844, was made a member of the Government two or three years later, and has since then been identified with the history and progress of his adopted country. "JOHN A. THE CHIEFTAIN." Any complete account of the life and work of Sir John Macdonald would necessarily be a dissertation on the political affairs of Canada for the last forty-seven years. To thoroughly understand the man, it is necessary to know the two sides of his character, the personal and the political, either of which will from some points of view command admiration, although differences of opinion might result from a critical examination of his political sayings and doings. It is only necessary to meet Sir John to feel that one is in the presence of a man of more than ordinary ability, and with a power of magnetism which largely explains his universal popularity. Hitherto most of the statesmen at Ottawa have been popularly considered to be identified, with SIR JOHN ALEXANDER MACDONALD, G.C.B. 343 their own particular provinces especially; this is perhaps owing to the system of government which has prevailed, rather than to any fault of the men, or it may be attributable to the comparative youth of the confederation, and the next generation may see a different order of things. But be this as it may, Sir John is an exception to most of his colleagues in this respect, and belongs to the Dominion. Go wherever you will you hear him spoken of as "John A.," the "Chieftain," or some other appellation, which shows that if he does not always impress Canadians with a sense of his dignity he does somehow inspire feelings of a warmer nature. "OLD TO-MORROW." Even his opponents do not call him anything worse than "Old To-morrow," which is expressive and not impolite. Then, again, he is the most approachable of men; he always has a kind word, or a good story ready, which in many an instance has led a man who has gone in with a grievance to come out, if not exactly with a smile, at any rate in a better frame of mind than that in which he entered. On rare occasions, when he looks in at the Rideau Club, or at a luncheon or dinner party at Earnscliffe-for he is hospitable and generous to a degree-he is at once the centre of attraction, his reminiscences and anecdotes, his repartee and wit, when in the mood, making him a most charming companion. Those who know him will remember the smacking of the lips, the jerky movement of the head when something good is about to be said; and he enjoys keenly any encounter of an intellectual nature. Stories innumerable are told of Sir John, but like many of those attributed to Abe Lincoln, it is very probable that not all of them are true. If, however, there are two qualities above others in which he shines, it is his tact, and his knowledge of men. When it is borne in mind how heterogeneous are the people of the Dominion, and how varied are their interests, it will be seen at once how clever a tactician he must be to have retained the control of public affairs for so many years. In recent years there have been several occasions on which people prophesied that Sir John must come to grief; not the least among them being the loan to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company; the Riel agitation; the Jesuits Estates Act; and the issues involved in the elections which are just over. But, in all these instances, he managed to conciliate the conflicting elements, and so far from his party being weakened, it is as strong now as ever. It is not very surprising considering the shrewdness, which is one of Sir John's principal characteristics, that he should pay particular regard to the rising generation. He is always kind and sympathetic to young men, never loses an opportunity of encouraging talent; and, what is more to the point, contrives to let them see that in spirit he is as young as any of them, and that advancing years have not in any way decreased his capacity for enjoyment. HIS CAPACITY FOR WORK. But it will not do, considering the limits of space, to dwell too long on the lighter side of the character of the Canadian Premier. Although he has known how to enjoy the good things of this world, any work in which he may have been engaged has never suffered in consequence. One hears many stories of the way in which Sir John in his younger days would get through any amount of business, and even now it would astonish most people to know how numerous are the letters he writes in his own hand-in which respect he somewhat344 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. resembles Mr. Gladstone. The number of people who see Sir John daily, both at his house and in the Government buildings, in the course of the session, is enormous, and the wonder is that he has the time or the strength to devote to the other duties he is obliged to perform. It is said of him that, sometimes when bothered about the decision of some matter upon which he is to be interviewed, he will keep his visitors waiting in one room while he in another indulges in a solitary game of patience with a pack of cards, which seems to soothe and to rest him. He possesses the remarkable faculty of being able to throw the cares of office off his mind at any time ; and no matter how momentous the issues may be that are disturbing the country, they never interfere with the night's rest of the Premier. It is to this faculty probably that Sir John owes the health and strength which he has enjoyed, notwithstanding the active and busy life he had led. THE GREAT CONFEDERATOR. The political experience of Sir John Macdonald has been unique and extensive. Even in the days before confederation, when Canada consisted of what are known now as Ontario and Quebec, the position of a member of the Government was no sinecure. Each of the provinces had an equal number of members in Parliament, those from Ontario representing the English and Protestant interest, and those from Quebec the French-Canadian and Catholic interest ; and it is not surprising, therefore, that important subjects often arose concerning the two Provinces which were not only difficult to deal with, but often led to something very like dead-lock. The outcome of that state of things was, as everybody knows, the confederation. It was especially fortunate that the Maritime Provinces were, in the sixties, discussing union among themselves. This afforded an opportunity, eagerly seized upon by Sir John, of disposing of the difficulties between Upper and Lower Canada, and of arranging, at the same time, a basis for the union of all British North America, a grand conception, which had now been carried into effect, with the exception that Newfoundland still remains out in the cold. THE SUCCESS OF THE DOMINION. The confederation did not work so very smoothly at first, particularly in Nova Scotia. In that province, in the first election for the local legislature, after the British North America Act came into force, the opponents of the Union made a clean sweep of the constituencies, with one exception, the country represented by Sir Charles Tupper. But largely owing to the courage, determination, and ability of the present High Commissioner, and by Sir John Macdonald having secured the co-operation of the Hon. Joseph Howe, that state of affairs soon changed, and although the last two local Parliaments have contained a majority of Liberals, the Province both in 1887, and in the recent elections, returned sixteen supporters of Sir John Macdonald to Ottawa out of twenty-one members who represented it in the House of Commons. The Dominion is generally admitted to have proved itself a success in every way. The constitution defines, with considerable exactness, the respective powers of the Federal and Provincial authorities, and also provides a means for the settlement of any disputes to which the successful working of the Confederation may be largely attributed. The best evidence of that success was the subsequent adhesion of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia, and this is certain that Newfoundland must sooner or later become a part and parcel of the Dominion. AFTER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY. In order to appreciate the results of the labours of Sir John Macdonald and his colleagues--for he would be the first to give them their due share of credit--in the consolidation and development of the confederation, it is only necessary to look at Canada as she was then, and look at her now. Before 1867 British North America consisted of a group of isolated provinces with hostile tariffs against one another ; there was no communication except by water between the Maritime provinces and Quebec and Ontario ; Manitoba was unknown ; the country between Lake Huron and the Rocky Mountains was in the possession, and under the control, of the Hudson Bay Company, given up to the buffalo and other fur- bearing animals, and to the Indians and a few settlers on the banks of the Red River ; while the only communication with British Columbia was by way of the United States, and by steamer from San Francisco to Victoria. Now the various provinces are united by railroad, and there is interprovincial free trade from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; the country has witnessed an immense development in the last twenty-four years ; its trade has enormously increased ; the social condition of the people has much improved ; the prairies of Manitoba and the North-West Territories are accessible ; British Columbia is within three or four days of Ottawa by a railway passing entirely through British territory ; and lines of steamers are plying regularly between Canada and Great Britain (shortly to be supplemented by a new fast service), China and Japan, and the West Indies, and endeavors are being made to open up steamship and telegraphic connection with Australia. To the Conservative party, and to Sir John as its leader, most of these things are largely due, for in only five years out of the period which has elapsed since the establishment of the Dominion have his opponents enjoyed the sweets of office. "AN OLD PARLIAMENT HAND." If any one ever deserved to be called an "old Parliamentary hand" it is Sir John Macdonald, for the difficulties of his position have probably been greater than those in any statesman, either in this country or in any of the other colonies. The Dominion Parliament, and to a large extent, the Cabinet for the time being, is composed of representatives from each of the Provinces, whose first duty, according to their constituents, is to look after the welfare of their own part of the country, and to see that they get for their Province as much money out of the Dominion Treasury as can be managed, and that the political patronage is judiciously distributed. In addition to the different provincial interests to be conciliated, there are peculiar circumstances of Quebec and the French Canadians, and the power wielded by the Roman Catholic clergy to be considered, especially as the Orangemen form a powerful body in Ontario ; and it has also to be borne in mind that, under the Constitution, it may happen, as indeed is now the case in nearly all of the Provinces, that the local Government may consist of the party which are in opposition at Ottawa. A consideration of all these things, apart altogether from the relations, commercial and social, with the United States, which naturally require much watchfulness, will indicate the immense amount of shrewdness, tact, and knowledge of human nature which must necessarily be exercised by the Canadian Premier. 345 *Grip.]* THE GRAND OLD TACTICIAN. *[Jan/25th, 1800.* MISS CANADA : "Let me congratulate you, Sir John, on your seventy- fifth birthday. You must be weary of public life by this time, and anxious to give way to younger men." SIR JOHN : "Not a bit, my dear, I'm good for quite a lot of m'schief yet !" *Grip.]* GETTING INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE BOSS. *[April, 1880.* PROTECTED MONOPOLIST : "See here, this may suit the people's interests, but don't suit MINE. You'll leave it alone, see?" SIR JOHN : "As your contributions keep us in office, your will is our law." ONE OF THE CARTOONS THAT SAVED SIR JOHN AT THE RECENT ELECTIONS.346 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC. The Fountain and subsequent development of the Dominion would in itself suffice to form a monument of Sir John Macdonald's ability and prescience ; but while his name will be inseparably connected with the unification of the British North American Provinces, it will be associated also with the inception and carrying out of the great Transcontinental Railway, and with the initiation of the "National Policy." So much has, however, been written about these matters within the last few years, that it is hardly necessary to refer to them again on this occasion. Whatever form the closer union of the different parts of the Empire may eventually take, Canada may certainly claim to have led the way by showing that a confederation of Provinces thousands of miles apart is practicable and mutually advantageous. Sir John has been identified with the Imperial Federation League, and attended the conference held in November, 1884, at which it was formed. On that occasion he moved the appointment of a general committee to manage its affairs ; but he has never expressed any definite opinion as to how such a scheme can be carried out. HIS IMPERIALISM. There is no uncertainty about Sir John's opinions on that part of the matter; but as to what are to be the future relations of those colonies, when united, with the mother country, he has not, any more than the Imperial Federation League, made known his views as to details, although he is currently believed to have the conviction that any union must be gradual, commencing with a commercial confederation in some shape or form, and an alliance for purposes of offence and defence. The imperialism of Sir John Macdonald is as strong as that of Lord Beaconsfield, to whom he is popularly supposed to have some facial resemblance. So long as 1861, in the Canadian House of Commons, then sitting at Quebec, he made a speech, of which the following is a summary: "He hoped that for ages, for ever, Canada might remain united with the mother country. But they were fast ceasing to be a dependency, and assuming the position of an ally of Great Britain. England would be the centre, surrounded and sustained by an alliance, not only with Canada, but with Australia and all her other possessions, and there would thus be formed an immense confederation of intelligent men that ever had an existence on the face of the glove." THE KEYNOTE OF HIS CAREER. Those utterance might have been made in the course of the recent election campaign; and, indeed, in his recent manifesto he uttered sentiments of a similar character. Said he: "For a century and a half this country has grown and flourished under the protecting regis of the British Crown. The gallant race who first bore to our shores the blessings of civilisaton passed by an easy transit from France to English rule, and now form one of the most law-abiding portions of the community. These pioneers were speedily recruited by the advent of a loyal band of British subjects, who gave up everything that men most prized, and were content to begin life anew in the wilderness rather than forego allegiance to their Sovereign. To the descendants of these men, and of the multitude of Englishmen, Irishmen, and Scotchmen, who emigrated to Canada, that they might build up new homes without ceasing to be British subjects, to you Canadians I appeal, and I ask you what have you to gain by surrendering that which your fathers held most dear?" Then, after pointing out the advantages which Canada enjoyed under the broad folds of the Union Jack -- the freedom to manage their domestic concerns, the privilege of making their own treaties with foreign countries, and in their relations with the outside world enjoying the prestige inspired by a consciousness of the fact that behind Canada towers the majesty of England, he commended the issues that were before the electors to the judgment of the people, "with the unclouded confidence that you will proclaim to the world your resolve to show yourselves not unworthy of the proud distinction you enjoy of being numbered amongst the most dutiful and loyal subjects of our beloved Queen. As for myself, my course is clear, a British subject I was born, a British subject I will die." These last sentences have been the keynote of the political career of Sir John Macdonald, and there are few men who have done more to promote the strength and the unity of the Empire. THE OPPORTUNIST ON THE STUMP. Sir John is an opportunist, as are most great statesmen. He is never "the old man in a hurry," and it is his fashion of putting off things that are not in themselves urgent which has given him the nickname of "Old To-morrow," and has often enabled him to profit by the mistakes of others. When prompt action is, however, necessary or desirable, his opportunism is equally prompt and decisive, as his opponents found out in connection with the recent dissolution. As a speaker he is fluent and impressive, rather than eloquent, but he is a skilled debater, and has the faculty of grasping the weak points in an opponent's armour, and of turning them into ridicule, which is often more potent than any amount of argument. On the stump he is a tower of strength, and it was a great loss to his party that his health in the late elections did not permit of his speaking more frequently. His speeches on such occasions are mixtures of solid sense and humour, and he never fails to get on good terms with his audience. WHAT HE HAS STILL TO DO. There are, perhaps, two or three things which Sir John would like to see accomplished before his political life is over: one is the closer unity of the Empire; another the admission of Newfoundland into the confederation; and the third the settlement of the fishery controversies with the United States, and the arrangement of a satisfactory commercial treaty with that country. The first two questions have already been mentioned briefly, and the third is too well known to need very lengthened reference. Sir John time after time has made offers of a friendly nature which have been rejected, and even now there is a law in existence enabling the customs duties to be reduced or abolished when the United States are prepared to act with similar generosity; and in this connection it may be as well to mention that the Canadian duties are, and always have been, much lower than those of her neighbour. With his strong imperialism it is no wonder that Sir John thinks of Canada, and the mother country, before the United States, and it is pretty certain that he will not agree to any arrangement which will interfere with the development of Canada, and the working out of her destiny, or which will necessitate the discrimination against Great Britain. But, subject to these qualifications, an understanding of a wide and liberal nature is possible, and it is a source of gratification to see that something in that direction seems to be nearer consummation now than it has been for some years past. 347 II. -- SIR HENRY PARKES, G.C.M.G., PREMIER OF NEW SOUTH WALES. "The veteran statesman!" "The most prominent man in Australia!" "The Australian G.O.M.!" Such are amongst the designations currently applied to this voluble, combative, masterful, quick-tempered, much-abused and caricatured, yet entirely capable and experienced leader, to whose energetic initiative last year's Federation Conference in Melbourne and this year's Australasian Federation Convention in Sydney were due. In anything like modern times Sir Henry Parkes has always appeared as a vigorous man, with a profusion of white hair both on his head and face -- indeed, his hair and beard have specially lent themselves to the caricaturist -- of remarkable height -- he is well over six feet -- upright on his legs, active in his walk, robust, and in his own, opinion, certainly youthful, and with as great a capacity for hard work at an age well beyond the allotted span of human life as he possessed half a century ago. THE AUSTRALIAN "G.O.M." This is how he described himself at the age of seventy:-- Threescore and ten -- the weight of years Scarce seems to touch the tireless brain; How bright the future still appears! How dim the past of toil and pain! In that fair time when all was new, Who thought of threescore years and ten? * * * * What task of glorious toil for good, What service, what achievement high, May nerve the will, refine the blood, Who knows? ere strikes the hour to die ! The next decade of time and fate, The mighty changes manifold, The grander growth of Rule and State, Perchance these eyes may yet behold! But be it late, or be it soon, If, striving hard, we give our best, Why need we sigh for other boon? Our title will be good for rest. I shall have further occasion to refer to Henry Parkes's poetical efforts -- they were mostly given to the world in his youthful days -- and to his great literary ability; but the foregoing verses of his later years are, read in the light of current events, something prophetic; and it is to be hoped his eyes may clearly behold that "grander growth of Rule and State" which he thus foretells. HIS RECENT ACCIDENT. But to see Sir Henry Parkes at any time within the past nine months, to see him almost carried into the Legislative Assembly, as he had to be on the last Wednesday in August; or presiding over a Cabinet Council from his bed or from his couch at Hampton Villa, Balmain; or, still later, to see him "on four legs," as he humorously puts it, amongst his feathered pets, in the grounds surrounding his house, grounds sloping down to the waters of Johnston's Bay, and looking across to the busy Darling Harbour -- who would now think him the active, upright, and energetic man he was but twelve months back? On the 18th of May last Sir Henry and his young wife took a cab at the station, and were being driven rapidly through the city, when suddenly the horse shied violently and all three occupants of the vehicle were thrown out. Lady Parkes merely got a shaking, the cabman was a good deal hurt, but the Premier had both bones of one of his legs broken above the ankle. Having regard to the fact that Sir Henry was within ten days of his seventy-fifth birthday, and had always been used to an active life, the shock and the enforced confinement could not fail to have a serious effect upon his health and constitution. For days he suffered great pain, and a wound in the leg refused to heal for months afterwards. There were callers innumerable at Hampton Villa during this prolonged period of inaction, from Lord Carrington's daily inquiry down to the labourer on his way to work; and though this general sympathy was gratifying enough, there is no doubt that Sir Henry chafed and fretted considerably that the Session was standing still, and that the Federation resolutions, of which he had taken particular charge, were hung up until he could again pilot them through the House. He suffered more than one sharp relapse, and there were times when it was currently believed that his inherent strength would be exhausted. But at the end of July he was lifted into his carriage [*Sir Henry Parkes, G.C.M.G.*] 348 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS and took his first drive, and in August, in the beautiful days of the coming spring, he used to be placed in the verandah which surrounds Hampton Villa, and gradually his strength came back. Even now, however, his crutches are a necessity, though he gets about with their aid, and takes his old active share in shaping the events of the day; and less than a couple of months ago he, in attending a banquet at Ashfield, joked considerably over his crippled condition, though he referred to the coming time when he would be able once more to walk erect, as he prided himself he used to do, as something more than a probability. That he has still the faith strong within him that he will become a centenarian, and be active and a leader of men, if not of a whole continent until the end, is probable enough. FROM THE DAME'S SCHOOL AT KENILWORTH So long, so active, and so varied a life as that of Sir Henry Parkes has naturally a history attached to it which is well worth the recounting. Henry Parkes had none of the early advantages usually attaching to the politician in a European country. Born of poor parents, on May 27th, 1815, in the rural parish of Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, he was first sent to a dame's school at Kenilworth, and afterwards to Gloucester. But from the age of eleven he was entirely self-taught, and the interest which early in life he took in the questions of the day, were the result of his own unaided efforts and studies. He was handy at most things, but for the first three-and-twenty years of his life he found no outlet by which he could hope to rise. Hence, in 1839 he emigrated to Sydney and sought the struggle of life under new conditions, where labour counted for more than it did in the mother country. He obtained employment at Mr.Burdekin's hardware store, and afterwards at Messrs. Russel's foundry, but it was uphill work, and at the time we do not find him over-sanguine. Of his twenty-fifth birthday he wrote: - A quarter of a century is lost: All hath been built upon the sand to fall! I've dreamt away my life at mighty cost; Nor mine the dreams of happiness withal. Well. Time may have his laugh out! I would call Not ev'n the sunny moments back again; I know the vanity of hope. The same False light may lure me on from year to year Which led me from my childhood; till I came O'er half the world to be an outcast here. Hurled, worm-like, on the Antarctic hemisphere, Perchance to die cut off from man's esteem; Yet turn I to this hope the oftener For consolation, when they little deem I, with my present lot, am happier than I seem. TOY-MAKER AT SYDNEY Soon afterwards we find Henry Parkes, who was clever with the lathe, setting up for himself as a toy-maker, and there are those who still own and prize sets of chessmen made by the present Premier half a century ago. Then he took a shop in Hunter Street, Sydney, and became a dealer in toys; but throughout, his interest centred in the discussion of social and political questions, and he oftentimes occupied his spare time with literature and the composition of poetical effusions. In 1848 he first found more congenial work, and entered heartily into the election to the Legislative Council of the Hon. Robert Lowe (now Lord Sherbrooke), while at the same time he actively engaged in the agitation which resulted in the abolition of the transportation of English criminals to Australia. POET, POLITICIAN, AND NEWSPAPER MAN Thenceforward, Henry Parkes, through all his buffets with fortune, was a political power; and, founding the Empire newspaper at the close of 1850, he, through persistent financial difficulties succeeded in conducting that clever if unprofitable journal for a period of seven years. It was during this period that he was enabled to introduce Henry Kendall, the most distinguished poet of the colony, to public notice; and his aid to Charles Harpur also showed that he took a keen delight in versification by others than himself. He became a public speaker of a pronounced type, and as he strenuously advocated the establishment of responsible government in the colony, and the introduction of reforms and progressive measures, he was chosen to contest the representation of Sydney. In 1853 he was defeated, but in 1854 he was returned over Mr. Kemp by a majority of more than two to one. Those were stirring times in the colony, and in 1856, when responsible government was won, he was elected as one of the four representatives of Sydney for the newly-created Legislative Assembly. In the discussions over the Constitution of the colony, Mr. Wentworth's nominee principles met with Mr. Parke's entire condemnation; and after working effectively towards the passage of the Electoral Act, he was in 1858 returned for East Sydney at the head of the poll. More than once, however, mainly owning to financial troubles, he was compelled to retire from Parliament; and in 1861, when the Colony appointed two Immigration Commissioners to proceed to England with the object of impressing the public here with the advantages which the colony offered, he and Mr. Dalley were chosen to represent the views of the Cowper Ministry on the matter. They came, however, at a bad time. The American War had broken out, and the troubles of the time were heightened by a feeling fostered by men like Professor Goldwin Smith, who argued the advantage of recognising the entire independence of such of the Colonies as were able to govern themselves. Neither representative could impress his views upon the Palmerston Ministry, nor, failing them, upon the public generally, and Mr. Parkes occupied a part of his time in the contribution of letters on political and other questions to the columns of the Sydney Morning Herald. Admirable commentaries those letters were, but to attempt any extracts from them would occupy too much space. Suffice it to say that he would not tolerate the short-sightedness of England's sympathy with the slave-owning South, and he strongly urged upon New South Wales that, in the event of an Anglo-American war, she should not depend too extensively on the naval superiority of the mother country, but should look to her own defences. MINISTER OF THE CROWN Mr. Parkes returned to Sydney in 1863, and two years later -- on January 22nd, 1866 -- we find him for the first time a Minister of the Crown. On that day he became Colonial Secretary in' the Martin Ministry, and held office until September 17th, 1868, when he resigned, owing to differences with his colleagues. Even then he could not tolerate being thwarted. During that time he was mainly instrumental in passing the Public Schools Act. In 1870 he resigned his seat in the Assembly, but was elected for Mudgee in the following year, and, amid the political deadlock which followed the defeat of the Martin-Robertson Ministry, he was sent for by Sir Alfred Stephen, then Administrator, and formed his first Ministry. SIR HENRY PARKES, G.C.M.G. 349 Mr. Parkes held the Premiership until February, 1875, a long time for the life of a Ministry in those days; and though on various occasions he quarrelled with his colleagues, they got through a good deal of work. After his defeat by Mr. John Robertson, he was leader of the Opposition for some time; but, though he afterwards relinquished that position, as soon as he found the Robertson Ministry in difficulties he led the attack upon them, defeated them, and returned to office on March 22nd, 1877. This time, however, he only held his team together for five months, but in the interval he received the Knight Commandership of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. VICISSITUDES. The following year witnessed a Robertson and then a Farnell Ministry; but the close of 1878 found Sir Hercules Robinson sending again for Sir Henry Parkes, who formed a coalition with Sir John Robertson; and this time his Ministry lasted until January, 1883. But at the close of 1881, Sir Henry Parkes, being at that time, it was stated, in ill-health, was compelled to return home, and throughout 1882 Sir John Robertson was acting Colonial Secretary in his stead. During the first part of the great struggle over the Land Act which marked the Stuart Ministry, Sir Henry Parkes was absent from the colony, but he returned in 1884, and was elected for Tenterfield. He, however, found himself out in the cold, and in November of that year he resigned his seat, announcing his retirement from political life. His farewell address on that occasion is odd enough reading now. He talked of the degeneracy of Parliament and the personal ambitions which swayed the Legislature. Legitimate debate, he said, was abolished, and seeing large sums voted away by members in direct opposition to what their consciences dictated, he was not prepared to waste the remainder of his life amid such scenes. His fit of ill-temper lasted about three months, when, finding a vacancy in Argyle, he once more came forward, and was returned just after the Soudan contingent had left for Suakin. Thenceforward he set himself to make any other Government that of his own impossible. The Stuart Ministry retired in October, 1885; the Dibbs Ministry fell in December, 1885; the Robertson Ministry (in which he had declined the Colonial Secretaryship) in February, 1886; and the Jennings Ministry in January, 1887. TRIUMPH Then, for the fourth time, Sir Henry Parkes was summoned to form a Government, which he immediately did. Practically he has held office as Premier ever since; for although Mr. Dibbs defeated him in January, 1889, and formed an Administration, no sooner did Parliament meet than Sir Henry Parkes-- now G.C.M.G. -- upset him, and has held the reins of state from March 8th, 1889, until the present time. At the general election at the commencement of 1887, he was returned triumphantly at the head of a party whose platform was Free Trade of a very pronounced type, and he forthwith swept away all the ad valorem duties established by Sir Patrick Jennings; and it is undoubtedly due to the great influence of Sir Henry Parkes that at the present time New South Wales is the one self-governing colony which can boast a Customs tariff well nigh as short and simple as our own. But it is also a point of material significance that the character of New South Wales Legislative Assembly is now very far from being so overwhelmingly for Free Trade as it was in 1887, and but for the influence of the Premier would probably have already pronounced for some measure of Protection. Under the circumstances, as a matter simply of policy, Sir Henry Parkes has done well in stating that he is prepared to submit this question, with others, to a Federal Parliament and that even should that august body decide for inter-Australian Free Trade and Protection against the rest of the world, Federation would be worth the sacrifice. FEDERATION Of the leading part Sir Henry Parkes has taken in bringing about the present Australasian Federal Convention it is necessary to say something, though most of the facts are fresh in our remembrance. When General Sir Bevan Edwards, in 1889, was sent to Australasia to inquire into the condition of the defences, he most strongly urged upon the Australasian Governments to combine their forces, placing them under one command, and, beyond this, he made suggestions for the unification of the gauges of the railways in the various Colonies. Upon the issue of this report -- or, rather, series of reports -- Sir Henry Parkes, who was in Queensland, addressed the people of Brisbane to the effect that while New South Wales would never join such a lifeless body as the Federal Council (a curiously impotent Legislative Council, consisting of two delegates from each Colony, established under a permissive Act passed in 1885, upon representations from the Australasian Colonies, including New South Wales), General Edwards had shown, if it had not been shown before, that Federation on a workable basis was a necessity. As soon as he returned to New South Wales he formally addressed all the Australasian Governments upon the subject, and at first received very dubious answers. But he was not to be denied, though even after the Conference had been arranged to meet in Melbourne, in February, 1890, grave doubts were expressed whether any good would come of it. But when the delegates met, and had in public to give voice to their views, no one was willing to show himself in so unpatriotic and narrow an aspect as to appear in opposition to a movement which the public press warmly endorsed. The veteran Sir Henry Parkes was hailed as the leader of the movement; and if there were soreness that he had previously so bespattered the Federal Council, it was suppressed. Resolutions were passed to the effect that Federation was desirable, and that the respective Parliaments should be applied to appoint delegates (not exceeding seven from each colony) to a National Convention to meet early in 1891, the deliberations of which are even now in part only before us. If Federation be accomplished within a reasonable time, Sir Henry Parkes will link his name with it, and stands a good chance of being the first Premier of the Federated Government. It is only fair to state that, prior to General Edward's appearance on the scene, Sir Henry Parkes had on various occasions advocated the cause of federation, but then it was to be a federation after New South Wales' own heart. HIS OPPOSITION TO THE CHINESE The ready speech, the eloquence, of Sir Henry Parkes is undoubted. He oftentimes permits his utterances to overrun judicious bounds, occasionally even the bounds of propriety. He has latterly been seen in the light of an advocate of female suffrage; and in August, 1889, remarked that "for every reason women should a voice in framing the laws, and he thought the participation of women in the voting would exercise a softening and refining effect upon our popular elections." Over the Chinese question, Sir Henry Parkes made a speech (May, 1888) on the second reading of the Chinese Restriction Bill which gives a fair idea of his style of rhetoric:-- I maintain that in a colony like New South Wales it is our duty to preserve the type of the British nation, and we ought not for any consideration whatever to admit any element that will detract from, or in any appreciable degree350 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. lower, that admirable type of nationality. I contend that we have arrived at a stage when a technical observance of the law is not obligatory. Is it, I ask, a safe, wise, or tolerable thing for us to have nearly 60,000-I am speaking of all the Colonies-of these men, belonging to an alien race, out of touch with us in faith, in law, in tradition, in everything that endears life-to have 60,000 of these men, with no natural companions, in the midst of our society ? Is not that a thing to be resisted by every one that wishes well to the social fabric of this new country. This Government stated its case to the Imperial Government fairly and in the interests of these Colonies. They put forward their case in the interests of preserving the integrity of the union of the Empire. But great deal resulted, and it was necessary at last to remind the Imperial authorities that we had received no answer. After the lapse of some considerate time we received this message :-"Referring to your telegram of April 26th no foundation for report that Her Majesty's Government refuse to negotiate with the Chinese Government. Negotiations being carefully considered, Her Majesty's Government fully recognise strength of feeling." I say that, if, after the same kind of treatment for this long time had been inflicted upon any private person, a message of that kind was received, it would be held as a specious device to cover culpable negligence of the interests of these great Colonies. I venture to say that few other masterful displays of indifference on the part of persons who consider a petty quarrel of more importance than the gigantic interests of these magnificent Colonies is not to be found in British history. I say this earnestly to preserve the etiquette of the Empire with as loyal a feeling to the Queen as any man among Her Majesty's subjects ; but we must be loyal to ourselves, we must be loyal to the Constitution under which we live, and the only way we can be true to ourselves is to show that we have an appreciation of the great privileges which we possess, and which we will never suffer to be impaired. In this crisis of the Chinese question we have acted calmly, with a desire to see the way before us ; but at the same time we have acted with decision, and we don't mean to turn back. Neither for Her Majesty's ships of war, nor Her Majesty's representative on the spot, nor for the Secretary of State, do we intend to turn back from our purpose, which is to terminate the landing of the Chinese here for ever. Sir Henry Parkes carried the whole Assembly with him, passing the Bill through all its stages in one day. Happily the Legislative Council thought it out, and extracted the entire sting from the measure. There is some advantages, therefore, in a Second Chamber in a headstrong colony led by a headstrong statesman. SIR HENRY AT HOME. For upwards of fifty years Sir Henry Parkes has been a New South Welshman, and for half that time he has been the dominant man in his colony. He is a splendid leader of men, revelling in Parliamentary warfare and the heat of debate, but does not shine in departmental administration. It is, perhaps, nothing derogatory that he is so extensively caricatured in the pages of the Sydney Bulletin. Sir Henry Parkes can be a good friend if he is allowed his own way—though it must be confessed that he has in times past borrowed money from most of them and not often let them in—but it can never be said of him that has ever enriched himself at the expense of his colony. On the contrary, he has mostly been in monetary difficulties, which have at times, it is said, actually forced him into retirement, and have rendered his promises to pay and even his cheques doubtful securities. Happily those times are now past, since he made an arrangement with his creditors on taking office in 1887. At present hobbling about the grounds at Hampton Villa, talking to his parrots, listening to his English blackbirds and thrushes, or watching the ibis brought to him from Egypt, or the kangaroo which hops contentedly about, or his mongoose from Ceylon—for he owns quite a menagerie—or sitting with his family and may be a few intimate friends, he, when at home, shakes off the atmosphere of political strife which elsewhere surrounds him, and lives a quiet retired life. "ONE PEOPLE, ONE DESTINY." When the Australasian Conference met at Sydney on March 2nd, on rising to propose the toast, "One People, One Destiny," at the banquet in the Centennial Hall, Sir Henry Parkes was splendidly received. He said that four millions of people in Australia were not behind other nations in the work of founding an empire ; not behind in the pursuits of modern civilisation, and not behind in national faith. "The time will come," proceeded the speaker, "when the Australian people shall be one. Now, henceforth, and forever they must make common cause and inherit one common destiny." He contended that this did not mean the setting up of an independent Government, but that the people wished Australia to be the brightest source of power and the brightest jewel in the Crown of the Empire. No power could throw back the cause of federation. The convention might not achieve all that was desired, but it would lay the stone in a foundation which all the force in the world would never remove, and a little longer space of time would bring about a solid completed edifice. Australia did not seek separation, but sought to remain side by side with great Britain and to share her difficulties, honours, and glories. "FLING OUT THE FLAG." I trust I may be pardoned for concluding this account with the extract of a few verses from another short Australian poem, this time of a patriotic type, by Sir Henry Parkes:— Fling out the flag—our virgin flag— Which foeman's shot has never rent, And plant it high on mount and crag. O'er busy town and lonely tent; Where commerce rears her stately halls, And where the miner rends the rock ; Where the sweet rain on cornfield falls, Where pastures feed the herd and flock ; Still let it float o'er homes of peace, Our starry cross—our glorious sign ! While Nature's bounteous gifts increase, And freedom's glories brighter shine ! Brave hearts may beat in labour's strife, They need no spur of martial pride ; High deeds may crown a gentle life, And spread their radiance far and wide. Fling out the flag, and guard it well ! Our pleasant fields the foe ne'er trod ; Long may our guardian heroes dwell In league with truth, in camp with God. In other lands the patriot boasts His standard borne through slaughter's flood, Which, waving o'er infuriate hosts, Was consecrate in fire and blood. A truer charm our flag endears ; Where'er it waves, on land or sea, It bears no stain of blood and tears— Its glory is it's purity. 351 [*A Halo And a pension Would meet this case . . *] Referring to Sir Henry Parkes, Lord Carrington said that he combined courage with eloquence, that he worked like a slave, and that he was born to shape the destinies of a growing country. The nationalism of the Australian colonies would not, Lord Carrington said, impair the loyalty of the people to the British Throne, as the people were thoroughly aware of the value of the connection with Great Britain. The Australians would, he said, be always prepared to hurrah for the Queen as long as ——— [*LORD CARRINGTON STRENGTHENING THOSE SILKEN BONDS WHICH ETC.*] It was necessary for England to make Australia feel that it was to her advantage to remain a member of the same community. Ninety years the population of Australia would be equal to that of Great Britain. It was impossible for the condition of things in the colonies to remain as at present. CARICATURED EXTRACTS FROM LORD CARRINGTON'S SPEECH. [*THE CAPTIVE MUSES POETRY ART GENIUS*] "But on the Rocky Mountains' height, Eight thousand feet above the sea, love, My Stella kissed me through the night— Yes, darling, thou wert with me, love. Is that a bed the startled eye there sees, Are those three children or three images ?" —SIR HENRY PARKES, Poet and Statesman. THE OFFICIAL SCULPTURE AND THE OFFICIAL POETRY OF BOTANY BAY. Parkes thinks the Sydney Post-office carvings as works of art are quite on a par with the literature of the country. That our readers may judge for themselves, we quote a few passages from his own poetical "Works." "I would not give my ragged Jane For all the Peacock ladies going, She knows the way to banish pain— What she don't know is not worth knowing." —SIR HENRY PARKES, K.C.M.G., Premier of N.S. Wales in "The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems." OPOSSUM SHOOTING. "The ready gun was raised, and, flashing free, Fired in the moon's pale face ; the wounded creature A moment in the agonies of nature, Held by its clasping tail, with struggling form Independent 'midst encircling boughs ; then warm With life, but lifeless, fell at the tree's base." —MR. HENRY PARKES, "Stolen Moments." (Cartoons from the "Sydney Bulletin.")352 III. -- THE HON. CECIL J RHODES, PREMIER OF CAPE COLONY. SIR JOHN MACDONALD is a veteran who is now appearing for the last time on the political stage. Sir Henry Parkes, who is also well stricken in years, is probably assisting for the last time at a great political function in presiding at the Conference which is federating Australasia. Far other is it with the third subject of our Character Sketches. MR. RHODES is in the very heyday of his manhood. He is not yet forty, but he has succeeded in impressing his strong and vivid personality more deeply upon the rulers of our Empire than either of his seniors. The others are of the past; Mr. Rhodes is of the future. A MAN TO MAKE OR MAR THE EMPIRE The majority of Englishmen have not as yet realised Mr. Rhodes. It is only at the Cape that men know him, and even there how few they are who understand him! For to understand some men it is necessary to have a certain elevation of vision. But although the provincial professional politicians who pull the wires in many South African constituencies frankly admit that, in their phraseology, Mr. Rhodes is "a very dark horse," they at least realise that he exists, and that, whatever he may be aiming at or working for, he is a very tangible entity of enormous initial velocity. That, perhaps, is the first thing which the public at home has got to learn. Mr. Rhodes, if he lives for another ten years, will make or will mar the Empire. ONE OF OUR THREE ABLEST STATESMEN. Those who do not know the Cape Premier will shrug their shoulders in amazement when I say that of all our governing men I only know two who deserve to be ranked as his superiors. Mr. Gladstone of course stands alone. He is without an equal, without even a rival near his throne. After him, although no doubt he is superior in many things, notably in appreciation of the Imperial destinies of our race, comes Lord Salisbury. And third in the list of the great Englishmen of the last decade of the nineteenth century comes Mr. Rhodes. He has not the culture of Mr. Gladstone or the diplomatic training of Lord Salisbury, but he has all the energy of the one and more than the Imperial instincts of the other. There is much in him that reminds us of Mr. Gladstone, if you can by any possibility imagine Mr. Gladstone possessed by a saving faith in the providential destinies of English- speaking world. There is the same supreme concentration of purpose, the same devotion to his end, the same absolute indifference to the rule-of-thumb consistency which governs those who forget their end in their devotion to their means. And there is also much in Mr. Rhodes which reminds us of Lord Salisbury at his best, minus that haunting cynical doubt which continually puts a click in the Prime Minister's gallop just when he ought to be going at his best. For Mr. Rhodes is emphatically a man of faith, and faith is now and always the secret of power. THE RHODEAN RELIGION Not that Mr. Rhodes can possibly be presented to the world as a devotee. Religion, in the ordinary acceptation of the word, is not his strong point. But in the old Roman sense of the term Mr. Rhodes is supremely religious. Patriotism is to him a religion, as much as ever it was to the old heroes whose devotion to their seven hilled city gave them the impelling energy which extended the dominion of Rome from the Caledonian hills to the Libyan desert. Nor is it only as a Roman that Mr. Rhodes believes in his country. There is in his supreme passion THE HON. CECIL J. RHODES 353 more than a trace of the devotion of the Hebrews for the Land of Promise. His Israel is the English-speaking folk wherever they are found, on land and sea, and in them he sees the providential race, the called of God, predestined rulers of the world. THE PROVIDENTIAL MISSION OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING RACE -- Mr. Rhodes is no fanatic -- no visionary. The man who amalgamated De Beers and launched the pioneers into the heart of the land of Ophir is one of the shrewdest and most practical of men. But his religion grows out of his shrewdness, and his conception of the universe is based upon his scientific diagnosis of the contents of this strange crucible which we call the world. Darwin is probably more of a prophet to his liking than Isaiah or Habbakuk. He accepts the law of the survival of the fittest. He starts from that as the most authentic revelation of the will of the Great Invisible. It colours all his thinking : it dominates his policies. If it will be the will of God that the fittest should survive, then surely the first duty of man is to help in securing the survival of the fittest, the elimination of the unfit. But who are the fittest to survive? The answer is written in capitals all over the open page of the planet. The fittest, as proved by the scientific test of survival, are the English-speaking folk. All over the world they have proved and are daily proving their superior capacity in the struggle for existence. Spaniard and Portuguese, Dutchman and Frenchman, had the start in the race; but one by one all have been distanced by the Anglo-Saxon. --ATTESTED BY FACT-- The Norseman first discovered the American continent, the Italians gave it its name, and showed the Old World the way to the New, the Dutch colonised New York, the French occupied the mouths of the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence, and the Spaniards held the Pacific Coast, while the Russians annexed Alaska. To-day, from Nova Scotia to San Francisco, from Behring's Sea to the Gulf of Mexico, the English-speaking man is supreme. Mexico and South America are honeycombed with Anglo-American agencies. Australasia has fallen as the golden fruit of Hesperides into the lap of the Briton. In India, 300,000,000 Asiatics, whose civilisation and culture were hoary when our ancestors stained themselves with woad and offered human sacrifices in the recesses of their forests, acknowledge the supreme authority of the Englishman. And in South Africa, Black and Boer alike admit that the sovereignty of the continent will ultimately be vested in those who speak the tongue of Shakespeare and of Milton. Everywhere, therefore, there are the manifest and unmistakable signs of the ascendency of our Imperial race. -- AND BASED ON PEACE, LIBERTY, AND JUSTICE But it would be to do Mr. Rhodes an injustice to represent him as the mere worshipper of accomplished fact, the subservient devotee of material achievement. He asks himself, not merely what race is manifestly proving itself best fitted to survive? he also asks which race is it that represents that which is best worth preserving for the improvement of mankind? And here again Mr. Rhodes arrives at the same conclusion. For clearly as the ultimate destiny of our planet is manifested in the progressive conquest of the globe by English-speakers, it is not less clearly revealed, not on Mosaic tablets of stone but in the living pages of contemporary history, that of all the nations, the English-speakers possess the secret of salvation of the world. First and foremost, Mr. Rhodes sees in them the principle of industrialism as opposed to militarism. Conscription, universal military service, is as alien to their instinct as it seems natural to the nations of the Continent. On occasion, as the Great Rebellion showed, the freest of Republics can levy millions of armed men, but when the war is ended the soldier returns to the plough, or to his smithy; the sword is beaten into a ploughshare, and the spear into a pruning hook, and a whole continent is kept in peace by an army of 25,000 men. But the English-speaker also stands as the foremost of those who believe in Freedom. Representative government, if not the original discovery, has been the most conspicuous glory of our race. But it is a liberty that means licence, for together with the devotion to freedom the English-speaking man has ever preserved a deep inbred reverence for Law and Justice and Order. Hence although we may not have the polish of the French, the science of the German, or the art of the Italian, Mr. Rhodes sees in the race which represents Peace, Liberty, and Justice, the providential instruments for the betterment of the world. THE CHOSEN PEOPLE AND THE AMORITES OF TO-DAY It is the old Hebrew idea Mr. Rhodes has no more doubt of the Divine mission of the English folk than had Joshua the Divine call of ancient Israel. And the same idea working out the same logical corollaries leads him to regard the Portuguese of Africa, a miserable mongrel race that has grafted all the vices of Europe upon all the bestiality of the savage, very much as Caleb the son of Jephunneh regarded the Hittite and the Amorite of the land of Canaan. No argument will ever convince him that the Ruler of this Universe intended the choicest portions of His work to be infested for ever by Portuguese or pygmies. Hence, looking all round him with comprehensive gaze, Mr. Rhodes has arrived at the conclusion, that if there be a God who ruleth over the nations of men and concerns Himself in the destinies of mortals, then it is impossible to serve Him better than by painting as much of the map British red as possible, and assisting, so far as may be possible, in facilitating the survival of those whom Milton called "God's Englishmen," and the elimination of the unfits in the shape of Portuguese, savages, and other residual refuse of the human race. Not that Mr. Rhodes bears even the Portuguese any ill-will. His scientific temper saves him from that temptation. He regards them as the engineer regards a reef of rock or a shifting quicksand at the mouth of a harbour. They are matter in the wrong place, whose removal is necessary in the higher uses of the world. THE KEY TO HIS POLICIES. This is the key to all the policies of Mr. Rhodes. Whoever fails to grasp the distinctively religious conception which underlies Mr. Rhodes's conception of the universe will fail to understand him, as completely as did those short-sighted politicians who denounced him as an Africander enemy of the Empire, or those still more bat-eyed Solons who saw in the great amalgamator only a man with a preternatural Midas-like gift of turning everything he touched into gold. It was probably this element in Mr. Rhodes which made him so great a friend of Gen. Gordon's. Gen. Gordon made his acquaintance when in Basutoland, and when he accepted his last famous mission to Khartoum he telegraphed to the Cape to ask Mr. Rhodes to accompany him to the Soudan. Mr. Rhodes had just undertaken the duties of Treasurer-General and could not leave the Cape, otherwise he would have attempted to follow his friend to the beleaguered city.354 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. The SUBSIDE TO MR. PARNELL. It was the same passionate faith in the possible destinies of the British Empire which led him to make his much-too-much-talked-about donation of £10,000 to Mr. Parnell. Mr. Rhodes, like all those who advocate Home Rule, not from despair but from faith in the future, regarded the proposal to expel the Irish Members from Westminster with unfeigned alarm and indignation. No consideration would have induced him to lift a finger to support the Bill which bore so fatal a poison concealed in its provisions. Yet he realized from the first that it was indispensable to give Ireland Home Rule if the Empire was to be preserved. Only by decentralization can Imperialism survive in this day of democracy in the home of our self-governing race. After the Bill was wrecked and a Unionist Administration was installed, he was confidentially assured that Mr. Parnell was by no means anxious to have the Irish disfranchised of the Empire. He at once opened up communication with the then Irish leader, and on obtaining from his he most explicit assurances in writing of his agreement with Mr. Rhodes's views on the subject of the detention of the Irish Members, he gave Mr. Parnell £10,000, to be used for the good of the Irish's Cause. The transaction was perfectly fair and above board. The concession of Home Rule was, in and above board. The concession of Home Rule was, in Mr. Rhodes's opinion, essential for the federation of the Empire, instead of endeavoring to cut the painter and destroy the Union. Mr. Parnell, recognising this, freely gave the requisite assurances, and Mr. Rhodes then gladly subsidised the Irish Exchequer. So little was Mr. Rhodes known in the country at the time, that there were many who believed the £10,000 had been given solely to buy the Irish vote for the Charter for the British South African Company! MR. GLADSTONE'S "TAXED REPUBLIC." During Mr. Rhodes's recent visit to this country, he had an opportunity of explaining to Mr. Gladstone why it was that he opposed the Home Rule Bill of 1881. Mr. Rhodes said bluntly that he regarded the Bill with abhorrence because it rendered separation inevitable. Mr. Gladstone dissenting, inquired how ? "Because, " said Mr. Rhodes, "you would by that Bill have made Ireland a taxed Republic." "A taxed Republic!" cried Mr. Gladstone. "Yes," remorselessly continued Mr. Rhodes, "a taxed Republic, taxed to the tune of four millions a year, without a single vote in the distribution and control of the colossal tribute. The Romans found it impossible to tax their municipalities when they had no representation, but Rome in her haughtiest days never ventured to ask for so gigantic a tribute from those to whom she conceded self government but denied representation. The effect of such a measure would have been to have compelled every patriotic Irishman to have made the concession of Home Rule the starting point for an agitation against taxation without representation--an agitation in which every one who, like myself, believes in the fundamental principle of free governments would have been compelled to join. No ; the day of taxed republics without representation in the taxing chamber has gone by for ever." Good honest words these, with a stout heart and sincere conviction at the back of them, thoroughly characteristic of the man and the faith that is in him. His American Ideas Mr. Rhodes's political ideas are all American. The federal idea he usually calls the American idea, and to him Home Rule for Ireland is chiefly important because it will open the door to the Americanisation of the British Constitution. He would give Ireland and every other English-speaking community in the Queen's dominions Home Rule as in the States. He would allow each of them almost unlimited freedom to manage their domestic affairs as they pleased. He distinctly affirms that he would regard the establishment of slavery--to take a crucial test -- as a matter entirely within the competence of each self-governed community. On this point it is possible a closer study of the American experiment may convince him that it is possible to carry the doctrine of State rights too far. It was his use of this illustration which led to Sir W. Harcourt's little joke at the great amalgamator's expense: "Mr. Rhodes : remarkable man, no doubt. Give him two small trifles, and he will be content--only two. And what are these two? Oh, mere nothings. The first is Protection, the second Slavery." AN IMPERIAL MAN. Mr. Rhodes is an indomitable man. The supreme characteristic of the English race, which Mr. Gladstone defined the other day as that of a clear perception of a practical end and a resolute persistence in using the most effective means of attaining it, is also the supreme characteristic of Mr. Rhodes. He has a keen sense of political proportion. He is busy just now in South Africa--South Africa which is the very keystone of the arch of our Imperial future--but when he was in London he was much more intensely interested in the fate of Sir John Macdonald at the Canadian elections than in the vicissitudes of the negotiations about Manica. He marvelled constantly at the preoccupation of such a statesman as Mr. Balfour in the petty brutalities of the coercion of Ireland. He sees, as few of those who sit in Westminster see, that our Empire is "on the make." But for the most part he prophesied to deaf ears. Not, indeed, that there were none who listened. But the ordinary average society person and party politician heard him, as one hears the north-easter howling outside the casement, with a shudder. Sometimes when he was in very uncongenial company, he reminded me of an impatient Goth listening to the yammering of Alexandrian Sophists. But his presence was healthful and stimulating. Here, at least, was a genuine man, strong, self-reliant, resourceful, who knew his own mind, and who cared only for his cause. He was like a breath of the fresh pure air of the veldt in the midst of the stale tobacco smoke of a London club. A MILLIONAIRE WITH IDEAS. It is not my object in this paper to discuss Mr. Rhodes's political convictions. On that subject, I may, I hope, have more to say hereafter in more authoritative fashion than is possible at present. My only aim in this paper is to make vividly realisable by the English-speaking world that in Mr. Rhodes they have a genuine man, a man of character and a man of ideas, who has so much character and so many ideas that you never think of him after you know him as a millionaire. Millions usually crush the brains out of their possessor. Immense wealth usually emasculates the character, and converts the man into a mere Chubb patent safe in breeches. Millionaires, like the old knights who heaped on armour and ever more armour, until they almost lost the faculty of locomotion or of movement, have seldom got soul enough to move their millions. These faculties are exhausted by the mere effort of keeping them. Mr. Rhodes is not a millionaire of that type. To him money is but the means to and end. He would no more dream of hoarding it for its own sake than a party leader would hoard the votes of his followers. "SEAL OF THE COMPANY." "MONOGRAM OF THE COMPANY." "THE CAPE" "FLAG OF THE COMPANY." "STAMP OF THE COMPANY." THE FOUNDER OF THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY--WITH THE COMPANY'S INSIGNIA356 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. A million is a sceptre, that is all. It is an instrument of power; if you like, a weapon of ambition. But it is held only for its uses, not for itself. If Mr. Rhodes marvelled much at the politicians squeaking and scratching over the immeasurable vast destiny of the English-speaking world, to us Schiller's metaphor, like rats scrambling over the club of Hercules, his amazement knew no bounds when contemplating the aimless lives of most of the modern millionaires. Their delight in social trivialities, their eager pursuit of the baubles of fashion and convention, seem to him as contemptible as the masquerades and buffooneries in which the baser Cæsars wasted the time given them for the government of the world. Some day we may have a Mission to Millionaires, and when that day comes Mr. Rhodes will be the chief missioner. HIS HEALTH. Mr. Rhodes is per-eminently a public-spirited man. He is too full of his cause to have any energy left to think of himself, excepting so far as he is an instrument for furthering his cause. even in that sense he is not sufficiently mindful of himself. At table he will eat and drink whatever is set before him, not apparently caring whether it is French cookery or stewed beefsteak. He is so absorbed in his talk, in his dreams, in his project, that he has not enough mind left to think about his stomach. Hence there is a story that one day at the Cape, when De Beers stock fell low and the Portuguese were troublesome, he drank -- surely without knowing it -- a whole bottle of yellow Chartreuse! Fortunately the digestive apparatus of the great amalgamator seems to be as the stomach of an ostrich, for next morning he was up early and about on the parade in his flannels as if the Chartreuse had been but spring water. Yet Mr. Rhodes, although as strong as a horse and as tough as an elephant, was once booked as a victim of consumption. He was one of the young men at Oxford, and one day when on the river an icy blast from the northeast caught his chest, and in a very short time both lungs were condemned as tuberculous. To save his life he went to South Africa. After a few years he returned to England and went to see the doctor who had ordered him abroad. The doctor had died. The doctor's son searched the register for the name of his visitor. "Three years ago, you say? Rhodes! Rhodes! stay, here is an entry. Cecil John? But no it cannot refer to you.." "Why, said Mr. Rhodes, that is my name?" Oh, is it, said the doctor's son? That is impossible, or, he explained, "my father has added a memoranda to the case: 'cannot live more than six months!' " In the fine dry air of that Imperial sanatorium the tubercles disappeared. The disease, indeed, seems but to have been a finger-post of Providence. THE COMING MAN. Mr. Rhodes has the face of a Cæsar, the ambition of a Loyola, and the wealth of a Crœsus. He is the Diamond King, the Cape Premier, the President of the Chartered company, which has added the land of Ophir to the Empire, and he is only thirty-eight. Is it, then, surprising that he should be generally recognised by those who have eyes to see as the Coming Man? CONCLUSION. It is hardly necessary to draw the obvious moral of this rapid survey of the three foremost personalities in the British dominions over-sea. It is written upon every line of the record of their self-reliant careers. These men, heirs of the glories of the old fatherland, "nurslings of one mighty mother," are too much of Britons to remain subject of the Empire which refuses to admit them within the pale of the enfranchised citizens. Sir John Macdonald may carry astuteness beyond the limits respected by Disraeli. Sir Henry Parkes may be little more than a venerable relic of a famous past, and Mr. Rhodes may be as audacious and unscrupulous as this worst enemies paint him; but whether saints or sinners, these men are statesmen of no parochial world. They are of the calibre of Cabinet Ministers, competent to meet in council the sagest of Her Majesty's advisers, the most experienced of the Privy Council. They have their faults; but they represent forces -- forces with which every one will have to reckon. The future of the Empire -- nay, even the very question whether there will be any future for the Empire at all, whether indeed there will be any Empire surviving to face the twentieth century -- depends upon whether we can add these men and their like to the available stock of statesmanship on which Downing Street can count. Can we rope them in, or can we not? If we cannot, all is up. If we can, then so far from the Victorian age representing the sunset glories of our Imperial destinies, it will be but as the splendours heralding the coming day. The note of all the Colonial statesmen is self-reliance and independence. They mean to go their way without let or hindrance from us; the only question, indeed, that seems to weigh with them, is whether they can alone compel us also to go their way. For they are men of a newer world. They are face to face with the immense, incalculable, and unconsidered possibilities of larger continents and nascent empires. The Colonists, fresh from the battle with the wilderness, invigorated by breathing the uncontaminated air of the bush and the ocean, have much more of the rude daring of our ancestors than the more or less over-civilised products of the West-End club. They are Elizabethans born in the age of Victoria. They have the energies, the resources, the saucy audacity and somewhat unscrupulous crafts of the Raleighs and the Drakes, the Sidneys and the Cecils. They are no mere barnacles on the ship of State. They represent no small portion of the furnace fire which will either blow up the boiler, or, if rightly directed, will propel the Imperial craft triumphantly through the stormiest seas. If ever Home Rule is established in Ireland it will be under the stimulus of the Colonial example, and if it is to be wisely worked, the great experiment will have to be conducted by an Administration in whose innermost councils they or such men as they have some of the highest seats. The Home Rule born of despair was necessarily foredoomed to ignominious defeat. The Home Rule which alone will command the suffrages of an Imperial race, is the Home Rule which will be conceded, not from despair but from confidence in the future destinies of our world-circling Empire. There is not an English-speaking statesman outside these islands who, if he were made Prime Minister of the Empire and given carte blanche to take whatever measures he deemed indispensable to strengthen and unite the Queen's dominions, would not begin with conferring upon the Irish some measure of local self-government that would steady the Hibernian mind by the burden of responsibility and sober the Celts by the education derived from the exercise of power. Ireland is the Achilles heel of the Empire. There and there alone under the British flag you have a local population which can lay the blame of its misfortunes and disappointments on other shoulders than those of its elected representative, and there, therefore, as by an imperious and unfaltering instinct all these Colonial administrators would begin, and by necessity WHERE IS A BRITON'S FATHERLAND? 357 they would apply to Ireland the same specific for discontent which experience had proved to be the only efficacious remedy when the local population is in more or less fretful suppressed revolt against the Imperial authority. But they would do this, not to dismember the Empire but to consolidate it, and then Home Rule would have as its primary object the establishment of an indestructible union of Ireland with the rest of the Queen's dominions by the establishment of that popular content with any system which springs from allowing people to manage their own local affairs in their own chosen way. Hence the Cabinet which establishes Home Rule for Ireland should contain, whoever else is left out, representatives of Canada, of Africa, and of Australasia. in these three great divisions of the Empire statesmen have been trained from their youth up in handling as practical problems of everyday life, the congeries of questions which are raised by any attempt to establish Home Rule. Our statesmen at Westminster are, for the most part, mere tyros who have never served their apprenticeship in the political workshop in which these Colonists are old journeymen. Our own needs, at least as much as the legitimate claims of the Colonies, demand their presence in the next Cabinet. In this way, who knows but that the weakness of the Liberals of Great Britain in men of the first rank as administrators and statesmen may yet be the saving of the Empire by necessitating the admission, within the magic circle of the Cabinet, of the hardier and more vigorous sons of Britain beyond the Seas? WHERE IS A BRITON'S FATHERLAND? Is't English land or Scottish land? Is't Wales, with many a wild ravine? Is't Erin's groves and meadows green? No; greater far it seems to me A Briton's Fatherland must be. Where is it Briton's Fatherland? Is’t Canada or Newfoundland? Is't where, amid her lakes and isles, St. Lawrence flows two thousand miles? Oh, no! however grand they are, My Fatherland is greater far. Where is a Briton's Fatherland? Is't fair Natal of Caffreland? Is't where they rear the fruitful vines? Is't where the Afric diamond shines? No; let me rove where'er I will, My Fatherland is greater still. Where is a Briton's Fatherland? Is't far Australia's Coral strand? Is't where they dig the yellow gold? Is't where they gather flocks untold? No; honour these as well as you may, My Fatherland is more than they. Where is a Briton's Fatherland? Is't India's bright and sunny strand? Is't where the hollow bamboo grows? Is't where the sacred Ganges flows? Ah, no! they see the sun decline, A greater Fatherland is mine. Where is a Briton's Fatherland? What oceans bound that Mighty land? Is't where the pilgrim fathers rest? The great Republic of the West? No, no; her stars above her set, My Fatherland is greater yet. Where is a Briton's Fatherland? Will no one tell me of that land? 'Tis where one meets with English folk, And bears the tongue that Shakespeare spoke; Where songs of Burns are in the air and –- A Briton's Fatherland is there. That is a Briton's Fatherland Where brother clasps a brother's hand; Where pledges of true love are given, Where faithful vows sent to heaven, Where Sabbath breathe a Stillness round -- A Briton's Fatherland is found. Oh may that Fatherland be still Safeguarded by th' Almighty will! May Heaven prolong our times of peace, Our commerce bless, our trade increase, And wider yet the bounds expand Of our Imperial Fatherland! Our glorious Anglo-Saxon race Shall ever fill earth's highest place; The sun shall never more go down On English temple, tower, and town; And wander where a Briton will, His Fatherland shall hold him still. --DAVAAR.358 EXPERIMENTAL HOSPITAL FOR CANCER CURE. THE MATTEI WARD AT ST. SAVIOUR'S HOSPITAL BEFORE this page meets the eye of the readers, I expect the patients in the experimental Mattei Ward at St. Saviour's Hospital will have begun their course of treatment which will either establish or demolish the claims of Count Mattei to have discovered a cure for cancer. It has taken some time to arrange the preliminaries, but everything is now settled. NO TEST POSSIBLE AT MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. A correspondent suggested that it would be well to apply to the Middlesex Hospital, here a special donation had been left for the purpose of testing the claims of all alleged cures for cancer. I wrote to the secretary, and received a reply stating that if the nature of the proposed treatment was submitted to the committee, they would consider whether or not they could place a bed at our disposal. In reply to this I wrote asking whether, in specifying the nature of the treatment, it would also be necessary to specify the nature of the remedies which it was proposed to apply, as, in the case of Count Mattei, while it was perfectly possible to explain the treatment, it was impossible to specify the nature of remedies. To this the reply was prompt and decisive. The committee would not permit any experiment to be made with a secret remedy. This door, therefore, was closed; and the one hospital in London where a pious founder had left funds in order to secure the scientific verification or exposure of the alleged cures for cancer, refused even to subject the Mattei remedies to a test in a single bed. THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE. It has been decided that a small committee, Sir Morell Mackenzie, Dr. G. W. Potter, and myself with the occasion assistance of Dr. Lawson Tait, of Birmingham, will suffice to see that the experiment is fairly tried. The following Rules and Regulations have been laid down as governing the test: - MATTEI COMMITTEE. 1. That the Medical Representative of Count Mattei will be requested to draw up the conditions under which he considers that the Matteist treatment can be most efficaciously applied, and that he be allowed full and undisputed authority to apply that treatment to all the patients in the experimental ward. 2. That no patient be admitted to that ward who is not duly certified in writing at least by two competent medical men as suffering unmistakenly from cancer 3. That as far as possible the patients selected should be typical cases- that is to say, that they should include most familiar forms of that disease. 4.That the Matteist physician will keep an exact record of the treatment to which be subjects the inmates of the ward, specifying the description of the medicine employes, quantity of the doses, and the nature of its application, in a book to which the Committee will have at all times access on visiting the Hospital. 5. Should the Matteist Physician at any time feel bound to employ other medicines in the treatment, such medicines to be particularly specified, ir order that the fact of their administration may be duly taken into account in estimating the effect of the treatment. 6. Every patient before entering the ward must sign a paper stating that she voluntarily submits to the Mattei treatment, and will abide faithfully by the conditions laid down for the experiment. Should any patient, in the course of the treatment, become impatient or refuse to remain any longer in the ward, the experiment in her case will be regarded as having no conclusive result; but a report will be drawn up in every such case as to the results which have so far been obtained, and steps will be taken at once to fill her place with another patient. ST. SAVIOUR'S HOSPITAL. St. Saviour's Hospital stands in Osnaburgh Street, close to Portland Street Station on the Underground Railway. It is the oldest religious foundation in the country which is devoted to the cure of the sick. Mrs. Palmer, whose husband, Mr. Palmer was formerly Governor of the Bank of England, has for twenty-five years past devoted herself to the nursing of the sick, and especially to those who have suffered from this deadly scourge. Mrs. Palmer many years ago visited Count Mattei in Italy, and although somewhat sceptical as to the possibility of curing cancer by the Mattei remedies, has the firmest conviction in the efficacy of the remedies in the treatment of many diseases. The so-called green electricity, she assures me, is simply invaluable as a styptic. For hemorrhage, both internally and externally, it works like a charm, and she never uses anything else in her hospital for the stopping of bleeding. This is the fluid in which the analysts can find nothing but water. Mrs. Palmer herself has inclined to place more reliance upon the Michelle Paste treatment, by which she says she has achieved any wonderful cures, but she would only be too glad, as an old Matteist, should the result of the present experiment demonstrate the power of the Count's remedies to cope with cancer. For some time past Dr. Arthur Kennedy was dispensary to outdoor patients and some two years ago the Kennedys father and son, had the medical oversight of the whole hospital. MRS. PALMER Mrs. Palmer herself is a very interesting figure, and the hospital over which she presides is one of the most curious of the smaller hospitals in London. The costume of the mother and of the nurse if very picturesque. One of the most remarkable adjuncts of the hospital is the chapel, the stalls of which are of dark carved oak, which Mrs. Palmer brought over from a monastery in Bavaria. Each of the stalls is dedicated to one of the founders of the great religious orders whose figure is carved on the back of the seat. The carving is wonderful, and the little chapel is one of the most beautiful and noteworthy in London. The Sisterhood over which Mrs. Palmer presides is the High Anglican, but of course this will in no way affect the experiment which has been instituted in the ward which Mrs. Palmer has placed at the disposal of the committee. This ward is an airy and well-lighted room with windows on both sides. One side of the room looks out over Osnaburgh Street, towards the open place of the church, the other windows look out over the garden and grounds of the hospital. The ward contains five beds, each of which is occupied by a woman suffering from cancer. [Messrs. Elliott and Fry. THE CANCER WARD, ST. SAVIOUR'S HOSPITAL, INTERIOR OF CHAPEL, AND PORTRAIT OF THE MOTHER SUPERIOR.360 LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS. HOW IT FEELS TO BE BEHEADED. THE GHASTLY STORY OF A SEVERED HEAD. Those who take a gruesome delight in the ghastly and horrible should on no account miss the current number of Lucifer for March 15th, which contains an awful article, by Vera P. Jelihovasky, entitled "Life in a Severed Head." It is a singularly graphic account of the experience of Wiertz, a Belgian painter, who, on one occasion, in order to understand what men felt when they were beheaded, caused himself to be hypnotised close to the scaffold of the condemned malefactor. Wiertz was put to sleep ten minutes before the execution, and it was suggested to him that he should identify himself with the man who was to be beheaded immediately above him. Where the axe fell -- "What do you feel and what do you see?" asked the physician. Tremblingly and convulsively shuddering. Wiertz whispered -- "A misty, indefinite oppression... What lightning... Ah, a thunderbolt has fallen... Oh, the horror of it! It thinks, it -- sees!". . . "Who -- is -- it?" "It. . . . the head. . . . it suffers dreadfully; it feels and thinks, but is as yet unable to realise the situation. . . . it wants its body.. it seems to it that the body is lifting the arms and feeling for it.. it is still waiting for the lone. . . . oh, for a loss of consciousness and oblivion! . . . But. . . . no oblivion comes! One of the experts was hurriedly writing down these broken sentences, while all felt a cold terror overpowering them, and their hair standing on end. Suddenly their eyes became rivetted on a nondescript thing, something moving and jumping along the canvas bag among them. For a second it was stopped on its downward way, and was arrested in its fall, while a black . . . no, a bright red spot formed on the dirty cloth, and the blood began dripping . . . . then the round ball slipped lover with a jerk, something heavy fell with a dull thud striking the bottom of the basket . . . and they saw a ghastly, white face with its hair downwards and its bleeding neck upwards, staring at them with firmly set teeth and grinning mouth. The arteries were palpitating on the bleeding neck, ejecting blood, bubbling over and inundating the face, the eyes, and soaking the hair through and through. The "head" was thinking, seeing, suffering; and it seemed to the living man who was identified with it, that he was himself living through all its feelings. And now he begins to lose breath . . . .A hand, gigantic, terrible, merciless, has appeared over the "head." It has seized it by the throat, then slipping down on the skull, it rests on it with tremendous weight, and pressing upon it, chokes it, seeks to annihilate it . . . . Large fiery circles form before its eyes, a red hot cloud blinds them. He seeks to escape from it . . . . He thinks he has clutched with both his hands that gigantic hellish hand, the weapon of unbearable torture . . . . But what is this! . . . Blood? . . . A wound? . . . It is only now, after sufferings which seemed to it endless, that the "head" becomes dimly conscious of its dying, not from suffocation, but because it is severed, separated from its body. It is getting delirious . . . . Now it feels like a top spinning with vertiginous velocity, and directed into the flames where it whirls round itself and everything that surrounds it in a fiery shower reduced to ashes . . . . IT, decapitated? . . . Hold, is it really so? . . . Amidst the fiery whirl that surround and presses it on, the "head" is recollecting, trying to remember. "Oh, give me, give me death!" said the clairvoyant, repeating the thought of the "head" more than two minutes after the decapitation. "It it possible!" asked the mesmerist, "that consciousness is still there?" "He has not lost it!" . . . He sees his judges, and hears the sentence; he recognises his family, his wife half-dead with despair, his weeping children. . . . Oh, the unfortunate man! . . . See him imagining his family will not help to save him, that they refuse to fix his head back on his trunk. . . . He dreams he is imploring them to do so, but none will listen to him. . . Meanwhile, physical sufferings, varied, incessant, interminable, continue, as from the first. And, while going on as heretofore, they interrupt in no way thoughts, terrific visions and moral tortures. When, then, oh when, will the desired end arrive? "Oh, agony, worst of all other agonies! A dreadful suspicion flashes in the 'head's' brain'; may not the tortures he is now living through be the punishment beyond the grave, the hell-fire promised after death?" . . . . The blood of the hearers turned cold on hearing the mesmerized subject utter these words. They turned their eyes involuntarily on the "head," and their hearts sunk at the sight. Its eyes, they thought, had opened wider, and a flash of horror was in their imploring look . . . . "See, see!" exclaimed the entranced artist. "It has just realised its mistake. IT knows this cannot be, that rest, not eternal damnation awaits it, mercy and forgiveness, not eternal tortures . . . . And now it sees a clear and radiant sky before it . . . the veil is being rent before its inner eye . . . . Yes, life is extinct -- he is dead." It is not surprising to learn that, after this terrible experience, Wiertz almost succumbed, but was however brought round, and he subsequently painted several pictures, one of which is called the "Thoughts and Visions of a Severed Head." M. Emile Laveleye publishes, in the appendix of Wiertz's biography, the full notes written down of the remarks made by Wiertz in his hypnotised sleep, and the writer regards them as establishing beyond all doubt that full consciousness and inexpressible suffering continue for three minutes after decapitation; after that the sense becomes blunted, and death claims its victim. PURE AIR AND DISEASE. -- In the Timehri of British Guiana there is an interesting paper by Dr. E.D. Rowland on the necessity of pure air for health. Fifty years ago phthisis was almost unknown in the colony of British Guiana. It is now one of the prevailing diseases. In forty years the number of cases admitted at the public hospital at Georgetown has risen from 2 to 28 per cent. Consumption now kills 7½ persons per 1,000 in Georgetown, which is more than double the rate of the average mortality of the world from this disease. The cause of it, he thinks, is lack of pure air. It is partly due to the small unsanitary houses, but this is aggravated by the necessity of covering the head with a sheet or blanket in order to keep out the mosquitoes. The death-rate of collies has been reduced from 27 per 1,000 in 1886 to 12½ per 1,000 in 1889. It is and equivalent of saving 260 lives a year, valued at £5,000. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS. 361 HOW TO FIGHT THE TAP-ROOM. AN INTERESTING EXPERIMENT IN THE EAST END. "Help" publishes and interesting account of a new experiment in dealing with the fundamental difficulty of all temperance reformers, which has been established in the East End of London. This is the multiplication of the so-called Teetotums, a kind of combination of a temperance club-house with coffee-palace or cocoa-room. The secret of the Teetotum is the application of the principle so well known in the brewing trade to the temperance tavern; that is to say, the capital for staring these institutions, which amounts to about £2,000, is supplied by an association of Indian tea-growers: -- Why should not tea-growers or tea-dealers provide comfortable house for the public who drink their produce, as well as brewers? The scheme endeavours to combine the brightness of a Continental café and restaurant with the advantages of the University Club, or in other words, an establishment for the supply of cheap and good food for mind and body. To the restaurant where good tea in a cup would be a speciality, a tea-counter for the supply of the same tea in packets is attached. Thus we have the combination club, restaurant, tea-counter -- the two former to support themselves, the latter to give a fair profit. In casting about for a name for his new institution, Mr. Buchanan (the founder) decided on the catch title of Teetotum. The name is catching, and has caught on, although it is about as meaningless as teetotal. Already four have been opened -- one at Shoreditch, one at Whitechapel, one at commercial Road, and one at Ratcliff. They have been established at an average cost of, say, £2,000 each, and are so far fully realising the expectation of their founder, inasmuch as it is probably or, we may say, certain that they will pay their way in the first year. The following is an extract of the description of one of the Teetotums:-- Downstairs anyone may enter as freely as into a Lockhart's or Aerated Bread Company's place, and order whatever refreshments he requires. There is tea, coffee, and cocoa, soups, meats, puddings, vegetable, etc. etc., with the ordinary buns, the only difference being that in addition to the supply of beverages, tea and sugar are sold as in an ordinary depot. The place is bright, clean, well-warmed and lighted, but does not differ materially from the ordinary café excepting in the addition of the tea-shop. The distinctive features of the institution are only visible when you leave the ground-floor and go upstairs. You cannot, however, enter these precincts unless you are a member of the club, paying 2d. a week, or introduced by a member who busy you a ticket, costing 1d. on every day excepting Saturdays, when it is 2d., and when there is an entertainment. Upstairs you find a commodious set of apartments where members of the club, who in the Teetotum in question numbered about 600, can have their meals in comparative privacy, can lounge in the well-warmed smoking room, or read the papers in the news-room. There are also class-rooms which can be used by students; chess and draught-rooms, and a spacious billiard-room, where billiard-tables and bagatelle-boards are provided for those who care to pay for them. THE THEATRE OF THE TEETOTUM. In addition to this there is a hall which will hold five hundred people, with a stage at one end, from which addresses are given on Sundays and performances on Saturday. One night lately the University Club Dramatic Society was playing a comedy to an interested audience, many of whom were smoking, but all were quiet and attentive. After the comedy there was a concert, which seemed to afford great entertainment to the audience. Women and children were present, and not objection could be taken to anything that was in the performance. The difference from the sing-song of a few years back, when obscenity vied with idiocy in producing a hideous amalgam of stupidity and filth, can hardly be realised. This is brought about, not by any direct religious teaching, but by the gradual education of example and of experience. The introduction of women to the entertainments was the first step in the gradual evolution of the present improvement. There has never been an attempt to preach at the people, or to lecture them into mending their ways; they have simply been afforded the opportunity of it in a manner which fills me with a lively hope for the future. HELP SAYS: -- Mr. Buchanan, to whom this fruitful discovery is due, shrinks from publicity, and in an age of advertisements deprecates all beating of drums and blowing of trumpets, even when it may be necessary to call attention to such a natural method as this of the Teetotum; still, the growth is there, and my attention having been called to the fact my responsibility to my readers compels me to make it known as widely as possible. Arrangements are now being made by Mr. Buchanan for establishing Teetotums in South and North London. The name Teetotum is protected as a trade mark, and can only be used with the consent of the proprietors. I shall be glad to hear from those who see their way to taking practical steps in the direction of establishing similar institutions in London and elsewhere. At last, therefore, I am able to respond to the suggestions made repeatedly by helpers that something should be attempted that would bring us into line with those who are fighting intemperance. The service I ask for April is the making of a return giving the following particulars as to the extent to which temperance substitutes for the public-house have been provided in their respective districts: -- District; population; number of public-houses; number of temperance taverns. Lockhart's, &c. List of temperance taverns, specifying (1) ownership; (2) general character; (3) special features (if any); (4) social adjuncts; (5) capital invested; (6) dividend declared each year from opening; (7) working expenses; (8) suggestions from managers. The article on "How to Fight the Tap-room" will give helpers hints as to the points on which information will be wanted. THE STORY OF A FRESH-AIR FUND. AMERICAN EXPERIENCE FOR ENGLISH GUIDANCE. Mr. Willard Parsons, in Scribner for April, describes the origin of the Fresh-Air Fund in New York. He began in 1877 by taking some sixty poor city children out into the country for a fortnight each year. Last year the number sent out had risen to 11,000. Money was first raised by the Evening Post, and then by the New York Tribune. The average cost per child for fourteen days is 2 dollars 75 cents. Nearly two hundred persons among the poor assist in selecting and preparing the children. Every child is medically examined before he is set into the country. No child is sent from a house in which there is any contagious disease. Nothing, says Mr. Parsons, so strengthened my faith in humanity as the kind and loving way in which the country people have received their strange guests. The service has often resulted in the complete transformation of the child. The average gain in the weight of the children after their fortnight in the country is 5 lb. 362 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. GENERAL BOOTH AS ABBOT SAMSON. PEN AND INK SKETCH BY A SCOTCHMAN. Mr. Stevenson, of the Glasgow Social Union, has a very interesting article on "Darkest England: The Way Out and the Leader," in the Westminster Review for April. Mr. Stevenson begins by describing Mr. Herbert Mill's scheme for home colonisation. He then proceeds to give the following pen and ink sketch of General Booth: -- The head and General of the Army is the Rev. William Booth, a man who has proved himself to be a born leader -- what Carlyle, in his Bible English, calls an Ableman. "The finding of your Ableman, and getting him invested with the symbols of ability, is the business, well or ill-accomplished, of all social procedure in this world." And elsewhere: "Certainly it is a fearful business that of having your Ableman to seek, and not knowing how to proceed about it." Fortunately for those of us who would gladly see a new departure in social methods, he is not to seek, he is among us; he is everywhere, stirring up the people for this great struggle against poverty, vice, and crime. And what manner of man is he? Readers of Carlyle who have seen the General lately may have been reminded of "the clear beaming eyesight of Abbot Samson, steadfast, severe, all-penetrating, flashing into you in an almost inconvenient way." The "very eminent nose" is there, too, and he is altogether "a man worth looking at." Few more striking figures ever stood on a public platform; the tall, spare form; the ascetic, eager face, keen yet kindly, hungering for sympathy with the great work he is engaged in; the silvered hair and long grey beard as of some old Hebrew prophet or law giver; the untrained but harmonious gestures, all go to make up a personality not easily to be forgotten. But those who meet him in closer intimacy are even more impressed by the everyday man himself. No one can be in his immediate presence without feeling that strange magnetic influence which all nature's born leaders seem too exercise, and which involuntarily subjugates and makes willing followers of the most unlikely. Nevertheless he is almost childlike in his simplicity and utter absence of self-consciousness. Childlike he certainly is in his faith, which is boundless, and without which he could never have undertaken at sixty-one years of age the task he has mapped out for himself. He is abstemious to a fault; eats almost no animal food, and the food he does eat is of the plainest and most meagre; of course, like his whole army, he is a total abstainer from alcohol in all forms. He is none the less bright and cheerful; he is always ready to join in conversation, and what he says shows that he has thought out for himself, and thought out to some purpose, most of the social problems which trouble our men of light and leading. An Inspector of Schools whom I knew intimately, and who has made education a study all his life, after getting Mr. Booth's views very fully on the subject, said, "I see you are a disciple of John Ruskin, like myself." "Well, of course I have heard of Mr. Ruskin, though I have never had any time to read any of his books," he replied; "but I have had a good deal to do with children." The fact seems to be that he has an unlimited power of absorbing ideas, which he is able to pour forth again at the right moment, warmed and revivified by his own enthusiastic nature. Whence he draws his energy I cannot fathom. . . . He is one of those men Walt Whitman talks about when he says, "Why are there men and women that while they are nigh me the sunlight expands my blood? Why, when they leave me, do my pennants of joy sink flat and lank?" Like Walt Whitman, too, he has the rare gift of giving himself, an idea made familiar to us in the "Song of the Open Road:" -- "Camerado, I give you my hand! I give you my love more precious than money! I give you myself." But General Booth is no stunted ascetic. He can be merry on occasion, and is as versatile as Father O'Flynn. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. Readers of the Nouvelle Revue will turn to the two articles in which M.E. Masseras summarises Werndon's new biography of President Lincoln; and what happened to M. Masseras in reading Werndon will will probably happen to them in reading Masseras. A languid doubt as to why they should read again a chapter of tolerably well-known history yields little by little to a lively curiosity; and when they find that it is the man, and not the history of his time, which is placed before their eyes, they will read with the fresh interest that a fresh human figure can always evoke, no matter how familiar his setting. Here is an anecdote of the fashion in which in his barrister days he sometimes chose his arguments. He heard that a shoemaker in the neighbourhood was in the habit of beating his wife. He called upon the gentleman, and gave him friendly counsel not to do it again unless he wished for the opportunity of regretting the performance. The shoemaker neglected the advice, and Lincoln, with two friends, carried him out of his house one evening, stripped him to the waist, bound him to a tree, and then, putting a stout branch into the wife's hand, invited her to try the effects of a tu-quoque. The wife thrashed her husband until he cried for mercy. "Now," said Lincoln, as he unbound him, "remember that every time you beat your wife you will get as much again." Summary methods of justice are apparently accepted in America with more equanimity than they are on this side of the water; and no one could deny that one of the first aims of justice is to protect the weak against the strong. The sketch abounds in characteristic touches. This, of his methods of work, will give special satisfaction to the untidy and casual people who have hitherto heard of him as a model of laborious assiduity. "He detested office work. He wrote very little -- less, perhaps, than any other member of the Bar. He hardly ever prepared a case, trusting to the inspiration of the moment and to Providence. He had made of his hat an extraordinary receptacle which served him at once for a brief bag and a letter box. Thrice he carried pell-mell his cheque-book and his letters. When at a lecture or looking through a brief he desired to make a note, he used to scribble it on any envelope or scrap of paper and stick it into the band of his hat. If later it was wanted every one knew where to find it. On one occasion, having to excuse himself to a colleague for leaving a letter unanswered, Lincoln naïvely gave the explanation, 'First I was very busy; then, when your letter arrived, I had put it into my old hat. As I bought a new one the next day the old one was laid aside and your letter got lost with it.' " How many officials would be glad to have a Lincoln's hat! WINDOW GARDENING. -- In the New England Magazine for March Mrs. Henrietta Wolcott described the experience of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in attempting to establish "the English custom of winter gardening" in Boston. Prizes were offered for cut flowers at Easter time and also prizes for windows of plants. Circulars have been sent to the principals of high schools and to superintendents throughout the States, asking them to co-operate in interesting their pupils in prize competitions in connection with ferns, flowers, and grasses. The window gardening operations have also been begun in New York and Philadelphia, and 13,000 plants were distributed in Boston on Easter Sunday, 1890. In several of the churches the pastor has a special service for the children with their plants on Sunday afternoon. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS. 363 THE ENGLISH CHURCH OF THE FUTURE. By The Rev. F. Herbert Stead. My brother Herbert has been trying his hand at prophesying to some purpose in the Independent (March 6th), which he has not been editing for some months. His manifesto, although primarily addressed to Congregationalists, is full of matter which deserves the consideration of men of all denominations and of none. Surveying the tendencies of the English Christian Churches, he sees that: -- They set in the direction of complete emancipation from State control, of great theological comprehensiveness, and of organised union. For simplicity's sake, we may resolve these three tendencies into two: -- (1) a tendency towards freedom -- a freedom so free as to foster the fullest spontaneity of thought and action in every one of the infinitely diverse souls that follow Christ: and (2) a tendency towards unity -- a unity so comprehensive as to include every believer, and at the same time so effectively organised that there should be no waste of Christian energy, but the greatest possible contribution to the progressive realisation of the kingdom of Christ. Freedom being almost completely attained, how are we to attain unity? He answers this question by asking another, viz., How have Christians in the past attained unity? They attained it by union in the Catholic Church centred in Rome and commanded by the Pope, a union which was one of the most imposing and significant facts in the history of the world. That union was due to the adoption of the dominant political ideal of the time. The induction suggested, therefore, is that if we are to have union to-day it must be by the adoption, not of the outworn archaic political ideal of Roam, but of the modern dominant ideal of England, that of federated democracies. The true genius of the English race is not yet to be found in England. We must rather look to lands over sea, where the distinctive English genius has had room to assert itself, unhampered by pagan and barbaric residues. In the United States, or perhaps still better in Canadian Dominion, we are likely to gain true glimpses of that political ideal which seems destined eventually to rule the world. In this system the ultimate unit is not, as in the Roman Empire, the autocratic Caesar, but the individual elector. "Broad-based upon the people's will" rises the superstructure of Government in its successive grades of village, or district, or town Council, Provincial or State Legislature, Dominion Parliament or Congress of United States. He looks forward to the ultimate federation of all the federations of the English race, whether Republican, Monarchical, or Colonial, when the whole of our world-peopling family will be graded up from bottom to top, a majestic unity based on freedom and federation. The English Churches will, he thinks. soonest attain unity in like manner. Practically he things it would work out in this fashion: -- The Christians of a given village or district would united in a Village or District Church; the Churches in a given town or county would federate in a Town or County Church; the Churches in a give nation would federate in a National Church; the constituents of the various National Churches, again, would combine in an International or Œcumenical Church. The District Church would be autonomous within its own sphere; the federation of District Churches, or the County Church, would, without trenching on the autonomy of the local units, direct their associated activity within its own area; the larger federations, which might be known as Provincial Church, Dominion Church, and so forth, would deal with the work which could not be undertaken by single Churches or by the lesser federations. There would doubtless be any number on intermediate groups linked together in the District Church, but these our present rough sketch cannot specify. The Church of English Christendom would comprise an ever-ascending gradation of self-governed and federated communities. TO OLD SILCOATIANS. --On my way to Bradford last month I looked in at my old school in Silcoates, near Wakefield. The revival of the memories connected with the old schooldays leads me to insert this notice, in the hope that it may meet the eye of some Old Silcoatians. I shall be glad if any of the Old Boys who, from time to time, may be in town, or who may be readers of the Review of Reviews, will call at Mowbray House or send me their name and address. [*(From a photo by Elliott and Fry.) The Rev. F. Herbert Stead, M.A.*]364 The Review of Reviews. EDISON'S TALKING DOLL. THE PHONOGRAPH IN THE NURSERY. In Harper's Young People for April there is a paper describing how Edison has adapted the phonograph to the nursery. A year ago last fall the improved doll was begun; a body of tin, shaped precisely as a human body is formed, was made. Great iron presses, some of them weighing five tons, were used, and steel dies for stamping out the different parts were constructed. Sheets of tin go into these presses, and after forty-five different operations they come out cut into half a dozen pieces, which fit together and make the cover for the phonograph. Next, one of the members of Mr. Edison's company went to Europe, and visited the shops in German where dolls heads are made of bisque. He gave orders for all the work that two large makers could turn out for a year in advance, and returned home. American manufacturers agreed to furnish the wooden arms and legs, and Mr. Edison proposed to make the phonographs. After the tin body comes from the presses, the different parts are soldered together, except in the back, where a little door that opens and closes is left to allow the phonograph to be repaired, if it should ever get out of order. In the front of the body, between the arms, there is a number of perforations, like those in the top of a pepper-box, to let the sound out. The phonograph consists of a small wax-covered wheel which revolves on a little steel rod. One end of this rod sticks out of the back of the dolls, as is turned by a key when the doll is made to talk. AT the top of this wheel is a tiny needle, which fits into minute grooves that are cut into the wax, as in the big phonographs. Above this needle is the artificial diaphragm, and above that the funnel through which the sound passes. When the key is turned, the wheel revolves, the needle follows in the grooves, moving the diaphragm up and down as the human diaphragm moved when the words were first spoken, and, in a tiny Punch and Judy tone, the doll recites a verse from Mother Goose's rhymes very much as a live doll would do had it received the proper education. By an ingenious mechanism a spring may be touched when the verse is ended, and the wheel is forced back to its original place, ready to go through the same performance again. Thus far each wheel or cylinder, as it is called, has upon it but one short verse. The inventor proposes that when a child grows weary of this, another cylinder containing a different verse may be substituted for the first. Songs may be used instead of spoken words; and the little girl of the future may go to the nearest phonograph doll shop and order the "latest song of Patti" for the doll party she intends to give next week. The manufacturers employ eighteen young women with strong, clear voices, who teach the dolls, as it were, the verses they are to repeat. These girls take turns, six at a time, and repeat the verses over and over again into the diaphragm until they get tired — and they get tired very quickly, for each word must be spoken loudly and clearly. When they have finished talking in the diaphragm, the little cylinders are taken out, fitted into the phonographs, and are ready to be put into the dolls. When the crank is turned slowly, the words are drawled out in a low tone; when it is turned more rapidly the words come quicker, and are in a higher pitch; and when the crank is turned at its highest speed the verse is spoken in an actual squeak. The improved doll will be ready for the public in a short time. The doll phonograph will be an exact copy of the real phonograph reduced to one-fourth the size. The big phonograph contains a cylinder large enough to allow a person to talk into it for four minutes without covering the wax surface with lines. The little phonograph has a one-minute cylinder. It is about four times as big as the present doll cylinder. This is not the only improvement. Mr. Edison and his associates have found twenty-five different faults in the present doll. This new doll will go all over the world. The general manager showed me letters from South Africa, China, and Turkey. The last letter asked that the dolls should be "instructed to speak" in Turkish. When the new doll is completed, Mr. Edison will turn his attention to other kinds of phonographic toys, and we may expect Noah's arks, and menageries noisy with the cries of animals, circuses with clowns that laugh and tell funny stories, lions that roar, and even little peanut boys who go among the audience and sell pink lemonade. JOURNALISM AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN In the Girls' Own Paper Mr. Holden Pike writes on "Young Women as Journalists." He does not like the idea of girls being reporters: — Supposing the young woman to be mistress of all necessary accomplishments, she will still have to decide whether it would be quite seemly for an unprotected girl to travel about London or a great town in the evening until after midnight. The work also has to be done in all kinds of weather. We have seen such a girl at work, and one who was apparently well fitted for what she was about; but we sympathised with her in regard to the hardships of her lot while we could not but admire her courage. As things are at present, the girl reporter has to assume a bold mien when, with her notebook, she takes her place at a table among perhaps a dozen men, on whose province she is encroaching. It is not an occupation which tends to the development of feminine graces; and this will be as fully realised by the girl herself as by those with whom she comes in contact. But leaving reporting on one side, he says:— A great deal of the most effective work on our newspapers has been done by women; and, could it be told, the public would to-day be surprised to learn how much of the total is still done by them. Everything depends, first, on the quality of the work turned out; and, secondly, on the worker's industry. As regards success and methods of procedure, several misapprehensions need to be corrected. There is a widespread notion that the only indispensable things are genius and "introductions." While, however, genius is always to be coveted, and its possessor always to be congratulated, there is perhaps no calling in which hard, persevering toil in face of difficulties and frequent disappointments is so necessary as it is in journalism. Then, in the matter of competent contributors, what common-sense editor cares a pin about introductions in the conventional sense? All the introduction he requires is that of effective work, good articles being far more weighty arguments with him than the most persuasive words of interested friends. Ask the most successful journalists of the day who "introduced" them, and they will tell you that they introduced themselves. New writers of merit are always cordially welcomed into the ranks; but then they must really possess abilities, and not be mere ambitious aspirants, of whom there are great numbers. Hence, in making her calculations, the girl who aspires to journalism should realise that the profession is already much overcrowded. While so much depends upon temperament and outward circumstances, we should always hesitate before recommending any girl, whose livelihood depended upon her own efforts, to risk embarking on what, in the majority of cases, would be likely to prove a very precarious enterprise. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS 365 GIRLHOOD IN ITALY BY SIGNORA SALAZARO. It is nearly two years ago that Madame Fanny Zampini Salazaro visited this country with the intention of enlisting the sympathies of the English public in an enterprise on which she had embarked for providing higher education for Italian women. She was here long enough to excite very general interest in her personality and her ambitions, and hence it is with considerable interest that we turn to a paper on "Girlhood in Italy" which she has contributed to the English Illustrated Magazine. Madame Salazaro's paper is very interesting. She says that the reformed code of Italy forbids girls to marry until fifteen, but at twelve a girl has begun to feel love's torments and love's ambitions. Marriage is the one thing to which an Italian girl clings To marry a rich man is to her the acme of human felicity. The only person to whom she is allowed to speak freely is her confessor, who often does her no end of mischief by describing as sinful the noblest and loftiest aspirations of the girl's nature. Neither at home nor at school is there a general high tone in intellectual and moral life. Money is the one mark of the aristocracy. Girls have no lofty conception of life; when educated in a convent they are stupid creatures, blushing for nothing, full of foolish prejudices, and an easy prey to the corruptions of society when they leave their convent. Those who are educated in the national colleges are often ambitious coquettes, who begin even when at school to set their cap at eligible husbands:— Girlhood amongst the mass of the people, though sad enough in the large town, has yet a sort of wild poetic character in the rural districts. In the country, girls keep their simple, innocent ways, seldom leaving their mothers, to whom they are real helps in all household cares. They are healthy, living a pure and wholesome if severe, life amongst the fields and mountains; and with them we often find a real deep vein of poetry and great gentleness of manners. Of all classes in Italy probably those make the best wives and mothers, and become devoted to their families when not led away by an imprudent ambition to seek their fortunes, and too often to find their loss, in the great centres of industry. Too few efforts are made to establish local schools of technical instruction in these villages and rural communities. Madame Salazaro pleads vigorously for giving girls rational education. She is especially severe upon the education given in convents. She says:— The great object of monastic education in Italy is to keep girls innocent and entirely subject to the confessor's guidance. They are bound to obey without reasoning, and the greatest praise given to a girl considered properly educated is "She has no will." To train the moral faculties of a reasonable living creature is not even dreamt of. To infuse in her soul a high ideal of life's great duties towards God, ourselves, and humankind, and open the eyes of her mind to all the great and holy truths of real life, making herself the guardian of her own being, would be considered folly. Queen Margherita, she says, is doing excellent work in stimulating rational education, and she hopes that the royal example may rouse the Italian nation to a higher ideal of womanhood. As it is, caprice is considered interesting in a young woman and her weakness and faults are too often regarded as the expression of an amiable and sensitive character. Hysteria is not regarded as an illness to be overcome by proper remedies and treatment, but as a fated necessity of a woman's life. Not a little has been done for women's physical training by establishing courses of gymnastics in the schools, but the change is very recent. But there is still no lawn tennis, and no habitual constitutional walks, to which English girls are so well accustomed. Signora Salazaro concludes with a word of hope. She believes that the time is coming when girls will be trained, not so much as a separate sex, but as an important part of the great human family. A high school for girls at Palombello is about to be formed, and it is proposed to obtain the Royal Palace Favorita, near Naples, as a first-class college for girls. 366 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. HAVE AMERICANS A NATIONAL LITERATURE? By Walt Whitman. Mr. Walt Whitman send me a proof of his article which the editor of the North American Review has headed "Have we a National Literature?" but which Walt Whitman wished to be headed, "A National Literature for America: Have we Got it, or can we ever Have it?" It is a very characteristic article upon a very "tremendous and fearful subject." Walt Whitman tells three or four great Atlantic coast cities that on this subject they will have to "haul in their horns." He takes little account of advice form such "toploftical quarters:" -- Ensemble is the tap-root of National Literature. America is becoming already a huge world of peoples, rounded and orbic climates, idiocrasies, and geographies -- forty-four nations curiously and irresistibly blent and aggregated in ONE NATION, with imperial language, and one unitary set of social and legal standards over all -- and (I predict) a yet-to-be National Literature. (In my mind this last, if it ever comes, is to prove grander and more important for the commonwealth than its politics and material wealth and trade, vast and indispensable as these are.) What, then, is the characteristic of a national literature? Literature is the divine mirror of the august form of the people, and the three prevailing personal traits of the American people, he thinks, are Good Nature, Decorum, and Intelligence. These make the vertebral stock of the superbest and most notable nations. After passing a remark that he is not sure whether the established and old sublime and profound conception of deity as moral goodness, purity, sinlessness, should not be superseded by a deific identity, superior to all limitations and essentially including every crime and defect of the universe, he goes on to say: -- What are now deepest wanted in the States as root for their literature are patriotism, nationality, ensemble, or the ideas of these, and the uncompromising genesis and saturation of these. Not the mere bawling and braggadocio of them, but the radical emotion-facts, the fervour and perennial fructifying spirit at fountain-head. And at risk of being misunderstood I should dwell on and repeat that a great imaginative literatus for America can never be merely good and moral in the conventional method. Puritanism and what radiates from it must always be mentioned by me with respect; then I should say, for this vast and varied commonwealth, geographically and artistically, the puritanical standards are constipated, narrow, and non-philosophic. The great current points are perhaps simple, after all: first, that the highest developments of the New World and Democracy, and probably the best society of the civilised world all over, are to be only reached and spinally nourished (In my notion) by a new evolutionary sense and treatment; and, secondly, that the evolution-principle which is the greatest law through nature, and of course in these States, has now reached us markedly for and in our literature. For American literature Walt Whitman wants mighty authors who are not to be brought up in that vast abnormal ward of hysterical sick chamber which in many respects Europe in all its glories would seem to be. For modern literature Walt Whitman has but little respect. The greatest feature in current poetry (in literature anyhow) is the almost total lack of first-class power, and simple, natural health, flourishing and produced at first hand, and typifying our own era. Modern verse generally lacks quite altogether the modern, and is oftener possessed in spirit with the past and feudal, dressed maybe in late fashions. For novels and plays often the plots and surfaces are contemporary, but the spirit, even the fun, is morbid and effete. Certainly, anyhow, the United States do not so far utter poetry, first-rate literature, or any of the so-called arts, to any lofty admiration or advantage -- are not dominated or penetrated from actual inherence or plain bent to the said poetry and arts. Other work, other needs, current inventions, productions, have occupied and to-day mainly occupy them. They are very cute and imitative and proud -- can't bear being left too glaringly away far behind the other high-class nations -- and so we set up some home "poets," "artists," painters, musicians, literati, and so forth, all our own (thus claimed). The whole matter has gone on, and exists to-day, probably as it should have been, and should be; as , for the present, it must be. To all which we conclude, and repeat the terrible query: American National Literature -- is there distinctively any such thing, or can there ever be? SUNDAY IN AMERICA: ITS OBSERVANCE IMPROVING. The Rev. Wilbur Crafts, in a short paper in the Homiletic Review for March, discusses the question whether Sabbath observance is advancing or declining in America. The railroads, the emigrants, and the war between 1860 and 1875 made serious inroads upon the American observance of the Sabbath, but since the, he thinks, there has been a rally in the direction of Sabbath observance. The signs of this he summarises as follows: -- (1) That the Sabbath has secured a strong foothold in many heathen lands through the work of missionaries; (2) that a strong reaction has set in against the Continental Sunday in its own blighted haunts; (3) that the Greed and Roman Churches are sharing this reaction; (4) that in Great Britain, not only the churches, but the labour organisation also, are resisting the attempted introduction of the holiday Sunday; (3) that nearly all the great men in Anglo-Saxon lands have given their testimony against relaxing Sabbath observance; (6) that in spite of frequent attempts to destroy or nullify American Sabbath laws, they still remain on the statute books or nearly all our States; (7) that twenty per cent. of our people are members, and twice as many more are adherents, of evangelical churches that believe the Sabbath should be protected against both work and dissipation, while the other churches also in a measure hold to this same view and swell the number far beyond a majority; (8) that less than a quarter of our population are in the cities, where Sabbath-breaking chiefly abound; (9) that a good degree of Sabbath observance has been retained in some of our largest cities; (10) that the religious conservatism of the South has preserved the Sabbath there to a good degree; (11) that the frontier camps improve in Sabbath observance as they grow into beautiful cities and wish to attract Eastern settlers; (12) that prohibition is in so many places closing Sunday saloons effectually by closing them all days. All these encouragements are increasingly true to-day, and the following may be added to the golden sheaf: (13) There is encouragement in the numerous instances where Sunday closing of saloons has been secured in our large cities, especially in the victories in Pittsburgh, in Denver, in Los Angeles, and in Cincinnati; (14) there is an omen of hope, also, in the important fact that, during the last five years, nearly all the numerous books on Sabbath reform that have appeared, and of the numerous organisations that have devoted their time to this cause, build on the universal and perpetual authority of the Fourth Commandment as their sure foundation ; those who deny this not seeming to find inspiration enough in their holy ambiguity to lecture or write of organise in its behalf. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS. 367 ANOTHER PRACTICAL SOCIAL PROGRAMME. BY THE RIGHT HON. A.J. MUDELLA, M.P. Following up the interview which it published last month with Sir John Gorst, Help publishes this month an interview with Mr. Mundella, who, together with Sir Lyon Playfair, will represent the front Opposition Bench in the Royal Commission on questions at issue between employers and employed. Mr. Mundella begins his Social Programme by declaring that he believes the social question will be more easily solved in England than in any other country in the world. The great feature which dominates the whole of his proposals is education. You can make anything out of the child; you can make nothing out of the grown-up person. His proposals are summarised below:-- 1. Take care of the rights of the child, and compel the parents to fulfil their responsibilities. 2. Assist the parents in educating the child by giving it free the best education that can be procured, including modern languages and drawing. 3. Establish cheap and accessible intermediate schools in every town and in every country area where a first-class education can be had for £5 a year. 4. Free children from labour until they are twelve, and raise the half-time age to fourteen. 5. Follow the German example, and provide continuation schools, and look after the welfare of scholars after leaving school, and training the blind. 6. Feed starving scholars, if necessary, at the cost of the State. 7. Pass the Eight Hours Miners Bill. 8. Promote industrial arbitration, extending the powers of the Labour Bureau, and holding strike inquests when an industrial dispute produces an extensive dislocation of industry. 9. Free the land so as to make it as easy to transfer an acre as a watch, increase allotments, and develop the yeomanry. 10. Promote temperance reform. 11. Establish a progressive income tax after the Swiss method, and levy heavy death duties on realised capital. [*Right Hon. A.J. Mundella, M.P.*] SOME FRENCH STATESMEN. In the Leisure Hour for April there is the first part of an article on French statesmen which belongs to their new "Statesmen of Europe" series. It is illustrated with a view of the Chamber of Deputies, and with portraits of Carnot, Jules Ferry, M. de. Freycinet, and Gambett. The articles are somewhat too much of "Men of the Time" encyclopædic character. Of M. Ferry the writer says: -- Ferry's name is not, as some people have tried to make out, of Italian origin; Ferry is merely, in the patois of the Vosges, a contraction of Frederick, for the time immemorial his family have inhabited the little town of Saint Dié. His father was a lawyer of considerable means, who devoted himself to the education of his two sons, bringing them up as pugnacious Republicans. The author of the article has much more admiration for M. de Freycinet than for the Tonquinois, whom he roundly accuses of lying. He says: -- M. De Freycinet's critics say that he chops and changes with the times, and these are always changing in the uneasy sea of French politics. The bark of the Republic has often been in imminent danger during the last decade, thanks to the raging Radical sea, the fierce hurricane of Boulangism, the current of opinions constantly swaying and changing. Now, for a moment, all seems calm, and it is possible that De Freycinet may sit long on the Ministerial bench, and that his shrill but harmonious voice, with something of the pan-pipe or the flute in its quality, will often be heard in the Chamber. It has been said that there are three kinds of mathematicians -- those in a straight line, those in an angle, and those in a circle. M. de Freycinet belongs to the last category. He rounds his back, his arms, his fingers; he is fond of elegant solutions and demonstrations. He can pass a Budget of seven hundred millions with ease and grace. Even when he is ironical, which is not seldom, there is always in his speech a preponderance of honey for the gall. Undoubtedly not the least important result of Boulangism has been the fact that it led indirectly to the appointment of a civilian as Minister of War -- a very important and, most people think, advantageous change, a civilian Minister being above and outside the jealousies which so often exist between generals. The latter, by the time they are fit to be Ministers of War, are in France as a rule physically and mentally worn out. [*M. Jules Ferry.*]368 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. THE FREEDOM OF RELIGIOUS DISCUSSION. By Professor Max Muller. The grotesque suggestion recently made a critic of "Lux Mundi" that such books should be written in Latin has provoked Professor Max Müller into writing a brief but cogent plan for the freedom of religious discussion in the March number of the Forum. The Professor asserts: -- If we have once claimed the freedom of the spirit which St. Paul claimed, "to prove all things and to hold fast that which is good," we cannot turn back and say that no one shall prove our own religion, or that no one shall prove other religions and compare them with our own. We have to choose, once for all, between freedom and slavery of judgment; and though I do not wish to argue with those who prefer slavery to freedom, yet I may remind them that, even in choosing slavery, they follow their own private judgment quite as much as others do in choosing freedom. In claiming infallibility for popes and councils, they claim in reality far greater infallibility for themselves. To expect that religion can ever be placed again beyond the reach of scientific treatment or of honest criticism, shows an utter misapprehension of the signs of the times; it would, after all, be no more than to set up private judgment against private judgment. I believe, on the contrary, that if the inalienable rights of private judgment--that is, of honesty and truth--should be more generally recognized, the character of religious controversy would at once be changed. Restriction provokes resentment, and thus embitters all discussions on religious subjects. Professor Max Müller says that a comparative study of religion teaches us that religious intolerance is much more common in modern than in ancient times. People forget nowadays what the ancient Indians recognized, namely, that the religion of the young can never be quite the same as the religion of the old, the religion of the educated as that of the ignorant. The diverse classes of our society, differing from each other in education, occupation, manners, tastes, thought, and language, must also differ in their religion. The ignoring of this simple fact leads to hypocrisy on the one side and dogmatism on the other. I know how strong a feeling there is against anything like a religion for the few differences from the religion for the many. An esoteric religion seems to be a religion that cannot show itself, that is afraid of the light, that is, in fact, dishonest. But far from being dishonest, the distinction between a higher and a lower form of religion is actually the only honest recognition of the realities of life. To a philosophic man, religion is a spiritual love of God and the joy of his full consciousness of the spirit of God within him; but what meaning can such words convey to millions of human beings? These, nevertheless, want a religion-- a positive, authoritative, or revealed religion-- to teach them that there is a God and that his commands must be obeyed without questioning. After quoting an emphatic opinion from the head master of Clifton in favor of giving higher, teaching to children sooner than are the case at present, Professor Max Miller concludes his article as follows:-- Nothing. I believe, is so dangerous to the healthy growth of a child's mind as the impression that his parents and the teacher is withholding something, or are not quite honest when they speak of the Bible. The fact that children ask such perplexing questions about miracles in the Bible shows that their minds are awake and that everything is not exactly like what it ought to be. The human mind, and more particularly the child's mind is so constituted, I believe, that it cannot take in more than it is prepared for. If anyone should say to a little child, who had just repeated the Lord's Prayer that heaven is not the blue sky, the child would listen, but would turn up his hands and eyes just the same to the clouds above. It may be quite right to guard against dangers, whether real or imaginary, so long as it is possible; but when it is no longer possible, I feel certain that the right thing is to face the enemy bravely. Very often the enemy will turn out to be a friend in disguise. The use of Latin in all theological discussions would be a mere sham defense and any restrictions on the free discussion would provoke a resistance ten times worse. In writing on religion, even on natural religion, we must turn neither to the right nor to the left, but look all facts straight in the face, to see whether they are facts or not, and if they are facts, to find out what they mean. THE LIGHT OF THE FIRE-FLY By Lady Blake. Lady Blake, the wife of the Governor of Jamaica, writes in Timchri, the quarterly of British Guiana, a paper on fire-flies, which gives a very extraordinary account of the brilliance of the fire-flies in the tropics. She certainly succeeds in leaving the impression of the most un- speakable beauty of the moonless nights in the West Indies, when the mountain, forest, and plain are throbbing with lights of various sizes and intensities, from the minute fire-fly of about 3/6ths of an inch in length, to the splendid "cucuyo" or fire-beetles over an inch long with two large eye-like lights in the thorax and the abdomen glowing like a living emerald. Creole beauties at balls in Cuba where fire-flies in their hair and dresses instead of diamonds, and the first French settlers who landed at Montreal caught a multitude of fire-flies and tied them in shining festoons before the altar where the blessed sacrament was being celebrated. She quotes extensively from Peter Martyn's account of the utilization of the cucuyo, or fire beetle, as an exterminator of mosquitoes. In addition to his services in this respect, he is employed as a lamp in the darkness. She says:- As many eyes as every two circuit openeth, the host enjoyed the light of so many candles; so that the inhabitants spin, sew, weave, and dance by the light of the flying circuits. Lady Blake maintains that this story is not so incredible as it appears to us at a distance. She says:- Anyone who visits the West Indies can easily verify this statement for himself, and it is easy to understand that the native Indians, who possessed neither candles nor lamps, and who only knew torches made either of some light wood or of the fibrous interior of the Dildo cactus, often availed themselves of the brilliant beetles when busy after night-fall in their very simple domestic avocations. Even with all the complicated comforts of the present day, it was the common the practice of members of our family, when entering a room at night, to catch a firefly, in order by its light to find the match-box. Gosse, who during his residence in Jamaica made valuable observations on fire-flies, states that he met with about fourteen species during his eighteen months stay on the island. Lest anyone should be disposed to hasten to the tropics in order to enjoy the charm of existence illuminated by fire-flies, there are three papers in Timchri that will moderate the ardor of his desire to go to the West Indies. One describes parasites, another scale, and other parasitical insects, and a third deals with a similar subject in the Occasional Notes. Leading Articles In The Reviews WANTED, "LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR." By The Countess of Meath The Countess of Meath, who has been staying for a short time in Cannes has been immensely impressed by the the excellency of work done by the Little Sisters of the Poor. She has contributed an article on the subject to Great Thoughts, and author to Help, in which she pleads for the establishment in this country of a Sisterhood that would undertake the nursing of the infirm poor in our workhouses. At least one half of the nation will learn with regret that Lady Meath proposes to limit her the proposed community of voluntary workers to those who are members of the Episcopalian church. After describing the good work of the Little Sisters of the Poor, some of whose homes have been established in England, but whose attention is necessarily confined, for the most part, to the Roman Catholics, Lady Meath says :--- Would it not be possible to form a religious community of women belonging to the English Church — broad-minded workers with no extreme views—whose special vocation it would be to devote themselves to the aged? "HOMES OF COMFORT" FOR THE AGED POOR. Lady Meath is nothing if not practical, and she has already drawn up a rough sketch of what she proposes to do :— In order to carry this scheme into actual practice it is proposed— 1. That a community of voluntary workers should be started connected with the Anglican Church, but with neither the High nor the Low section of it. 2. That a house to be called "A Home of Comfort for the Aged," should be purchased and fitted up for the accommodation of old men and women—none would be received under the age of 60 or 65 —and for the training of workers who, under some experienced head, would be instructed to look after the needs of the inmates. 3. That the workers, after due training in this Home, should go out as matrons, sisters in charge of infirm wards in workhouses, or to found fresh "Homes of Comfort." 4. That the helpers sent out to workhouses should receive no salary, but that a certain payment should be made to the "Home of Comfort" for their services. 5. That old couples should be especially provided for in the "Homes of Comfort," and not be separated in the distressing manner which is done in almost all workhouses. 6. That with the workers, who devote their whole time to the care of the aged, should be associated charitable persons who are already working for the benefit of the aged paupers, and others who would be willing to give up a certain time weekly to visiting the workhouses or "Homes of Comfort," and help to provide funds for the maintenance of these latter institutions. 7. It should be impressed upon the minds of the helpers sent out to workhouses that it would be their duty not only to look after the interests of the aged, but also to carry out the instructions of the guardians who had appointed them, so that the latter might be all the more ready to employ those belonging to the community instead of other women less fitted to look after the old people. ARE PROTESTANTS AS CHRISTLIKE AS CATHOLICS? Lady Meath concludes her article by the following appeal :— Does any one say that the scheme looks well upon paper, but is not practical, involving too great sacrifice on the part of workers? I do not believe it. Happily, in our land love and enthusiasm are not lacking, and where is the limit to that which can be accomplished by those thus inspired? I have had sufficient experience to know that a certain number of people will be open-mouthed in declaring some given charitable scheme, when suggested to them, to be utterly impracticable, or likely to be attended with bad results even if attempted. Others will quietly do that which has been stated to be impossible, and discover that the venture, when carried out, has been fraught with the happiest results. We Britons pride ourselves that we have courage; let not our "Little French Sisters" prove more courageous. We, as Protestants, think that religious zeal and the spirit of love is not lacking in our churches. It remains for us to show that we have not less than our Catholic brethren. Our aged poor are neglected, they are oppressed. Come and help them. LETTERS OF ENCOURAGEMENT. The Bishop of Wakefield has written very cordially commending the project. Mrs.Fawcett writes :— I have been very interested by your letter and article, and I shall be anxious to know about the progress of "Home of Comfort for the Aged" that you are starting. One great source of strength of the Roman Catholic Church is the completeness of their organization, making use of the loving labour of women as well as of men, of the poor as of the well-to-do. The Church of England has neglected the working powers of women and of the poor, and partly in consequence we have the Salvation Army and the hundred and one dissenting bodies. Miss Davenport Hill writes :— I rejoice that you are putting forward this scheme, for my experience as a guardian has led me to desire that the different classes in receipt of relief, should, as far as possible, be dealt with in voluntary institutions. That this should be widely practicable, the cost might, by the necessary legislation, be met by payment from the guardians, the Homes being certified under the Local Government Board. This method has worked well in the Industrial Homes for Girls, originated by Mrs.May at Brockham thirty years ago, and the same principle underlies the certified boarding and committees. I believe it is capable of the widest application, if only the right people came forward to create and conduct such Homes. Very many years ago I visited also at Bristol an asile for the indigent aged under the care of "the Little Sisters of the Poor." It was a cheerful sight, presenting a happy contrast indeed to the aged and infirm wards of a workhouse. Koch and his Modified Snake-bite.—Dr.Richardson, in the Asclepiad, delivers himself of a very vigorous anathema upon Dr.Koch and the Kochites. He protests against the idea that it is necessary to subject a patient to a kind of modified snake-bite in order to settle a question of diagnosis which is one of the most simple of all those which confront the medical practitioner. He asks whether the art of inventing a new disease or series of diseases in order to cure or prevent this disease which seems to occur spontaneously is a true and useful art in its application to medicine. He stoutly denies it. He maintains that inoculation is bad sanitation. Twenty years ago we were steering well and steadily towards great principles on the preventive as well as on the curative side of medicine; then there crept in the wild enthusiasm of bacteriological research—research good enough in its way as a piece of natural history, and as disclosing some curious vital phenomena developed under morbid states of the organic structures and the blood, but a positive insanity when accepted as the one absorbing pursuit, restoring the humoral pathology, ignoring nervous function, leading to Babel with its utter confusion of tongues, and seperating, for a time, our modern art of cure from the accumulated treasures of knowledge, wisdom, and light of over two thousand years.370 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. A PLEA FOR NATIONAL PENSIONS. BY REV. W. MOORE EDE. THE REV. W. Moore Ede in the Contemporary Review suggests National Pensions as one way out of Darkest England. Speaking of General Booth's book, he says: -- Whatever may be the outcome of the General's experiments, whether their success is more complete than the most sanguine expectations, or their failure more disastrous than the most adverse critics have prophesied, that book will have done permanent service by the knowledge which it has spread of the condition of a large proportion of our fellow-countrymen, the extent to which it has stimulated the public conscience, and the hope it has excited as to the possibility of finding a way by which the submerged tenth may be brought out of darkness and despair. After passing review various proposals by which roads may be made out of Darkest England, he urges that the right to do is to make it possible for the working classes to obtain provision for old age by a devised system of insurance: -- Justice demands that a portion of the cost of the maintenance of people in their old age should be borne by taxation levied on property. The contribution from taxation should be a fixed proportion. If the minimum pension be 5s, a week, one-third, say, should be paid from taxes on property. If a man desires to insure for more-say 7s. 6d. a week -- he must secure the whole of the extra 2s. 6d. by his own payments. The State's duty ends with securing a minimum provision which shall be the same for all -- the same for Lord Tom Noddy as for the agricultural labourer. As the number of persons over sixty-five years of age in England and Wales is about 1,309,000, the burden on taxation, in order to provide one-third of a pension of 5s, a week for every one of all ranks would be £5,672,333 per annum, but from this would have to be deducted the considerable number, in connection with the Civil Service, Army, Navy, and Police receive pensions at present, probably about 100,000- say, 109,000; this would reduce the total cost to £5,200,000. But from this we must deduct the amount now spent on the 250,00 paupers over sixty-five; and as this averages £10 10s, we have to deduct a further sum of £2,625,000, leaving a total of £2,575,000 as the additional burden on the general taxation of the country- not an excessive sum, compared with the benefit which would result from preserving the whole of our aged poor from sinking down into the misery of the submerged tenth. Mr. Moore Ede is an advocate of compulsion, although he would not have it so worked as to destroy self-help association: -- A study of the German system makes it evident that an Act of Parliament could, without serious difficulty, be framed so as to include within its operation all but a very small proportion of our weekly wage-earners. While a compulsory national system would be just, wise, and beneficial, it may be expedient to prepare the way by an experiment of a voluntary and permissive character. If, through the Post Office, or some distinct Government department, a subsidy were offered towards pensions of those whose average weekly wage did not exceed, say, 40s, a week, provided they insured for a certain amount, I believe that a large number of our wage-earners would not be slow to avail themselves of the benefit, and that many of the largest industrial organisations in our country would co-operate with their employes to secure it. If, for example, the Government were to offer to every recipient of less than 40s. a week, who insured for a pension of 3s. 8d. per week, to add 1s. 4d., and make the pension 5s., arrangements would soon be made by a multitude of employers to assist their workmen to gain this benefit, partly by themselves contributing, partly by deducting and paying over their weekly contributions of the men to the national fund, and thus taking upon themselves the trouble and expense of collection. Once established, the benefits would be so manifest that the prejudice against a compulsory system would disappear, and the nation would soon come to the conclusion that the kindest thing we could do for the less thrifty would be to compel them to join, and that this was also the course most advantageous to the community at large. THE LAST DAYS OF THE EARTH. BY M. CAMILLE FLAMMARION. IN the Contemporary Review there is an interesting imaginative paper by the well-known French astronomer, M. Camille Flammarion, who describes what he expects will be the end of life on the earth. 2,200,000 years after Jesus Christ men will be frozen out of the earth. Century after century the world will grow colder, and the exhaustion of the sun's heat will accelerate the process. He says, Glaciers will spread from the poles over the earth, forcing back the temperate zone to the tropics, until at last warm valleys and the equatorial regions will alone be habitable. Humanity will no longer work materially. A unified race will produce at will all that it needs by a net-work of electricity which will cover the globe. The last centre of civilisation will be in the heart of equatorial Africa. London and New York, Rome and Paris, will be buried beneath the ice. Science, art and industry are to be applied to raising all the joys of life to their maximum of intensity, so that by the influence of electricity, the nerves no longer finding a moment's rest, men and women drop dead of total exhaustion about their twenty-fifth year. The women will strike against motherhood, and not even the offer of the entire fortune of the Republic to the first woman who would give birth to a child could induce any one of them to consent to bear a baby. M. Camille Flammarion describes how the last surviving inhabitants took to aërial machines and endeavoured to discover whether any survivors were living in the rest of the world. The article is rather fantastic, and written partly as a satire upon existing institutions. Women had struck against motherhood in Africa died out altogether in America, while in Asia the male completely disappeared. For many years before, the women had treated men exactly as men treat women now, neglecting the education of boys, and monopolising all the professions. Leaving, however, on one side these fantastic speculations. M. Flammarion describes how the remnant of the population of the world was wiped out by a kind of snow cyclone, which destroyed the vegetable growth and part of the habitable dwellings. At last two lovers alone remained. They flew in the aërial boat to the Great Pyramid, which remained standing last of all the monuments of humanity. The last man came to join the first king, and shelter himself beneath his shroud. The two lovers died sitting on the pyramid. Their dog, which had followed them, licked their face and hands, but they did not awaken. The entire globe was only a tomb covered with snow. And the snow continued to fall in a fine powder on to the entire surface of the earth. And the earth continued to turn on its axis night and day, and to float through the immensity of space. And the sun continued to shine, but with a reddish and barren light. But long afterwards it became entirely extinguished, and the dark terrestrial cemetery continued to revolve in the night around the enormous invisible black ball. And the stars continued to scintillate in the immensity of the heavens. And the infinite universe continued to exist with its billions of suns and its billions of living or extinct planets. And in all the worlds peopled with the joys of life, love continued to bloom beneath the smiling glance of the Eternal. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS. 371 THE STATE AS ANTICHRIST. BY COUNT TOLSTOI. There is a very characteristic article by Count Tolstoi in the Fortnightly Review, which he calls "The Relation of the Church and State." It is a very vigorous statement of the Count's favourite thesis that the use of force in every shape and form is directly opposed to the teaching of Christ. The alliance between Church and State is, therefore, in his eyes, the final and utter collapse of the Christianity of the Church to the anti-Christianity of the State. He says: -- For to embrace Christianity without first renouncing the temporal power is either to deride the doctrines of Christ or to falsify them. The consecration of the power of the State by Christianity is blasphemy; nay, it is more than blasphemy -- it is the ruin of Christianity itself. Of the Church he has, however, the very poorest opinion. The Gospel, he maintains, forbids all outward worship and condemns it, and further, in the clearest and most positive manner, repudiates proselytisation of every kind. Paul was the first to begin this, as he was extremely given to proselytising and preaching. Under his baneful influence the Church adopted it as one of its stock methods that outward worship and regular teaching and preaching which Christ Himself had so unequivocally repudiated. Once started on the downward path, the Church went rapidly to the Evil One, and from the time of Constantine it became hardened and crystallised into a thing of fraud. The progress of pseudo-Christians devilwards was expedited by their unnatural union with the brigands and robbers who constitute the personnel of all Governments. True religion, says Count Tolstoi, may be present anywhere and everywhere, except where a State religion prevails. Whenever religion unites with the temporal power, it begins to act like that power, and it is a proven fact that every form of religion that ever allied itself to the secular power ceased by that act of alliance to be religion, and became a fraud. Hence Christianity as taught by Christ is sharply antagonistic to Christianity as defined by the Churches. Count Tolstoi concludes his paper as follows: -- Is the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God indispensable or not? What results did its promulgation produce? Hatred, abuse, derision. And what were the compensating advantages? Absolutely none. And has the teaching embodied in Christ's refusal to condemn the adulteress produced good or evil? What have been the results? Thousands upon thousands of men and women have been softened and humanised by the remembrance of it. Another consideration that should not be overlooked is this: Has unanimity ever been attained in the matter of dogmas? It is needless to reply that it has not. Is there any difference of opinion respecting the obligation of giving alms to the necessitous person who pleads for alms? Absolutely none. And yet it is the former of these teachings, the dogmas, which are called in doubt by some, wholly rejected by others, and coldly accepted by a third class of persons, which are of no earthly use of assistance to anyone, and which work the ruin of many -- it is these dogmas, I say, which the hierarchy put forward and continue to put forward as the essence of the faith; while as for the moral precepts concerning which all men are agreed, which are absolutely necessary and eminently helpful to every one, which materially contribute to the salvation of men, the hierarchy, though it has not presumed wholly to set them aside, has not had the courage to declare that they constitute the essence of Christ's doctrine, for that doctrine would rise up in judgment against them. HOW WE SEIZED THE LAND OF OPHIR. BY SIR JOHN WILLOUGHBY. The first place in the Fortnightly Review is occupied by a very interesting paper by Sir John Willoughby, Bart., who commanded the expedition which has occupied Mashonaland on behalf of the British South African Company. Sir John sets forth the story of this singularly successful expedition in the paper which is very readable and full of pith and point. As might be expected, Sir John is full of praise for the country. He says: -- From an agricultural point of view, it is the finest I have ever seen and possesses thousands of square miles of the most perfect grazing for innumerable herds of cattle. The products it gives to the natives prove that the soil, with a more elaborate system of ploughing than is represented by their rude scratching with a primitive hoe, would produce almost anything; the scenery is lovely, and the climate healthy enough to cause endless grumbling among the medical officers at their misplaced energy in coming to a country where men never fall sick. Finally, all the experts attached to the expedition were unanimous in their opinion that Mashonaland represented on of the three great gold areas in the world, with prospects far exceeding previous anticipation. The following is his summary of the first earnest work of the Chartered company: -- Thus we have as the result of one year's work, a magnificent country occupied forts built, and excellent communications by a good waggon road 440 miles in extent established; 140 miles of railway, and 480 miles of telegraph laid down and the right to a further 200,000 square miles of fine territory conceded. This is no bad record for a twelvemonth's work, and one that augurs well, I think, for the future prospects of all concerned in the welfare of the company, especially as a good and cheap coast route from Mashonaland has now been discovered. Finally, I would point out that the effects of the Government policy in granting the Charter have been twofold: -- 1. To secure "Fairest Africa" to England: for had it not been for the prompt action of Mr. Rhodes these lands would have been annexed by the Boers, the Portuguese, or the Germans. 2. To bring the blessings of hope, peace, and security to the natives, who, up to the time of the arrival of our pioneer force, were compelled, by fear of the Matabele on the one side and of Gouveia, the half-caste Portuguese slave-owner, on the other, to live like crows in the inaccessible fastnesses of the mountain and kopies. [*SIR JOHN WILLOUGHBY.*]372 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. THE CHINESE QUESTION. M. SHEPARD gives his reasons in Nouvelle Revue for March 1st for believing that amongst all the problems of the day none press more earnestly for consideration than the Chinese question. WILL THE LONG LANE HAVE NO TURNING? He looks with profound distrust upon the state of prosperity and security into which the civilized world has lulled itself. History repeats itself, he declares, with an unbroken rhythm. From the era of King Menes to the era of Queen Victoria, storm has succeeded to calm in constant rotation, and the profoundest calm has ever been the forerunner of the most terrible storm. "So it was in the time of Solomon, so in the time of Julius Cesar and Napoleon, so it will be again, and soon. There is no sign more certain or more absolute of threatening revolution, of national destruction and of chaos, than the calm certitude of peace and repose which reigns over a great part of the world. Look back to old times, and we shall see that in this we have the surest indication which presented itself in thousands of cases before the explosion of the most terrible calamities." The terrible will in this case, M. Shepard believes, take the form of a Chinese invasion of the civilised world. In order that we many conceive what it will be like, he asks us just to consider the character of the Chinese man and nation. THE SPHINX OF HISTORY Though Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Americans have lived in China, though Chinese have lived in numbers in San Francisco for the last thirty years, it is a striking fact that absolutely nothing is known of the Chinese character except this—that it is in no way modified by the ordinary influences of civilisation. The Chinaman in Europe or America changes nothing in his costume, his manners, or his habits. Even those who for practical reasons allow themselves to be numbered as converts in religion remain unalterably the same—the same in thought, in convictions, and in daily customs. There is not one among them who would not willingly return to the open practice of his own faith if opportunity presented itself. The prevailing characteristics which M. Shepard believes that he may add to this conservative instinct are fanaticism, superstition, avarice, frugality, furious hatred of the Tartar. He might, if what he says of them elsewhere is true, have placed pride on the list. They consider themselves as the sacred people of the earth, and it is for this reason that when they emigrate there is not one who does not look forward to carrying back the fruit of his toil to enjoy it in the Celestial empire of his earth. Out of their mystery they come, and into their mystery they return. WHY DO THE EMIGRATE? In answering this question of why they emigrate, M. Shepherd keeps to old view of an overflowing population decimated from time to time by famine and impelled by the danger of Tartar invasion from the north. He ignores or does not allude to the opinion which is now gaining ground amongst the well-informed to the effect that the Western notion of the population of China is greatly exaggerated, that the emigration comes almost entirely from the neighbourhood, and that it is a commercial industry carried on at the expense of the many by the rapacity of the few. He treats it as a natural movement brought about by natural causes. He believes that China sees itself on the eve of a terrible struggle with Russia, and that surrounded as she is by Tartar hordes on the north and west and exposed to the attacks of England on the south and east, her immense populations may some day rise up and quit their own country once and for ever in a mass. THE CHINESE FUTURE OF AUSTRALIA AND AMERICA. When they do, they will by mere force of numbers invade and overflow the lands nearest and most exposed to their approach. "If the threatened war between China and Russia takes place, it will do more for the instruction of the Chinese than the whole past of that part of the world. Chaos will reign for a time, and then the Chinese people will escape from the whirlwind of internal struggle. Great fleets will be constructed to carry the fugitives away. China is a powerful armed nation. Her army and navy are becoming every day more important. When the time comes she will be ready to descend in force upon the territory most suitable to her. Australia is too far from England to be impregnable, all the more that by that time, according to M. Shepard, England will infallibly have lost India. Australia will therefore be the first country which the Chinese hordes will invade. The north of Australia, inhabited in great part by native blacks(!) and by very few whites, will be easily accessible. The Gulf of Carpentaria will offer a free entrance to the invasion of Chinese ships, and they will come in such numbers that it will be very difficult for the whites to prevent their rapid approach." What a separated Queensland is going to think of these proceedings, or how a Federation Defence Force of Australia is going to tolerate them, M. Shepard does not say. He appears momentarily to have forgotten these factors in the problem. His Chinese shiploads are to spread themselves by thousands over the land, living easily on the game and natural herbage of the country, and thus establish themselves firmly in North Australia. Thence they will spread to other countries, taking first the Pacific Islands and, finally, South and West America. Already in California there is a nucleus of Chinese occupation. The 25,000 Chinese who are in San Francisco would suffice to place that city in the hands of their invading compatriots. The same thing will happen in all the principal towns of the Pacific coast. America, occupied by her negro question and other internal troubles, will be unable to cope with the numbers daily pouring in through these ports of entry, and China will settle, like a pest of rabbits or a swarm of locusts, triumphantly destructive, upon modern progress. THE FLEETS OF THE WESTERN POWERS. What part M. Shepard proposed to assign to the navies of the world while Chinese junks are thus traversing the oceans is left to the imagination of his readers. He makes no allusion to their existence. Presumably he had forgotten it, or perhaps the wily Chinese will begin by scuttling all our ironclads. FOG SIGNALS.—There is an interesting paper in the Leisure Hour, "In the Signal Cabin," which describes the method of working signals on our railways. The writer mentions that last year Kynoch, of Birmingham, made nearly 2,000,000 fog signals. There are 170,000 miles of telegraph wire on the railroads of Great Britain. The telegraph wire lasts thirty-five years in the pure air of Anglesea, but in the foul air of Widnes and St. Helens it only lasts three. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS. 373 HOW TO FACE THE COLD. BY DR. B. W. RICHARDSON. The excessive cold through which we have just emerged give considerable appropriateness to Dr. Richardson's paper on "Cold and Mortality," which appears in the last number of the Asclepiad. He says that if the temperature fall sufficiently to double the mortality of men at the age of 30 it would multiply the mortality of men at 84 sixty-four times. That is to say, if of a thousand men at the age of 30 two men die instead of one, sixty-four men instead of one would die out of the thousand of 84 years of age. The way in which cold kills a man is in the first place by robbing the body of its reserve force; secondly, it oxydises the blood. The perfect combination of oxygen and carbon in the blood is essential to active life, and in the constant clash of the molecule of carbon and the molecule of oxygen in the blood lies the mainspring of all animal motion. When the temperature falls this combination becomes less effective. Thirdly, cold causes the soft parts of the body, including the blood vessels of the lungs, to shrink so that the operations of the body are mechanically as well as chemically suppressed. One of the worst things when you have been chilled is to warm yourself suddenly. Bronchitis and pneumonia frequently result from warming yourself when you have been chilled out of doors. Dr. Richardson gives the following directions for keeping yourself alive in cold weather :— 1. Clothing is the first thing to attend to. To have the body, during variable weather, such as now obtains, well enveloped from head to foot in non-conducting substance is essential: who neglects this precaution is guilty of a grievous error, and who helps the poor to clothe effectively does more for them than can readily be conceived without careful attention to the subject we have discussed. 2. In sitting-rooms and in bedrooms it is equally essential to maintain an equable temperature; a fire in a bedroom is of first value at this season. The fire sustains the external warmth, encourages ventilation, and gives health not less than comfort. 3. In going from a warm into a cold atmosphere, in breasting the wave of low temperature, no one can harm by starting forth thoroughly warm. But in returning from the cold into the warm, the act should always be accomplished gradually. This important rule may readily be carried in mind by connecting it with the face that the only safe mode of curing a frozen part is to rub it with ice, so as to restore the temperature slowly. 4. The wave of low temperature requires to be met by good, nutritious, warm food. Heat-forming foods, such as bread, sugar, butter, oatmeal porridge, and potatoes, are of special use now. It would be against science and instinct alike to omit such foods when the body requires heat. 5. It is an entire mistake to suppose that the wave of cold is neutralised in any sense by the use of alcoholics. When a glass of hot brandy-and-water warms the cold man, the credit belongs to the hot water, and any discredit that may follow to the brandy. So far from alcohol checking the cold in action, it goes with it, and therewith aids in arresting the motion of the heart in the living animal, because it reduces oxidation. 6. Excessive exercise of the body, and overwork either of body or of mind, should be avoided, especially during those seasons when a sudden fall of temperature is of frequent occurrence. For exhaustion, whether physical or mental, means loss of motion in the organism; and loss of motion is the same as loss of heat. It is a pity that this article only appears when winter has passed and the glad sunshine of spring is waking the songsters of the grove and the flowers of the mead. THE POPE'S VETO IN AMERICAN POLITICS. BY THE REV. JOSEPH COOK, D.D. DR. JOSEPH COOK, in Our Day for February, which reaches us very late, publishes a Boston Monday Lecture on the subject of "The Pope's Veto in American Politics," in which he sets forth with customary vigour his conviction that the Pope claims to exercise a direct veto over our individual commonwealths, over Congress, and over the President himself. The clerical party which holds the purse and obeys the bishops, he declares, must be differentiated from the vast mass of intelligent Roman Catholic laymen. He has no indiscriminate charge to bring against the body of the Roman Catholic Church; he does, however, bring very weighty charges against the clerical party, whose assumption that all the laws of the Church are laws of God, is, he declares, a subtle poison, a Jesuitical sophistry, and a palpable infernality. Dr. Cook would even make it a statutory crime in America to proclaim that if the laws command anything prejudicial to the Church or hostile to religion it is a duty to resist them and a crime to obey them. This is very serious, for, as Dr. Cook points out, one-eighth of the population of the whole country is Roman Catholic, one-third of New England is Roman Catholic, and two-sevenths of Massachusetts is Roman Catholic. The power of the parochial school helps the Pope, so does the confessional, so do the various secret religious orders. He therefore calls aloud to patriotic and Protestant Americans to unite in devising laws by which the Pope can be defeated, and America kept for the Americans without the interference of an Italian priest. He says that he advocates an amendment of the Constitution which provides that there shall be no sectarian appropriation of public funds by nation, or state, or city, or county, or town, or ward, or precinct. It provides that no state shall erect a state church. It omits, however, to say that nothing in its provisions shall be construed to exclude the Bible from the public schools. Adhere constantly to the principle that the state and the church are separate in this country; but that the state and Christianity in its large, tolerant, undenominational form, are not separate. Let Americans not allow themselves to be misled by tenderness toward minorities who are unreasonable. Let us ask for such a state constitutional amendment as New Jersey is now seeking, forbidding the interference of any power, native or alien, in determining how parents shall manage the education of their children. Let us execute laws against those priests who interfere with the private business of their disobedient parishioners for merely clerical reasons, or who seek by any method to produce spiritual terrorism in elections. Let us have a judicious law providing for the public inspection of all private schools. (Prolonged applause, and a voice, "Don't you mean public supervision of private schools?") No, sir ; no sir. I mean definitely that some step shall be taken to secure accurate knowledge of the condition of all the schools of the state, public and private, in order that we may ascertain if the children in attendance, under sixteen years of age, are receiving instruction in accordance with the requirements of the statutes of the state, so as to fit them for citizenship. My last remedy for alien interference in the field of American education is nothing less than eternal vigilance against the Jesuits, for it is singularly difficult to get news widely transmitted across the continent in the ordinary despatches of our journals, if the Jesuits do not like the news. Many of our great dailies have Jesuit editors, who sift religious news. I bring no charge against any special journal. In conclusion, Dr. Cook declares that the Americans will never go to Canossa.374 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. BI-METALLISM FOR THE MULTITUDE BY M. DE LAVELEYE M. EMILE DE LAVELEYE , in a delightfully lucid if not fully orthodox article upon the new Silver Bill of the United States, gives the readers of the Revue des Deux Mondes a dose of bi-metallism palatable enough for the idlest diner-out. Serious people may agree or disagree; the most frivolous cannot refuse to understand. Of course there is no need to say that M. de Laveleye is as thorough-going a bi-metallist as he is a free-trader. His very opening paragraphs, gently addressed to the ordinary public, dispose, without seeming to know it, of a favorite argument of the mono-metallist. FLUCTUATIONS IN PRICES INEVITABLE ANY HOW. The stock objection to a bi-metallic standard is that as the proportion between gold and silver must be arbitrarily fixed, and subject to modification from time to time, the man who contracts a debt this year does not know what he renders himself liable for next year. Between the time of borrowing and the date of payment the standard value of gold may be lowered or raised. He may find that he owes less or more than he thought. Either way he makes a contract in the dark, and the most legitimate commerce becomes speculation. This sounds very logical; so logical perhaps that M. de Laveleye passes it by without any allusion, and begins at the next stage in the discussion. We point out to the reader, who may not chance to have thought of it before, that the phenomenon usually called a depression in trade, and marked by a general lowering in prices, is nothing else than a fluctuation in the standard value of gold. Countries which refuse the bi-metallic standard do not compare it theoretically with the price of silver. They are forced none the less to compare it practically with the price of wheat and house-rent. The speculative nature of commerce, which is conducted upon a basis of credit, is, therefore, inevitable and inherent no less to the present state of things than to the state which the advocates of bi-metallism desire to bring about. No power on earth will keep the value of gold stationary while the supply of it fluctuates; only instead of hearing that the proportionate value of gold to silver has altered, we hear that prices have gone up or down. Every cause which contributes to make gold plentiful sends them up; every cause which contributes to make gold scarce, sends them down. COINAGE QUESTION IN AMERICA. The argument of the bi-metallist is that the speculative character of credit transactions will, therefore, on the whole, be reduced by the adoption of a double standard. To enforce it, M. de Laveleye tells— always with the ease and point of an anecdote— the history of the monetary question in the United States. To say that one pound of gold shall be worth sixteen pounds of silver may be as arbitrary as to say that one egg shall be worth sixteen walnuts. The causes which bear upon the production of gold and silver vary no less than those which tell on the production of eggs and walnuts. Nevertheless, if eggs and walnuts were tokens of exchange in the place of gold and silver, the argument would still hold good that there would be less chance of scarcity or of plenty in both than there is in one, and consequently less fluctuation in prices which depend upon them. After 1816, when England adopted a gold standard and drew gold to herself at a moment when the gold mines of America were giving a reduced yield, the result was a scarcity of gold, which caused a fall in prices, and consequent monetary crisis in all the markets of the world. After 1870, when Germany did the same, and the free coinage of silver ceased throughout the Mints of the Latin Union, the result was identical. In America, a gold standard was adopted in 1873, almost without the knowledge of the Senate, which voted the Bill for a demonetisation of silver amid thousands of others without having it read. The effect was disastrous. The United States, with a population of sixty-five millions, has less money in circulation than France, with a population of thirty-nine millions; and a long-continued fall in prices has resulted in the agricultural crisis of which we hear so much. How serious the situation is, especially for landowners who borrowed money in 1873, can be judged by this one item. The man who contracted a debt in 1873, and counted upon paying each dollar with half a bushel of wheat, or with 5 lb. of cotton, is obliged now to give 1 1/2 bushel of wheat or 12 lb. of cotton. This means ruin to men whose margin was small. Hence the many efforts which have been made of late years in United States to rehabilitate silver. GOLD AND SILVER HEMISPHERES OF TRADE. Hitherto, in M. de Laveleye's opinion, they have failed, partly from want of a frank return to the free coinage of silver, partly from want of the co-operation of Europe. But even supposing the depreciation in the relative value of silver to god to continue, America may very conceivably become a country in which silver is the basis of legal payments. Then, in all trading relations, M. de Laveleye estimates that countries maintaining a gold standard will suffer much more than this. In commerce with Asia, China, Japan, Indo-China, etc., the United States will have a great advantage, for they will have the same monetary basis. "When English merchants sell their products in India they are obliged to add to the price in proportion to the depreciation of silver, because they are paid in that metal, while they are themselves obliged to pay the cost of production in gold." Americans, on the other hand, paying the cost of production in silver, will be rid of that encumbrance in all Eastern trade. The tendency will consequently be to divide the world into commercial hemispheres, of which one will have a gold currency and the other a silver currency; and as America will be the trading centre of the silver hemisphere she will not lose by the development. BI-METALLISM FOR FREE TRADE. Finally, M. de Laveleye points out that the struggle for gold which follows a gold currency can only be successful by one of two methods. The country which wants gold must raise its bank-rate, or get the balance of trade on its side by raising its customs duties. A rise in the bank-rate falls on the national trade, a rise in customs duties falls on foreign trade. Naturally, therefore, the tendency is, put on higher and higher duties. The results if a gold currency is persisted in, will be economic, even without quarter. The McKinley Bill shows what America is ready for, but the McKinley Bill has not given unmixed satisfaction. America is preparing to hold out once more the olive branch of bi-metallism. If England rejects it, England will suffer most in the commercial era of the future; and she will deserve to suffer, for her gold currency has done all the mischief. LEADING ARTICLES IN THE REVIEWS. 375 LOVE AS A LAW OF PROGRESS IT is not as a sentiment but as an imperious natural instinct that M. Charles Richet treats this well-worn and eternally interesting theme, in a "Study of General Psychology" which he contributes to the Recue des Deux Mondes for March 1st. Nor is the epithet "general" out of place. His scope includes the writing of love in nature, animals, and man. THE AIM OF LIFE IS TO LIVE. What strikes the students of living creature is the fact that they are made to live. The whole organisation is an elaborate protection against death. Every individual is provided to this end with instincts of repulsion and attraction. Pain, disgust, and fear are the three tutelary sentiments of repulsion. Pain is the sentinel of life. It warns of injury. Without it and its fellows life would be literally impossible. Nor could life continue without the instinct of attraction. The principal of these are the desire to breathe and feed. The desire to breathe is so imperious that it must on pain of death be constantly satisfied. There is no other sentiment so powerful. The desire to feed, though intermittent in its action, is scarcely less strong. The two desires essential to every living organism have become mechanical in their action and irresistible. Evidently if they were not, humanity would long since have disappeared. The instincts of repulsion and attraction may be the cause or the result of existence. Their object is evidently the conservation of life. If nature has an aim we may then surely say that this is her aim, to ensure the life of her children. Their suffering matters little. It is for the continuance of life that she cares. And on this hypothesis it is easy, in view of the differing conditions of the earth, to understand the infinite diversity of living species. In order that the sum of life should be as great as possible it is necessary to have animals adapted to every element. "SO CAREFUL OF THE TYPE, SO CARELESS OF THE SINGLE LIFE." The next conclusion which science justifies is that the conservation of the species is infinitely more important than the conservation of the individual. It is evident that the first could not be achieved without some regard for the second; but in many instances the act of reproduction is the act of death. The law prevails, of course, largely in the vegetable world. It is the same with many insects. In more developed animals, including man, though the fulfillment of the law is not so rapid, the law is the same. When the parents have produced and reared their young, old age and death remove them, and the young in their turn begin to play their part and die. "Place for the young!" This is the law of nature. It is like a race of which we can but half see the goal, for coincidently with the tendency to the life of the species there is the no less powerful tendency to the death. Can we see beyond? Can we tell why life should be so intense upon our planet? Alas, no! No one can tell. We look on at phenomena which seem to reveal an immense effort towards a maximum of life for the individual and for the species, but we know nothing more. Still there are many of us who will find with M. Richet that "it is something to have discerned amongst the operations of nature the tendency at once so blind and so perspicuous towards the development of life. If we cannot know why nature desires life, at least we know that she desires it, and that she has found the means to make sure of it." REPRODUCTION AS ESSENTIAL AS NUTRITION. The lines of M. Richet's argument are by this time apparent. What food is to the individual, reproduction is to the type. The instinct is therefore present, consciously or unconsciously, in every organism. As with breathing and feeding, the higher the organism, the more conscious the exercise of it. The cabbage feeds upon the material which it finds in the soil of the field or garden. So far as we know anything about this process, it is too mechanical to be conscious, yet there is a preference for one sort of soil over another. The man feeds upon the cabbage, but it is with distinct knowledge of the act, and his preference for one kind of cabbage over another is infinitely varied by the action of consciousness carried to a degree which we are pleased to call intelligence. By the exercise of intelligence he cooks his cabbage. The German turns it to sauerkraut, the Irishman to kaul-kannon. All this is the luxury of consciousness. The essential law is for him the same as for the cabbage. The simile holds good with the phenomenon of reproduction. Whether it be accompanied by complete consciousness as in the case of man, or by rudimentary consciousness as in the case of some animals, or by total unconsciousness as in the inferior animals and plants, matters very little. Reproduction is the law for all, only "in proportion as the intelligence develops the function coincides with the consciousness of the function, and a profound sentiment takes birth. It is love. Love is therefore, so to speak, like intelligence itself, a luxury among natural phenomena. The species can be perpetuated without intelligence and without love." THE EVOLUTION OF LOVE. M. Richet devotes a couple of sections of his article to the proof and illustration of this point, tracing the process of reproduction up from grade to grade of plants, animalculæ, and reptile to the higher animals. First, the simple process of subdivision, then the union of male and female cells in this same organism, then the mutual search of the male and female cells in separate but scarcely conscious organisms. Finally, little by little, in the reptiles, in birds, and above all in mamiferous animals, intelligence appears, and with intelligence love. By the wars of the species nature has secured the death of the individual; by the loves of the individuals she has secured the life of the species. There is no exception to her laws: the amœba and the poet are alike parts of one great scheme. Where does unconsciousness end and consciousness begin — where do instinct and intelligence meet? M. Richet does not answer the question that he asks. He only suggests that, generally speaking, the animal who courts his mate in exactly the same manner that his fathers have done for generations, even though that manner involve elaborate and complicated acts, may be said to be acting from instinct. From this point of view of the species he does usually well. The man who courts his individualised mate in a manner individual to himself, is acting probably from intelligence. In its result upon the species his action is often less right than that of the animal. Social considerations, personal ambitions, a thousand artificial elements with which nature has little to do, are introduced into the problem. Physical and intellectual qualities are too often neglected. And yet, M. Richet asks, who knows whether the future of man does not depend mainly on the amelioration of the race? Indirectly, therefore, he leaves it to be understood, on the training and development of our capacity for love.376 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. A GHASTLY STORY. CATTLE SHIPS ON THE ATLANTIC. MR. NELE LORING, in the Nineteenth Century for April, describes how he personally conducted 200 head of beef steers from the Rocky Mountains to England. I pass over his account of their railway journey in order to confine my attention to his account of the sufferings of the animals on board ship. Before the cattle were embarked they were kept thirty-six hours on the cars without food or water. When the cattle were taken on board, they were bewildered by the shouts, and being beaten about the eyes and nose with heavy sticks. The ship was overcrowded, having 700 cattle on board, besides other cargo. This overcrowding was the chief source of all trouble. The animals were so tightly packed that, as soon as one laid down, his neighbor stepped over him with one leg or two. They, fortunately, had no bad weather, but at times they had a few hours exposure to a N.E. swell. The cattle, slipping backwards and forwards, broke loose, and trampled wildly on each other, frequently falling down, and being trampled upon. Various forms of torture are made use of to get the fallen animals on their feet again. The twisting of the tail is the most effective, but much may be done by pouring water into their ears, and by kicking their noses, if it is done persistently; but, unless a steer's back is broken, he will get up if his tail is twisted, so long as there is an unbroken joint in the tail to twist. But it a horrible fact that on this vessel were several steers whose tails, from frequent twisting, became incapable of sensation, limp, and jointless. In the interests of the underwriter, broken-back steers have to die by inches, some of them lying for many days without food or water, breathing and suffering, but beyond hope of recovery. There was no ventilation down below, and forty animals died from suffocation in an awful stench:— After one heavy night's rolling the after-between decks contained piles of steers thrown together in such confusion that the foreman hauled them out on the upper deck with the steam winch, alive and dead as they came to hand. Those that were alive were hoisted by a rope passed around their horns; in two or three cases the horns gave away while the steer was in mid air, and he fell back down the hatch-way only to be hoisted again a mangled corpse and dropped over the side. Those that were successfully hoisted alive were tied up in the alleyways and increased the incredible confusion on the upper deck. It is found impracticable to fatten up range cattle on their arrival in England, and after a few days' rest to allow them to recover from their fevered condition, all these cattle were sold for immediate slaughter. They were fat when they left the range; at the end of the month's journey, they were not only reduced to mere frames, gaunt and narrow beyond belief of people who have seen cattle only in the fields and farmyards of England, but with their sterns rubbed raw and swollen out of all natural shape, their legs also swollen, and in many cases raw round the fetlocks, and with their hides scored with horn marks. When one considers the amount of bruising which these external marks represent, and the way in which the steers had been thrown about in the pens, by the motion of the vessel, it is difficult to suppose that any of the little beef that is on them can be healthy human food. I can only suppose it is made into sausages. SHOULD WE PRAY FOR THE DEAD? YES, BY AN ANGLICAN DIVINE. IN the Newbery House Magazine there is a very remarkable article, to which the attention of all good Protestants should be turned without delay—the article by the Rev Dr. Belcher, who begins by remarking that few changes of opinion are more remarkable in the England of to-day than the attitude quietly taken up by large numbers in regard to prayers for the departed. Dr. Belcher stoutly maintains that we ought to pray for the dead. It was the custom of the early and undivided Christians:— What Scripture forbids it, or tells them that they must only pray for those now in the flesh? Why should not an English Churchman pray as S. Augustin, and S. Chrysostom, and S. Cyprian prayed? Was S. Augustin wrong when he prayed for his deceased mother, Monica? Nay, more than this, John Wesley prayed for the dead, as he knew it formed part of every ancient literature, that it was the universal practice of the early Christians, and was never forbidden by the Church of England. Prayer for the dead, he maintains, does not imply or necessitate belief in purgatory. He thinks it is a Christian privilege and duty to make intercession for all men, for faithful souls that they may have their perfect consummation and bliss in God's eternal glory. Dr. Belcher thinks that if the doctrine of the judgment day be correct, there must be an intermediate state into which souls pass at death. He objects to what he calls the Roman accretions to the scriptural doctrine held by the early Christians, and especially objects to purgatory. In the ancient catacombs there is abundance of evidence that the early Christians believed the departed faithful went into an intermediate state where they lived in rest and light. All the ancient liturgies contained prayers for the dead. Up to comparatively recent times it would have been considered as strange to have a liturgy without a prayer for the dead as to have one without the consecration of the elements. St. Paul prayed for Onesiphorus after he was believed, by the best modern Biblical scholars, to have been dead. Dr. Belcher then begins to study all the teachings of the Anglican divines, beginning with Archbishop Ussher. A study of what these Anglican divines wrote will also show the nature and extent of the prayers which they defended, and will form the best answer to the question— For whom and for what would you pray? Would you extend probation into the future state after death? Would you try to rescue the wicked and impenitent departed by the prayers of the faithful? Dr.Belcher but opens the subject in this first paper, which is to be continued in subsequent numbers. The most useful article in the New Review is Mr. Acland's paper discussing what can be done for our country villages, although Ellen Terry's "Stray Memories" may possibly attract more readers. 377 THE REVIEWS REVIEWED. THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. THE first article in the Contemporary Review is one of the portentous length of forty pages, entitled "The Savoy Dynasty, the Pope, and the Republic." It is anonymous, being signed by a "Continental Statesman," who is a Frenchman who bitterly resents the alliance of the House of Savoy with the German Powers. The House of Savoy, he maintains, opened the door to the Revolution on the day in which she flung Italy into a dynastic Holy Alliance. He maintains that the Pope and his advisors favour a federal republic in Italy in preference to the Italian monarchy. It is only by a federated republic that the Roman question can be solved to the satisfaction of the Papacy, therefore, "Continental Statesman" urges King Humbert to retrace his steps, for now is the accepted time, to-morrow it may be too late, as a crisis in Italian affairs seems to be impending. The article gives a very long, and, from the French point of view, a very lucid, account of the events which led to the foundation of the Italian kingdom. The writer maintains that the Government could be very easily overthrown without war by the discontent of the people, and that the best security Italy could offer to France would be the establishment of a Latin Republic. A BIRMINGHAM POETESS. Dr. Dale, of Birmingham, gives some account of the poetic genius of Miss Constance Naden, a Birmingham poetess, whose name Mr. Gladstone included in his list of eight famous British poetesses. Miss Naden was born at Edgbaston in 1858; her father has been the president of the Birmingham Architectural Association. Her first volume of poems was "Songs and Sonnets of Springtime," published in 1881. In 1887 she published three poems. She then came to the conclusion that philosophy rather than poetry was her true vocation. She became a materialist, went abroad, travelled to India, came home, and died in December, 1889. DEMOCRACY IN LITERATURE. Mr. Gosse discusses the interesting question of the influence of democracy in literature. He thinks that democracy has hardly any effect upon the highest examples of the noblest class of literature. Alike in the best work of science, poetry, and art, democracy, he thinks, has had no influence; even in the middle walks of literature Mr. Gosse finds it difficult to discover that democracy, as such, is affecting the quality of such good literature as we possess in any general or very obvious way. The democratic spirit is influencing disadvantageously the quantity rather than the quality of good literature; it starves its best men and helps the coarsest Jeshurons to get fat. Mr. W. D. Howells is the only great novelist our race has produced who seems not only to write under the influence of democracy, but to be absolutely inspired by the democratic spirit. WANTED, A BASIS OF POSITIVE MORALITY. Mr. P. G. Hamerton explains and illustrates his belief that a generally-accepted morality is desirable, and that it ought to have the sanction of a vigilant public opinion. Half a dozen cases like George Eliot's, he thinks, would seriously disturb the national ideas about marriage. The ideal condition of a nation, he thinks, so far as morality is concerned, is to have a set of good customs, and stick to them with good practical regularity, never even beginning to reason about them. Mr. Hamerton thinks there is no basis of positive morality, for all morality is relative, and changes with different social stages. This encourages the hope that a better social state may evolve a higher morality than that what is now practised:— In the future the only probably change will be to make public opinion more efficient still. It is we ourselves who have to form it, or at least prepare the form of it, for the next generation. We have it in our power to lower the moral standard or to elevate it, but we need not hope to elevate it without a closer union amongst lovers of a high moral ideal, notwithstanding differences of religious creed. IS THE ENGLISH CHURCH DOOMED? Professor Momerie, in an article entitled "Theology at King's College," describes the troubles into which his heterodoxy brought him with Principal Wace and others. Professor Momerie prophesies a speedy doom for the Church of England unless its clergy cease to lag behind in everything. He says:— The Church of England is within a measureable distance of dissolution. In fifty or a hundred years' time, unless it undergoes a radical change, it will have practically ceased to exist. There may still be an institution comprising bishops, priests, and deacons, but it will appeal exclusively to the intellectual dregs of the community, and could only, therefore, in the bitterest irony, be called a National Church. To superficial observers it appears prosperous and flourishing; but nevertheless the end may be near. OTHER ARTICLES. Sir Frederick Pollock discusses the American Copyright Law in a somewhat optimistic spirit. He thinks that the price that we have to pay for the benefit of the American copyright will turn out to be much less heavy than is feared by the trade interests concerned. Mr. Arnold White roundly condemns the report of the Colonisation Committee:— The report of the Committee is diffuse, much of it is irrelevant, and unworthy the importance of the subject. No serious intellectual effort has been made to penetrate below the surface. The result is a report that will not form a guide to the future action of Parliament and of Her Majesty's Government. Mr. Wiman describes the tariff at present existing between Canada and the United States as a barbed wire fence run across the continent. He maintains that England would profit as much as any one by the establishment of Free Trade between the Dominion and the Republic:— If by obliterating the barrier between the two English-speaking peoples of the continent, this 40 per cent of the British Empire could be enormously developed, and could contribute relatively as much to the world's wealth as the revolted colonies have done, and yet retain a glad and happy relation with the mother country, what greater event in the history of the Anglo-Saxon race could occur than thus, by commerce, to heal the great schism which a century ago was unhappily created?378 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. THE Fortnightly for April is a very good number. I notice elsewhere the papers of Sir John Willoughby on "The Occupation of Mashonaland," Count Tolstoi on "The Relations of Church and State," Lord Meath on "Anglo-Saxon Unity," and Mr. Bourchier's account of his journey "In Rhodope with Prince Ferdinand." The rest of the number is very miscellaneous. MR. SYMONDS AND THEOCRITUS. Mr. J. Addington Symonds gives an English version of the second idyl of Theocritus, reproducing as far as possible the rhythm of the original. He says that Simaetha, the heroine's description of the manner in which she fell in love with Delphis, enables us to understand why the Greeks so often spoken of overwhelming desire as a disease. Here is an extract from the passage in questions:— I, when I saw, how I raged, how the flame took hold of my bosom, Burned my love-lost heart! My beauty waned, and no longer Watched I the pomp as it passed; nor how I returned to my homestead Knew I, for some fell bane, some parching disease had undone me. Ten days, stretched on my bed, and ten nights dwelt I in anguish. Think on my love, and think whence it came, thou Lady Selenë. Often the bloom of my flesh grew dry and yellow as dyewood; Yea, and the hairs of my head fell off, and of all that I once was Nought but skin was left and bones. This, however, must be taken with considerable discount. MADAME DE MAINTENON. Mademoiselle de Bury gives us a study of Madame de Maintenon. It is an interesting paper, and an appreciative study of a remarkable Frenchwoman. With her— "Prudence" having at the time of trust and enthusiasm reigned supreme, none of that spontaneous emanation of feeling which is the true "being" with the woman can be expected to spring forth even from her letters. M. Geffroy's highly interesting publication has shown us, therefore, now and loftier aspects in Madame de Maintenon's mind and soul; thanks to him, we see her now devoid of intrigue, and nobly given up to the cause of "education." Only once, the few lines Madame de Daylus writes on the days preceding the marriage, might lead one to see "she was but human after all." THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH ON AMERICAN RAILWAYS. The Duke of Marlborough's paper on "Virginia Mines and American Rails" will be read with interest, and may also be read with profit by all those who have invested in American railways. It gives a very vivid and by no means a very edifying picture of the systematised plunder which prevails in the American railway world. Nevertheless, with all the abuses of financial management, the average rate per ton per mile for the carriage of goods is under a farthing, while in this country it is about three- farthings, with no greater speed in transit. He says that, speaking roughly, the general average of railway rates and fares for goods and passengers is a third of what it is in Great Britain, notwithstanding the fact that wages are more than double in America. He also says that whenever a line has anything like a decent local traffic to supplement its through haulage, any railway in America can and would earn 6 per cent on its constructive capital. The abuse of powers has grown out of faulty legislation and the apathy of Congress with regard to these great monopolies. The result is that an aristocracy of railway despots has grown up which wield greater power than any mediæval baron, and which is daily becoming infinitely more powerful and more dangerous than all the feudal aristocracies of Europe put together. As a means of remedying these evils, so far as the English investor is concerned, the Duke says:— What is wanted to make the influence of foreign capital in American railways properly secure is to collect together the scattered and disjointed interests of English investors, and to consolidate these blocks of securities in the hands of a powerful and well-administered corporation that makes it its sole business to uphold the voting value of these stocks in America. Our railway magnates will not be pleased to read the Duke's declaration that, if the truth is told, our railways are toy systems and our rolling stock are toy freight-carriers compared with the trains that are run all over America. OTHER ARTICLES. Mrs. Lynn Linton, in a paper on "Our Illusions," moans away like an entertaining old crone on the illusions of age, winding up with a declaration, "From birth to death, life is all phantasmagoric, illusive, conditional, and a dream, and when death comes—what?" For one thing, let us be thankful,—Silence, which for some people at least would be a welcome change. Prof. Dowden, in a paper entitled "Amours de Voyage," gives some extracts from a little mass pocket - book of Fabre D'Eglantine, Danton's secretary and companion in arms, a journal of his voyage from Troyes, addressed to the "dear friend of his heart and the beloved mistress of his soul" when he was nineteen years of age. A writer signing himself "R.," writing on the Moncrieff system of fortification, maintains that it gives the highest degree of security for men and materials, but that its very excellence and simplicity have retarded its adoption. The central ideas of the system, the invisibility and dispersement of guns, are the keynotes of fortification under modern conditions. MR. FREDERIC HARRISON'S RETORT. Last month Mr. Knowles, in the Nineteenth Century, criticised somewhat rudely, and with contemptuous sarcasm, Mr. Harrison's proposal to restore the Elgin Marbles to Greece. Mr. Harrison replies in the Fortnightly, having been refused permission by the editor of the Nineteenth Century to reply except on condition that he approved of all that he might say. The paper appears under the title of "Editorial Horseplay," and begins with the comparison of Mr. James Knowles to a most hilarious Oddfellow, gaudily attired, who knocked a stranger's hat over his eyes and then declared that it was only a joke. Mr. Harrison says that he has faced too many rotten eggs and dead cats to care for any that Mr. Knowles can fling; but the paper is written throughout in the tone of suppressed indignation which suggests that Mr. Harrison does care very much indeed. He says his say very eloquently, but although he becomes almost speechless with horror at the suggestion that the Greeks might probably sell the Marbles for a round sum to some rival nation, one does not need to regard the modern Greek either as "a mongrel or a nigger" in order to see that he might find himself in such straits as to need to realise all valuable assets. No doubt, the Parthenon Marbles, if he ever gets them back again, would be the apple of his eye, but necessity has no law. Greece is still, to use a vulgar phrase, "on the make," and the general feeling even of those who would be inclined to agree with Mr. Harrison in the abstract will be probably in favour of allowing another half century to pass before removing the Marbles from the soot-laden atmosphere of Bloomsbury. THE REVIEWS REVIEWED. 379 THE NATIONAL REVIEW. MR. F. BAYFORD HARRISON has a gossipy article in the National Review for April, on the "Censuses of the Century," full of curious facts connected with the enumeration of our people. In 1851, the weight of the schedules and forms despatched from the central office was 52 tons. Twenty years since, one-third of the population of Scotland lived in houses of one room. In 1881, there were more women returned between the ages of twenty and twenty-five than there were girls between ten and fifteen of 1871. The temptation to understate your age only seems to begin after twenty-five. There is a good natural history paper, by Evelyn Pyne, entitled "The Garden of Death," which describes the plants and flowers which correspond with the criminals, murderers, and the like of the human race. Wherever she turns, signs of cruelty and foul murder meet her eye, for there is a vegetable submerged tenth capable of doing good and useful work, but waiting growing degradation for a strong hand to turn their debased powers into beneficent channels. In the next paper she will show, amongst the saints and martyrs of the vegetable world, some of these degraded organisms started on their upward path. Mr. Frederick Pincott maintains that in all social matters the English are far more fit to sit at the Hindoos' fee and learn to serve tables than to become masters. Mr. Pincott maintains that English marriage customs are lowering to womankind, and are directly responsible for some of the worst features of English social life. Mr. Pincott, therefore, we presume, would have English girls married by their parents at the ages of six and seven, and compelled to stand the risks of motherhood as soon as they attain the period of adolescence. Mr. W. Goff, writing on the "Sun's Radiation of Heat," sets forth a new theory. He maintains that there is nothing to justify us in believing that the sun is radiating forth any more heat than that which the plants and the other bodies in space actually absorb. There is no proof, he thinks, that pure radiation causes the sun any loss of energy. It is only the medium which accepts radiated heat which deprives the sum of any of his warmth. Mr. Llewellyn Bullock pleads for the "Fine Art of Fragrance," and demands the removal of that terrible plague of the poorer quarters in our teeming towns and cities, foul and contaminating smell. Mr. Bullock would civilise men through their noses. Mrs. Frances McLaughlin deals with the vexed question of the "Domestic Servants," and advocates the general introduction of lady helps. She does not think that there is any household service a lady need hesitate to undertake, except cleaning boots, washing clothes, bringing in the coals, and washing the outside door-steps. She would have servants treated like governesses, and she would establish an employment bureau where ladies, able and willing to undertake service, would put down their names and addresses. Boarding houses would be attached to the bureau, for, under the new system, household helps would be engaged by the day, would arrive every morning at a fixed hour, and leave after their duties were accomplished. To the great army of poor ladies no doubt it would be a great boon, but the idea of a daily cook on the footing of a daily governess is one which will not be realised in a hurry. Rev. Lloyd Williams writes once more on the endless question of "Church and Dissent in Wales." He sums up the wants of Wales:— 1. Higher type of politician. 2. A great reformer to unify the religion of the country. 3. A greater colonist to husband the resources which are now being wasted in religious dissipation. 4. A Wesley or a Whitfield. That will do. Mr. Williams evidently wants a great deal more than he is likely to get. Mr. J. F. Rowbotham enters a plea in favour of English music. He thinks that the critics on the London Press are mostly German Jews, who write bad English, and praise German music, ignoring all English concerts. The critic believes in one music—that is German, and, where possible, Jewish. English music, therefore, is boycotted in England, where English groan under the multitude of Germans who really honeycomb the musical world. Mr. C. H. Leppington, in a paper entitled "The Gibeonites of the Stage," describes the salaries and duties of the supers, ballet dancers, and all those who fill the minor walks of the theatric profession. Mr. Edward Salmon meditates upon "Lord Beaconsfield" after ten years. Jessie Weston writes a letter of "Hints to the Single Women of the United Kingdom," the point of which is that women should go into farming in the colonies, especially fruit farming, chicken raising, and honey farming. If girls wish to emigrate without capital, they could, in a few years, earn enough to buy a few acres of land, and make a small beginning in any of the industries mentioned above. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The Nineteenth Century for April, although containing a plentiful variety of articles, is hardly up to its usual level. The only article from which I make any extracts is "Five Thousand Miles with Range-Cattle." "THE SEAMY SIDE OF AUSTRALIA." The Hon. J. W. Fortescue has the first place with an article under the above heading, which will make all good Australians swear. His point is that the Australian Colonies have kept themselves afloat by perpetual relays of borrowed money; that the Australians live on our loans, trade on our prestige, presume on our protection, and then make sport of our interests, and do their best to exclude both our produce and our surplus labour. With one exception, none of their railways pay the guaranteed interest, and without irrigation it is impossible for them to pay; but more money is required for irrigation works, and so debt will be heaped upon debt until, at lasts, all the Australians will arrive at the financial condition of New Zealand. He cries aloud to the British investors to beware lest the Australian Colonies repudiate their debt, and he urges the British public to reverse its present policy for the Australians' sake and its own:— If it cannot be reversed, let it be pushed a little farther, and let England, when next Australia raises an unreasonable clamour, meet the threat of "cutting the painter" with a quiet assent, and intimate that, as an essential preliminary, an expert financier, with a staff of skilled assistants, will start at once to report on the financial condition of the colonies on behalf of the colonial bondholders. SOCIALISM AMONG SAVAGES. Prince Krapotkin has an article which he calls "Mutual Aid among Savages," the object of which is to prove that, so far from mankind having begun its existence in a life of continual free fight, it was just the reverse. Societies, bands, or tribes (not families) were the protective form of the organisation of mankind in the earliest ages. He passes in review a great mass of380 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. information that has been collected on the subject of the early races of mankind, and adds to this an account of the social customs of such savages as now exist, with the result of arriving at the conclusion that unbridled individualism is the modern grown, and is not characteristic of primitive mankind. The net effect of reading Prince Krapotkin's paper is an impression that the Dutchmen, Hottentots, black fellows of Australia, the Papuans of New Guinea, and especially the Eskimos, are immensely superior to many civilised races. He defends the savage against the usual accusations brought as to cannibalism, infanticide, and the abandonment of parents. Wherever we go, he maintains, we find the same sociable manners, the same spirit of solidarity, the same associations of men for mutual support. Within the tribe everything is shared in common. The rule "each for all" is supreme, and if the savage is alone in the woods he does not begin eating before he has aloud shouted thrice an invitation to any one who may hear his voice to share his meal. Warriors may have fought each other, but the mass of mankind have maintained their own social organisation based upon their own conception of equity. STATE-MADE FARMERS. Mr. William E. Bear, at one time editor of the Mark Lane Express, takes up his stand against Mr. Jesse Collings's Small Holdings Bill, which he crosses up hill and down dale in the thorough going fashion. It is the first time, he points out, that State funds are to be used to set up Tom, Dick, and Harry in a business which they do not understand, and which they are, probably, utterly unable to manage. Its main principle is utterly objectionable, and its principle is the quintessence of the worst kind of socialism. It discourages thrift, interferes with the natural selection of the fittest, is unjust, and is certain to involve the State in heavy loss. Mr. Bear thinks that it is highly desirable to insist upon land up to ten acres being made attainable by farm labourers, who can hire or buy them out of their own resources, but it is monstrous to attempt to establish amateurs as farmers of twenty to fifty acres, a kind of holdings out of which even professional farmers fail to make a living. Mr. Bear thinks that the advantages of ownership are greatly exaggerated. What small farmers want is a good Tenant-Rights Act. THE NORTH FRONT OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Miss Bradley describes the sculpture of the north front of the Abbey, which has been newly completed, as if it were a stone book full of unwritten history. When fully finished, the scheme will bring back to the instructed mind the history of the Universal Church in heaven and earth, and will be a poem vast in design and execution. Unfortunately, very few minds are instructed, and so Miss Bradley sets to work to instruct us, with the effect of leaving on the mind an impression that there is probably no one in England who would not be plucked if he were subjected to an examination in Miss Bradley's Stone Book. Her paper is very interesting, and it would be well if a brief, plainly-printed digest of its contents could be affixed to the Abbey, so that the passer-by might form some idea of the significance of the bewildering mass of statuary that adorns the north front of the Abbey. THE FUTURE OF THE LABOUR MOVEMENT. Mr. A. P. Laurie asks whether it is to be civil war between employers and employed. He says that the public is mistaken in thinking that the Scotch railway strike resulted in the defeat of the men. In reality, the men won, as they compelled the company to recognise the Union, and to discuss the men's grievances with the Union. The recognition of the Union is the charter of the liberties of the workmen. The point of Mr. Laurie's article is that employees should recognise the righteousness of the workmen's cause, and meet trade unions in a generally friendly and liberal spirit. SCIENCE AND IMMORTALITY. Mr. Frederick W. H. Myers, writing on "Science and a Future Life," puts the case for the psychical researchers as follows:— The time for à priori chains of argument, for the subjective pronouncements of leading minds, for amateurish talk and pious opinion, has passed away. The question of the survival of man is a branch of experimental psychology. Is there, or is there not, evidence in the actual observed phenomena of automatism, apparitions, and the like, for a transcendental energy in living men, of an influence emanating from personalities which have oppressed the tomb? This is the definite question, which we can at least intelligibly discuss, and which either we or our descendants may some day hope to answer. LORD ACTON ON "TALLEYRAND'S MEMOIRS." Of all the disappointing books which have been published of late years, "Talleyrand's Memoirs" are about the most disappointing, but Lord Acton is not a man to write even upon Dryasdust himself without making an interesting article. It is a sketch of Talleyrand by the hand of a master. I have only room for one sentence:— When he knew that Louis the Eighteenth, who was forgotten in France, was repudiated by Europe, he resolved that he should be king. It was the one solution entirely his own. And he made him king, imposing his choice with invincible ease on an Assembly of Republicans and Buonapartists, and on the wavering and bewildered master of twenty legions. It is the stroke of genius in his career. The conquerors of Napoleon found themselves at Paris in the hands of a gracious cripple in powder, who, without emphasis or exertion, crumpled up their schemes and quietly informed them that the Bourbons alone were a principle. OTHER ARTICLES. Mr. Edward Berdoe vindicates "The Mothers of the Slums" from the accusation brought against them of indifference to their children. Mr. H. Schutz Wilson tells "The Story of Bianca Capello." Mr. G. Osborne Morgan prophesies smooth things as to the "Progress of Welsh Disestablishment." The Hon. R. Russell pleads for a "Department of Health," which would keep all local officers of health up to their duties, and generally nationalise the measures taken against the spread of disease. Lord Meath briefly describes the "Model Dairy" of Berlin, an institution which he thinks might well be naturalised in London. Herr C. Bolle began business in 1881 with three carts, now he keeps 600 men, 140 horses, and 170 carts constantly going. The Duke of Argyll and Mr. Gladstone say some farewell words to Professor Huxley, the Duke of Argyll being controversial and Mr. Gladstone apologetical. THE REVIEWS REVIEWED. 381 THE WESTMINSTER REVIEW. THE Westminster Review is distinctly above the average this month. The first place is given to an article by Geoffrey Mortimer on "The Rear-Guard of the Christian Army." The writer, while admitting that the progressive High Church and Liberal Nonconformists are making progress, asserts that a large majority of the Evangelical Church and the orthodox Dissenters are still under "the corrosive influence of Puritanical thought." He makes extracts from a number of speeches and sermons of the rear-guard Evangelicals which are melancholy reading enough. The reviewer, noticing my ideal of the Church of the Future, says that from the neutral standpoint of a mere spectator it has much to recommend it on the score of broad-mindedness:— The advanced Evangelicalism of the editor of the REVIEW OF REVIEWS will only find acceptance amongst those "on the down-grade"' and the theatre and public-house, to be run by the Church for the benefit of the New-Christians and their freethinking brethren, are indeed calculated to plunge Puritanism into wild alarm. Sectarianism will not so easily abandon its methods and its shibboleth. "Christ-like souls, forlorn in the lack of the consolations of Christianity," but with intellects of a sceptical bent, must subscribe to narrow creeds or stand alone. The projector of the "Ideal Church" is a man of undoubted spirit and energy; but he has chosen a task beyond his strength. But the task is not mine. All that I have done was to indicate the line of evolution which modern Christianity is likely to take. As Mr. Mortimer himself says:— Ash shown in the past, the heresies of to-day become the beliefs of the future; "the down-grade" of one generation are the elect of the next. And so Evangelicalism will dwindle and fade—not in fulfillment of the apostolic augury of darkness in the latter times, but in obedience to the inviolable and unceasing law of human evolution. Mrs. Emily Glode Ellis concludes her savage attack on the "Fetish of Charity," which she declares fosters in the poor cant, indigence, false pretences, improvidence, and neglect of parental duties. What society has to do is to make the lot of the labourer more bearable and the lot of the ne'er-do-weel more unbearable than it is at present. Charity as practised t present is the is the systemic support of the meanest at the expense of the noblest of the race. Mr. William Schooling traces the development of the marriage institution. He maintains that if the State adopts the morals of the family by which the strongest helps the weakest, aiding them in accordance to their incapacity, it will have its outcome in universal socialism, community of wives included. Mr. George Chamier reviews mr. Lloyd Morgan's "Animal Life and Intelligence" under the title of "A Zoologist Among the Idealists." Mr. Richard Armstrong contributes an excellent descriptive paper on "Ibesen's Brand." Mr. Stevenson in the independent section reviews "Darkest England," extracts from which will be found elsewhere. Mrs. Ellen Dietrick, a Southern lady reared in the South, replies to Mrs. Bodington's article on "The Importance of Race" in an article entitled "Woman and Negro Suffrage." Mrs. Dietrick is a thoroughgoing woman's righter, and almost the only fault she finds with the emancipated negro of the South is, that he is no more advanced upon the woman question than Mrs. Bodington herself. A Hospice for the Dying.—In the Lamp for April Miss Katherine Tynan gives an excellent account of the Hospice for the Dying, Dublin, to which Madame Belloe called attention in the last number of Help. THE FORUM. THE Forum for March is better than the Forum for February, but it is still hardly up to its usual high level. I notice elsewhere Professor Max Müller's plea for "Freedom of Religious Discussion," and Mr. John Bascom's article on "The Growth of Denominational Education in the United States." THE NICARAGUA CANAL. Senator John Sherman has the first place with an article upon "The Nicaraguan Canal," in which he expounds the present position of that great undertaking. The most difficult part of the work—the construction of the harbour on the Atlantic side—has been partially accomplished. Of the distance of 169 miles from ocean to ocean, only twenty-six needs to be canalised, the rest being lake and river. The highest point in the line of route is 110 ft. above the sea level. When it is completed it will shorten the distance from New York to San Francisco by 1,000 miles. Senator Sherman thinks that the canal will make possible an enforcement of the Munro doctrine, immensely strengthening the union of the States. The question which the American Government has to consider is whether this canal should be cut by the Canal Company, raising the money in the European market, or whether it should be constructed under the guarantee and control of the United States. There is a bill before Congress now, the provisions of which aim at securing the control of the canal by Americans. These primary objects have been, it is thought, secured in the bill now pending, by an unconditional guarantee of payment of the principal and interest of the bonds of the company; by the application of the proceeds of these bonds, under the direction of United States engineers, to the work actually done; and by the transfer of 70,000,000 dols. out of 100,000,000 dols. in stock to the United States, with the power to vote at any meeting of the company, and with a proper representation on the board of directors. SILVER AS A CIRCULATING MEDIUM. Mr. George S. Boutwell discourses upon the eternal silver question. He points out, from the point of view of economy and convenience, the currency of the country should always be of paper; the use of coin is both inconvenient and expensive. Gold and silver certificates, which are capable of being immediately converted into gold and silver, is a system of currency which commands the confidence of the public. Mr. Boutwell thinks that as there is more silver in the world than gold, the movement of events tends towards more and more the substitution of silver for gold as the basis of currency. The question, therefore, is to what extent and by what measure shall the use of silver be attained? He favours the establishment of an international agreement with England and Germany to authorise the use of silver at a fixed rate relative to gold for all purposes of domestic and foreign trade. He thinks that— The refusal of the States of Europe to co-operate with the United States in the use of both metals upon an agreed ratio of value, may produce disasters in all the countries, but it is not improbable that the consequences will be more serious in England and in Germany than in the United States. AN ANGLO-AMERICAN UNION. Bishop Cleveland Coxe, writing under the somewhat absurd title of "Do we Hate England?" contributes an article on the relations between England and America, with the conclusion of which we are heartily in accord. Bishop Coxe makes rather a sad mess of things when he takes Mr. Lecky as his guide in English politics, and when he declares that half of the people in England hate England, for they have hoisted the green flag above their heads as the banner of party, but he thinks it is a passing 100,000,000 dols. in stock to the United States, with the power to vote at any meeting of the company, and with a proper representation on the board of directors.382 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. aberration to which no attention need to be paid. Bishop Coxe thinks that Irish vote is losing its value in America tat the Irish of the third generation have escaped from the rule for their priests and that the ultra montane hierarchy in America are taking such airs upon themselves that the intelligent laity will revolt. Bishop Coxe says he writes as an American of the old colonial stock, the vanguard of civilization in the New World; he was reared under influences which fostered his love for the mighty race of which Alfred was was some sense the founder, the glories of which are forcibly brought to his mind recently in Winchester Abbey when the Pan-Anglecian Synod moved slowly up its nave. What impressed the most in that array however was the sight of representatives from New Zealand and Australia: the giant progeny of England, so near the Antarctic Pole: nations born in a day and enthroned at the confluence of oceans: havens for ships that will transfer them to future mastery of the seas and there with insure them the supremacy of the world at large of the tongue of England, its literature, its religion and the inexhaustible wealth of its laws, constitutions and aw aiding liberties. Let us reflect upon with to us an alliance with such a universal empire. Is statesmanship so barren that none of our public men can point it that country men and make then feel the moral of all this. Do they not see the madness of fore fitting our share in this incomparable inheritance by making ourselves aliens in Anglo-Saxidom, as if we were "bastards and not sons"? For one, let me alt least speak out for my country and for her share in the work of Christening and enlightening the human race, Nothing is less dependent on her fidelity law and origin, and to her grandeur among the nations- as already the greater Britain, if you will-than she should thus fulfill the prophecy of Berkeley: "Time's noblest offspring is her last." Mr. W.S> Lilly seems to have more honour in America than in his own country. I certainly do not know any English magazine which would welcome the series which he is contributing to the Forum. The installment pf this month deals with the popular "Sibboleth of the People." Civilization he says, is bound up with the classes and their continuance in their proper places and functions in the social organism. To sum up: The truth in the people's gospel is that all men have political rights-natural, unalienable and impressionable; the error is that all men ought to be equivalent in the public order.The great political movement we date from the French Revolution has done the service of inculcating the verity that there is a fundamental democracy in human society. But the sister verity that human society is essentially hierarchical is equally necessary. THE HISTORICAL USES OF "SCOTTISH CHIEFS" Miss Martha J. Lamb, the editor of the Magazine of American History, describes the formative influences which made her the leading historian of her own sex in America. It is a pleasant surprise to learn that her attention in this direction was due to Miss porters "Scottish chiefs," she says. It was "The Scottich Chiefs," by Miss Porter a wok that was designed to create within me a new want and to turn y thoughts to the reading and study of history. Turning points in me life are not always mere accidents and I cannot designate this simple event as really a turning point, but its influence Is still with me. I read the book of stealth concealing it under my text book during school hours, when my quiet attitude led my teacher and others to suppose I was absorbed in study. I immediately started upon a crusade into the past, in quest of more knowledge. Henceforward I sought historical books on all occasions, until the pursuit became a fascination. There was not a country in Europe to which I was not drawn, and whose history I did not secure i one way or another for perusal. THE AMERICAN PATENT OFFICE. We are in the habit of growling at our Patent Office in contrasting it with that of America, but if Mr. Park Benjamin be right the Americans are very far indeed from a state of ideal perfection. £50,000 a year paid by the investors is confiscated, without any return whatever, by Congress, while the provisions made for storing the patents and for accommodating the clerks at the Patent Office are ridiculously inadequate. The examinations of inventions relating to "dryers, farriery, metal-working tools, nut and bolt locks, pneumatics, refrigeration, and windmills," is accomplished by nine people, who, with all their records and furniture, are crammed into a room nineteen by twenty-three feet in dimensions. This is representative. Every commissioner for the last twelve years has appealed to Congress for remedy. The present commissioner calls the existing state of affairs "most deplorable." It si disgraceful: it not only impedes public business, but violates the plainest sanitary laws. Such are the conditions of personnel and place. Now as to the examinations themselves. To keep up with the rate at which applications are field ---about 43,000 a year---each examiner ought to make every day about five "official actions", each requiring intelligent decision. This being impracticable, the delay in reaching an application after it is filed, though less now than it has been for years, varies from one to six months. To this is added more delay in considering amendments and arguments to meet objections. DENOMINATIONAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA. Mr.John Bascom discusses the necessity of adopting a new policy for public schools. His article will be read with dismay by those who have hitherto relied upon the United States as the great object lesson in favour of the adoption of a strictly undenominational system of education in this country. Mr. Bascom sates that the systematic effort that is being made by the Roman Catholics and Lutherans, who, curiously enough, agree on this point to provide denominational schools for the education of their own children, promises to bring far more serious embarrassment to the public school system in America than any that it has hitherto encountered. Mr.Bascom thiinks that the denominational schoold will have to be recognised, and, not only so, but that those who support denominational schhols will have to be exempted from the school tax. RAILWAYS UNDER GOVERNMENT CONTROL There is a very interesting little paper by W.M.Acworth, in which he contrasts the various systems of railway management. governmnt railways, he maintains, such as are found in Germany, Belgium, and Australia, are slow going, and in democratic countries, such as Australia, suffer from political corruption. Railways in Australia have even been constructed and officials employed, not because theu were needed , but because it was necessary to propitiate some clamorous member or to secure a doubtful vote. The French system, where the railways, although not belonging to the State, are closely supervised by State officials and organised almost as a department of public service, does not commend itself to Mr.Acworth, who is entirely in favour of the English and American system. He thinks the State railways system, being relieved from the necessity of struggle, must cease to be fit and fail to survive; it is incapable of vigorous life. THE REVIEWS REVIEWED. 383 THE WORKING OF BELLAMY'S YEAST The Rev.Dr. William Barry, writing on "The Ring and Trust", maintains that capitalism and democracy canot live together. It is just as great a crime against the Declaration of Independence to be monopoly-ridden as monarchy-ridden. If democratic institutions cannot develop such men and such qualities they are doomed to corruption and decay. The dividend receiver is falling into the abyss. Democracy should employ its surplus in buying out at a just value the rights which monopolistic companies have been allowed to take, and it should restore to the nations its roads, telegraphs, and railways. The popular State will pay off these shareholders and absorb for the common good the ring and the trust. RUSSIAN REFUGELS IN AMERICA Mr.P.G. Hubert, jun., writing on "Russia's Treatment of Jewish Subjects," in wich he says pretty much what is sais by everybody who has written on the subject, but gives some information concerning Russian Jewish refugees in America, says:--- The stream first appeared in 1882. Some of these immigrants have been good settlers, who undoubtedly will assimilate with the people around them. Others herd in the great cities, notwithstanding the effforts of many aducated and influential American Jews to get them out into the country; and these, while they are hard-working and frugal people, are less to be desired than farmers and country workers. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. The North America for March gives its first place to further recollections of Gettysburg by Major-Generals Sickles, Butterfield, Newton, and Gregg. THE FUTURE OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. Mr.Claus Sprechels has a brief paper in which he pleads for the strengthening of American influence in Hawaiian affairs. He urges that America should improve and fortify Pearl Harbour, which is close to Honolulu, and which she occupies under treaty as a naval station for a number of years. He would make the occupation perpetual by negotiating a treaty in which reciprocal advantages would be conferred upon Hawaii. The islands are virtually Americanised already. The Americans run all the banks and control 80 per cent. of the sugar plantation; 79 per cent. of the foreign trade is done with the United States; 72 per cent. of the shipping employed in business is under the American flag. A long way after the Americans come to British, and after theBritish the Germans. WHY WOMAN MARRY. Mrs'. John Sherwood answers that women marry because they like to be kicked downstairs! "Women love brutes, they adore strenght." A man, also, she thinks, likes a woman to be his inferior. Te reason why most women do not marry is because they do not have the chance. There are 60,000 more unmarried women that men in Massachussetts alone. "Life is smothered with its appliances," and so forth, and so forth. "It is to be feared that we are in a seltish cycle in which men dislike marriage more than ever." Women, however, hanker after it as much as ever, and Mrs.Sherwood thinks that women only take to professions because they fail in getting husbands. She has seen the most educated and superior women at forty years of age "glad to marry some very inferior weak creature, so great a craving had their noble hearts for love." MR.LECKY ON HOME RULE ONCE MORE. Mr. Lecky contributes a long paper in which he sets forth reasons why he believes Home Rule is undesirable. There is nothing new in it, and the points are not particularly well put. He tells the story of Mr. Parnell's upset, and consoles himself by thinking that. A real check has been given to the gambling for a disloyal Irish vote which has of late years most seriously lowered the level of political morality in England. Many acute men have come to see that in resting on that vote they have beenleaning on a broken reed; that there is ad independent element of honestyand patriotism in the country, which, if it is once fairly roused, will baffle all their calculations; and that is quite possible for politicians to sacrifice their honour without serving their interests. Perhaps it is not only on one side of the Atlantic that such a lesson was required. THE RECENT STRUGGLE IN CANADA. Mr. Erastus Wiman, writing before the issue of the general election, puts his view of the issue before the electors. He predicts that at the next election Sir John McDonald's victory will be undone. He writes as follows on the eve of the polling:--- If the Tory party, however , should succeed in the election, which will now be decided within a few days, it can only be for a brief period, for already the seeds of didintegration are sown. Three orfour years of such object-lessons as the McKinley Bill enforces on one side of the border, and the Canadian tariff re-enacts on the other side, will have their legittimate outcome. The forces thus at work towards a better relation are irresistible; and if the Liberla Party are defeated at this time, the next election, which is likely to be very early in the history of the country, will tell a different tale. WANTED, A NEW COIN. Mr.Heaton calculates that tourists who spend 60 to 100 millions stearling every year in wandering in strange lands have to pay at least one per cent. of this to the money-changer. He therefore proposes that a common international unit of money should be established. He would take the frane or the shilling as the starting unit. The dollar would be four units, the Dutch florin two, the rouble two, and the frane one. He ignores the difficulty that a shilling is worth frane 25 centimes. OTHER ARTICLES. The Hon. E.O.Leech, director of the Mint, discusses the silver legislation in an article in which he maintains that an international monetary agreement is the only solution of the question. Surgeon John Hammond writes about " Self Control as a Means of Curing Insanity," in a paper the practical lesson of which is that there are a good many homicidal lunatics wh should be hung if only to encourage the other lunatics to desist from giving way to their propensities. THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE In the New England Magazine for March Captain Nathan Appleton describes the part taken by Harvard University during the Rebellion in a copiously illustrated paper, which will be dear to all students of the most famous of American universities. Another illustrated paper is Mr.Stockbridge's "Early History of Electricity in America". Miss Clark pleads for the adoption of Indian corn as the American national plant. California has just selected the poppy called ... Californica as its State plant. There is the usual mass of miscellaneous matter, stories etc., the most interesting of which being the series of photographic pictures to illustarte "Evangeline" and "Enoch Arden". The article describes the result of the competition for prizes offered by the Photographic Association of America in 1888; the subject selected was Longfellow's "Hiawatha", in 1889 his "Evangeline", and in 1890 "Enoch Arden". Very few amateur photographers competed.384 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. THE CENTURY. THE chief feature in the April number is the series of papers on the early days of California, beginning with a voyage thither via Panama, describing the conquest of the country in 1846, with copious Californiana. There is an interesting illustrated paper by Mr. Glave on "Fetishism in Congo Land." Among other odd items it is mentioned that the natives think that some crocodiles have the power to change their scales to the black skin and woolly hair of the native. They are a kind of were-wolf crocodile, who in human for beguile strangers to the edge of the river, then resume their former shape and drag them to death. Another curious theory is that that the crocodiles are hospitable and sociable, and whenever one of them secures a human being he will invite all the crocodiles in the neighbourhood to a feast, a kind of horrible sacrament. Mr. Stillman has a brief paper on Leonardo Da Vinci, illustrated by engravings by T. Cole. There is a chapter of interesting history concerning the relations of Wordsworth and De Quincey, illustrated by many unpublished letters. It is melancholy to read that the friendship between these two great men was strained and broken, because Mrs. De Quincey was a humble country girl below the rank of the Wordsworths, and had the fact somewhat rudely rubbed into her by some of the residents at Rydal Mount. Another excellently illustrated paper is that describing Mount St. Elias, a great snow mountain at the north-west corner of the United States. The district contains the most magnificent mountain and glacier scenery in the world. There is a very curious paper, brief but suggestive, concerning the mythical sword which Frederick the Great is said to have sent to George Washington with this inscription, "From the oldest general in the world to the greatest." The article on the "Salons of the Revolution and the Empire" deals with Madame de Staël, Madame Necker, and Madame Roland. THE COSMOPOLITAN. IN the Cosmopolitan for March there are several papers of considerable interest and variety. The first, entitled "Beauty of the French Stage," is illustrated by the portraits of a great number of the most beautiful actresses of the Parisian theatres. It is followed immediately by an account of the Protestant missions, which vary in range from a mission school in Alaska to the free reading-room of the New York City Mission, a coffee-grinding station in Africa, and a missionary elephant in Siam. The article on "Darkest America" describes the condition of the American Indians in a Sioux reservation. Some of the portraits of the Indians are remarkably good. The "Cream City" is an account of Milwaukee. Mr. Oliver Sumner Teall has a brief paper on municipal reform, in which he maintains that the only way in which New York can be reformed would be by carrying out the following suggestion:-- That a committed of a hundred representative citizens be formed, which committee shall have no executive power, but whose functions shall be simply advisory. After the regular organisations have made their nominations, then this committee of a hundred shall convene, examine the records and the fitness of the candidates of the different parties, and indorse the best nominations. There should be no such men who would best serve the city's interests. Every party and every candidate would strive for the indorsement of such a committee, and greatly fear the effect upon the public of its adverse judgment. This committed should be permanent, and composed of fifty Republicans and fifty Democrats. In every case the candidate to be recommended to the people must have a majority of the votes to entitle him to the indorsement of the committee. Substitutes would have to be allowed, so that 100 votes could always be cast. Secret ballots should be cast to prevent intimidation and influence. The vote should be announced in each case, so that the public could judge of how the men were considered by the committee. Inasmuch as the action of this committee would be simply advisory, the larger the majority the candidate would have in the vote of the committee the more favourable would be his reception by the public at large. There is an out-of-the-way paper on Madagascar, entitled a "Protected Queen," by Mr. Shufeldt, who laboured in vain to secure the establishment of American influence in Madagascar. He failed, and the French overran the island, and the American name is now almost forgotten in the realm of the protected queen. The "Story of a War Correspondent's Life" is told by Frederic Villiers. He begins with the Turko-Servian War. Altogether, the number is an exceedingly interesting one, well written and full of actuality. The English. Illustrated. -- The English Illustrated for this month is published at sixpence net, it being supplied to the trade at fivepence. It is a good number, beginning with an admirable portrait of William James-Linton, engraver, poet, and political writer, the first paper being illustrated by several of his engravings. Mr Seymour Fort describes the lepers on Robben Island, where, I hope, if the news from India be correct, the Mattei medicines will ere long effect the deliverance of many unfortunate sufferers. Another illustrated paper is devoted to Harrow. Its early history is told by Mr. Percy M. Thornton, while the Master of Trinity describes the school from 1829 to 1889; the athletic side is taken charge of by Mr. Philip Martineau. The Hon. George Curzon, M.P., gives an account of the "Monasteries of Meteora in Thessally." Dr. Ball tells the true story of the Koh-i-noor. Temple Bar. -- In Temple Bar Mr. H.W. Chisholm concludes his "Recollections of an Octogenarian Civil Servant." Mr. Vignoles contributes a paper on "Geographical Reminiscences," Mr. W. Fraser Rae contributes an interesting biographical paper on William Cowper, and Florence Walden begins a new serial called "Those Westerton Girls." Longman's Magazine. -- In Longman's Magazine, Mr. Aubyn Battye has a charming little natural history paper entitled "Upon a Day," describing the sights and scenes witnessed in the country by a man who pitches his tent on the river, and spends the whole long summer day in watching birds and beasts. Mr. Henry Jame's short paper on the pupil is concluded. Mr. C.W. Kennedy has a bright little paper describing Sark. There is a curious account of an Italian house in the sixteenth century, translated from the Latin of Baptisto Mantuanus. Newbery House Magazine. -- In the Newbery House Magazine there is a paper on numerous divines, which begins with Hugh Latimer and ends with Bishop Thirlwall. A paper by W.J. Hardy give some account of the Mantuan Ambassador's despatches describing Queen Elizabeth's Church policy. There is an illustrated paper on the "Chalice of Archbishop Sancroft," and another with a plan map of the churchyard of old St. Paul's. Perhaps the most useful paper in the magazine is Mr. Mason's account of parochial missions. Mr. Mason thinks a long mission of three weeks or a month, if properly graduated, when in the hands of a powerful preacher, best answer the purpose of a mission. THE REVIEWS REVIEWED. 385 Cornhill. -- In Cornhill there is a good travel paper, "On Quiet Rivers in Ceylon," and a brief account of the Mines of Carara. Mr. Grant Allen describes the way in which seeds are carried across the country on the wings of the wind. There is a good poem on the "Dread Tomorrow." man's Magazine. -- That indefatigable young lady, Miss Laura A. Smith, publishes a collection of old English drinking songs, with music. There is an interesting paper full of out-of-the-way information, concerning the punishments inflicted at various time and in various countries by law. It is entitled "Pains and Penalties." Boiling to death, introduced into England in 1531, as a punishment for poisoning, did not last twenty years. Skinning alive was at least twice inflicted in Europe. In France, women were frequently buried alive for comparatively trivial offences; and in one district in the thirteenth century it was customary to bury the murderer alive with the corpse of his victim. The guillotine seems to have been in use at Halifax in the sixteenth century, the town having the right to behead any person who stole anything more than the value of 13½d. There is an interesting paper on "Tramps and their Ways," by "Peregrinus." The topographical paper is devoted to Bournemouth and Wimborne. "Life in a Sugar Plantation" introduces us into Barbadoes. Scribner. -- Scribner begins its series of papers on "Ocean Steam Ships" by an article by Mr. J.H. Gould. There are now twelve steamship lines which have their regular sailing day each week between Europe and New York, and on these lines there are eight-four steam ships which carry saloon and steerage passengers. Mr. Birge Harrison has a well-illustrated paper describing kangaroo hunting in Australia. In the future he predicts that kangaroos will be extinct except where they are preserved like deer in English parks. Mr. Herbert Walsh explains the recent Indian troubles in Dakota, and appeals to public opinion to insist upon the appointment of a single intelligent, experienced, responsible head to control the Indian Service, which service should be conducted in absolute harmony with Civil Service reform Funds should be voted to effectively educate the Indian youth, and to secure the protection of the interests of the Indians. There is an interesting paper by Dr. Thomas Dwight on "What is Right-handedness?" illustrated by prints of four fingers on each hand and tracings of the hat crown outlines of the human head. Out of a hundred hat crown outlines selected at random the left side was larger than the right in seventy-one cases, the right in thirteen, and they were equal in sixteen. Dr. Dwight is much more positive as to what right-handedness is not than as to what it is. He says when we understand instinct, then, and only then, may we hope to understand right-handedness and know why it is sometimes reversed. There is a good illustrated paper on the cruise of the Thetis in 1889 to the Arctic regions. The interminable Stanley story is continued, this time with Mr. Jephson's narrative of the relief of Captain Nelson. Macmillian is an exceptionally good number. "The Prospects of Greater France" is an article on the failure of France to found a Colonial Empire, which I wish I had space to quote at length. Mr. Percy Gardner's account of Dr. Schliemann is very interesting. The paper on "Our New Political System" is full of bright optimism." POETRY IN THE PERIODICALS. There is a spirited little poem by S. Frances Harrison in Temple Bar on "Why we love a Man-of-War." For the grand old Flag at the head of her, The flag of Battle and Song; The flag that was ever the dread of her Enemies proud and strong. Though trials and tempters throng, May it always be sung and said of her -- Hurrah! for the Flag at the head of her, The Flag we have floated long! There are two poems on the "Old Year" and the "New Year" in Longman's, from the first of which I quote two verses: -- What did the old year bring, lassie, What did the old year bring? A well-loved youth with a heart of truth And a golden marriage-ring, lassie. What did the old year bring, father, What did the old year bring? Six feet of sod in the acre of God Where the robins sweetly sing, dearie? Mr. R.W. Gilder contributes to the Century Magazine the following sonnet on Shakespeare's birthday: -- A little English earth and breathèd air Made Shakespeare the divine: so is his verse The broidered soil of every blossom fair; So doth his song all sweet bird songs rehearse. But tell me, then, what wondrous stuff did fashion That part of him which took those wilding flights Among imagined worlds -- whence the white passion That burned three centuries through the days and nights? Not heaven's four winds could make, nor the round earth, The soul wherefrom the soul of Hamlet flamed; Nor anything of merely mortal birth Could lighten as when Shakespeare's name is named. How was his body bred we know full well, But that high soul's engendering who may tell! There are also four short poems in the same magazine by Charles Henry Luders, who died last January at the age of thirty-two. His work is characterised by purity of thought, depth of feeling, fidelity to truth, and a melodiousness akin to the music of brooks. In the New Review, Mr. Alf. Austin contributes a pleasantly jingling set of verses, entitled "An April Fool," which tells of a yokel in cap o'bells and a suit of saffron motley, who says in answer to the questions of the curious: "Yes; I am an April Fool: Confessed! And my pate grows not worse for scratching; But I know where the kingfisher drills her nest, And the long-tailed tits are hatching." The drift of the poem is to hint that perhaps such an April fool may have more to say for himself than any of his more serious neighbours. 386 RECENT RUSSIAN LITERATURE A QUARTERLY CAUSERIE. BY OUR ST. PETERSBURG CORRESPONDENT. IT is customary with Roman Catholics during certain season of the year to cover up the images, pictures, and crucifixes that decorate the walls and altars of the their churches with violet gauze emblematical of grief and mourning ; to abstain from ringing bells, and to eschew all music save the sad funereal strains in which are chanted the Seven Penitential Psalms and the Lamentations of Jeremiah. A LITERARY LENT. Russian literature, although there are no outward and visible signs of the fact, would seem to have begun precisely such a period of introspection and lamentation some years ago, and the Easter morning that shall inaugurate an epoch of health-giving joy and creative activity seems as far off to-day as when Turghenieff breathed his last in September, 1883. Russian men of letters are mostly silent and sad, like the exiled Jews who hanged their harps upon the willows that grew by the rivers of Babylon; and what is still worse, their right hands have lost their cunning. “Our great misfortune,” exclaimed Turghenieff in 1868, “is the lack of gifted writers. Tolstoi has no successor, and yet his first production dates back as far 1852. It is, of course, impossible to deny a certain talent to the Sleptsoffs, Reshetnikoffs, etc. etc. of the present day; but where, pray is their force, their imagination? where their invention?” And echo answered, “Where?” And if things looked unpromising then, the changes that have since taken place are assuredly not calculated to improve them materially. Turghenieff himself is gathered to his fathers, Tolstoi has abandoned literature for fresh fields and pastures new; Gontsharoff has died as an author, though still living in the flesh; Ostroffsky, the Russian Molière, has played the fifth act of his own drama and taken his final exit, and the actual state of Russian steppe in late summer, boundless, parched, and barren, with scarcely a hillock on the distant horizon to relieve the eye, and even that only a koorgán, or artificial mound, raised by the hands of obscure mortals over the corpses of the honoured dead. THE FROST OF THE CENSORSHIP Michael Saltykoff, a satirist better known as Shtshedreen, believing in the miraculous power of education to turn cabbages into cedars of Lebanon, organised the offices of his monthly review, the “Memoirs of the Fatherland,” into a sort of pepinière in which at any rate he hoped to rear and nurse such literary acorns as might otherwise be blown out to sea or choked among the rocks ; and for a time he obtained remarkable results. He succeeded in communicating the spark of enthusiasm that burned within himself to many of the promising young writers he had gathered round him, and it was bidding fair to burst into a bright flame when the authorities suddenly plucked out the brands from the burning, cast them to the four winds of heaven, and trod out the embers of the fire. Since that time Russian literature is become historico-photographical ; instead of genre paintings in oil, we have photographs by instantaneous process, with considerable blurs and spots on the negatives. Imagination is frozen up and originality feared as a Nessus’ shirt. Far be it from me to censure a measure which, however drastic in appearance, may, à priori, have been as judicious as the extinction of an incipient fire in a powder magazine. With the political side of such questions I have absolutely no concern. A man may be compelled by considerations of self-preservation to have his leg amputated considerably above the knee, and it would be folly on his part to hesitate; still, the operation, however necessary, is dangerous, and even when successful is extremely trying to the organisation. So it was with the amputation performed by the authorities; it gave a terrible shock to the whole system, causing perturbations in the nervous centres, the effects of which are now beginning to be keenly felt. THE DEATH OF ORIGINALITY. A considerable amount of intellectual activity ever since then has been absorbed by the humble but useful work of editing and re-editing the productions of native classic writers, and the translating, clipping, pruning, and abridging of foreign productions. Pooshkin, Lermontoff, Tolstoi, Turghenieff, and the half-dozen other stars who compose the constellation of Russian literature, are being rendered accessible to the poorer classes who had previously been compelled to content themselves with Zola and the Dream-Oracle. At present, Bourget, Guy de Maupassant, Dandet, Louis Stevenson, Mrs. Wood, and Rider Haggard are being done into Russian, and in literature as in nature, the bees that have been unable to make honey of their own, contrive to live and thrive on that of neighbouring communities. Russian monthlies, which contain from twice to three times more matter than the Fortnightly Review or the Atlantic Monthly, carry very little cargo and ship translations as ballast. Russian Though, for instance (a name which was not always a misnomer, though now applied only on the lucus a non lucendo principle), is overloaded with the fruits of French, English and German thought; while the Northern Messenger, if twenty or thirty pages were cut out, might appropriately be termed the Messenger of the West. THE AFTERGLOW OF RUSSIAN GENIUS. It is not that there are no original productions of any value. They, too, are occasionally to be met with, but only at rare intervals and as constituting the afterglow of a brilliant light that has recently sunk below the horizon. The literary work one finds in the numerous periodicals consists, as a rule, of light, trivial sketches that might be comfortably perused during the half-hour’s ride to town in a railway carriage. They are ephemeral, and what is much worse, are meant to be what they are. There is no evidence, even in the best of them, of artistic architecture, in the form, which was rough and unfinished as a wooden bridge of Nishny Novgorod; while they style is frequently that of a wandering story-teller, and the only redeeming trait about the whole is and occasional glimpse of what an eminent English critic felicitously terms soul, that breaks through a rare rift in the dark clouds of syllogism or impassioned RECENT RUSSIAN LITERATURE 387 rhetoric. Literary critics should not, however, forget that not all the defects and blemishes of contemporary Russian letters can be treated as evidences of the authors’ eccentric taste or lack of taste; and that many of them may have to be attributed, in ultimate analysis, to the causes Which have nothing in common with the ordinary conditions of pure literature. “Thoughts shut up want air, And spoil like bales unopened to the sun.” There are more difficulties and obstacles in the way of the incarnation of brilliant thoughts in finished form in Russia than are dreamt of in our philosophical countries, and any one who pursues carefully or curiously the three instalments of novel by Madam Vinnitsky, in the January and February and March issue of the Northern Messenger,* or the poem entitled “Death,” by M. Mereshkovsky in two last numbers of same magazine, † must feel that the authors heard a voice we cannot hear, and saw and felt a hand we cannot see, which beckoned them away before their work was satisfactorily ended. COUNT TOLSTOI’S NEW COMEDY. It would be only natural if and ardent apostle like Count Tolstoi, eager to evangelise his own kith and kin, and seeing that his sweetness is now being wasted in the desert air to west of Russia, should adjust himself to the political requirements of times, in order, if possible, to reach the cars of his countrymen, instead of playing the thankless part of blind Samson to the Philistines. Most of his latter-day pamphlets are forbidden fruit to the Russian public, and it would be much easier to purchase a strong dose of strychnine of prussic acid than his “Christ’s Christianity” or the “Kreutzer Sonata.” Whether considerations of this kind have been instrumental in driving him into comedy, a branch of literature in which we had no reason to suppose him especially qualified to shine, it would be rash, in the absence of a direct confession of the author himself, to decide; but his last literary production, which has just appeared in Russia, under the title, “The Fruits of Enlightenment,” is the only one of his writings that belongs to this category ; and even it bears only the outward form of a comedy ; in reality it is dramatised satire with the moral peeping out from behind all the partitions of the stage, waiting for you in the middle and the end of each little scene of every one of the acts until the spectator who came to the theatre to satisfy his craving for high art heartily wishes all the part welded into one good monologue, given to the parish preacher and impressively read out from the pulpit on the first convenient Sunday. It is not necessary to be a prophet to predict the complete failure of the “Fruits of Enlightenment” as a comedy, nor is it needful to be an opponent of Tolstoi’s to characterise the issue as perfectly natural. Experienced playwrights like Ostrovski -- who is almost apotheosised by his appreciative countrymen -- have failed quite as hopelessly to touch any of the chords in the breast of the foreigner, which Calderon, Molière, Sheridan, and Goldsmith set in such pleasurable vibration, and for reasons of which neither party need be ashamed. The literature of Russia is divided from that of the rest of Europe by sharp lines of demarcation which it will require many generations and radical changes to efface; by its outcome of social, political, and religious conditions that have now no counterpart in modern Europe; by its types, whose views, tendencies, and ideals are always foreign, sometimes inconceivable, to the members of any community to the west of the Vistula; by its psychology, which may appropriately, if not scientifically, be termed Slavonic. Even Count Tolstoi's new comedy is saturated with Russian individualism of the kind described. it is a satire on civilisation, who accredited representatives are confronted with the ideal heroes of the piece -- peasants unable to write their names, and whose horizon is bounded by the village church, the cornfield, and the cemetery. The plot consists in a successful attempt on the part of an ignorant peasant girl to persuade a well-meaning but weak-minded landowner that the spirits, in whom he most firmly believes, desire him to sell a portion of a certain estate to the peasant lacklands at the moderate price which he had previously demanded but had since considerably raised. The representatives of the Upper Ten Thousand, with their ridiculous foibles, absurd beliefs, and artificial wants, pass in procession before the eyes of the shrewd matter-of-fact peasants, who deliver their unpolished comments, sometimes in the form of a monosyllabic ejaculation, on the endless card-playing, the solemn spiritualistic séances, the bestial gluttony, the imaginary healing of imaginary ills, and many other traits of that modern culture which Count Tolstoi seems to regard as the abomination of desolation. AN OBTRUSIVE MORAL. The moral of the piece is not allowed to dawn gradually upon the mind of the reader or spectator as the general conclusion of the whole; it obtrudes itself upon him from the very beginning, making in consequence, a very weak impression, or one wholly opposed to that which it was the author's intention to produce. This realistic hast is probably answerable for these infractions of the laws of verisimilitude, seldom violated with impunity, which seriously deface the work from whatever point of view we regard it. Once of the most striking instances of this is the heroine, Tania, a peasant girl turned chambermaid, who throws dust in the eyes of learned professors, sharp-witted ladies, and the fine fleur of Russian intelligence, pulls all the wires of the plot, and remains simple, true-hearted straightforward as before. This type is not, perhaps, inconceivable; it may have existed in the eternal ideas of which Plato speaks, but it corresponds to no real being or class of beings in the dominions of the Tzar. An American lady-help, with a slight touch of the brogue, and a mischievous twinkle in her blue Celtic eye, might be capable of conceiving and undertaking the part assigned by Tolstoi to Tania, though even she would fail unless she had to deal with a group of persons suffering from softening of the brain; but assuredly no such daring plans would suggest themselves to any Russian chambermaid that one is likely to meet with from Vershbolovo to Vladivostok. A SAMPLE OF THE TOLSTOIAN KNOUT. It is presumably this same over-eagerness to flagellate the vices of civilisation that led the author to prefer the blows of a heavy knout to the deadly pricks of a poisoned needle; but it must be admitted that the boorish vulgarity of the poor peasants, who leer and jeer at excesses with the same relish with which they would gibe and jeer at the refined tastes of a Count Caylus or Lorenzo de Medici, is as true to nature as were the pictures of the Greek artist Pauson, and to many will seem as repulsive. Discussing the food of the "quality," the female cook remarks to the peasants: -- "And it's them as are able to devour, I can tell you." 1st Peasant: "They've thundering appetites, I s'pose?" Cook: "You may say so; and no wonder, seeing how they drinks. It's sweet wines and spirits and fizzin' * "Polenova and the Jaroslavtseffs." A novel. By A. Vinnitsky. † "Death: A Poem of St. Petersburgh." By D. Mereshkovsky.383 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. liquors -- a particular sort for each dish -- as they must have; and then they eats and drinks and eats and drinks." . . . 1st Peasant: "It flushes down food in proporshun." Cook: "Oh, they are smart hands as devouring. Lor', it's terrible! They can't go about it like you and myself, and eat and drink, and make the sign of the cross when we've done and get up. Nothing will satisfy them unless they're laying in food all day long." 2nd Peasant: "Like hogs as hove their shanks in the wash trough." (The peasant burst out laughing.) Cook: "Lor's bless you, the first thing, when they've rubbed their eyes in the morning, is samovars, tea, coffee, and jockeylate. As soon as they empty two samovars, they ring for a third. Before that's empty, lunch is served, and, before lunch is well over, dinner, and that has to be washed down with coffee. As soon as they begin to drop off like filled leeches, there's tea again. And then comes the finger-bits, and the sweetmeats, and the Lord knows what besides, there's no end to it. Why, they eat when lying abed." 3rd Peasant: "That's the style!" (Laughs.) 1st and 2nd Peasants: "What are you up to, eh?" 3rd Peasant: "I was only wishing I could live just one day like them gents!" 2nd Peasant: "Well, and when do they do their business?" Cook: "Business, indeed! What business have they ever to do. I'd like to know? To play cards and the piano, that's all the business they has to put their hands to. The young mistress used to sit down at the piano, as soon as she'd rubbed the sleep out of her eyes, and drum away for bare life. And a teacher as lives here would stand by her waiting and waiting to see whether the piano would soon be vaccuated, and when the one 'ud finish, the other 'ud set to. And sometimes they'd put two pianos side by side, and four of them 'ud hammer away at them till I could hear it in the kitchen here. 3rd Peasant: "Oh, Lord!" Cook: "Well, as I was saying, that's all as their business ever amounts to -- pianos and card-playing. Whenever they come together, it's always the same thing; cards, wine, and smoking all through the livelong night; and when they turn out o' bed in the morning, it's eating and drinking again." COUNT TOLSTOI'S FOLLOWERS AND ORGANS. Count Tolstoi has numerous followers and still more numerous adversaries, whom passionate bias puts out of court. For the unprejudiced reader the "Fruits of Enlightenment" has a two fold value; it is instructive as a study of the positive and negative poles of modern Russian society; it is interesting and edifying as a vigorous protest against instruction, wealth, material progress, and all the other factors of modern civilisation by one of those ardent, earnest, and sympathetic soul who appear at the close of all great epochs of the world's history, and when moulting time draws near are impelled by their passionate longing for a new life of truth and justice to cast off, along with the old skin, the flesh and muscles, the blood and the bones. "One man in the field is not warrior," is the Russian version of the proverb that one swallow does not make spring. In his strong claims to be considered a warrior, seeing that he leads a whole army to the attack. There is a numerous school of Russian thinkers who, though they do not share his views on marriage as expounded in the "Kreutzer Sonata," or on the duty of non-resistance in Fighting the battle of life, are completely at one with him in his wistful longing for a new shuffle of the cards, a readjustment of social relations, and a reinvigoration of the enfeebled human race by a frank return to nature and agriculture. The most widely circulated review in the empire, Russian Thought, is now the inspired organ of this band of earnest writers, to whom the name of Novodniky (Men of the People) has been given, and several other periodicals open their hospitable pages to occasional articles advocating the same views. THE WORSHIP OF THE MOUJIK. M. Zlatovratsky, one of the brightest stars of this literary galaxy, has just published another instalment of his essays on this panacea of Welt-schmerz, labour strikes, revolutions, and sedition, which seems efficacious enough if only feasible. He sets out from the postulate that virtue, truth, and beauty are synonymous with -- or, at any rate, the outcome of -- the toilsome life of a Russian tiller of the soil; while vice, disease, and misery are the price paid for the artificial life of cities, with their factories, mills, and slums. He concurs with Young in thinking that "a Christian is the highest style of man," and he has satisfied himself that a Russian peasant is the highest style of Christian; and it is only natural that he should draw the obvious conclusion that social and spiritual salvation is dependent upon the utter demolition of European idols and ideals, and the setting up of the Russian peasants' standard in their place. Humanity, but more particularly the Russian variety, is fashioned after the model of Antaeus, and can only be saved from a violent death by returning to Mother Earth, and when once under her wing is bound by every consideration of prudence and gratitude to abide there. TOLSTOI AS DEPICTED BY A DISCIPLE. These are some of M. Zlatovratsky's esoteric teachings. But one of his recent stories, entitled "My Visions," conveys a far more accurate idea of the writer and his aims and ideas than the longest disquisitions. In this tale he give us a fanciful but pleasing description of the mental anguish of a Russian peasant turned artist, who has fallen a prey to that Wertherian sorrow which, like leprosy and influenza, still lingers on in Russia. Maddened by the excruciating pangs of this modern malady, he repairs (in a dream) to the house of a man described by some as a Sage, by others as a penitent sinner, by a third group as a seeker after truth, and by a fourth category as "the great man." Kooznetsoff, the peasant artist, enters this house, and hears a moral discourse by the wise man on the text, "Resist not evil by violence." At first he listens with the smile of a sceptic, which soon give place to the knitted brow of the interested hearer, and he ends by surrendering at discretion. He then learns from the lips of the wise man -- who is Count Leo Tolstoi -- the interesting details set forth in that writer's celebrated "Confessions." ONe of the audience hazarding the remark that the doctrine of non-resistance to evil and its corollaries are no more than an idle dream, elicited the impassioned reply: "An idle dream?" exclaimed the great man. "What miserable mortal first launched that terrible thought among men! An idle dream. But the God whom ye worship, who gave you the sublime commandments of love and of non-resistance to evil by violence, did He regard this doctrine of His as a far-off ideal of humanity, impossible of attainment, a pathetic, poetic fancy wherewith to captivate the simple-minded folks of Galilee? No! He looked upon His doctrine as an efficacious means of saving humanity. He did not dream idle dreams upon the cross, but died for His teaching. . . . And thus many have died, and thus many shall yet die who are still unborn. It cannot be said of such a teaching that it is an idle dream." RECENT RUSSIAN LITERATURE. 389 A TOLSTOIAN "VISION." The great man next likened the sublunary world and the whole human race to a vast pyramid, on the apex of which he (the speaker) stood, and a handful of chosen ones with him. They were the salt of the earth. "On all the steps below us I beheld whole armies of miserable wretches like ourselves, afflicted with a burning desire -- still unsatisfied -- to climb up to the spot where we stood, jostling and crushing each other in the mad attempt, using one another as stepping-stones, tearing and gashing the arms, legs, and breasts of themselves and others. Sighs and groans reached by ear, heart-rending cries of despair that pierced the air were uttered by those who fell off or were hurled down to the bottom, and triumphant shouts of joy arose from the few who had contrived to raise themselves one step higher. I heard these groans and cries, I saw the gory blood flow in torrents down the steps I was in an agony of despair. I was on the point of crying out to the multitude of men that swarmed beneath me, 'Why, oh ill-starred mortals, are you bent on climbing up hither? Here is nought but a dream, a fiction, a hollow mockery!" But when I reflected upon the vast number of sacrifices which this hollow mockery had cost, I conceived a violent disgust for mankind, an unspeakable loathing for myself. . . . Verily I know not what would have become of me, had I not, when fixing my eyes on the base of the Pyramid, descried countless millions of tiny, scarcely visible human creatures, living a life apart, which derived its significance elsewhere than from the Pyramid, and who made no attempt to scale its sides. . . . These dwarf-like beings, swarming like bees down below, were the tillers of the soil, horny-handed sons of peaceful toil, strong in the conviction that the real meaning of their God-given life was the work in which they were engaged, not the deeds performed in those gilded halls, not the Pyramid on which part of humanity was striving for self-perfection. In a word, that true life is a temple without idols, without priests and without sacrifices." * "THE DREAM OF A HAPPY PEASANT." The corner-stone of the edifice raised by M. Zlatovratsky and the Narodny school is this piece of reasoning: As "Man want but Little, nor that little long," his relations should be narrowed down till they are restricted to God, the little community in which he lives, and his cornfields and pastures. If he do this, he is leading the true life, and will be saved. An attempt to embody this idea in a concrete fact, and show how it would work, has also been made by the same writer in a curious sketch entitled "The Dream of a Happy Peasant." But though pleasant reading enough for a leisure hour, the slightest critical test would prove a sufficiently powerful solvent, to cause the whole scheme to vanish into thin air. The happy rustic is entertained with the story of a Russian Utopia, called Valkovshtsheena, by an ancient peasant of venerable appearance, who was born and spent his happy childhood and youth in that favoured village. It was situated in a sequestered spot far from the din and bustle of sinful human life, unknown to the authorities, unfrequented by strangers. There the little village community led an idyllic life in "the soul's calm sunshine and the heartfelt joy," like the early Christians described in Count Tolstoi's tale "Work while ye have the Light." One spirit animated the inhabitants of this Russian San Marino. Did a fire break out? They all combined to build up huts for the sufferers, and provide them with agricultural implements and live stock. Did an epidemic rage? They tended the sick and dying in turn, mowing, reaping, and threshing for their helpless neighbours. The rare strangers who strayed into Valkovshtsheena were enchanted by what they saw, and told blood-curdling stories of their own terrible experience of life in the world outside, of the knout, the lash, of ruinous extortions, and crying injustice. These tales served to intensify the peasants' attachment to their beloved Valkovshtsheena. GOVERNMENT AS ANTICHRIST. "There is no family without a failure," say the Russian proverb, and two very decided failures made their appearance in this happy community at last, two striplings who, having got a taste of the pleasure of a city life, relished them, and longed for more. The village elders, to wean them from their sinful propensities, found wives for them and set them up as independent members of the commune. But the wisest measures proved unavailing. The young scapegraces, married though they were, hungered after the flesh-pots of the city and, seizing the first opportunity that offered, absconded. Not content, however, with ruining themselves -- for what is the change from a village to a city life but moral and physical ruin? -- they demanded their wives, and on the refusal of the community to deliver them up, appealed to the authorities. This was the beginning of the end. Representative of the Government arrived in the village, taking with them the seals of Antichrist (soldiers), and the peasants' Eden was then and there transformed into a hell. "Many of our people perished in the woods; others fled to the Volga and to the Steppes: several of our elders, strong and unyielding in spirit, were torn from among us, beaten publicly with whips, put in irons and hurried off to the mines of Siberia." And so on ad infinitum. The variations are endless, but the theme is ever one and the same. The one thing necessary is agriculture; for if work generally is prayer, agriculture is an efficacious atonement -- a sacrament that imparts life eternal. ANOTHER PEASANT WORSHIPPER. The same note vibrates, only much more feebly, in all the sketches, articles, and stories of Gleb Uspenski, one of the best-known journalists of the day, whose place in Russian literature is still undetermined, owing to his remarkable literary talents on the one hand, and the extraordinary use to which he puts them on the other Like some of the Dutch painters, he shines principally in miniature scenes representing the everyday life of the people; but, unlike any Dutch painter, he is so overwhelmed by his matter that he abandons the attempt to mould it into anything like artistic form; so that the pictures which strike the fancy of the lover of genuine literature are distinct from pulpit-preaching and journalism, are mere episodes in his writings, inserted for the purpose of illustrating his meaning or intensifying the impression. In nearly all his essays Uspenski begins as an artist and ends as a pamphleteer. "Desinit in piscem mulier formos a superne." He sits down to depict his beloved peasants, their joys and sorrows, their noble aims and base grovellings, but warming to his subject, forgets the peasants and their portraits and forges thunderbolts which he hurls straightway at the heads of those whom he believes responsible for their sufferings. Few men in Russia know the peasantry as well as Gleb Uspenski; none better. He has travelled from the shores of the White Sea to those of the Caspian, has frequented heathens and publicans, convents and sectarians, making himself all things to all men, and a month, nay a week, never elapses without two or three sketches appearing *Vol. II, 216, 222. Cf. The Messenger of Europe, 1891, pp. 668-669.390 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. from his pen. He loves, nay he adores, the Russia peasantry, and being a monotheist, acknowledges no other god; but, like the old Greeks and Egyptians, he depicts the object of his worship not only in its brighter moods but also in its least noble aspects. He surprises his divinity in an unguarded moment, makes a sketch thereof wonderfully true to nature, which when it appears as an illustration to one of his essays or tirades, makes us completely forget the letterpress to which it should play the róle of handmaid. THE SOMBRE UNDERTONE. All his descriptions of peasant life, now so popular in Russia, are executed in the soberest of tones. A passing glance at one of them fills one with melancholy. The author feels his is engaged in a labour as vain as that of the Danaides. "A thousand times I said to myself that I must cease to write about the peasantry, because all that is too late now; the best sketches and fragments, written under the conditions that hedge round all such writings at the present day are useless and unavailing: they could convey no adequate idea of the bewildering complexity of wanton wrong that is being interwoven with peasant life, by dint of terrible and persevering efforts inspired by downright inhumanity." * But sadness and tenderness, love and enthusiasm, are but passing moods of the writer. As soon as he launches out into description he is as objective as a photographic apparatus. Take this extract, for instance, from one of his recent sketches -- it deals with the topics of conversation among the peasantry in the villages: -- * Cf. Messenger of Europe, March 1891, p. 311. ROBBERY AND CORRUPTION. "In former times a peasant would entertain you with an account of his journey on foot to Kieff, and of what he saw and suffered on the way, or treat you to a narrative of how the witch woman cast her evil eye on his wife and put an evil spirit in possession of her. Or you might meet with a young man who would while away two days of your time with a description of how, when, where, and with whom he fell in love; or with a lady who would initiate you into the details of her romantic adventures; or an officer who had taken part in the storming of Goonib, and would volunteer a narrative of his doughty deeds. In a work, they were human conversations. No doubt gossip of the same kind goes on even now; but it is drowned in the hum of the never-ending conversations about "scandals," which you hear wherever you go. Suppose you come up with a family of peasants migrating from the government of Orel into the government of Stavropol, and enter into conversation with the rustics; their second sentence introduces a story about all kinds of shameful "scandals," agricultural, communal, governmental. Their second phrase is the prelude to a tale of how the village elder robbed and plundered, of how the starshina robbed and plundered, of how the publican robbed and plundered. The road contractor, if you meet him, tell you such wonders about the prowess of the builders as you never saw even in your dreams; and the railway contractor in his turn treats you to a vivid description of the unholy gains of the road contractors. The member of the Zemstoe is at a loss for words sufficiently energetic to express his horror of the "scandals" of the administration, while the superintendent of the police limns you out portraits of the members of the Zemstoe which plunge you into such oppressive gloom that you have serious thoughts of hanging yourself. "No one puts a hand to and honest work; and every one is plundering and robbing." Such is the staple topic of this universal conversation which is drowning all human gossip. * * Cr. Northern Messenger, February 1891, p. 283. RUSSIAN REVIEWS. MESSENGER OF EUROPE. The Philosophy of the Middle Ages: Its Origin and Ideal. V.I.Guerrier, Professor at the University of Moscow. The Reform of Classical Gymnadums in France. A. Okoloski. Studies in the Psychology of Peoples, J. Yandjool. The Recent Productions of G. Uspenski. Heinrich Heine, his Critics and Biographers. K. Arsenleff. Idols and Ideals. Vladimir Solovieff. The First Steps: A Novel. K. Staninkovitch. The Relations of France and Russia during the Reign of Napoleon I. L. Slonimski. THE HISTORICAL MESSENGER. Russian Diplomatists at the Congress of Paris in 1856. A.N. Petroff. Sketches from the South Ussurian District. A. Yelisseleff. A Russian Idealist. S.T. The Memoirs of Talleyrand. V. Zotoff. A Metaphysician of the Seventeenth Century. B. Glinski. J.L. Meissonier. F. Bulgakoff. Souvenirs of an Actress of the Imperial Theatres. D. Leonoff. THE OBSERVER. Savings Bank Societies in Russia. V. Krandievski. Russian Journalism at the Close of the Eighteenth Century. S. Borodeep. The Ordinary Professor: A Novel. J. Yassinski. Sketches of Life in the Middle Ages. P. Bexebrazoff. Everyday Bliss: A Tale. P. Dobrotvosky. Money: A Novel. Emile Zola. Slavonians and Teutons: A Historico-Ethnographical Study. A. Bykoff. THE RUSSIAN MESSENGER. A Russian City in Austria. V. Krestovsky. A Legend of the Grand Inquisitor. F.M. Dostolevsky. V. Rozonoff. The Imperial Commissions for the Emancipation of the Peasants. A. Veltzyn. Solicitude for our Neighbour. K. Yarosh. Letters from the Provinces. L. Shishkoff. The Parish: A Novel. Austrey. THE RUSSIAN REVIEW. Classicism as the Indispensable Basis of Education in Gymnasiums. Chap. II. Count P. [Katanet. ?] A Night on the Farm: A story translated from the manuscript of Bret Harte. The Romance of a Yellow Skin (A Description of Chinese Life), translated from the French of General [Diheng ?] Ki Tong. The Fourth Medical Congress in Moscow. M. Gloobokhovsky. Agricultural Questions. A. Yermoloff. Concerning Egyptian Mythology and Religion. E.F. Russia's Relations with France. Chap. VI. - X. P. Bezobrazoff. Whose Fault? A Tale. Chap. V. - VIII. K. Orlovsky. 391 THE GERMAN MAGAZINES. Aus Allen Weittheilen. March. 80 Pƒ. Through Mesopotamia and Kurdistan. H. Apel. Witu and the South Somali Coast. B. Volz. Weser River Improvements. W. Lulling. The Population of the United States, in 1870, 1880, and 1890. A. Schroot. Dautscher Hausschats. Regensburg. 40 Pƒ. Heft 7. Dr. Heinrich Schliemann. With Portrait. Reminiscences of Travel in the Red Sea. I. F.X. Geyer. Guild Life. K.T. Zingeler. The late Freiherr Carl von Böselager. German Jesuit Professor at Bombay, With Portrait. Heft 8. Socialism and Communism in Ancient Rome. Dr. O. Schantz. The late Heinrich Fleige, Sculptor. With Portrait. Passion Week in Popular Literature and Popular Superstition. Reminiscences of Travel in the Red Sea. II. R.X. Geyer. The Prussian House of Deputies. Deutsche Revue. 2 Marks. March. Count Albrecht von Roon. XXXII. Robert Koch. II. Robert Biewend. The Battle with the Enemies of Mankind (concluded). A. Gottstein. The French Revolution in its Significance for the Modern State. VI. Dr. Semmola on the Koch Treatment of Consumption. A. Gottstein. St. Petersburg Letter. April. Count Albrecht von Roon. XXXIII. Arndt and Bunsen. T. von Bunsen. Ballooning. P. von zech. The French Revolution (continued). Dogma and Science. M. Carriere. The Culture of the Greeks. J. Mähly. Deutsche Rundschau. March. 2 Marks. Spontini in Berlin. P. Spitta. The Universal Study of the History of Modern Art. H. Grimm. Voluntary and Involuntary Movements. I. - III. W. Henke. Vittoria Colonna. F.X. Kraus. On the Censorship and the Freedom of the Press R. Loening. Political Survey -- Germany and East Africa, Italy and the Triple Alliance, the Italian Elections, etc. Dr. Hans Meyer's Researches in the Killima-Njaro Territory. P. Reichard. Die Gesellschaft. Leipzig. March. 1 Mark. Portrait of Hermann Bahr, Dramatist. Mr. Parnell. George Gower. Napoleon and Goethe. M. Goldstein. Poems by L. Kroidl and others. The Realistic in School Life. Siberian Affairs. I. Fuld. Hermann Bahr's Drama "Die Neuen Menschen," M.G. Conrad. Emile Zola as a Dramatist. H.E. Brausewetter. Konservative Monatschrift. Leipzig. Feb. 1 Mark. Count Zinzendorf and his Mother. Correspondence, 1723-1739. G.E. von Natzmer. Reform of the German High Schools. Speeches and essays of Gustav Schmoller. Monthly Survey: Politics and the Church. Kritische Revue aus Oesterreich. Vienna. March 1st. Before the Battle. Thirty Years of the Austrian Constitution. Dr. G.J. Guttmann. The Emperor William and Prince Bismarck. Plea for agricultural Education. Dr. A. Lokisch. March 15th. After the Battle. Utopia and Reality. F. Willfort. "Rosmersholm." I. Alfred Baron Berger. Nord Und Süd. Breslau. March. 2 Marks. Friedrich Nietzsche. With Portrait. G. Adler. France's Readiness for War and the Present Significance of her System of Fortifications on the Eastern Frontier. A. Rogalla. Aus Allen Weittheilen. -- Special attention may be directed to an article on Wituland written in connection with the recent massacres in what had hitherto seemed the most promising country in Africa for German colonisation. Another writer give some useful tables of the population of the United States. From 38,558,371 in 1870, the population rose to 50,155,783 in 1880, and in 1890 the number of inhabitants reached 62,480.540. Deutsche Revue. -- From Robert Biewend's second instalment, we gather that Koch was by nature less given to bodily exercise than his brothers and sisters, and that he would hide himself in a quiet corner to pursue his studies in natural history. In this respect he received much encouragement from his grandfather Biewend, also a lover of natural science, with a special taste for the collecting and arranging of minerals, plants, insects, and the like. Koch also inherited his fondness for the game of chess from this grandfather. But the article is chiefly a picture of Koch's career at the University of Göttingen. The third instalment in the April number gives us particulars of his medical experiences in the army during the war of 1870, mostly from letters to his wife and parents. T. von Bunsen also publishes in the April part of a series of letters by Ernst Moritz Arndt ("Father Arndt"), the German poet and patriot (1769-1860), and author of the famous national song, "Was ist des deutschen Vaterland?" The letters here brought to notice were addressed to Baron C.K.J. Bunsen, the distinguished diplomatist and scholar (1791-1860). Deutsche Rundschau. -- The best article in the March number, perhaps, is that by Philip Spitta, the well-known writer on musical subject, dealing with Spontini's activity in Berlin, and including some particulars of the relationship of the composer to King Frederick William III. of Prussia. Hermann Grimm suggests the institution of a museum to be devoted to the Art history of the Fatherland, which should serve student purposes as well as instruct the people. Kritische Revue. -- The articles Before and After the Battle discuss the recent elections in Austria. Alfred Frieher von Berger has a noteworthy paper on Ibsen. He has, he says, been in the habit of reading "Rosmersholm" several times every year. He has read it as a harmless reader, or simple mental traveller, who only reads for pleasure, and then lets his book have its way with him; he has studied it as a scientific work; he has red it as a theatrical personage, and has pictured to himself the performance of it by the actors of the Vienna Burg Theatre; and he has been absorbed in its depths as in a painful problem, in which the understanding gets entangled, and from which it can only free itself when it has solved the difficulty. Still he has never been able to feel that he quite understood the drama, but in the Revue of March 15th he at last begins to note down his experiences in connection with his study of it, and his notes are well worth reading. Nord und Süd. -- The chief article in the March number is a critical and biographical study of Friedrich Nietzsche, the Socialist philosopher of the aristocracy. Nietzsche was born at Röcken, near Lützen. His childhood was passed at Naumburg on the Saal, where his father was pastor. At the Universities of Bonn and Leipzig he devoted himself specially to the classics under the guidance of the celebrated philologist Ritschl, who soon formed a high opinion of the young student. On his recommendation, Nietzsche, before he had taken his degree of doctor, was elected a professor at the University of Basle. It was in 1869, at the age of twenty-five, that he entered the teaching profession, but in the next year his academic activity was interrupted by his taking part in the Franco-German war, for he was an officer in the mounted artillery of the German army. In 176 he began to suffer with his head, and in vain turned to Italy for relief. In 1879 he was obliged to beg to be release from his academic duties, and he was granted his full pension. From this time he has led a nomadic life in the South of Europe -- now in the Engadine, now on the Rivera, now in Turin. Here he became the victim of insanity, and though he is no longer confined in a lunatic asylum, it is doubtful whether he will ever be able to continue his literary work. Though the classics were Nietzsche's special subject, he gradually relinquished them for philology, sociology, aestheticism, and music. In the first epoch of his creations, which lasted till about 1876, he was under the ban of the philosophy of Schopenhauer and the art and music392 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. Poems from the "Pierrot Lunaire" of Albert Giraud. Translated into German by O.E. Hartleben. Gustav Theodor Feehmer, Natural Philosopher. T. Achelis. Preussische Jahrbücher. Berlin. March 5-1. Mk. 50 Pƒ. Slavery in East Germany in the Eighteenth Century. G.F. Knapp. Variety and Unity in the Homeric Studies, Dr. P. Cauer. Two Autobiographies. -- Karl von Hase and Julius Frobel. Dr. H. Weber. The Fortification of Copenhagen and the Interests of Germany. Schorer's Familienblatt. (Salon-Ausgabe) Berlin. Heft. 7. 15 Pƒ. Pictures from German East africa. (Illus.) P. Reichard. P.K. Rosegger, Poet. With Portrait. R. Mayr. Stimmen aus Maria-Laach. Frieburg. March 14. 10 Marks 80 Pƒ. yearly The Social Programme of Count de Man in L'Association Cathòlique for January. A. Lehmkubl. The Symbolism of the Cross in the Liturgical Poetry of Latin Writers. G.M. Dreves. Wallenstein's Mistake (concluded). B. Dahr. Unions, Homes, etc., for Apprentices. H. Pesch. A Visit to Philadelphia. J.G. Hagen. Reviews -- Gilbert W. Child's "Church and State under the Tudors," etc. Ueber Land und Meer. Heft 9, 1 Mark. The Dwarfs of the African Forests. (Illus.) From Stanley's Book. Frederick von schmidt. Architect. With Portrait and other Illustrations. Marbach. Schiller's Birthplace. With Portraits and other Illustrations. W. Jonas. An Audience of King Alfonso XIII. With Portrait. F. Possart. The War with the American Indians. (Illus.) M. Lortzing. Dr. Emil Steinbach. Sustrian Minister of Finance. With Portrait. Unsere Zeit. Leipzig. March. 1 Mark. Schliemann's Services to Archeology. G. Schröder. The Wages Question and Profit Sharing. L. Koelle. Sylt and Jutland -- A Naturalist's North Sea Sketch. F. Heincke. Finland's Poets. Ora Hansson. Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler." W. Bormann. The Austro-German Tariff. Dr. R. Oertal. Velhagen und Klasing's Neue Monastshefte. March. 1 Mark 25 Pƒ. Professor Werner Schuch, Artist. With Portrait and other Illustrations. O. preuss. Heinrich Schliemann. With Portrait. Dr. R. [Meinge?]. The Emperor's Travels in the North. (Illus.) H. Harden. The Japanese and the American Badger in the Zoological Gardens at Berlin. (Illus.) Dr. L. Stahy. The Idar-Oberstein Agate Manufactory. (Illus.) Dr. O. Veeck. Vom Fels zum Meer. Stuttgart. Heit 8. 1 Mark. Coburg. (Illus.) Ludovica Hesekiel. On the Mental development of the Child. IX.-X. Prof. W. Preyer. Friedrich von Schmidt, Architect. With Portrait. The Site of the Homeric Trov. H. Düntzer. The Wild West. (Illus.) F.J. Pajeken. The Social Question at the Domestic Hearth. Matilda Lammers. The Kaiserstuhl -- Brelsach. (Illus.) J. Hamm. Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Kulturgeschichte. Berlin. Quarterly. 10 Marks yearly. Heft 3. The German Peasant War and the Twelve Articles of March 25, 1525. Karl Biedermann. Austrian and German Culture in the 18th Century. C. Meyer. The History of Witches. A. Mell. The Names of Old Streets and Houses. D. Saul. Das Zwanzigste Jahrhundert. Berlin. Heft 1. 1 Mark. Introduction and Programme. Robert Hamerling and Literary Criticism. The Bulgarian Question. The Programme of the Anti-Semite Party. The "German Stage's" First Performance. E. Bauer. theories of Richard Wagner. In the second period, on hand, he seems to have freed himself from these, and he makes his appearance as a ripe independent thinker with an original system of his own which is to reform all culture and even open a new era in the history of mankind. The writings of the second period are in great part collections of aphorisms, but that is not to be wondered at when their origin is understood. Nietzche was in the habit of writing in the open air. On his solitary walks he would jot down his thoughts on men and things as they passed through his mind, but he spent many a hard hour searching for the right word, the artistic expression, the brilliant picture for his ideas. And this peculiarity also appears in the titles of his writings: "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music, or Greece and Pessimism," "Untimely Observation," "Thus spake Zarathustra, a Book for All and None," etc. Ueber Land und Meer. -- Admirers of Schiller should not miss the article on Marbach, Schiller's birthplace, which is supplemented by views of the little town and a most interesting gallery of portraits of Schiller himself, and of his father and mother, his sisters, wife, grandson, sons, daughters and daughter-in-law, besides illustrations of a number of Schiller relics. Unsere Zeit. -- This is a very good number. Herr Schröder gives an attractive description of the life-work of Dr. Schliemann. Next there is a careful study of the "Wages Question" and the newer "Question of Profit-Sharing," by L. Koelle. "Finland's Poets" are dealt with in an interesting essay by Ola Hanson, written à propos of Finland's threatened loss of independence; but the author, after briefly alluding to "Kalevala," the national epic, to Runeberg and Topelius, to Piätori Päivarinta, and Juano Aho, makes Tavaststjerna, the poet, dramatist, and novelist, the special subject of his sketch. Walter Bormann is another critic who finds Ibsen's creations only sad company. Velhagen. -- The March Velhagen has a good article on a famous painter of battle pictures. Prof. Werner Schuch, who was born in 1843, began life as an architect, but this profession made him so dependent on the wished of his patrons, and the concessions which he had to make to their taste were so great, that he resolved to try landscape-painting. His efforts in this direction being crowned with success, he next turned to painting in oils. Then his wide knowledge of history, together with his extraordinary skill in painting horses, and, it should not be overlooked, his peculiar characteristic treatment of personalities, led to his extraordinary success in depicting battlefields and historic scenes. Vom Fels zum Meer. -- This magazine and Ueber Land und Meer both give interesting articles on the life and work of the late Baron Schimidt, the maker of Vienna's Gothic architecture. His motto was "Stones speak!" and he certainly lived up to his motto. For Vienna he built the Gothic Town Hall and completed the great dome of St. Stephen (1862-1864), besides building a number of beautiful churches and houses which will speak for him to the end of time. He also won the first prize in a competition for the plan of a Town Hall for Berlin, but his scheme was not carried out. The Emperor of Austria made him a baron on the day when the last stone was fixed in the walls of the Vienna Town Hall. He was born in Würtemberg in 1825, and was the son of a Protestant clergyman. His son is now Professor of Architecture at the University of Munich. This and some other magazines have also interesting papers on "Dr. Schliemann and his Excavations," but that in Unsere Zeit is, perhaps, the most noteworthy. Another lengthy article in Vom Fels zum Meer, very copiously illustrated, brings the life of the Wild West to notice once more, and Mathilde Lammers writes on the domestic servant difficulty in "The Social Question at the Domestic Hearth." Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Kulturgeschichte. -- This is a quarterly, published by Hans Lüstenöder of Berlin. Erwin Bauer, the editor, is known as the author of "The Country of the Tzar," "Naturalism, Nihilism, and Idealism in Russian Literature," etc. According to its programme, the new magazine will advocate the monarchical principle, the unity of the German nation, such social reforms, as those proposed in the Imperial Rescripts of last year, Evangelical Christianity, and a healthy modern realism in art and literature. 393 THE ITALIAN MAGAZINES. La Nuova Antologia. March 1st. The English Imperial Federation. L. Palma. Treason under Leo X. (conclusion). D. Gnoll. The New German Empire and its First Historian. G. Boglietti. Charity: A Fable. Emma. Cosmic Evolution according to Modern Ideas. O.Z. Bianco. Giovanni Episcopo. Navelette. G. D'Annunzio. March 16th. The Works of Horice. O. Occioai The Migration of Birds and Carrier Pigeons. A.Mosso. The Labour Commission in France . E. Cavalieri. Love and Gymnastic. E. de Amicis. Dante and Bologna. C. Ricci. From the Poto the Cernaia. P. Fambri. Pleasant Dreams . G. Mazzoni. La Rassebga Nazionale. March 1st. Wanderings in the Carrathlans. G. Marcotti. Charitable Institutions. P. M. del Roso. The Education of the Priesthood. A. Asto I. Sixteenth Century Poetry. G. Forteb ac I. Social Evolution and its Effects. Duca di Gualtieri. Commentators on the Creation (continued.) F. A. S. oppanl. Signos Jacial and the Conservative Party. F. S. Benues. March 16th A Patriotic Crusade. G. B. C patil. The Duchy of Castro (conclusion), L. Gro tanelli. The Social Question. A. Villa Pernici. The Answer to an Interrogration. G. C[?]sani. From North America. E. Rossi. Reminiscences of Travel in Scandanavia and Russia F. Grasal. La Civilta Cattolica March 7th The Final Progress of Revolution. Observations on the Universal History by Cesare Can'u. The Pantificate of St. Gregory the Great. March 21st. The New miracl sat Lourde. St. Thomas Aquinas' System of Physics. Studies on the Properties of Colour. La Nuova Antologia, March 1st.—This number leads off with an excellent and accurate article on "English Imperial Federation," which passes in review all our colonies, and sums up the whole of our Imperial constitution as "the most marvellous system of political decentralisaton that has ever been known in the history of the world." The article, it must be added, is written throughout with the most cordial feelings of admiration for the Anglo-Saxon race. The author, Sig. L. Palma, considers that the only danger to our empire in the future lies with Russia on the one hand and with the United States on the other, and advises as a possible precaution a closer union between England and her Australian and American colonies. After describing the work of the Imperial Federation League, the writer deals with the possible results of unlimited Home Rule all round with a single Imperial Legislative Chamber at the head; but admits that federation is the most difficult of all forms of government in practice. The actual Canadaian Federation and the recent scheme of Australian Federation, far from strengthening the cause of Imperial Federation, render it still more difficult of realisation by creating distinct national patriotism. In conclusion, our Italian critic decides that England's best chance of maintaining her world-wide supremacy, is by driving her mixed team with the very slackest of reins, and by counting on natural colonial loyalty, instead of attempting to increase her hold by fresh artificiail restraints. The mid-month number contains an article interesting to all students of Dante, discussing the poet's aquiantance with the town of Bologna, from the evidence of his poems. There is also a pleasant, chatty article on the migration of birds, by an Italian naturalist, containing some curious details regarding quails and pigeons. Thus, the little quails, which are netted in such quantities on the Italian coasts on their arrival, fly across the Mediterranean from Africa in nine hours, at the rate of sixty-one kilometres an hour, but in their anxiety to find a resting-place they frequently fly with such force against trees and houses, that they fall dead to the ground from the blow. Edmondo de Amicis contributes the opening chapter of a new novelette, under the title "Love and Gymnastics." La Rassegna Nazionale, March 1st.—In the conclusion to a previous article on the education of the clergy, the writer, himself a priest, dwells on the necessity for the widest knowledge in all matter of morality, but above all he insists on a thorough study of social science, so that the priests may take their right place in the van of all the social movements of the day. On political subjects F. S. Benucci contributes a cordial support to Count Jacini's new scheme for a National Conservative party, noticed in last month's REVIEWS of REVIEWS; whilst Sig. Boughi attempts to build up a moderate Liberal party by providing a ready-made programme on paper. The two important points if his latest article are his strong denunciation of the presente policy of abolishing all religious teaching in elementary schools, and his clear and definite pronouncement against the renewal in 1892 of the Triple Alliance—that most ruinously expensive of methods for maintaining the peace of Europe. Under the title "A Patriotic Crusade," a powerful and outspoken article on the terrible growth in recent years of youthful crime and immorality in Italy, occupies the place in the mid-March number. Unhappily, side by side with the spread of education, judicial statistics establish, beyond all doubt, a steady increase of juvinile delinquencies of every sort. The author attributes the evil mainly to the great dissemination of cheap literature of the very lowest and most immoral description, and he proposes to start a crusade against such literature by a league of citizens in every town, acting on somewhat similar principles to the English and American temperance leagues. We wish Signor Cipani every success in his patriotic enterprise. A. V. Pernici holds forth learnedly and lengthily on the Social Question without, however, throwing much new light on the subject. La Civilta Cattolica.—The Jesuit organ inveighs bitterly against the spirit of revolution that is abroad, and foretells that future historians will compare the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for the fierceness of their destructive mania to the so-called barbarous ages. There is also a detailed account of the most recent miraculous cures at Lourdes.394 THE FRENCH REVIEWS REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. THE two interesting articles of this month are M. Richet's article upon Love and M. de Laveleye's upon Bi-Metallism. It is difficult to say which is the pleasanter reading of the two. Both are noticed more fully in another place. M. Chevrillin continues his articles upon India. Indian authorities condemn them as "slight." The reader who is not an authority, but ignorant as most of us are of India and Indian subjects, finds them charming. They are the letters of a tourist attracted by a few more subjects of interest than are to be found within the limits of the vexed questions of Indian politics. Agra and Delhi, Jeypore, Bombay, and Ellore form the subject of the contribution for March. DAILY LIFE IN GERMANY M. de Wyzema's facile pen has abandoned the arts of England and Japan, to occupy itself with the aspects of common life in Germany, and if sometimes he has seemed uncompromising in his criticisms of this side of the Channel, we may comfort ourselves with the reflection that he treats our Anglo-Saxon cousins of the other side no better. Montaigne once said of the Germans, "They do not taste, they swallow." That saying had a wider application than the kitchen, and M. de Wyzema does not hesitate to give the full benefit of it to his neighbours. For good and for evil they have alike no taste, but only swallow. The result is not all regrettable, for he does full justice to certain good sides of the national character. But the result, as he presents it, is extraordinarily unattractive. Nor does he prophecy great things for the future. The qualities that the German possesses are to him rather the remains of long-established habits than living seeds of actions to come. There is little initiative, onlyobedience, and upon this habit of solid obedience the influences of the worst form of modern socialism is being brought to bear. The changes of the last twenty years have been very rapid, the crust of centuries has been broken through, and the fruits of the new growth are yet to reap. M. de Wyzema is of opinion that the harvest, when it is ripe, will be a bitter crop. The demoralisation of Berlin will demoralize the nation. LAFAYETTE AS A YOUNG MAN The youth of Lafayette forms the subject of a pleasant historical article of the memoir kind, filled with anecdotes and sketches of the social life of his day, which is continued from the Revue for February 15th. A considerable part of this number is taken up with the figure of the boy commander eluding and defeating Cornwallis in the American campaign, and occupying the intervals of war with love-letters written to his young wife. It daes not leave him, however, till it brings him to the edge of more troublous times in the French Revolution, and ends with this anecdote: - On the evening of his arrival at the Hotel de Noailles, Lafayette was talking to his wife of his constitutional schemes. "Do you know," he said, "the curious apologue that the great Frederick gave me the benefit of in 1785? One day I was arguing against him that there would never be either nobility or royalty, and I was expressing my hopes with energy. 'Monsieur,' said the old monarch, as he fixed his piercing eyes upon me, 'I know a young man who, after visiting countries in which liberty and equality reigned, indulged a dream of establishing all that in his own country, Do you know what happened to him?' 'No, sire.' 'He was hung.' Wasn't it a funny story? It amused me a good deal." Madame de Lafayette, the anecdote continues, listened gravely, but found the story less amusing. --- THE NOUVELLE REVUE. THE "Religious Question" of M. de Marcere, which holds the first place in the number of the Revue for March 15th, is not as interesting as the title in this place might suggest. The religious question appears to us in England under broader aspects, and already we have granted for all practical purposes the conclusion for which M. Marcere pleads, that the "solution in this affair, as in all others, is to be found in liberty." Articles on spiritualism by M. Alaux will attract members of the Psychical Society. There is also an article on Persian armour, by Ahmed Bey, which should not be neglected. --- GAZETTE DES BEAUX ARTS. CHAPLIN. NOTHING could well contrast more vividly with Meissonier than the life and work of Charles Chaplin, who receives an obituary notice at the hands of M. Paul Lefort, in the Gazelle des Beaux Arts. The delicately feminine temperament of the artist, nourished by the education of a mother whom he adored, is traced in all his pictures. His first success was a "Portrait of a Woman," exhibited in the Salon of 1845. The picture, which he kept always by him, as Meissonier kept his "Engraver," was a portrait of his mother. The inspiration which Meissonier found in achievements he sought in affection. The tender, the fresh, the beautiful, combined to create his charm. What all men loved he painted. Unlike Meissonier, of course he formed a school. It is typical of all the rest that the masters of his school should now be two women. In the estimation at least of M. Paul Lefort his mantle falls upon Miss Henrietta Browne and Madame Madeline Lemaire. He died, it will be remembered, on the 30th of last January. Among the illustrations Raeburn's portrait of Walter Scott is selected by M. Claude Phillips as one of the masterpieces of the Guelph Exhibition. The portrait of Sterne, by Reynolds, shares with it the honours of a very excellent reproduction in black-and-white. An interesting article is devoted to the work of M. Ganjean, the engraver, and the best illustration of the month is his reproduction of a portrait by Delaunnay of Madame Toulmonche. 395 THE SCANDINAVIAN MAGAZINES. Dagny. Published by the Fredrika-Bremer Society, Stockholm. Yearly subscription, 4 kr. Sonja Kovalevsky. Ellen Key. By Sonja Kovalesky's Bier. Poem. Esselde. Friends of Home-"slojd." A Retrospection. Molly Rohtlieb. "Sorosis." Women's Clubs in the New World. Cecile Gohl. Notes on Tolstoi's "Kreutzer Sonata." Reviews. Communications from the Fredrika-Bremer Society. Items on the Woman's Suffrage Question. Samtiden. Bergen. March. Yearly subscription, 5 kr., post free. Young Sorrow. Six poems. Bernt Lie. Buddhism, the World's Salvation. H. C. Hansen. The Irish Home Rule Question in its Newest Phase, Oscar Julius Tschudt. Female Psychology. Gustave Le Bon. Meissonier. Charles Bigot. Tilskuren. Copenhagen. February. Yearly subscription, 12 kr. Prologue. From the Celebration in H.M. Theatre in Honour of N. W. Gage. January 7th, 1891, Karl Gjellup. A Controversy between J. L. Heiberg and C. Molbech, Jonas Collins. In memory of N. W. Gade, W. Bebrend. An Epic Poem. V. Stuckenberg. Under Juliet's Balcony. A picture from Theatre Life. El th Reumert. Letters to Vice-Admiral Baron Dahlerup from the Emperor Maximilian. The Theatres. Vilhelm Moller. Skilling Magazin. Weekly. (Illus.) Christiania. Nov. 9, 10, and 11. Yearly subscription, 8 kr. 80 ore, post free. The late O. A. Bachke (with Portrait). J. B. Ireland in the Sixteenth Century. (Concluded.) John Latham's Fate. (By Mènle Muriel Dowie.) Translation. News from Home and Abroad. Attorney-General Bernhard Getz (with Portrait.) A Few Details from an Ártiste's Life (Erika Nisren, pianiste.) Three Poems. Thor Lange. The Man with the Wishing-Wand. (Biography of Heinrich Schliemann.) L. Dietrichson. Emigrants on Board. Edmondo de Amieis. Foreign Politics. (A short review). A. Raeder. Jottings. The New State Ministers--Johannes Steen, Otto Biebr. (With Portraits.) Interior. A poem. Ernst v. d. Reeke, Nervosity. Dr. Edvard Bull. A Shot over the Mark. (From the Russian.) Hedda Gabler at Christiania. Jottings. IN a sympathetic and well-written article on "Sonja Kovalevsky," by Ellen Key, we are given a genuine insight into the character as well as the life and works of this gifted and prematurely departed authoress and mathematician, whom Ellen Key calls "our century's most famous woman-scientist." Sonja Vasilievna was born on December 27th, 1853, on her father's (General Corvin-Krukovski's) estate, Palibino, in the lovely Vitebska government. The blood of many nations ran through her veins, and Sonja was wont to say that she had inherited her greed for knowledge from her Hungarian ancestor, King Matias Corvinus; her talent for mathematics, music, and lyrics from her German great-grandfather the astronomer Schubert; her individual love of liberty from Poland; her love of wandering, and dislike for conventionality, from a gipsy ancestress--the rest from Russia. This "rest," according to Ellen Key, is a wealth of soul with which Russia has for many years held West Europe entranced. Sonja was married at the age of fifteen -- the marriage being, however, a mere matter of form gone through in order to regain liberty and independence; and for a long time the Kovalevskys were merely student-friends, nothing more. There were few celebrities in England, Germany, or France with whom she was not well acquainted. On one occasion she beat Herbert Spencer himself in an argument. The great man, who was not acquainted with her, and did not know she was present, or he would probably have found something else to talk about, happened to mention that women were minus the ability for science. Sonja made herself heard. George Eliot, at whose house she was visiting, lent her approving smile to the fiery flow of words that soon made Herbert Spencer cry "quarter!" Of aesthetic pleasures Sonja Kovalevsky placed good music foremost. Next to that, the theatre. Her opinion on a dramatic performance was always a refined and striking criticism. For some time, indeed, she was employed as musical and dramatic reviewer on the Novoje Vremja. Unfortunately she worked herself to death. Times there were when she only slept four or five hours out of the twenty-four, and she was never careful about her health. She had, however, sound habits that helped to keep her fragile constitution comparatively free from illness--baths and good exercise, simplicity in meat and drink, no stimulants, even that inseparable companion of the Russian lady--the cigarette-- being only very occasionally in request. At Stockholm, where she had been appointed Professor of Mathematics, she died, entering too soon, so far as the world is concerned, into the rest which always seemed to her more glorious than life's fairest gifts. It is somewhat strange that large natures have as a rule "l'espirit gai, le coeur trist," and "This country's most famous woman-scientist" found fame, as another gifted woman has written, only "un peu de bruit autour de son coeur." For to Sonja Kovalevsky, as to the simplest girl, was the heart of the fountain of life, and it was not her fame or her grand abilities that made her precious to her friends. It was that she possessed in wonderful measure what Goethe has bidden us pray for, "Great thoughts and a pure heart." An article of great interest, and writing in smooth, pleasant style, is Cecile Gohl's account of "Sorosis"--the famous women's club of New York, The members of this gay and flourishing Petticoat Club are mostly doctors, journalists, musicians, actresses, etc., though there are a few wealthy women amongst them whose only claim to note is their sound judgment, as evidenced by their preferring the sound moral atmosphere of "Sorosis," into whos ranks no reputations disfigured by the merest speck of shame may enter, to the surface glitter and emptiness of a mere society life. In Samtiden "Buddhism, the World's Salvation," H. C. Hansen's comprehensive and clever article, sustains its interest to the end. He concludes by citing an inscription of King Asoka, which was carved into an obelisk in India 2,000 years ago. The whole inscription, considering its age, is worthy of note, but I cull merely a few sentences, the gist of which, I think, we might none of us be the worse for inwardly digesting. "Pryadasi, king, beloved of the gods, honours all faiths whether of hermits or those of the world; he gives them alms and all honour.... For all there is a common fount--moderate speech. By decrying other faiths we do not exalt our own. Let us, then, take every opportunity of showing reverence for those others. Doing so, we also serve ourselves.... Unity alone is good. May each understand the other, and lend a willing ear to his faith."396 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. The Dutch Magazines. Professor W. Koster has an article in De Gids entitled "New Departures in Medical Science," dealing with the researches of Koch and Pasteur. The author remarks, in conclusion, that, though the practical results of these researches may at first sight seem disappointingly small, we must not forget that the universally known "antiseptic" treatment of wounds introduced by Joseph Lister -- which has not only saved thousands of lives, but preserved limbs which must otherwise have been amputated -- was arrived at by following up the theories of the "bacteriologues." "Thus all conscientious investigation of nature indirectly, if not directly, benefits the science of healing." J.F. Hondius writes on "The Teaching of Slöjd," and J.E. Sachse on "the Northmen in Literature." The "Northmen" discussed in the present installment of the article are the Dane, Jens Peter Jacobsen; the Norwegian, Björnsternje Björnsen; and the Swedes, Victor Rydberg and August Strindberg, the latter of whom, by the by, has been set up by a recent German writer as the antithesis to Ibsen, the comparison being all in favour of the former. THE PORTUGUESE MAGAZINES. No less than three articles in the current number of the Recista de Portugal are due to Senhor Jayme de Magalhaes Lima, Who appears to be one of the pillars of this periodical. These are "The Barbizon School," "The Characteristics of Portugal in Europe from the History of Humanity," and "Facts and Ideas." The last named is a kind of review of foreign periodicals, noticing among others, Professor Bryce's Contemporary article, "An Age of Discontent," and Dr. Kidd's paper on Weissmann, in the December REVIEW OF REVIEWS--the greater part of which last is translated. Other articles are "Pessimism and Positive Philosophy." by Teixeira Bastos ; "Gustave Flaubert," by Manuel Caldas Cordeiro ; and "Elementary Education in Portugal," by J. Simoes Dias. The picture given of the latter is not encouraging--school attendance is supposed to be compulsory, but is not enforced, and the existing schools are miserably insufficient. "The few school buildings we have are wanting in all sanitary requirements and facilities for teaching." The country is divided, for educational purposes, into 3,969 districs-- of these, 1,351 are absolutely without schools. As the Portuguese "Education Act" was passed as long ago as 1878, we might have expected a little better result by this time. 398 Some Foreign Military Periodicals. **French. Journal des Sciences Militaries. The Grand Manoeuvres of 2nd Army Corps in 1890 (concluded). Tactics of the Three Arms (continued); 3 maps. Lieut.-Colonel de Perini. The Command of the Turkish armies in 1877-8; 2 sketch maps. The Campaign of 1814: The Cavalry of the Allied Armies during the campaign of 1814 (continued), Commandant Weil. The Attack of a Plateau. Lieutenant de Cugnac. (Illus.) Reasoned Instruction in the infantry. Lieutenant de Cissey. Revue Maritime et Coloniale. Foreign Ministries of Marine: The English Admiralty. From the Annual of the Office of Naval Intelligence. Voyage of the steamer [Viennan?] from Hanoi to Lao Kay. (Illus.) The Economic Influence of Lightness in the Construction of Ships. From the Bulletin del' Association technique Maritime. The Mariner's Compass in Modern Vessels of War. Translation of Lecture by Staff Commander Cruak, R.N., at the R.U.S. Institution. Governors for regulating the motion of Engines - Governor with dynamo-auxiliary. Historical Studies on the War Navy of France, XI. The Naval Industrial War under the Ministry of Jerome de Postchartrain. Revue Militaire de I'Etranger. The New Infantry Instructions for the Italian Army. The Artillery Material constructed at the Grus n Works. The Equine Resource of Switzerland in case of Mobilisation. The Danish Rifle, 1889, model; 2 figs. La Spectateur Milltaire. Exercises and Manouvres. l. Brun. Equitation: The Great Masters of Saumur: Military Racing. Captain Choppin. The Musketry Averages of the 16th Army Corps. Noel Desmaysons. Dahomey Warfare. VI. L. Savinhlac. The Annuurles of the French Army, 1819-1890. (continued), C. Boissonnet. La Marine Francaise. A few Words on Real Responsibility. H. Montechant. Cruisers that Capsize; Guns that Burst, spina. Of the Fusion of Land and marine Artillery, Vice-Admiral De Gueydon. The Defective Speed of the First-Class Battle ship marcean. Spina. Our Naval Cadets. The Mobilisations at the Port of Toulon, Yorick. The Navey and Inventors: Tubular Bollere. Spina. The maritime Inscription. D'Arthand. Safety at Sea: The Routes of Steamers in Frequented Waters. German Internationale Revue uber die gesammten Armeen und Flotten. Germany - The Utility of the Balloon for Naval Purposes. Lieutenant Gross. The Blizting of Army Horses. The Gurson Gunnery Experiments, 1890 (continued); with plate and diagrams. Austria - Cavalry in future Wars (concluded): Colonel von Walthoffen. Italian - Correspondence by Pellegrino, Russia - The Russian Autumn Manoeuvres in Volhynia, 1890. France - The Furnishing of Supplies to Armies in the Field (concluded). ** French. In the Journal des Science Militaires, Lieutenant De Cugnae shows that without a thorough knowledge of the principles involved it is impossible to bring effective infantry fire to bear whilst carrying out the assault of a plateau, whereas, if these general principles are properly understood, the plateau can be swept as effectually as any other position on the level. The conditions of the problem necessarily vary considerably according to the characteristics of the plateau as regards height, level of surface, etc. It is obvious, however, that if these conditions are known, or can be approximately estimated, a certain distance can be calculated from which fire can be delivered which will produce the maximum depth of dangerous zone, but that if the fire of the assailants is delivered from any point nearer than this distance it will become eccentric, and finally, as the limit is passed and the plateau is approached, it will become absolutely innocuous. On the other hand, the fire of the defence becomes more grazing and more effective at just those distances whence the assailant is unable to make his felt. If the position has to be carried, the importance, therefore, of being able readily to ascertain the distance from whence the assault should be prepared becomes absolutely vital. This distance, according to the writer, can usually be roughly estimated by adding 50 to the relief in yards. of the plateau, and multiplying the result by 10; thus, if the height of the plateau is 120 feet, the limit of distance for direct fire will be (40 + 50) 10 = 900 yards, and any fire delivered at a less distance by troops advancing to the assault will be absolutely valueless. The preparation for the assault must consequently be made at a considerable distance from the position, and this, fortunately, allows of its being carried out by the main body of the troops, who should be posted so as to sweep the plateau by cross-fires whilst the attacking columns advance, without firing, to suitable positions, whence the final rush can be made. The subject discussed by Lieutenant De Cugnae is naturally of a highly complicated and technical nature, and we can merely direct attention to the salient fact that the fire of the attacking columns directed against an enemy posted on a plateau, or even of a gentle rise (if the relief is only thirty feet, the limit of distance for direct fire according to the above formula would be 600 yards), is absolutely worthless. German. The Internationale Revue uber die gesammten Armeen und Flotten opens with a detailed account (by Lieutenant Gross, of the German Naval Ballon detachment) of the equipment of the French balloons for us on board ship, and of the experiments carried out with captive and free balloons near Toulon. Lieutenant Gross considers that the introduction of balloons for naval purposes is assured, and that they will probably be kept on board vessels specially adapted to allow them to be rapidly filled and sent up. If their utility for reconnoitring at sea is likely to be somewhat limited, they will, nevertheless, play an important part in the blocade of ports and in the attack of coast defences; where, by overlooking the enemy's work, they would be able to direct the fire of the ships' guns on the most important works of the defence, and would give timely warning of any counter-measures about to be undertaken by the enemy on shore. From the experiments carried out at Toulon, it was found possible to see clearly below the water to a depth of fourteen or fifteen fathoms, hence they would prove of good service in watching the movements of submarine boats, the movements of the "Gymnote," at Toulon having been clearly perceptible. Colonel von Walthoffen, in his concluding article on "Cavalry in Future Wars," deals principally with the services which should be rendered by cavalry in pursuing after a victory, or in checking pursuit after a defeat. As regard armament he considers it essential that every trooper should be armed with a good repeating carbine. In future wars the strategical employment of calvary in reconnoitring duties, etc, will probably Some Foreign Military Periodicals. 399 **Jahrbucher fur die Deutsche Armee und Marine. The Culture of Military History among Officers of the Army. Oldwig von Uechtritz. The Landwehr before Strasburg, September and October, 1870 (concluded). Records of the Prize-Essay Competitions for Prussian Artillery Officers, 1827-1877 (concluded). Major-General Wille. The New Field Pioneer Instructions for Infantry. The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and its Strtegical Significance. Side Lights on the Construction and Employment of Warships. The Gruson and Krupp Experiements in 1890. Neue Militarische Blatter. Ballistic and Technical Considerations on the Small Bore Rifle, with Special regard to the German Pattern, 1888. Lieut. Ganzer. English Naval and Military Notes. On the Employment of Captive Ballons. Lieut. von Kiefer. Wolfram Shot for Small Arma. The 11th Division of Russian Infantry at the Schipka Pass in August, 1877. III. English and French Rivalry in Reaching Timbuctoo. II. Karl Stickler. On the Practical Utility of the Study of Military History. Captain von Moller. Daybook of the Hessian General Staff during the Campaign of 1792, in the Champagne, and on the Maine. V. Lieutenant von Dechend. Austrian. Mitthellungen aus dem Gebieto des Seewesens. Practical Geometrical Novelties. 10 figs. Professor F. Schiffner. Method for Determining the Centre of Displacement of Ships. 3 figs. The French Torpedo Gun, Canet System. (Illus.) From Engineering. The United States Naval Budget, 1891 2. The Protection of the Hulls of Steel and Iron ships against Sinking. Sir N. Barnaby. Norwegian Experiments on the Suitability of Cellulose for stopping Leaks. On the Use of Areometers for Determining the Specific Weight of Salt Water. On The Employment of the Trouvet Electric Gyroscope for the Correction of Compasses. Italian. Rivista Marittima. The Electric Light Installations on Board Ships of the Italian Navy. II. 18 coloured plates. Lieutenant Pouchain. The German Mercantile Marine. IV. Salvatore Raineri. Modern Naval Tactics. V. 5 plates. Lieutenant Rocca. Round About Africa. VI. Lieutenant Bravetta. Condition and Armament of the Shores of The Romana in 1831. Rivista di Artiglieria e Genio. On the Laws of the Resistance of Air and the Problems of Curved Fire. Improvised Fortifications in the Future Wars. Captain Pio. R. E. The Old and New Instructions for Infantry. Notes on Poncelet Draw-bridges: Counterpoises and methods for computing them. 2 plates. Russian Type of Point Zappui for a Line of defence. 10 figs. Spanish. Revista General de Marina. Steam Salvage Vessels. Rear-Admiral de Carranza. A few Historical Remarks on the Marine Gyroscope. The Catastrophe to the ss. Vizeaya Oceanography. IV. Professor Thoulet. On the Use of Armour for Ships of War. Sir W. Barnaby. Recent Progress in the Navies of Europe. Royal Decree of 16th January, 1891, on the Preparation for Mobilisation of the Spanish Fleet.** be ten times as great as its tactical employment on the battlefield: to cover from thirty to forty and more miles a day will be nothing unusual; it must therefore be in a condition to depend entirely on its own resources, for offence as well as defence, and would be quite unsuited to carry out its important functions unless every man were armed with a repeating carbine. The carbine should be carried en bandolier by the trooper, and not fastened to the saddle where it is apt to chafe, and might cause damage to horse and rider in case of stumbling. On the vexed question of sword versus lance, Colonel von Walthoffen points out that few of the Uhlan Regiments in 1866 and 1870, and still fewer of the Cossack Regiments in 1877-8, ever made use of their lances, and gives his decision decidedly in favour of the sword. In the Jahrbucher fur die deutsche Armee und Marine for March the interesting series of articles on the "Landwehr before Strasburg" is concluded. M.H., in discussing "The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and its Strategical Significance," ridicules the suggestion made by the author of Sommes-nous priets (alluded to in our issue for January), that Luxembourg will be used by Germany as a fresh basis for an attack on France. He points out that with Metz in her possession Germany is in no need of the Duchy, but that it is essential that it should not fall under the influence of France, to whom it would be of considerable importance in threatening the German line of communication through Metz. It is easy to see that the writer does not think the neutrality of the Grand Duchy is likely to be respected, although he merely contents himself with the significant remark that any move on the part of France could easily be checkmated. Italian Captain Pro, R.E., in "Improvised Fortifications in Future Wars," which appears in the Rivista di Artiglieria e Genio, expresses the opinion that there is no sufficient warrant for considering that the next war will be one of short duration. When it occurs its declaration will not be dependent on the whims of a Pompadour, but solely because the vital interest of the country are affected; hence it will be a war waged by the people themselves, and this makes it highly improbable that it will reach a conclusion before one, or both of the antagonists are exhausted. In any case, whether the war itself is long or short, the battles will not be affairs of a few hours. Whatever doubt may exist as to the value of permanent fortifications, there can be none whatever as to the fact that improvised field-works will play a highly important part in the future. With rare exceptions, it will always be possible to avoid a position rendered formidable by permanent fortifications, while it will be impossible to ignore an adversary who, after contact has once taken place between the opposing armies, succeeds in securing an advantageous position which offers suitable facilities for rapidly entrenching himself. This will impose on the adversary the necessity of himself having recourse to field works, since, with the introduction of smokeless powder, it would otherwise be impossible for him to operate offensively against an enemy's undercover. The preparations for combat will consequently resemble the preliminaries of a siege, and the operations will probably last over some days, during which each side will strain every nerve to concentrate its disposable forces on the field. The real utility of improvised works, however, will be to permit the defence to maintain itself in a given position with forces sensibly inferior to those of the attack whilst in a given position with forces sensibly inferior to those of the attack whilst at the same time allowing the remainder of the troops of fall in preponderating force against one of the enemy's wings. Captain Pio has also something to say on the increased importance attachable to obstacles, judiciously placed in advance of the position, now that the magazine rifle allows of a short and rapid fire being poured in by the troop acting under cover. He also quotes the opinion of General Lewal to the effect that 300 men advancing to the attack of an entrenched position cannot fire more rounds in a given time than 100 men acting on the defensive, whilst their fire, round for round, is only half as effective. This estimate appears to be approximately borne out by the statistics given in a work recently published on the defence of Plevna, which quotes the percentage of losses suffered by the Turks and Russians respectively in the first three battles before Plevna as having been - 1st battle, Turks 14'28 per cent.; Russians 26'35 per cent.; 2nd battle, Turks 6 per cent., Russians 21'6 per cent.; 3rd battle, Turks 10 per cent., Russians 22 per cent.; the smaller percentages of losses sustained by the Turks in the second and third battles being due to the fact of their having been better entrenched on those occasions.400 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE MONTH --- ROYAL. Messrs. Elliott and Fry, Baker Street. H.M. The Empress Frederick. Taken in several positions. Excellent likenesses. (Vide illustration) POLITICAL Messrs Elliott and Fry. The Earl of Aberdeen. Sir John Colomb, M.P. Sir Thomas Sutherland, K.C.M.G., M.P. Ed. de Lisle, M.P. J. Parker Smith, M.P. Henry Howorth, M.P Pritchard Morgan, M.P Mr. Dixon Harland, M.P. The Hon. Cecil Rhodes. Messrs. Russell and Sons, Baker Street. Admiral Tennyson d'Eyncourt. In full uniform. Excellent likeness. Admiral Kennedy. In full uniform. Side face. SOCIAL. Messrs. Elliott and Fry. The Duchess of Rutland. The Countess of Aberdeen. Lady William Lennox. Lady Ridgeway. Colonel North. Mrs. and Miss North. Messrs. Russell and Sons. Lady Augusta Fane. Head and breast. Full face. Lady Rodney. Three-quarters length. Full face. Bridal costume and bouquet. RELIGIOUS Messrs. Elliott and Fry. The Lord Bishop of Mauritius. " " Salisbury. " " Peterborough (Elect). " " Worcester. " " Winchester. " " Rochester (Elect). Rev. Dr. Ince (Oxford). Rev. Canon Mason, D.D. Dean of St. Asaph. Dean of St. Paul's. Bishop Bromby. Rev. H.B. Chapman, L.C.C. Bishop Hawkins. Portrait of a Canadian Prelate. LITERARY. Messrs. Russell and Sons. Lady Duffus Hardy. Excellent likeness of the well-known novelist. Messrs. Elliot and Fry. Mr. Sidney Colvin. Anne S. Swan. Sergius Stepniak. Felix Volkhonsky. Professor E.A. Freeman. Portrait of the well-known Oxford Professor. SCIENTIFIC. Messrs. Elliot and Fry. Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. Sir Alfred Lyall, K.C.S.I. Du Karl Peters. Portrait of the German African Explorer. Sir. C. Rivers Wilson. Sir. William Thompson, F.R.S. Professor Rhys Davids. MUSICAL AND DRAMATIC. London Stereoscopic Company. Regent Street. Miss Frances Ivor. Miss Madge Shirley. Mr. Gilbert Hare. Miss Beatrice Ferrar. Panels and cabinets. Miss Mina Kennedy. Panel and cavinets. Messrs. Elliott and Fry. Miss Violet Cameron As "Maid Marian." Mrs. Keeley. Portrait of the veteran comedy actress. Miss Marian Mackenzie. Miss Josephine Simon. Mr. Leo Stern ('cellist). [Image] From the most recent Photograph by) (Messrs. Elliot & Fry. H.R.H. EMPRESS FREDERICK SCHOOL BOARD OF LONDON. 12 by 10 interior, taken with 1-1 rapid rectilinear, outer edge of objectives utilised, the picture being re-focussed and corrected for stigmatism. A symmetrical wide angle is practically the result: lines of perspective converging very gradually to a point at the distance, diverging para [passa?], distortion in minimised. Method, patented by Hugh Blackwood, Beckenham, acts with a certain result in each case on all photographic objectives, and its adaptations allow the back focus to be lengthened or shortened at will of operator. With good objectives working, full orifice interiors may be taken with satisfactory definition, malgre defective lighting. 401 [image] THE SCHOOL BOARD FOR LONDON IN COUNCIL. (Specially photographed for the REVIEW OF REVIEWS by Mr. Hugh Blackwood). 402 ART IN THE MAGAZINES. Magazine of Art. 1s "Jephthah's Daughter." By Sir J. E. Millais. Photogravure by H. Riffarch. Benjamin Constant. (Illus.) J Murray Templeton. The Crucifixion in Celtic Art, (Illus.) J. Romilly Allen. Lord Armstrong's Collection of Modern Pictures– II. (Illus.) E. Rimbauld Dibdin. Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier. (Illus.) Walter Armstrong. The Modern Schools of Painting and Sculpture, as illustrated by the "Grands Prix" at the Paris Exhibition.—Great Britain and the United States of America. (Illus.) Claude Phillips. Some Recent Irish Laces, (Illus.) Alan S. Cole. Art Journal. 1s. 6d. "The Ramparts of God's House." From the picture by J. M. Strudwick. J. M. Strudwick. With Portrait and other Illustrations. G. Bernard Shaw. Knole House, Kent. (Illus.) F. R. Farrow. Progress of the Industrial Arts, III. Chintzes and Crétonnes. (Illus.) Lucie H. Armstrong. The Royal Academy in the Last Century. XI. (Illus.) J. E. Hodgson and F. A. Eaton. The Chiefs of Our National Museums. II. Charles L. Eastlake. With Portrait. J. F. Boyer. Portfolio, 2s. 6d. The Present State of the Fine Arts in France. IV. Impressionism. P. G. Hamerton. Chatsworth and the Derwent. (Illus.) John Leyland. The Masters of Wood-Engraving. W. J. Linton. (Illus.) Cosmo Monkhouse. Elizabeth Louise Vigés-Lebrum. (Illus.) Sophia Beale. L'Art. March 15. 2s. Portrait of M. Luss-Gerard, by F. Gall'ard. (Illus.) E. Molinier. Abraham [Bo?e]: His Life and Works, 1602- 1676, (Illus.) A. [Val?brèque]. Claude de Héry (Illus.) F. Mazerolle. [Anne?a] Caira: Two Studies. Réverie. After the Picture by Jean Gigoue. Gazette des Beaux Arts. Meissonier, Louis Gonse. The Museum of the School of Fine Arts, Eugene Müntz. Contemporary Engravers: M. Eugene Gangeau. Alfred d L stalot. François Gérard. Charles Ephrussl. François Rude (last article). L. de Fourcaud. The Strauss Collection at the Cluny Museum. Moise Schraub. Charles Chaplin. Paul Lefort. English Correspondence. The Guelph Exhibition and the Old Masters. Claude Phillips. Cassell's Saturday Journal. Artists' Models as Work. Century Magazine. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519. (Illus.) W. J. Stidman. English Illustrated. William James Linton, Wood Engraver and Poet. With Portrait and other illustrations. Fred. G. Kitton. Deutscher Haussehatz. Heft. 7. [To??ate] Heinrich Filge, Sculptor. With portrait. Velhagen und Klasing's Neue Monats-hefte. March. Professor Werner Schuch. With Portrait and other Illustrations. O. Preuss. Vom Fels zum Meer. Heft S. Watteau. With Portrait and other Illustrations. K. Frenzel Meissonier. With Portrait. Elsevier's Geillustreird Muandschrift. 1s. 8d. March. 1s. 8d. Josef Israels. With Portrait and other Illustrations. F. Netscher. Magazine of Art.—One of the illustrations to the interesting article on Benjamin-Constant, a young painter of the Parisian school, is "Beethoven Composing the Moonlight Sonata," exhibited at the Salon of 1890, but painted in 1886, the year also of the "Orpheus." A more seasonable article reviews the different ways of treating the Crucifixion in Celtic art. It has often been said that Meissonier never painted a woman, but one of his finest productions has a woman for its chief actor. This is "Le Baiser d'Adieu," which represents a young woman who has met her lover at the entrance to a wood. She raises her face, and his lips seek hers. This picture, remarks Mr. Walter Armstrong, suggests that Meissonier's neglect of the fairer half of creation sprang less from the heart than the head, and that had he listened more to his feelings and less to his ambition he might have been a more sympathetic artist than he was. Art Journal.—Mr. Bernard Shaw has a capital article on Strudwick, who' he says, had his work for the Academy rejected again and again but he went on sending it till at last a place was found for it. He creates his figures and invents all the circumstances and accessories; his pictures are exhaustively thought out, and the conception is as exhaustive as the execution. Every Friday the ancient archiepiscopal residence of Knole, and the residence of Lord Sackville, is shown to the public, and a treasury of Jacobean art and architecture it is. It is interesting to learn that the pedigree of chintz dates back to prehistoric times, and that England is ahead of any country in Europe with regard to chintzes and crétonnes. The article dealing with our chintzes and crétonnes is illustrated with designs by Wm. Morris, Lewis F. Day, and others. Many of Morris's earlier patterns were named after flowers, as the daffodil pattern, given in illustrations; his later designs are called after-risers. Portfolio and English Illustrated Magazine.—There are two articles this month—one in the English Illustrated Magazine and the other in the Portfolio—on William James Linton, the poet and wood-engraver, but best and most widely known as a wood-engraver, and not only as a master, but as the Nestor of his craft. In 1865 he published volume, entitled "Golden Apples of Hesperus," the drawing, engraving, composition, and printing being the work of his own hands at odd times, with long intervals and many hindrances; in 1887, "Love-Lore;" and last year, "Poems and Translations." His work as an engraver may be said to have begun with some "Illustrations of the Bible." In 1812, the Illustrated London News was started, and Mr. Linton's services were secured for it. Of the other work which he produced while working for the London News may be mentioned his vignettes in Dickens's "Christmas Carol" (1843). Milton's "L'Allegro" (1851), "Favourite English Poems" (1859), "The Merrie Days of England" (1859), "Pictorial Tour of the Thames," "Burns's Poems and Songs," "Shakespeare: his Birthplace and Neighbourhood" (1861), "The New Forest," etc. Mr. Linton was born in London in 1812, and was apprenticed to G. W. Bonner, one of the best wood-engravers of that time, in 1828, the year in which Thomas Bewick, the restorer of the art of wood-engraving in England, died. In 1849 Mr. Linton visited Cumberland, and took up his residence at Brantwood, the house which is now the home of John Ruskin. Four years later he married Miss Lynn, a lady familiar to us as Mrs. E. Lynn Linton. In 1867 Mr. Linton went to America and settled at "Appledore," a homestead in the township of Hamden, on the old road to Boston, and there carried on his engraving work. He has written on his art in the Atlantic Monthly, "Some Practical Hints on Wood Engraving for the Instruction of Reviewers and the Public," "Wood Engraving: a Manual of Instruction," "The History of Wood Engraving in America," and his recent magnificent work "The Masters of Wood Engraving." As a Chartist, poet, and politician he is perhaps not so well known, but he has always had an active sympathy with the cause of the people. The Portfolio also has an interesting sketch of Madame Elizabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun, the artist, with a reproduction of her picture of herself embracing her little girl—the most charming of all her works. 403 THE BOOK OF THE MONTH. "A PUBLISHER AND HIS FRINEDS." BY DR. SMILES. Strahan, Tonson, Lintot of the times, Patron and publisher of rhymes, For thee the bard up Pindus climbs. My Murray. THE publisher so addressed by Lord Byron was for nearly half a century the head of one of the oldest and most interesting publishing houses in London. John Murray was Byron's publisher, and he it was who, in conjunction with Canning, Sir Walter Scott, and other distinguished Tories, founded the Quarterly Review–a periodical which has at all times exerted considerable influence in political and literary circles, and which still exists. There two facts alone would give the publisher a claim upon our attention. But beyond this the late John Murray was, at one time or another in his career, in friendly correspondence with Isaac d'Israeli and his famous son, the late Earl of Beaconsfield, Gifford, the two Mills, Southey, Leigh Hunt, John Wilson Croker, Thomas Campbell, James Hogg, Mdme. de Staël, Monk Lewis, Moore, Lockhart, Hallam, Milman, Washington Irving, Carlyle, Fanny Kemble, Mrs. Somerville, Mrs. Norton, John Sterling, and Borrow. He preserved a wealth of the most interesting and valuable correspondence, selections from which are at last given to the world. By the time this article is in our readers' hands, the reading public will be in possession of the "Memoir and Correspondence of the late John Murray," a book which is now on the eve of publication by the present head of the firm, John Murray the third. it is unquestionably the book of the month; it may very possibly be the book of the year; it may even prove to be the book of many years. To our thinking, it is one of the most important contributions that have been made to English literary history since the publication of Mr. Froude's "Life of Carlyle," some eight or ten years ago. It is even richer in those facts which go to make history than was that delightful biography, though it is not, of course, so brilliantly written, nor does the story centre around so striking a character as the Chelsea Sage. And herein lies one of the difficulties in analysing or reviewing the two thick volumes before us. Even Southey, who could "tear the heart out of a book" more quickly than any man, or Gifford, who was almost equally well skilled in these matters, would find our task a difficult one. Where there is such an abundance to choose from, it is difficult to decide what to leave out; and where, as in this case, no particular attempt has been made by the editor, Dr. Smiles, to keep the nominal subject of the "Memoir" in the foreground, it is hard in an analysis to preserve the thread of a coherent story. Perhaps the most convenient plan will be to take at random a few of the names mentioned in an early sentence of this article, and to summarise as far as possible the information given concerning them in Dr. Smiles's book. We naturally commence with the greatest of them all— LORD BYRON. The late Mr. Murray became acquainted with Lord Byron in 1811. The poet, for some unaccountable reason or other, made a present of the first two cantos of "Childe Harold" to Mr. Dallas, and allowed him to make arrangements for their publication. They were offered to Murray, who, struck by their superlative merit, agreed to publish a handsome quarto edition upon the half-profits system by way of an experiment, the copyright meanwhile remaining in the hand of Dallas. Thestory of the first meeting of poet and publisher may be given in Dr. Smile's own words :-- Mr. Murray had long desired to make Lord Byron's acquaintance, and now that Mr. Dallas had arranged with him for the publication of the first two cantos of "Childe Harold," he had many opportunities of seeing Byron at his place of business. The first time that he saw him was when he called one day with Mr. Hobhouse in Fleet Street. He afterwwards looked in from time to time, while the sheets were passing through the press, fresh from the fencing-rooms of Angelo and Jackson, and used to amuse himself by renewing his practice of "carte et tierce" with his walking-stick directed against the bookshelves, while Murray was reading passages from the poem, with occasional ejaculations of admiration; on which Byron would say, "You think that a good idea, do you, Murray?" Then he would fence and lunge with his walking-stick at some special book which he had picked out on the shelves before him. As Murray afterwards said, "I was very often glad to get rid of him!" BYRON AS ANTI-LOG ROLLER. Byron told Murray that he would have no "traps for applause," and consequently forbade him to show the MS. of "Childe Harold" to his Aristarchus, Mr Gifford. Mr, Gifford had, however, already seen it, and Byron who could not bear to have thought that he was endeavouring to ensure a favourable review of his work in the Quarterly, relived himself in the following letter to Dallas :-- I will be angry with Murray. It was a book-selling, back shop, Paternoster Row, paltry proceeding, and if the experiment had turned out as it deserved, I would have raised all Fleet Street and borrowed the giant staff from St. Dunstan's Church to immolate the betrayer of trust. I have written to him as he was never written, to before by an author, I'll be sworn, and I hope you will amplify my wrath till it has an effect upon him. A "favourable review" was, however, quite unnecessary to bring about the success of the poem. The first edition of five hundred copies came out on the 1st March, 1812 and Byron "awoke one morning and found himself famous." (This hackneyed phrase is only pardonable when used in connection with Lord Byron himself.) Other and much larger editions followed, all of which went off in rapid succession. BYRON's OPINION OF SOUTHEY. Byron married in 1815, but the marriage was a most unhappy one, and in less than a year he separated from his wife and left England never to return. During his travels he corresponded frequently with Murray, and his letters are printed at length in Moore's "Life." Murray's replies, which from the complement of the correspondence, are now published for the first time. One letter of Byron's, however, does not appear in the "Life," and since it contains some interesting references to Southey, we quote a few sentences from it :--- You may make what I say here as public as you please, more particularly to Southey whom I look upon---and will say so publicly---to be a dirty, lying rascal, and will prove it in ink--- or in his blood, if I did not believe him to be too much of a poet to risk it! If he has forty reviews at his back, as he has the Quarterly, I would have at him in his scribbling capacity now that he has begun with me; but I will do nothing underhand. Tell him what I say from me and everyone else you please. ... I can understand Coleridge's abusing me, but how or why Southey, whom I had never obliged in any sort of way, or done him the remotest service, should go about fibbing and calumniating, is more than I readily comprehend. Does he think to put me down with his canting, not being able to do it with his poetry? We will try the question.blue pencil. Indeed, he refused to send his articles to the editor at all, and wrote direct to Murray. But he did not thereby avoid the curtailment which was so often needed. He is said to have a written "so smoothly, so easily, and so wordily, that he might often have filled an entire review." The Quarterly was one of his chief sources of income, as he generally received 100 euros for each article, and wrote several in the course of the year. Coleridge [?]RD the proposed translation of "Faust." It was probably Southey who suggested to Murray the employment of his brother-in-law, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, as the translator of Goethe's "Faust" -- a task for which he was to receive a hundred guineas. Somehow or other the arrangement fell through. We agree with Dr. Smiles that this is to be deplored, since his exquisite and original melody of versification might have produced a translation almost as great as the original. What this melody was like may be judged from the following lyric, presented by Coleridge to Murray, and published in the "memoir" for the first time:* - Glycine: A song, A sunny shaft did I behold From sky to earth it slanted, And pois'd therein a bird so bold - Sweet Bird! thou wert enchanted! He sank, her rose, he twinkled, troll'd Within that shaft of sunny mist: His Eyes of Fire, his Beak of Gold, All else of Amethyst! And thus he sang: Adieu! Adieu! Love's dreams prove seldom true. Sweet month of May! we must away! Far, far away! To-day! to-day! Offer of "Sartor Resartus." Another writer with whom Murray had a somewhat purposeless correspondence was Thomas Carlyle. Carlyle came to London with "Sartor Resartus" in his pocket, and at the suggestion of Jeffrey left it with Murray. Murray agreed to print an edition of 750 copies at his own cost, and to publish them on the half-profits system, the copyright meanwhile to remain the property of the author. To these terms Carlyle appeared to agree. Not knowing, however, the usual custom of publishers, he proceeded to offer the book to other London houses, evidently to try whether he could not get a better bid for it. This annoyed Murray very much, and he wrote saying that he thought it better in the circumstances to return the manuscript. Here is Carlyle's reply, which is eminently characteristic of him; - September 19th 1831, Sir - I am this moment favoured with your note of the 17th and beg to say, in reply, - First, - That your idea, derived from conversation with me, of my giving you the preference to all other publishers, was perfectly correct. I had heard you described as a man of honour, frankness, and even generosity, and knew you to have the best and widest connexions, on which grounds, I might well sat, and can still well say, that a transaction with you would please me better than a similar one with any other member of the Trade. Secondly. - That your information of my having submitted my MS. to the greatest publishers in London, if you mean that, after coming out of your hands, it lay two days in those of Messrs. Longmans and Rees, and was from them delivered over to the Lord Advocate [Jeffery], is also perfectly correct; if you mean anything else, incorrect. Thirdly. - That if you wish the Bargain which I had understood myself to have made with you unmade, you have only to cause your Printer who is now working on my MS. to return the same without damage or delay, and consider the buisness as finished. - I remain Sir, your obedient servant, Thomas Carlyle. The Manuscript was accordingly returned, and "Sartor Resartus" made its first appearance in book form in America. Enter and exit Benjamin Disraeli. But our space is rapidly becoming exhausted, and we only have rooms to mention one more distinguished connection with the "Murray Memoirs." This is the late Earl of Beaconsfield, son of Isaac D'Israeli, one of Murray's oldest friends. He appears upon the scene as a young man of twenty or thereabouts in 1825. Dr.Smiles says that "Murray had a special regard for the remarkable young man, and by degrees had thoroughly taken him into his confidence; had related to him his experiences of men and affairs, and ere long began to consult him about a variety of schemes and projects." One of these schemes was nothing less than the establishment of a daily paper in the Conservative interest, Disraeli, anxious to advance his own interests, threw himself into the thing; discussed the question of editorship with Sir Walter Scott; engaged foreign correspondents and reporters, and took offices in Great George Street. Finally, having named the paper the Representative, he seems, like the baker who encountered the snark, to have "softly and suddenly vanished away." Exit Benjamin Disraeli! The Career of the Representative." The career of the Representative, happily for newspaper proprietors, is not in itself representative. The first number appeared on the 25th January, 1826. it cost 7d., the stamp tax being then 4d. "It was a failure from the beginning." says Dr. Smiles. "It was badly organised. badly edited, and its contents - leading articles, home and foreign news - were ill-balanced. ... After the general election was over, the Representative ceased to exist on July 29th, 1826, after a career of only six months, during which brief period it had involved Mr.Murray in a loss of not less than €26,000." A FEW WORDS ABOUT MURRAY. The last chapter of the "Memoir and Correspondence" is from the pen of that accomplished littérateur, Mr. W. J. Courthope, and summarises the characteristic traits of the late Mr.Murray as a publisher. A few passages from this chapter will fitly bring our notice of "the Book of the Month" to a close :— Quick-tempered and impulsive (says Mr.Courthope), he was at the same time warm-hearted and generous to a fault, while a genuine sense of humour, which constantly shows itself in his letters, saved him many a time from those troubles into which the hasty often fall. "I wish," wrote George Borrows within a short time of the publisher's death, "that all the world were as gay as he." He was eager to look for, and quick to discern, any promise of talent in the young. "Everyone," he would say, "has a book in him or her, if one only knew how to extract it," and many was the time that he lent a helping hand to those who were first entering a literary career. To his remarkable powers as a host the many descriptions of his dinner parties which have been preserved amply testify. He was more than a mere entertainer, and took the utmost pains so to combine and place his guests as best to promote sympathetic conversation and the general harmony of the gathering. Among the noted wits and talkers, moreover, who assembled round his table he was fully able to hold his own in conversation and in repartee. Many of the friends whose names are most conspicious in these pages had passed away before him, but of those who remained there was scarecely one letters do not testify to the general affection with which he was regarded. 407 THE NEW BOOKS OF THE MONTH. NOTICE.—For the convenience of much of our readers as many live at a distance from any bookseller, any Book they may require, whether or not it is mentioned in the following List, will be fowarded post f[?]e to any part of the United Kingdom, from the Office of the REVIEW of REVIEWS, [?] receipt of Postal Order for the published price of the Book ordered. BIOGRAPHY. HAY, JAMES. Swift: The Mystery of his Life and Love. (Chapman and Hall.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xvi. 362. Price 6s. Mr.Hay, being dissatisfied with the existing biographies of Swift—even with the excellent works which bear the names of Forster, Creaik, and Leslie Stephen—has ventured to give a sketch of the Dean's life "from his own standpoint." Whether or not Mr.Hay has solved the mystery, the book is worth reading. LANG, ANDREW. Life, Letters, and Diaries of Sir Stafford Northeote, First Earl of Iddesleigh. (Blackwood and Sons.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xxiv. 414. Portrait. Price 7s. 6d. This is a new edition in one volume. Mr.Lang has taken an opporutnity to subject his biography to a thorough revision, and, while abbreviating the less important parts of the book, has made additions that will, he thinks, be of very considerable interest to Sir Stafford's friends and colleagues. OMAN, CHARLES W. Warwick the King Maker. (Macmillan and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 224. Portrait. Price 2s. 6d. This is a very interesting and much-nedded addition to the "English Men of Action" series. The story of Warwick has never before been relayed at length. SMILES, SAMUEL, LLD. Memoir and Correspondence of the late John Murray, with an Account of the Origin and Progress of the House, 1768-1843. (John Murray.) Large 8vo. Cloth. Two volumes. Portraits. Price 32s. This, one of the most important contributions to English literacy history which have appeared for some years, is [?] in detail in another part of the REVIEW. ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND LAW. ACWORTH, W. M. The Railways and the Traders. (John Murray.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xlv. 378. Price 6s. This is a sketch of the Railway Rates question in theoroy and practive, written from the railway point of view. Mr.Acworta assumes that the case for the opponents of the existing system is well known. The railway companies have hitherto—unwisely as he thinks—Seem content that their defence should be entombed in Blue books. To make this defence generallt accessible to the public is the main object, which he has had in view. BUXTON, SYDNEY, M. P. A Manual of Political Questions of the Day; and the Arguments of Either Side, with an Introduction. (Cassell and Co.) 8vo. Paper covers. Pp. 168. Price 1s. A cheap and popular edition of this excellent little handbook, containing, amongst other new subjects, the arguments for and against an Right Hours' Law, Free Schools, etc. HOWELL, GEORGE, M.P. Trade Unionism, New and Old. (Mehtuen and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xvi. 236. Price 2s. 6d. This is the first colume of a new series intended to deal with "those topics of social, economic, and industrial interesst that are at the present moment foremost in the public mind." Mr.Howell says that his book "is written in the view of the later developments the trade unionism, with especial reference to what may be termed the new departure in the organisation of labour." He does not sympathise with this "new departure," and uses langueg of unnecessary warmth in referring to the "new leaders." LAFARGUE, PAUL. The Evolution of Property. (Sonnenschein.) Crown 8vo. CLoth. Pp. 174. Price 2s. 6d. MOREISON, W. DOUGLAS, Crime and its Causes. (Sonnenschein.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 236. Price 2s. 6d. STUBBS, C. W. The Land and the Labourers. (Sonnenschein.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 228. Price 2s. 6d. THOMASON, HERBERT M. The Purse and the Conscience. (Sonnenschein.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 167. Price 2s. 6d. RITCHIE, DAVID P. Principles of State Interference. Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 172. The last five volumes belong to the excellent "Social Science Series," which is published at so low a price as to place it within everybody's reach. The author of "Crime and its Causes" is the Governor of Her Majesty's Prison at Wandaworth. PRICE, L. L, M.A. A Short History of Political Economy in England from Adam Smith to Arnold Toynbee. (Methuen and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xii. 202. Price 2s. 6d. A volume of the "University Extension Series," in which the writer has selected for especial consideration in seperate chapters those economists whose writings have marked distinct and recognised stages in the development of economic knowledge. Hence chapters on Adam Smith, Malthus, Ricardo, Jogn Stuart Mill, Cairness and L[?], Bagshot, Jevons, Henry Fawoeft, and Arnold Toyabre. SPENCER, HERBERT. Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative. (Williams and Norgate.) Large 8vo. Cloth. Three volumes. Price 30s. A new edition, containing seven essays written since 1882, when the last edition made its appearance. The titles of the new essays are "Morals and Moral Sentiments," "The Factors of Organic Evolution," "Professor Green's Explanations," "The Ethics of Kaut," "Absolute Political Ethics," "From Freedom to Bondage," and "The Americans." ESSAYS CRITICISM, AND BELLES LETTERS. BACON, FRANCIS. Essays, Civil and Moral. (Cassell and Co.) 12mo. Cloth. Pp. 192. Price 6d. Bacon's "Essays" can never be reprinted too often, and the cheaper and handier the reprint the better. That under notice is about as compact as can well be desired. It forms a volume in Ca[?]ell's National Library (improved edition), and to it is prefixed a bried introduct on by Professor Henry Morley. BELTON, JOHN DEVOE. A Literary Manual of Foreign Quotations, Ancient and Modern. (Patnam's Sons.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. vi. 260. Price 6s. This collection of quotations differs from those in general use in that it only contains such quotations as are, or have been, used or referred to by modern writers. It gives, moreover, illustrative extracts from the modern authors in which they are used, as well as an explanation of the origin of the quotation, and, where necessary, the whole passage in which it occurs. The book is, on the whole, a most readable one. ELLIS, W. ASHTOX. Richard Wagner's Prose Works. (Kegan Paul, Trübner and Co.) 8vo. Paper. Price 1s. The first part of a translation of Wagner's Works issued under the auspices of the Wagner Society. FITZGERALD, PERCY, M.A. The History of Pickwick. (Chapman and Hall.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. viii. 376. Price 8s. Distinctly an entertaining and useful book. It gives an account of the characters, the localities, the allusions, and the illustrations of Charles Dickens's famous novel; and, having received the imprimatur of his publishers, may be assumed to be an authoritative discussion on the subject.408 The REVIEW OF REVIEWS. HOUDIN, ROBERT. Card Sharpers. Their Tricks Exposed. (Spencer Blackett.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp 250. Price 2s. 6d. Those who read for pleasure will find that M. Houdin has a bright, gossipy style, and some good stories to tell, while those who read for profit will find herein the means to defeat the professors of "the art of always winning." The translation, an excellent one, is by Mr. Joseph Forster. LE GALLIENNE, RICHARD. George Meredith : Some Characteristics. (Elkin Mathews) A new and improved edition. Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 168 1xxix. Price 7s. 6d. This excellent handbook to George Meredith, both as novelist and poet, deserves to have reached a second edition, being as it is, one of the best books of critical eulogy and of blind adulation which we have seen. Mr. Le Gallienne knows his subject, and worships him, and has consequently written a work which even Philistines will do well to read, and lets us hope that it will be but a stepping stone to the novelist himself. Mr. Meredith's novels are getting so popular nowadays that it only remains for a "Meredith Society" to be started. LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE. Citation and Examination of William Shakespeare . . . . to which is added A Conference of Master Edward Spencer . . . . with the Earl of Essex, touching the State of Ireland, A.D. 1595. (Chatto and Windus.) 8vo. Half-bound, Pp. xiv. 230. Price 2s. 6d. A much-needed reprint of a very remarkable piece of English prose -- tastefully printed and bound. LEANDER, RICHARD. Dreams by French Firesides. (A. and C. Black). Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 203. Price 5s. A translation by Jessie Raleigh from the German, admirably illustrated by Louis Wain. We learn from the preface that the author was a German soldier at the siege of Paris, and that these slight tales were written in the evenings by lonely hearths and far from home. Children will love the book, for the tales are both fresh and charming. MOORE, GEORGE. Impressions and Opinions. (David Nutt.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 346. Price 5s. A collection of revised magazine and review articles. Balzac, Turgeneff, Mummer Worship, the Théâtre Libre, Ibsen's "Ghosts," Meissonier, Degas, etc., are among the subjects dealt with. Whatever one may think of Mr. Moore's realistic novels, one cannot deny that his essays have both brilliancy and originality. The book has already attracted, and will attract, a large amount of attention. Both binding and print are excellent. TOLLENMACHE, HON. LIONEL A. Stones of Stumbling. (Rice, 86, Fleet Street.) Demy 8vo. Cloth. Pp. viii. 238. Price 2s. 6d. Papers upon "The Cure for Incurables" (Euthanasia), "The Fear of Death," "Fearless Deaths," and "Divine Economy of Truth." The appendices contain "Recollections of Pattison," and notes upon Mr. Romane's Catechism, and upon Neo-Christianity and Neo Catholicism. WALTON, ISAAC. The Complete Angler; or, the Contemplative Man's Recreation. (Cassell and Co.) 12mo. Cloth. Pp. 192. Price 6d. Another very welcome addition to the superior re-issue of "Cassell's National Library." FICTION. The following list contains a selection of the innumerable works of fiction published during the last month. ANSTEY, F. Tourmalin's Time Cheques. (Arrowsmith.) Crown 8vo. Paper. Pp. 166. Price 1s. The idea of saving up spare time and banking it for use in the more enjoyable future is as humorous as at is novel, and Mr. Anstey makes full use of the possibilities of the notion. ATHERTON, GERTRUDE FRANKLIN. Los Cerritos: A Romance of the Modern Time. (Heinemann). 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 304. Price 3s. 6d. DUNBOYNE, LADY. The Romance of a Lawn Tennis Tournament. (Trischler.) crown 8vo. Paper. Pp. 128. Price 1s. FENN, G. MANVILLE. Sawn-Off. (Henry and Co.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 232. Price 2s. 6d. Another volume of the excellently designed "Whitefriars' Library." Both "Sawn-Off" and the other story, "The Gilded Pill," bound up in the same volume, are good examples of light, entertaining, and unsensational fiction. As a frontispiece, a good process portrait of Mr. Fenn is appended. HAVILLAND, SAUMEREZ DE. The Mystery of Ritherdon's Grange. (Trischler.) Crown 8vo. Boards. Pp. 255. Price 2s. HUME, FERGUS. Monsieur Judas. (Spencer Blackett.) Crown 8vo. Paper. Pp. 192. Price 1s. A sensational detective story, by the author of "The Mystery of a Hansom Cab." KIPLING, RUDYARD. Plain Tales from the Hills. (Macmillan.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 310. Price 6s. Yet another edition, and the third published since June, 1890, by Messrs. Macmillan alone, of Mr. Kipling's wonderfully clear and original stories. The "get-up" has the usual excellence of books published by this firm, who, we hope, will soon be able to bring out a uniform volume containing the "Soldiers Three" series of tales. KIPLING, RUDYARD. The Light that Failed. (Macmillan.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 339. Price 6s. An edition in volume form, uniform with the above, of the story which everyone read on its appearance in Lippinscott's in January. A preface of two line states that "This is the story as it was originally conceived by the author," and the volume has the advantage of a dedication in verse. Whether the book is improved by the alterations is open to doubt, but those who desire an excellent story in a more permanent form than in the pages of a magazine will do well to get it. LANZA, THE MARQUISE CLARA. A Modern Marriage. (Heinemann.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 344. Price 3s. 6d. MITFORD, BERTRAM. A Romance of the Cape Frontier. (Heinemann.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 460. Price 3s. 6d. A new edition of a novel which is decidedly worth reading. NISBET, HUME. The Black Drop. (Trischler.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 216. Price 2s. 6d. PHILIPS, F.C. AND WILLS, C.J. A Maiden Fair to See. (Trischler.) Crown 4to. Cloth. Pp.227. Price 6s. A number of indifferent character sketches strung together by so-weak and foolish a tale that one wonders how two men can have written it. The authors would have done better to have taken the character sketches without the tale, and have published them under some such title as "People I Have Me;" even then the book would not be worth reading. Mr. F.C.Philips should fulfil the brilliant promise of "As in a Looking Glass" and "A Dean and his Daughter," and not waste his time on utterly unworthy work. The "get-up" of the book is solid, but the shape is disagreeable. Can it be possible that Mr. G.A. Storey perpetrated the fearful illustrations attributed to him? PRYCE, RICHARD. Just Impediment. (Ward and Downey.) Two volumes. Price 21s. Without doubt one of the best novels of the year. Mr. Pryce, who has a very short record as a novelist, tells his story with a breadth and power and with a literary brilliance which one seldom finds in latter-day novels. It is a powerful although in places a somewhat disagreeable story of modern London, intensely interesting from start to finish. PRYCE, RICHARD. The Quiet Mrs. Fleming. (Methuen). Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 258. Price 3s. 6d. A novel built somewhat on the plan of the same author's "Ugly Story of Miss Witherby," for it recounts the sharing of two rooms in a house by two people; the people of the house only being aware of the existence of one of the two. It is sensational, and sufficiently well written to prevent the reader putting it down before it is finished. ROY, BRANDON. Guy Mervyn. (Spencer Blackett). Crown, 8vo. Cloth. Price, 31s. 6d. A semi-religious novel written with the highest purpose. THE NEW BOOKS OF THE MONTH. 409 SHERARD, R.H. The Type-Written Letter. (Treschler.) Crown 8vo. Limp cloth. Pp. 172. Pris 1s. An exceptionally clever and well-written novel of the "shocker" type, by the author of "The French Marquis," "Agatha's Quest," etc. etc. SNOW, ISABEL. The School of Art. (Fisher Unwin.) WE have had occasion before to speak of the dainty "Pseudonym Library," of which this novel is a volume. It may do to while away an idle hours, bu the interest it excites is not great, the story -- although pleasantly told -- being very ordinary, and not at all up to the level of "Mademoiselle Ixe," another volume of the same library, and undoubtedly one of the best novels of the year. STOCKTON, FRANK R. A Jolly Fellowship. (W. Scott.) Crown 8vo. Paper. Pp. 295. Price 1s. A story which is reminds one somewhat of Richard Jefferies' "Bevis." It is a boy's book, and like anything of Mr. Stockton's is well worth reading. The illustrations are excellent. HISTORY. ABBOTT, EVELYN. Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens. (Putnam and Sons.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 379. Price 5s. "Heroes of the Nations" Series. The plan of making history centre round a striking personality is neither a bad one nor a new one. It is a revival, in a form suited to our day, of the scheme of Plutarch's "Lives," and if all the volumes be entrusted to writers as capable as Mr. Abbott, it will have a great success. History, if fairly treated, can generally command a hearing; but history with the interest of biography added is sure of one. Mr. Abbott's survey of the Golden Age of Athens is all-inclusive; the illustrations are numerous and, for the most part, good. The book is very suitable for a prize. BREWER, E. COBHAM, LL.D. The Historic Note Book, with an Appendix of Battles. (Smith, Elder and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. viii. 998. Most people know Dr. Brewer's "Dictionary of Phrase and Fable." The book under notice is, in its way, similar in scope and character to that entertaining and useful work. Dr. Brewer explains, "with the utmost possible brevity," allusions to historical events. Acts of Parliament, treaties and customs, terms and phrase, made in books, speeches, and familiar conversation. DE BROGLIE, THE DUC (Editor). Memoirs of the Prince de Talleyrand. (Griffith, Farran and Co.) Large 8vo. Cloth. Pp. lxii. 342. Autograph Letter and Portrait. Price 21s. net. These memoirs -- or a portion of them, at least -- have already appeared in an American magazine, and have consequently been duly noticed in the pages of the Review of Reviews. The book just published by Messrs. Griffith, Farran and Co. forms one volume only of the complete work. The translation is from the pen of Mr. Raphael Ledos de Beaufort, an introduction being contributed by the Honourable Whitelaw Reid, American, Minister in Paris. CLAYDEN, P.W. England Under Lord Beaconsfield. (T. Fisher Unwin.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xvi. 388 Price 6s. An interesting and valuable record of political events in England from the end of 1873 to the fall of the Tory ministry in 1880. A third and popular edition, with a new preface replying to some remarks recently made in Mr. Lang's "Life of Sir Stafford Northcote." GRATES, PROFESSOR H. History of the Jews form the Earliest Times to the Present Day. (David Nutt). 8vo. Cloth. To be completed in five volumes. Price per volume 10s. 6d., or (to subscribers), £1 16s. the set. Two volumes only of this English edition of Professor Graetz's standard work upon Jewish history have so far been issued. The remainder may be expected early in 1892. The book, which has been specially revised for the English editor by the author, is edited and in part translated by Miss Bella Lowy. THWAITES, REUBEN GOLD. The Colonies, 1492-1750. (Longmans, Green and Co.) Sm. 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xviii. 302. Maps. Price 3s. 6d. Messrs. Longmans -- who have an American house -- have it upon the excellent idea of extending their "Epochs of History" series to the United States. There will be three volumes, which will practically cover the history of America from the earliest times down to the present day. The first of these three volumes is the one here catalogued. Wesley and his Successors; A Centernary Memorial of the Death of John Wesley. (C.H. Kelly.) Large Square Cloth. The preface says that "This work is not a history of Methodism, nor a biography of Presidents, but a book intended to serve as a memorial of a most interesting celebration." Excellent steel engraved portraits with biographies, are given of all the chief of Wesley's successors. POETRY AND THE DRAMA. AUSTIN, ALFRED. Prince Lucifer. (Macmillan and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 194. Price 5s. This is the third volume in the collected edition of Mr. Alfred Austin's poetical works. The dramatic poem in question was written some four or five years ago, and first published in the Jubilee year of 1887. It is dedicated to the Queen. AYTOUN, WILLIAM EDMONSTONE. Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers. (George Routledge and Son.) Long post 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 192. Price 1s. The first volume of a new series, having the general title of "Companion Poets," and brought out under the editorial supervision of Professor Henry Morley. The various volumes will appear monthly, and will be printed with red lines on what is technically know as "Bible paper." The edition is unquestionably "pocketable," the size of each book being 6 in. by 3¼ in. But why should the series have been started with Aytoun's "Laya"? KNIGHT, CHARLES (Editor). The Works of Shakespeare. (Routledge and Sons.) Long post 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 500. Illustrations. Price 2s. 6d. The first volume of a new "Narrow Shakespeare" set in minion type, with Sir John Gilbert's well-known illustrations reduced to about a fourth of their original size. Like the book mentioned in the preceding notice, it is printed with a red line of the finest Bible paper. The "Works" will be completed in six monthly volumes, each which will contain some sixty illustrations. LOCKER-LAMPSON, FREDERICK (Editor). Lyra Elegentiarum. (Ward, Lock and Co.). 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xx. 426. Price 2s. A modest, but at the same time excellent, series of reprints is being issued in monthly volumes by Messrs. Ward, Lock and Co., under the title of the "Minerva Library." The volume before us contains some of the best social and occasional verse by deceased English authors which has ever been printed. It is unfortunate that the work of Mr. Austin Dobson, and other Victorian writers of vers de société, could not be included in a selection which, in all other respects, is marvellously complete. MORLEY, HENRY (Editor). Shakespeare's "Hamlet." (Cassell and Co.). 12mo. Cloth. Pp. 192. Price 6s. The ever-busy Emeritus Professor of English Literature at University College, apparently not content with running half-a-dozen new series, has recently assumed the task of improving and extending Messrs. Cassell's justly popular "National Library." The volume before us is an excellent specimen of the "Library" in respect of the of editing and of general "get up." Other volumes are noticed in the section devoted to Essays and the Belles Lettres. Mr. and Mrs. Bancroft: On and Off the Stage. (Bentley.) Crown 8vo. Paper. Pp. 410 Price 1s. This excellent history of a period in the history of the drama has been for some months out of print. Both paper and paint make the new edition a wonderfully cheap shillingsworth. RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY. CARPENTER, W. BOYD, D.D. (Bishop of Ripon.) The Permanent Elements of Religion. (Macmillan and Co.) This book contains the Bampton Lectures of 1887. In the course of his discussion Dr. Carpenter confines himself mainly to the evidence offered by the three (so-called) universal religions -- Islamism, Buddhism, and Christianity. In this new editions the author has made a few alterations and amended some errors which had been overlooked. HARPER, HENRY A. The Bible and Modern Discoveries. (Alexander P. Watts.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xviii. 420. Map and Illustrations. Price 7s. 6d. Mr. Harper's work has proved sufficiently popular to be now in its fourth edition. He has taken the sacred history as related in the Bible step by step, and has retold it to explanations and illustrations drawn for modern research, and from personal observation. Mr. Walter Besant, the late secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, contributes a sympathetic introduction. 410 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. HASTIE, W. (Editor) Kant's Principles of Politics. (T. &t. Clark Edinburgh.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 148. Price 2s. 6d. A translation with a long critical introduction of Kant's great works, in- cluding his "Essay on Perpetual Peace." KENYON, EDITH C. The Centenary Life of Wesley. (W. Scott.) Crown 8vo. Pp 416. Price 2s. 6d. A sympathetic and ably written life. LIDDON, H.P. Maxims and Gleanings. (Longman.) Small square cloth. Pp. 124 An ably compiled little volume of quotations, arranged for daily use, from the writings of the late Canon Liddon. LORAINE NEVISON. The Battle of Belief. (Longman.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 234. Price 5s. Mr. Nevison, who is the author of a number of books on religious sub- jects, has in this volume made an examination in popular form of the religious question, and of the relations existing between Christian faith and advanced thought. WESTCOTT, BROOKE FOSS, D.D. Essays in the History of Religious Thought in the West. (Macmillan and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. vi.398. Price 6s. A series of essays (for the most part reprinted, we believe) upon Aeschylus, Plato, Euripides, Dionysus, Origen and Browning, together with a paper upon the relations of Christianity to Art. SCIENCE AND MEDICINE. AVELING, EDWARD. Introduction to the Study of Botany. (Sonnenschein.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Price 4s. 6d. The Botany-Syllabus of the Science and Art Department at South Kensington is here "taken as a basis for the general plan of work," but the book will be found useful to all persons who are beginning to study. It is a singularly complete introduction to the science, well illustrated, and provided with a good glossary. Dr. Aveling wisely insists that students must "observe, experiment, reflect, record for themselves; "but he shows them clearly how to about it. Except for a remark that the term Species is the "Patroclus of nomenclature,' Dr. Aveling has a clear and readable style. The Medical Annual and Practitioner's Index, 1891. (Bristol: Wright and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. xlviii, 668. Illustrations (some coloured). Price. 8s. 6d. Medicine is so distinctly a progressive science that this year-book is absolutely indispensable to every practitioner who desires to excel in the profession of his choice. Here will be found an account of the text-books issued during the year; notes upon new remedies and upon new modes of treatment; an official and trade directory, and a very complete general index. TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE. BOURNE, H.R. Fox. The Other Side of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. (Chatto and Windus.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. x. 202. Price 6s. The story of Mr. Stanley's ill-fated expedition is here re-tell from the point of view of the Secretary of the Aborigines Protection Society. Mr. Fox Bourne essays to explain how and why the expedition failed to achieve the purpose for which it was avowedly planned. and to draw from the whole "lamentable business" a lesson which it forcibly teaches, and which in these days of wholesale European encroachment in Africa ought, he thinks, to be taken to hear. CAMERON, V. LOVETT (Editor.) The Log of a Jack Tar. (T. Fisher Unwin.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 378. Price 5s. An excellent volume of an excellent series. Choyce's narrative is full of variety and interest to old and young, giving, as it does, an account of Chili and Peru at the end of this last century before they threw off the Spanish yoke. The narrative of Captain O'Brien's "Captivity in France" is also added as a supplement. DUNCAN, SARA JEANETTE. A Social Departure. (Chatto and Windus.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 417. Price 7s. 6d. It is seldom that one nowadays comes across so fresh and original a book as "A Social Departure." The sub-title is "How Orthodocia and I went Round the World by Ourselves," the two heroines being two young women, who, defying Mrs. Grundy (to whom, by the way, the book is dedicated), go on a brisk tour round the world without escort. They enjoyed themselves hugely, and the record of their ex- periences makes one of the most delightful books of the year. That clever artist, Mr. F.H. Townsend, contributes over a hundred illus- trations. DUNCAN, SARA JEANNETTE. An American Girl in London. (Chatto and Windus.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 321. Price 7s. 6d. Again the same happy combination of artist and author, and again the same delightful result. Little can be said in criticism; one's only advice is - Buy it and see for yourselves how London, its customs and its inhabitants, strike a female stranger from the Great Republic. FITZGERALD, PERCY. Music Hall Land. (Ward and Downey.) 8vo. Paper. Pp. 90. Price 1s. An amusing and brightly written sketch on our London Music Halls. The illustrations are by Mr. Alfred Bryan. PASCOE, CHARLES EYRE. London of To-Day, 1891. (Simpkin.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 420. Price 3s. 6d. The seventh annual edition of a guide-book which, both in illustrations and literary matter, is without doubt the best. One reads it with pleasure, for the style is light and chatty. SOME FRENCH BOOKS. LANO, DE PIERRE. I'Impératrice Eugenie. (Victor- Havard, Paris.) 8vo. Price 3fr. 50c. Reprint of a series of remarkable articles which appeared in the Figaro. Fine portrait and autograph of the Ex-Empress of the French. HUBNER, DE COMTE. Une annee de ma vie. (Hachette et Cie., Paris and London.) 4vo. Price 7fr. 40c. Memories of the Austrian Ambassador to Paris during the years 1841-43. GOREAL, JEAN. Memories, Lettres inedites, Papiers Secrets. (A. Savine, Paris.) 8vo. Price 3fr. 50c. Further instalment of the Talleyrand Memoirs. VIBERT, G.J. La Science de la Peintura. (Paul Ollendorff, Paris.) 8vo. Price 3fr. 30c. BROC, DE VICOMTE. La France pendant le Revo- lution. (Plon, Nourrit et Cie, Paris) Two vols. 8vo. Price 15fr. Work crowned by the French Academy, or great historical interest. GUERICE, VICTOR. La Terre Sainte. (Plon, Nourrit et Cie, Paris.) Price 50fr. Exhaustive history of the Holy Land. Obtained the P. is Montyon. CANE, DU BARON. Souvenirs d'un Aide-de-Camp du Roi Jerome. (A. Savine, Paris). 8vo. Price 3fr. 50c. FICTION, POETRY, AND THE BELLES LETTERS. SWINEBURNE, A. C. Poemes et Ballades. (A. Savine, Paris). 8vo. Price 3fr. 50c. Excellent translation of Mr. Algernon Swinburne's best known poems, Preface and notes by Guy de Manpassant. DELPIT ALBERT. Poesies. (Paul Ollendorff, Paris.) 8vo. 3fr. 50c. BRETE, LA DE JEAN. Le Comte de Pateve. (Plon, Nourrit 'et Cie.. Paris.) 8vo. Price 3fr. 50c. New novel by the author of "Mon Oncle et Mon Curé." GYP. Un Raté. (Calmann-Lévy, Paris.) 8vo. Price 3fr. 50c. Novel which first appeared as a feuilleton in the Figaro. 411 REFERENCE BOOKS FOR 1891. BRASSEY, LORD. The Naval Annual. (Griffin, Ports- mouth.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 538. Price 10s. 6d. Not only the Navy of Great Britain, but also the Navies of foreign nationalities are treated exhaustively in this volume, which is illus- trated with pictures of different types of ships in our own Navy. Maps, too, are added to show the different sea routes and the different dis- tances (in knots) between different ports. A book for all who are interested in the Navy and England's Marine. BURDETT, HENRY C. Official Intelligence. (Spottis- woode.) Large quarto. Cloth. Pp. 1,712. Price 31s. 6d. A complete record of British, American, and foreign securities, by the Secretary of the Share and Lean Department of the Stock Exchange. An admirable financial history of the year is appended. Cassell's English Dictionary. (Cassell and Co.) Large 8vo. Cloth. Pp. viii. 1,100. Price 7s. 6d. This dictionary popular alike in size and in price, is based upon the "Encyclopedia Dictionary," published by the same firm. It aims at being "an index of the words and phrases used in the English of the present day; together with American words and forms, technical terms, colloquial and slang expressions, obsolete and archaic words." It is, to our thinking, unfortunate that the editor has omitted to give the derivations of the various words included; a root is often far more useful than any definition or paraphrase can be. FRY, HERBERT. London Charities. (Chatto and Windus.) Crown 8vo. Cloth limp. Pp. 295. Price 1s. 6d. To tabulate and classify each and all of the London Charities is a useful undertaking, and one in which the editor has succeeded. The copy before us is the 25th annual edition. GRISWOLD, W.M. A Directory of Writers for the Periodical Press, particularly in the United States. (B.F. Stevens.) 8vo. Boards. Pp. 59. Price 5s. Sufficient English journalists are to be found in this volume to make it useful in this country. HART, H.G. The Army List, January, 1891. (John Murray.) 8vo. Paper. Pp. 614. Price 10s. 6d. This work which is issued quarterly, contains information, both statistical and general, on every subject connected with our Army. It exhibits the rank, standing, and war services of every officer in the Army. and the constitution and war services of every regiment, including the Royal Marines and Indian Forces. HERBERT, NICHOLAS, AND JNKIN, A.F. The Council- lor's Hand-book. (Hadden, Best and Co.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 435. Price 7s. 6d. A practical and legal guide to the election and business of a county council, The different Acts of Parliament relating to the council are appended, making it a very useful work of reference. House of Commons and London County Council Guide. (Pell Mall Gazette.) Large 4to. paper. Pp. 104. Price 6d. This excellent little Pell Mall "Extra" is too well known to need any eulogium here. Short biographies of the sitting Members are given. Illustrated in some cases by portraits. In each case the figures at the last election are given. KELTIE, SCOTT, J. The Statesman's Year Book. 1890. (Macmillan.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 1,132. Price 10s. 6d. Information on any and every subject connected with the Government and Constitution, history and geography of every portion of our Empire, is crammed into this (comparatively) small volume, which is the twenty-eighth annual publication. It is a book that Helpers should have. LEAN, FRANCIS. The Royal Navy List. (Witherby:) 8vo. Paper. Pp. 444. Price 7s. 6d. A quarterly publication which attempts successfully to do for the Navy What Hart's "Army List" has done for the Army. Newspaper Press Directory, 1891. (Mitchell.) Large 4to. Cloth. Pp. 418. Price 2s. The hardiest, the most concise, and the most accurate of press directories. SERGEANT, LEWIS. The Government Handbook. (T. Fisher Unwin.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 544. Price 10s. 6d. Mr. Sergeant has collected information, both historical and geographical on the forms of methods of government and the constitutions of every nation, both monarchical and republican, making his handbook an indispensable one both to the student of international politics and to the casual reader of the daily paper. The style is easy and read- able and the work is not over-burdened with statistics. The British Imperial Calendar and Civil Service List. (Warrington and Co.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 666, Price 9s. There is such a strong family likeness between calendars of this class that pne can only say that it contains a vast amount of reliable infor= mation on the subjects indicated in the title. The County Councillor's Directory. (Contract Journal Office.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 281. Price 2s. 6d. This handy volume contains the addresses of the aldermen and council lors for all counties and county boroughs. The Edinburgh Almanac. (Oliver and Boyd.) Post 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 1,168. Price 6s. 6d. Well authenticated information on the Post Office, the Peerage, Legal Reforms, Education, etc. etc., are comprised in this volume, which includes also a list of persons on whom the freedom of the City of Edinburgh has been conferred since 1813. The India Office List. (Harrison and Sons.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 405. Price 6s. Compiled from official records by direction of the Secretary of State for India. Besides much information on the history and constitution of India, it contains an account of the services of each officer of the Indian Army and of the Indian Civil Service. The Metropolitan Year - Book, 1891. (Cassell.) Crown 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 303. Price 1s. A book crammed full of information, which will be useful to every one interested in Metropolitan matters. Mr. Gladstone gives it his ap- proval. The Catholic Directory. (Burnes and Oates.) Post 8vo. Paper. Pp. 491. Price 1s. 6d. Every sort of information interesting to Roman Catholics, and much that will be of use to Protestants, is crammed into this little volume, each different item being easily accessible. The most useful feature is the complete directory of British Roman Catholic clergy. VINE, SIR J.F. SOMERS. The County Councils and Municipal Corporations Companion. (Waterlow.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 1143. Price This excellent work contains the names and addresses of every municipal officer in Great Britain, with other useful information relating to the different municipalities. A fairly useful diary is also added. BUXTON, SYDNEY. Political Questions of the Day. (John Murray.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 282. Price 8s. The seventh edition of this very popular handbook. Arguments for and against all the more Important questions of practical politics are given with conspicuous fairness and with great literary ability, Home Rule, Church and State, Education, the House of Lords, Pay- ment of Members, the Land Laws, and the Liquor Laws, are among the subjects treated in a very exhaustive manner, making the book one which should be on the shelves of every Helper. Thom's Official Directory of the United Kingdom and the Colonies. (Thom, Dublin.) 8vo. Cloth. Pp. 1,724. Price 21s. In this stupendous work special attention is given to Ireland-a com- plete directory of Dublin being one of the chief features. It aims, however, at being a directory to everything and everybody through- out the British Empire, as its title signifies, and it succeeds. CONTENTS OF THE LEADING REVIEWS CONTEMPORARY REVIEW 2s. The Savoy Dynasty, the Pope and the Republic, A CONTINENTAL STATESMAN. Constance Nadea, - R.W. DALE The influence pf Dempsey on Literature. EDMUND GOSSK. A Basis of Positive Morality, P.G. HAMERTON Sofia Revisited. Lt. Hon. G. SHAW-LEFEVEF, M.P. The Last Days of the Earth. CAMILLE FLAMMARION, National Pension, W. MOORE EDE. The Protection of WEd Birds Eggs. T. DIGBY PIGOTT Anglo-American Copyright. Sir FREDERICK POLLOCK, Bart. The Colonisation Report. ARNOLD WHITE. Canada and the States : A Barbed Wire Fence. ERASTUs WIMAN. FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. 2s. 6d. How We Occupied Mashonaland. Sr JOHN WILLOUGHBY, Bart. The Relations of Church and State. Count LEO TOLSTOI, The Second Idyll of Theocritus. JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS. A Celebrated Frenchwoman (Mdme. de Maintenon). Y.DE BUNY. Virginia Mines and American Bills. THE DUKE OF MARLDOBOUGH. Our Illusions. B.LYNN LINTON. In Rhodope with Prince F[?]di.and. 414 THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS. Harper's Magazine 1s. The French Army.(Illus.) General Lewal. The State of Wisconsin.(Illus.) Hon.W. F.Vilas. Wessex Folk. II. (Illus.) Thomas Har'v. Glimpses of the Bacteria. (Illus.) T. Michell Prudden. Thomas Hood. 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The proximate Causes of the416 INDEX Abbreviations of Magazine Titles used in this Index All. W. All the World A.C.Q. American Catholic Quarterly Review A.R. Andover Review A.A. Anglo-Austria A.A.P.S. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Ant. Antiquary A. Arena Arg. Argosy Art J. Art Journal A.L. Art and Literature As. Aseleplad A.Q. Atlantic Quarterly Astrol M. Astrologer's Magazine Ata. Atalanta A.M. Atlantic Monthly Au. Author Bank. Banker's Magazine Black. Blackwood's Magazine B.T.J. Board of Trade Journal Bk-wm. Bookworm B.O.P. Boy's Own Paper Cal. R. Calcutta Review C.F.M. Cassell's Family Magazine C.S.J. Cassell's Saturday Journal C.W. Catholic World C.M. Century Magazine C.J. Chamber's Journal Chaut. Chautauquan Chman. Churchman Ch.Mis.I Church Missionary Intelligences and Record Ch. M. Church Monthly Ch. Q. Church Quarterly Review Ch. R. Church Review Cl. R. Classical Review Clgy. Clergyman's Magazine Com. Commonwealth C.D. Coming Day Cong. R. Congregational Review C.P. Contemporary Pulpit C.R. Contemporary Review C. Cornhill Cos. Cosmopolitan Crit. R. Critical Review Down R. Downside Review D.R. Dublin Review Econ R. Economic Review E.R. Edinburgh Review Ed. R. Educational Review E.H. English Historical Review E.I. English Illustrated Magazine Esq. Esquiline Ex. Expositor Ex. T. Expository Times Fi. Fireside F.R. Fortnightly Review F. Forum G.M. Gentleman's Magazine G.O.P. Girl's Own Paper Gold. G. Goldthwaite's Geographical M. Magazine G.W. Good Words G.T. Grest Thoughts Groom. Groombridge's Magazine Harp. Harper's Magazine High M. Highland Monthly H.C. Home Chimes H.F. Home Friend Hom. R. Homiletic Review H. Housewife Hy. Hygiene Ig. Idgrasil I.N.M Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine In. M. Indian Magazine and Review I.J.E. International Journal of Ethics Ir. E.R. Irish Ecclesiastical Record Ir. M. Irish Monthly Jew. Q. Jewish Quarterly J. Ed. Journal of Education J. Micro. Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science J.R.A.S. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society J.R.C.I. Journal of the Royal Colonial Institute J.R.S.S. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Jur. R. Juridicial Review Kg. Kindergarten K.O. King's Own K. Knowledge Lad. Ladder L.T. Ladies' Treasury Adler, Dr. Hermann, Biographical, C S J, Apr Africa: A Word about Stanley's Rear-Guard, by Lieut, J. Rose Troup, N A R, Mar The Relief of Capt. Nelson, A. J. M. Jephson on Scrib, Apr Fetishism in Congo Land, E. J. Glave on, C M, Apr New Africa, by Chas, Morris, Lipp. Apr How we occupied Mashorialand, by Sir John Willoughby, F R, Apr African Slave Trade in 1890, F.P. Noble on, O.D. Feb Agriculture: State-made Farmers, W.E. Bear on, N C, Apr American Hatred of England, Bishop A. Cleveland Coxe on, F, Mar American Literature, National, Walt Whitman on NAR, Mar Americans, Slovenly, J. Gordon on, Cos, Mar Anglo-Saxon Unity, Earl of Meath on, F R, Apr Arce, Gaspar Nuñez de, Spanish Poet, R. Ogden on, Scrib, Apr Arctic Exploration: Point Barrow: Where the Ice never melts, R.G. Butler on. Scrib, Apr Argentine Provincial Sketches, by T. Child. Harp, Apr Argyll, Duke of, Prof. Huxley and NC, Apr Armenia: The Armenians and the Porte, S. G. W. Benjamin on, AM, Apr Beauty on the French Stage, E. Mahé on. Cos. Mar Behring Sea, see under Fisheries Bible Study, Plea for, by Dr. A.T. Pierson, Hom R, Mar Birds: British Birds and their Nests, by Dr. A. Günther, GW, Apr Protection of Wild Birds' Eggs. T.D. Pigott on, CR, Apr Blind Female Annuity Society, Anne Beale on, Sun H, Apr Bolle, C., Model Dairy of, Earl of Meath on, NC, Apr Booth, General, see also under Salvation Army His Tour on the Continent, All W, Apr Bournemouth and Wimborne, Dr. A.H.H. [Crespi ?] on GM, Apr Bretons at Home, C.W. Wood on, Arg, Apr Bulgaria, Prince Ferdinand of (In Rhodope with Prince Ferdinand), by J.D. Bourchíer, FR, Apr California: To California by Panama in '49, by J.H. Pratt, C.M, Apr The Conquest of California, J.C. Fremont on, CM, Apr Canada: The Struggle in Canada, by H. Wiman, NAR, Mar Canada and the United States, E. Wiman on, CR, Apr INDEX. 417 Cappello, Bianca, Story of, by H. Schutz Wilson, NC, Apr Car of Fire Festival, Rev. S. Baring-Gould on, CJ, Apr Carmen Sylva, see under Queen of Roumania Carrara, Black, Apr Carrington, Lord, of Australia as he saw it, JRCI, Feb Carter, Eliz., A Learned Lady, by L.B. Walford, Black, Apr Cavour, Leader of the People, Lad, Apr Census, see under Population Ceylon: On Quiet Rivers in Ceylon, Black, Apr Charity, The Fetish of, by Emily G. Ellis, WR, Apr Chaucer: The Ethical Spirit of his Writings, Dr. T.W. Hunt on Hom R, Mar Chinese Anomalies, E.T.C. Werner on, S, Apr Christianity Scientific Study of, by Dr. W.W. McLane, Hom R, Mar Church and Dissent in Wales, Rev. T.L. Williams on, Nat R, Apr Church and State, Relations between, Count L. Tolstoi on, FR, Apr Church Ceremonials in Rome, Esq, Mar Civilisation, Sir H.E. Maxwell on, Black, Apr Clairvoyante, with a, Mur, Apr Cold and Mortality, As, Feb Collin, Wilkie, and the Novelists of the Day, by W.J. Johnston, Ir M, Apr Colonisation Report, Arnold White on, CR, Apr Congregational Singing: Shall we give it up? by J.S. Curwen, Sun H, Apr Copyright, Anglo-American: Sir Fred. Pollock on, CR, Apr Note on the New Act, Au, Mar County Holidays for Town Children: The Story of the Fresh-Air Fund of America, by W. Parsons, Scrib, Apr Cowper, Bard of Olney, TB, Apr Criminal Classes: State Reformation of Criminals, Alex. Winter on, Mur, Apr Criminal Anthropology, Illustrative Studies on, by Prof. C. Lombroso, Mon, Jan Crucifixion, Proximate Causes of, Dr. T. Hill on, AR, Mar Dairy of C. Bolle, Earl of Meath on, NC, Apr Dakota Outbreak, Meaning of, H. Welsh on, Scrib, Apr Democracy and Influence of, on Literature, by E. Gosse, CR, Apr DeQuincey, and the Wordsworths, H.A. Page on, CM, April Devolution in Medicine, As, Feb Diamonds: The True History of the Koh-i-nur, by V. Ball, EJ, Apr Yarns about Diamonds, By D.G. Adee, Lip, Apr Disestablishment in Wales, see under Wales Dogs' Home, CSJ, Apr Domestic Servants, see under Servants. Drinking Songs, Old English, Miss L.A. Smith on , CM, Apr Earth, The Last Days of, by C. Flammarion, CR, Apr Eastlake, Charles L., J.F. Boyes on, Art J, Apr Education: Growth of New England Colleges, A.M. Comey on, EdR, Mar Elementary Education and the Free School, by Dean Gregory, New R, Apr The Primary Schools in the Middle Ages, Brother Azarias on, Ed R, Mar University Extension in England, R.A. Woods on, AR, Mar Educational Reform Gone Mad, Scots, Apr A New Policy for the Public Schools, J. Bascom on, F, Mar Public Inspection of Private Schools, Joseph Cook on, OD, Feb Egyptology, Notes on Recent Explorations, by A.E. Hudd, Ant, Apr Electricity" Its Early History in America, by G.H. Stockbridge, NEM, Mar Elizabeth, Queen, Church Policy of, W.J. Jardy on, NH, Apr Emigration and Colonisation: The Colonisation Report, Arnold White on, CR, Apr Etiquette and Precedence, by P. McA. Cole, NEM, Mar Exercise and Training, by Sir M. Mackenzie, New R, Apr Faust, Gothe's Key to, W.P. Andrews on, AM, Apr Fiction: The Science of Fiction, by P. Bourget, W. Besant, and T. Hardy, New R, Apr Politics in Fiction, Black, Apr Brevity in Fiction, by F.M. Bird, Lipp, Apr The Elizabethan Drama and the Victorian Novel, by T.D. Robb, Lipp, Apr Finance: Silver Question of America, see under United States Fireflies, Lady Blake on, Tim. Dec Fire Worshippers at Kilanea, Sun H, Apr Fisheries Disputes: Behring Sea, Hon. E. J. Phelps on, Harp. Apr Formative Influences, Martha Lamb on, F. Mar Fragrance, Fine Art of, by L. Bullock, Nat R. Apr France: Statesmen of France, L. H. Apr The Army, Gen. Lewal on, Harp, Apr The Savoy Dynasty, the Pope, and the Republic, C R, Apr The Prospects of Greater France, by H. A. Perry, Mac, Apr In the Sunny South, by J. C. Wills, Ata, Apr France and Germany, er 1806 versus 1879, Col. G.B. Malleson on, U S M. Apr French Salons of the Revolution and the Empire, Amelia G. Mazon on, C M, Apr. French Statesman, L H, Apr Fresh Air Fund of America, W. Parsons on, Serib, Apr Fruit-growing in New South Wales, B T J, Mar Garden of Death, by E. Pyne, Nat R. Apr Geological Reminiscences, T B. Apr Geometry; The Squaring of the Circle. Hermann Schubert on, Mon, Jan German Philosophy in the 19th Century. Prof. F. Jodl on, Mon, Jan Gettysburg, Further Recollections of, NAR. Mar Goethe's Key to Faust, by W. P. Andrews. AM. Apr Grayand His Letters, J. C. Bailey on, Mur, Apr Greeley, Horace, Letters by, Lipp. Apr Guelph Exhibition: Art and Literature, by Alice Cockran, Ata, Apr Guiana, British Statute Law Rivision, Dr. J. W. Carrington on, Tim. Dec Notes on the Geological Reports, Tim, Dec The Post Office before 1860, J. Rodway on, Tim, Dee Harrison, Frederic, on Mr. Knowles and the Elgin Marbles (Editorial Horseplay) FR. Apr Harrow School, Dr. H. Montagu Butler. P. M. Thornton, and P.H. Martineau on, EI. Apr Harvard College during the War of the Rebellion, by Capt. N. Appleton, NEM. Mar Health, Department of. Hon. R. Russell on, NC. Apr Herbartian System of Pedagogies. C. de Garmo on, Ed R. Mar History; The History of Historical Writing in America, XIX., Dr. J. F. Jameson on, NEM. Mar Hood, Thomas, Punster, Poet and Preacher, Dr. T. U. Dudley on, Harp, Apr Hopkins, Dr. J. H., on Some Unwritten Books, Ch R, Jan Horace: Character Study of. by A. Rankine, L. H. Apr Horniman, F. J., Tin, Apr Homorous Divines, Rev. Geo. Huntington on, N. H, Apr Hunter, John, and the School of Hunterian Medicine, AS, Feb Huxley. Prof., and the Duke of Argyll, NC, Apr Hydrogen. Peroxide of, As, Feb Ibaen's "Brand," WR, Apr Illusions, Mrs. Lynn Linton on, FR. Apr "In Darkest England," see under Salvation Army India: The Hindoo Marriage Agitation, F. Pincott on, Nat R. Apr Indian Corn as the American National Plant, Sarah P. Clarke on, NEM. Mar Indian Students and English Influences, James Routledge on, In M. Apr Inventors and Patents in the United States, Park Benjamin on, F. Mar Ireland: What about Ireland? Black, Apr Why Home Rule is Undesirable, by W. E. H. Lecky, NAR. Mar Italian Country House, A.D. 1420—1500, Dr. S. Evans on, Long. Apr Italy: The Financial Situation, J. A. C. Colclough on, M. Apr The Savoy Dynasty, the Pope, and the Republic, CR. Apr Japan: An Unexplored Corner. P. Lovell on, AM. Apr Jephson, A. J. Mounteney, on the Relief of Captain Nelson. Scrib, Apr Jews: Judaism and Christianity, AM. Apr Russia and, see under Russia Jokal. Father of Hungarian Literature, PL. Apr Journalism: Young Woman as Journalists, G. H. Pike on, GOP. Apr Kangaroo Hunting. B. Harrison on, Scrib. Apr Koh-l-Nur, True History of, by Dr. V. Ball, EI. Apr Krapotkin, Prince, on Mutual Aid Among Savages, NC. Apr Labour Questions: The Labour Commission and Ice Duties, by Tom Mann, New R. Apr The Problem of the Unemployed, by W. M. Salter. NEM. Mar State of the Skilled Labour Market:, BTJ, Mar Profit-Sharing. Rev. J. T. Grey on, KO. Apr Labour Unions and Strikes in Ancient Rome, G.A. Danziger on. Cos, Mar Railway Strike in Scotland, A. P. Laurie on, (Is it to be a Civil War?), NC. Apr Lamb, Martha (Autobiographical). F. Mar Land: The Question of Small Holdings, Lad, Apr Law and the Lawyers: Statute Law Revision in British Guiana, Dr. J. W. Carrington on, Tim. Dec Lecky, W. E. H., on Why Home Rule Is Undesirable for Ireland, NAR. Mar Lefevre, G. Shaw, on Sofia CR. Apr Lepers of Robben Island, G. S. Fort on, EI. Apr Lilly, W. S., on the Shibbooleth of the People. F. Mar Linton. Mrs. Lynn, On Our Illusions. FR. Apr On Huffy People, CJ. Apr Linton, Wm. James, Wood-Engraver and Poct, F. J. Kitton on, EJ. Apr Cosmo Monkhouse on, P, Apr Literature: Influence of Democracy on Literature, by E. Go[?]se, CR. Apr London as a Model City: Drainage, by A. Arnold, New R. Apr London City Mission, W. C. Preston on, G. W., Apr London Sixty Years Ago, Dr. J. Macaulay on, L. H. Apr Longevity, W. F. Ainsworth on, TB. Apr Lonisburg. Capture of, by the New England Militia, F. Parkman on. AM. Apr Lunacy and the Lunacy Laws: Self-Control in Curing Insanity, by Dr. W. A. Hammond. NAR. Mar McCarthy, Justin. Biographical. CSJ. Apr Macleod, Alexander, Rev, J. Watson on, Sun M. Apr Madagascar: A Protected Queen, by M. A. Shufeldt, Cos. Mar Maintenon, Madame de, Y. de Bury on, FR. Apr Marriage and the Marriage Laws: Why Women Marry, by Mrs. J. Sherwood, NAR. Mar Marriage Institution, W, Schooling on, WR. Apr Breach of Promise (A Hint to the Chancellor of the Exchequer), Lad, Apr Hindu Marriages, see under India Marsden, Miss Kate, and her Mission to Siberia, GOP, Apr M-iningen Court Theatre. C. Waldstein on Harp, Apr Meteora, Monasteries of, Hon. G. Curzon on, EI. Apr Meteoritic Hypothesis, J. E. Gore on. GM. Apr Methodism: Its Characteristics and Prospects, MNC. Apr Milwaukee, Cream City, Capt. Chas King on, Cos, Mar418 The Review of Reviews Missions: Protestant Missios, E. Collins on Cos, Mar The Jesuit Missions in Bengal, M. Apr Mission Indians of California, M. Cariswell on Sun M. Apr Missionary Life in Newfoundland, Mrs. M. M. Price on Ch R. Jan London City Mission, W. C. Preston on, G W. Apr Mornerie, Prof. on Theology at King's College, C R. Apr Moncrieff, Col., and Iris System of Foriticification, F R. Apr Morals: A Basis of Positive Morality, by P. G. Hamerton, C R. Apr Muller, Prof. Max, on the Freedom of Religious Discussion, F. Mar Municipal Reform in New York, O. S. Teall, on, Cos, Mar Musical Instruments and their Homes, by Miss C. F. Gordon Cumming, Black, Apr Naden, Constance, Dr. R. W. Dale on C r. Apr Nansen, Dr. G T, Apr Natural History: Winter Rambes in Search of Microscopic Life, by W. H. Shrubsole, L H, Apr Navy: The Newest Factor in Naval Warfare, O. A. Fry on U S M, Apr The War Training of the Navy, Capt. C. C. P. Fitzgerald on U S M. Apr Neslon, Study of, by W. O' Connor Morris, Mae, Apr Nelson, Capt. Relief of, A. J. M. Jeplison on, Scrib, Apr New England Colleges, Growth of A. M. Comey on, Ed R. Mar New YorkL Municipal Reform, O. S. Teall on, Cos, Mar Nicaragua Canal, Senator J. Sherman on, F. Mar Northamptonshire, The story of, by Canon Mandelt Creighton, L H. Apr Norway: Its Ancient Wooden Churches, T. B. Willson on Sun H. APr Ocean Passenger Travel, J. H. Gould on, Scrib, Apr Octavia, a Chapter of Roman History, Prof. A. Lloyd on Ch R. Jan Oyster Culture, A. J. H. Crespi on, S, Apr Pains and Penalties, W. H. Davenport Adams on G. M. Apr Parasites, A. T. Ozzard on, Tim, Dec Parliamentary: The Limitations of Parliamentary Government, Black, Apr Parochial Missions, Rev. G. E. Mason on, N. H. Apr Patents in the United States, Park Benjamin on (our Bargain with the inventor), F, Mar Payn, James, E. Smedley Yates on, Groom, Mar Pennsylvania Convention, 1788, A. W. Ciason on M A H, Mar Pensions, National, W. M. Ede on, C R. Apr S.J. Adair Fitz-Gerald on. Tin. Apr "People." Shibboleth of, by W.S. Lilly, F. Mar Phosphorus and Phosphorescence, Prof. Thorpe on G W, Apr Photography, see also Contents of Wilson's Pho- tographic Magazine Photographic Illustration of Poetry. W. H. Downes on, N E M Mar Plumptre, Dean. Dea Spence on G W Apr Point Barrow: Where the Ice never Melts, Il. G. Butter on Scrib. Apr Politics: Our New Political System. Mac. Apr Policitcs in Fiction, Black Apr Popes, Sepulchres of. Esq. Mar Population: Censuses of the Century, by F. B. Harrison, Nat R Apr The Coming Census, Lad, Apr Population of Old London, Dr. C. Creighton on Black, Apr Poultry Farming: Artificial Hatching. A. Lockhart on G O P. Apr Prayers for the Dead, by Dr. F. W. Blecher NH Apr Prehistoric Man on the Pacific Coast. G. G, Wright on A M Apr Profit Sharing Rev. J.T. Grey on K O Apr Psychological Study of Children, J. Jastrow on Ed R. Mar xviii ADVERTISEMENTS For INDEX TO ADVERTISERS, see pages ii. and iii.; and GENERAL CONTENTS INDEX, page xv. UNDER MOST DISTINGUISHED PATRONAGE. The Greatest Remedy of Modern Times. Endorsed by the Highest Authorities. Bromo-Phosph, OR Brain Food (LIQ. PHOSPH. BROMIDI CO., RUDDOLPH). The Sovereign Remedy for Nervous Exhaustion, and every form of Mental and Physical Weakness. Prescribed by the most Eminent Physicians, and held in highest esteem by Clergymen, Merchants, and Literary Men, in every part of the kingdom. The Discovery of one of the ablest Physicians of the 19th Century. 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ALL IN SEARCH OF HEALTH SHOULD WEAR HARNESS' ELECTOPATHIC BELT Dr. Andrew Wilson's opinion. "The Medical Battery Co.'s Belt has been frequently recommended as a genuine electrical appliance which the public may purchase with safety and satisfaction. In these days of electrical quackery it is highly satisfactory to find such an enterprise for the development of electrical manufacture on a large scale so successfully carried out at their commodious premises (52, Oxford Street, London, W.)." Impaired Vitality Restored. Mr. J. Botting, 2, Garden Mews, Linden Gardens, W., writes, Jan. 23rd, 1891:—"I beg to inform you that I have constantly worn your Electropathic Belt since I purchased it last October, and am pleased to say it has made a man of me again. I had tried every patent medicine in the market, and could not get relief, and the advice from private medical gentlemen also proved useless." Surgeon - General TUSON'S opinion of Harness' Electropathic Belt.—J. E. TUSON, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.S., Surgeon-General, &c., writing from 11, Ventnor Villas, West Brighton, Feb. 23rd, 1891, says:—"I have worn your Electropathic Belt for more than a year, and have much pleasure in bearing testimony to its efficacy in my case. Before wearing it I suffered from Lassitude and Torpid Liver, with concomitant Nervous Exhaustion. These symptoms subsided after wearing the Belt, and I have experienced far better health under its use. I would not go without it on any account. I am of opinion that it would have a most beneficial effect on residents in tropical climates, particularly those who are liable to a sedentary life, and as Belts are considered a great protection in India, and highly recommended, yours made of a lighter material would, I feel sure, be an important desideratum for most Anglo-Indians and residents in tropical climates. You may make use of my testimonial." HARNESS' ELECTROPATHIC BELT is light and comfortable in wear, and is guaranteed to imperceptibly generate a mild continuous current of electricity, which cannot fail to invigorate the debilitated constitution. It also promotes the circulation, gives tone to muscles and nerves, and speedily arrests any signs of PREMATURE DECLINE OF VITAL ENERGY. RESIDENTS AT A DISTANCE and all who are unable to call and avail themselves of a free personal consultation, should write at once to the MEDICAL BATTERY COMPANY, Limited, for a copy of their descriptive Illustrated Pamphlet and Book of Testimonials, which may be obtained gratis and post free on application. Mr. C. B. HARNESS, President, THE ELECTROPATHIC and ZANDER INSTITUTE, 52, Oxford St., London, W. (The largest and only complete Electro-Therapeutic Institute in the World).XX ADVERTISEMENTS. For Index to Advertisers, see pages ii. and iii. ; and General Contents Index, page xv. MAKER TO THE QUEEN. "ROYAL DROOKO" UMBRELLAS "DROOKO." Ellen Terry writes: -- "Many thanks for your most delightful of Umbrellas. It is a pleasure to use it. It is perfection." "DROOKO." Lord Salisbury, Lord Granville, Lord Hartington, Lord Churchill, Lord Rosebery, Lord Lorne, W.E. Gladstone, Joseph Chamberlain, and A.J. Balfour all shelter themselves under the "Drooko." -- So ought you. "DROOKO." Marie Rose writes: -- "I have never seen a finer piece of workmanship, and I am of opinion that your Umbrellas cannot be surpassed, if, indeed, equalled." "DROOKO." Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne write: -- "Dear Mr. Wright, -- We are delighted with the Royal Drooko Umbrellas and feel very much obliged to you for sending such excellent weapons. They are very handsome and admirably adapted for stormy weather." "DROOKO." The World -- Renowned Umbrellas -- Joseph Wright's -- are used by the Queen, Princess Louise, Princess Beatrice, Duchess of Fife, Marie Roze, Ellen Terry, Mary Anderson, Mrs. Langtry, Madame Patti Annie S. Swan, Miss Fortescue, and Minnie Palmer, who are all unanimous in proclaiming their merits. "DROOKO." Duchess of Fife. "Amongst the wedding gift presented to the Princess Louise of Wales, Duchess of Fife, there is one which will prove a good wet weather friend -- viz., the Royal Drooko Umbrella presented to Her Royal Highness by Mr. Joseph Wright, of Galsgow. The design is exceeding chast and simple. The handle which is made of the finest elephant tusk ivory, is about ten inches long, surmounted with an ivory ball, beautifully carved. Between the ball and the handle there is an exquisitely engraved mount of gold." -- The Times "DROOKO." C.H. Spurgeon writes: -- "May you shelter tens of thousands of Her Majesty's lieges besides Mr. Bright and myself with your renowned Drooko Umbrellas." SPECIAL -- "DROOKO" UMBRELLAS for LADIES or GENTLEMEN,} 10/6 with Hall-Marked Sterling Silver Band} Sent per Parcel Post, Paid, to any Address in the United Kingdom. "Drooko" Resists All Wear. "Drooko" is Guaranteed Not to Cut. "Drooko" Rolls Up Neatly. "Drooko" Is Registered. "Drooko" Cannot Be Had Elsewhere. Umbrellas Re-Covered with "Drooko." Ladies' .... 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d., 5s. 6d., & 6s. 6d. Gentlemen's .... 4s. 6d., 5s. 6d., 6s. 6d., & 7s. 6d. Very Special Umbrellas for Ladies and Gentlemen, 12/6, 15/6, and 20/- Parties living at a distance, who desire one of our Umbrellas for themselves, or wish us to forward one to any other address, by kindly enclosing the amount they wish to spend may depend upon us selecting one for them as carefully as if they themselves were present. Parcel Post. -- Umbrellas sent to any address in the United Kingdom Post Free. Umbrellas can be sent to Re-Covering from any Post-Office. We return them Post Free for sum specified. Glasgow Umbrella Manufactory: Telegraphic Address: -- "Drooko," Glasgow. Warehouse & Connected by Telephone -- 106, Argyle St., 48, Argyle Arcade. Joseph Wright Proprietor. [*It may be for years."] The Gigantic Sale of the "Queen's Royal" Household HEARTHRUGS (Registered). CARRIAGE FREE. 2/6 In Reversible Rich Turkey Patterns, measuring 6 ft. long and 3 ft. wide. These Heathrugs have gained a world-wide reputation for magnificence, cheapness, and utility, having no equal. Registered Designs, and considered works of art. Thousands of repeat orders and Testimonials received, including undermentioned, giving the highest satisfaction. Special Offer: -- Three for 7s. -- Six for 11s. 6., Twelve for 20s. Carriage free. "The Rectory Shere, Guildford. April 14th, 1890. "Elizabeth Countess of Winchilsea and Nottingham writes, further requesting Mr. Hodgson to send her six more of the 'Queen's Royal' Household Hearthrugs at 11s. 6d. as soon as possible; those received she is very much pleased with, Cheque enclosed." Archbishop of York Archdeacon of Dromore, D.D. Archdeacon of Ossory. Archdeacon Rawstorne. Bishop of Capetown. Prince Louis of Battenberg. H.R.H. Prince K. Bigit (Siam) The Princess de Croy. The Countess of Yarborough. The Viscountess Halifax. A New Design in the "Queen's Royal" Reversible Hearthrugs. Leading Designs for this Season are a revival of old Italian Art Colours, Anglo-Persian and subdued Turkish and Oriental shades. (Copyright Registered.) If this design is wanted, kindly quote Registered Number, 130,306. COLOSSAL SALE. -- This cargo of 5,600 Real Italian Reversible Silk Rugs, purchased by my Agent in Italy, arrived at the London Docks, on Monday last, via General Steam Navigation Company's Steamship "Nautilus," Captain Harding. Hence you have these goods guaranteed of foreign manufacture, offered at an abnormally low price, in fact very considerably below the cost of production. CARRIAGE FREE. 4/9 EACH These Rugs have all been gathered up from the NATIVE HANDLOOM WEAVERS IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ITALY. The beauty, quality, style, and wear of these elegant Roman Striped Rugs are very well known to all visitors to the Italian capital, and therefore need no commendation. They are very heavy, most superb in manufacture, and are used for Railway Rugs, Bed Quilts, Sea Voyages, Sofa Covers, Table Covers, Curtains, Morning Wraps, and a variety of other purposes. The colours comprise all the newest Italian Art Shades, which are a matchless characteristic of the Italian artist, containing Sultan, Seal, Cantinol, Terra Cotta, Fawn, Bronze, Myrtle, Pink, Salmon, Navy, Sky, Shrimp, Brown, Primrose,Easter, Hazy, Yellow, Waterloo, Cerise, Moss, Old Gold, &c., &c., Average size, 60 in by 84 in., worth one guinea each. SPECIAL OFFER. -- Two for 9s., Four for 17s. 6d., Six for 25s. 6d., Twelve for 50c., carriage free. In the HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE (Chancery Division). -- Hodgson v. Webb Brothers. -- On the 18th day of July, 1890, his lordship, Mr. Justice Chitty, granted an interim injunction, restraining Messrs. Webb Brothers of Hackney Wick. from infringing Mr. Fredk. Hodgson's trade mark, "Eclipse," No 33,774 of Leeds.) THE WORLD'S WONDER "ECLIPSE" CARPETS (Regd.) The Largest Ever Sold at the Price. CARRIAGE FREE. 4/9 I will forward direct from the Looms to any address on receipt of amount, A GENUINE WOVEN REVERSIBLE CARPET, suitable for Sitting-room, Bed-room, bordered and woven in art colours, large enough to cover any ordinary-sized room, as an advertisement for my goods, thus saving any middle profits. Remember these are woven, not printed, and are made of a material almost equal to wool. Thousands of these Carpets and Rugs have already been sold at almost double above prices. A RUG, sent with Carpet, is 6d. extra, or two Carpets and two Rugs for 10s. 6d. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. Do not miss this opportunity. "We have never seen a cheaper article, this wonder being how the carpet can be made and sold at the ridiculously small sum." -- Exchange and Mart. "Wonderful value for money." -- Church Bells. Hundreds of favourable press notices from the Christian Globe, Christian Age, Rock, &c. &c. Thousands of testimonials and repeat orders from my customers. Do not miss this opportunity. Lansdown Road, Lee, Kent, 2nd Jan. 1891 -- Lady Willis writes: -- "I am so pleased with the 'Eclipse' Carpets and Rugs sent, that I should like two more 'Eclipse' Carpets and two Rugs to be forwarded at once. Cheque 10s. 6d. enclosed." "The Elms, West End, West Hampstead, 4th Jan. -- Sire Wm. Onslow, Bart., writes: -- "I was much please with the 'Queen's Royal' Carpet and Rugs which I had from you a short time ago. Please send me another, 12 by 18 feet, 42s., with three Hearthrugs to match. Cheque enclosed." Trade Mark on all Goods. Beware of Imitations. Please mention this Paper. THE "QUEEN'S ROYAL" HOUSEHOLD REVERSIBLE RICH TURKEY PATTERN CARPETS (Regd.) Admittedly the Cheapest in the world. Woven without seams, superior quality, with handsome border to correspond; a marvel of excellence and beauty. 6 ft. by 9 ft., price .. 11s. 9d. 8 ft. by 9 ft., price ... 12s. 6d. 6 ft by 12 ft. price ... 15s. 6d. 9 ft. by 9 ft. price ... 17s. 9d. 9 ft. by 10½ ft. price ... 20s. 9d. 9 ft. by 12 ft. price ... 22s. 9d. 9 ft. by 13½ ft. price ... 25s. 9d. Carriage free. 10½ ft. by 12 ft. ... 25s. 9d. 9 ft by 15 ft. ... 27s. 9d. 12 ft. by 12 ft. ... 27s. 9d. 12 ft. by 13½ ft. ... 31s. 3d. 12 ft. by 15 ft. ... 34s. 9d. 12 ft. by 18 ft. ... 42s. 0d. 12 ft. by 21 ft. ... 49s. 3d. Carriage free. "Illustrated Lists and Testimonials free. To readers of "The Review of Reviews" all Goods sent carriage free. Cheques and P.O.O.'s payable to F. HODGSON, MANUFACTURER, IMPORTER, AND MERCHANT, WOODSLEY ROAD, LEEDS. Note. -- The above good can only be had direct. No Agents appointed. CHURCH OF ENGLAND ASSURANCE Fire Life INSTITUTION Head Office: 9 and 10, King Street, Cheapside, London, E.C. A Matchless Digestive Supports the Constitution BEST "HEALTH" COCOA CHEAPEST H Thorne & Co. Ltd. Leeds. Manufacturers Absolutely Pure ¼ lb. Tin Costing 8s. CLEAN HANDS Nails Rubber Toilet Brush Patented For Every One, no matter what the occupation. Nothing has ever been invented that will so thoroughly cleanse and whiten the hands as our RUBBER BRUSH. Used with soap and water, it will remove all kinds of stains; INK, TAR, IRON STAINS, and PAINT yielding easily to it, without injuring the most delicate skin, as is done by using pumice stone, bristle brushes, &c. PRICE 1s ; LARGER SIZE, PRICE 2s. PRESERVE YOUR TEETH Bailey's Rubber Tooth Brush By Using Bailey's Rubber Tooth Brush. It cleanses the teeth perfectly, and polishes the enamel without scratching either the gums or teeth. It is always clean and can be used in hot or cold water with any powder or liquid, without injury to the brush. If a dentifrice is used, much greater benefit will be derived from it by using it with one of our rubber tooth brushes. FOR ARTIFICIAL TEETH IT IS UNEQUALLED. They are made in two sized. No. 1, price 10d. No. 2, price 1s. We are also the makers of Bailey's celebrated Rubber Bath and Flesh Brushes. price 5s. each; Rubber Complexion Brushes, price 3s. 6d. each; and Teething Rings, price 5d. each. To be had from all Chemists and Dealers in Toilet Goods, or will be sent post free, on receipt of price, by the Manufacturers. DAVID MOSELEY & SONS. 14, Aldermanbury Avenue, London; Ardwick, Manchester; And 57, Miller Street, Glasgow. Will Make 30 Cups of Cocoa[*Grand[?] Cartoon Dear[?] Berry*] CADBURY'S COCOA ABSOLUTELY PURE THEREFORE BEST. The Analyst, comparing the flesh-forming ingredients in Cocoas, gives the following average:— "Flesh-forming ingredients in Natural Cocoa Nibs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13.00" " ditto ditto in the bestCommercial Cocoa with added Starch and Sugar ... 6 00" " ditto ditto in Cadbury's Cocoa, the Standard English article ... ... ... 21.00" "The process of preparation concentrates the nourishing and stimulating principles of the Cocoa bean." "Cadbury's Cocoa being Absolutely Pure is therefore the best Cocoa." "The name Cadbury on any packet of Cocoa or Chocolate is a guarantee of purity."— Medical Annual. "A Cocoa possessing valuable flesh-forming qualities, and imparting strength and staying power."—Health. Pears' Soap. FOR Toilet and Nursery. Specially Prepared for the delicate skin of Ladies and Children and others sensitive to the weather, winter or summer. Redness, Roughness, and Chapping Prevented. Prof. Sir ERASMUS WILSON, F.R.S., Late President of the Royal College of Surgeons, England. "The use of a good soap is certainly calculated to preserve the skin in health, to maintain its complexion and tone, and prevent it falling into wrinkles. PEARS' is a name engraven on the memory of th oldest inhabitant." Pears' Soap is sold everywhere in Tablets at 1s. each. Larger sizes, 1s. 6d. and 2s. 6d. The 2s. 6d. Tablet is perfumed with Otto of Roses. A smaller Tablet (unscented) is sold at 6d.; but INSIST on having PEARS', as vilely-injurious imitations are often substituted for extra gain. Printed by WILLIAM BURGESS, at the CARLYLE PRESS, NOS. 23, 24, and 25, Charterhouse Square, and 7, East Harding Street, and published at Mowbray House, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C.—April, 1891. All advertisements for the "Review of Reviews" must be addressed to JOHN HADDON & Co.'s Central Advertising Offices, 3 and 4, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, London, E.C.