FEINBERG/WHITMAN LITERARY FILE Prose "Brooklynidad: History of Brooklyn & Long Island." (undated) A.MS.drafts & notes (DCN3) Box 35 Folder 39132 History of Brooklyn and Long Island: prose notes. A. MS. (89p. 12½ X15 and 11½ X 21½ mainly, with a few various sizes) Written in ink, with a few in pencil, on light tan sheets (cut from Larger sheets) and light blue sheets (the back of discarded City of Williamsburgh tax forms), these notes go back to the 14th century; partly in narrative form, partly outline, partly rough notes. Some sheets entitled 'Running List', some 'Hist Brooklyn', some 'Dates', some 'Aborigines', they all may well have been designed as either lecture notes or material for a history of Long Island, Brooklyn, and certain eastern parts of America to the 19th century. The fact that there are many corrections in the pages in narrative form suggests that Whitman may have had in mind publishing a book or at least a long essay on the subjects The complaint of the American Revolution was not with refer- 132 A 2 reference to a little tax-money about tea and paper--it was one involing a vital principle for the then present time, and any future time. --[All the] It was whether the Colonies were to submit to be managed, not for their own [growth] good, but for the [good] good of England and her manufacturers. --.... In 1641 and '2, there was a [continued] severe war of the New Netherlands government against the aborigines, on Long Island and elsewhere. --Many of the red men were exterminated on this island. --[In '43,] Roger Williams, acting as pacificator, came from New England, and [effected a grand] arranged a meeting, or council of the Dutch and sacheurs of the aborigines at Rockway, and a lull of peace[was restored.] followed. .... The custom of negro or mixed-blood slavery (first introduced to these shores in 1620, in a Dutch vessel trading to Virginia from Africa) existed in Brooklyn, down to the provisional abolition in 1799 and final State emancipation in 1827. --Here [in these parts] it [always] existed as a mild form of house slavery. --The young black or mulatto men were brought up with the sons of their owner, often in just as much comfort[able a] and indulgence--the women worked in the kitchen &c. ....133A Hist Brooklyn On the 20th April, 1790, Washington, then President made a visit to Brooklyn and a tour [around] over the western [parts] portions of Long Island, going down as far as Huntington South on the ocean side, then crossing over to Huntington on the Sound, and so returning to Brooklyn. --He kept minute of this town in his diary, observing the agricultural improvements, people, &c. This tour occupied five days. .... Dates 1664--English first take New Netherlands from the Dutch. " Nicholls appointed by Charles 2d, Governor--He chang[es?] name to New York.-- 1667 Lovelace appointed Governor 1672--Charles having entered into a war with Holland (Spain fleet of five Dutch Ships re-took New York. --The name now changed to New Orange after the Prince of Orange. 1674--Peace between the English & Dutch -- and New Orange res[?] to the former, and named New York over again--the Duk[?] /over/133A York taking out another patent from his brother, Charles 2d.-- and sending over Governor Andros to command. ?James afterward became King James[II]2d--is he then--that fool and tyrant--the one after whom our [G] great city is named? is it this proud and majestic city that is christened after the burner of women at the stake, for religious opinions. --is the above so? The grantee, James, Duke of York was a selfish tyrant, squeezing as much as possible out of the people by arbitrary exactions and imposts.-- .... Walloons--inhabitants of the district situated between the rivers Scheld and Lys, included partly in Belgium and partly in France-- The Walloons formerly furnished some of the most effective of the Spanish troops-- United Provinces--the name given to the Seven States of Holland, or the Netherlands, that threw off the yoke of Spain and became independent William the Silent,--The Prince of Orange, and founder of Dutch Freedom, 1533-1584--(assassinated)--he was the leader of the Provinces of the Netherlands, in their long and bloody war against the [gr] crown of Spain--He was taciturn--He was calm in the midst of dangers.Aborigines This island was a favorite place of the red man.- It afforded [fish such] such quantities of fish and clams, and also the materials of the aboriginal money, which was [composed] made of shells, ground and polished, and then strung on strings.- Here, for ages before the The European came,, the natives lived in tribes in rude huts of bark, - earth or trees, or tents made [of bark] of skins.- Here, forhundreds of years [before the arrival of the Europeans,] they remained stationary in [the first] their wild condition, roaming the woods, sailing the waters, [without] [with no knowledge] engaged in hunting and in frequent wars.- [Their] They [had] possessed a knowledge of only such [articles] arts as were [us] needed for the simplest cookery, and to make their barbaric costumes.- Yet they had, [a certain sort of] in their way language, politics and religion; - and were not [without a certain] at all deficient , intellectual acuteness and personal dignity.-First [known] visits hitherware. Year A. D. 1000 - Norwegians visited North America 1497 - Cabot at Newfoundland and down the coast toward Chesapeake bay. 1524 Verrazano, an Italian, in the service of the French, visited New York Bay. 1609 Hendrick Hudson's voyage, in the Dutch [?] Half-Moon, [which] giving the first reliable statement of the locality of New York. Hendrick Hudson['s] [discovery]. — This man was seek; like the rest, a shorter passage to the Indias. [Trying it by] Ascend [the] north, he [was] had been turned back by the icebergs of Nova Zembla; and so descending [voyaging] southward, passing Massachusetts and Long Island, on the 2d of September 1609 he entered the Narrows at Neversink, and the next day anchored in New York bay. —He now had hopes of the North River as the passage he sought, or opening to it [t]; [but when he went high enough] and [He] went up the [river] stream [as high as the pres site of Albany] .- a hundred and fifty miles.— In this, and in returning, and [all] upon other objects, He spent nearly a month here, and exploring [Paumanok] [(Long Island)] Mannahatta, (New York City), [and] the shores of Kahutata, (the Hudson,) and the [Brooklyn] westering part of [and] Paumanok (Long Island), * [had] holding several interviews with the native tribes and their sachems.With a few huts for furriers and other traders [especially furriers,] and a rude [fort] = house of logs, New Am[e]sterdam city (New York) [begin] began her existence [in] along the years 1610-12-15[,]; and Brooklyn followed.-The [first] settlements were made by Hollandese ships, sent by the merchants of Amsterdam.- [They had] [t]Two captains, Adrian Block, and another named Chri[a]stianse, [who] [and] were in charge of the [first] expeditions; [were the first planters] [and] [of these the settlements] — and under them traders, farmers, mechanics, and all the first requisites of a [well-begun] prosperous colony, were first planted here. -At this time our part of the colony, Brooklyn, (so named after an ancient village, Breuklyn, in Holland,) received an accession [by] of a number of Walloons, who [settled to] arrived and took up farms, eastwardly [on] where are now the 7th, 19th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th & 17th Wards.- [But] They [set] settled there because farms were already commenced and cultivated in the western [parts] parts and in Gowanus.—Among the Walloons the first white child was born in the New Netherlands in 1625Dutch Governors- ? 1625 - Peter Minuits [? 1630] 1633 - Walter Van Twiller 1638 Sir William Kieft 1647 Peter Stuyvesant 1664 (English subjugation) Richard Nicolls- 1667 - [Richard] Francis Lovelace. - Piet Hist p-44. vol II Wouter van TwillerThis was from 1610 to 20. - [and was under the Dutch East India Company.] The settlers bought the land of the aboriginal tribes. [some] [Some Many] Some of the deeds, in the Hollandese tongues and [of] signed by the marks of the sachems, are still in existence. [in] [the Hollandese] In 1621-3 the [States General] [Home] [home] government of Holland [granted a] founded by charter the Dutch West India Company, and New Amsterdam beginning to assume the proportions of a young town, had articles [drawn up and] entered intowith this company for the active encouragement of emigration to [the New Wo] its territory.- [Land was] A cheap passage was to be given all respectable persons who should emigrate, [and a] [with] [and] land was secured to them, [cheap-priced passage across the sea,] and arms, orderly laws, churches, schools, and the like were all specifically secured. Peter [Minut] Minuits was appointed Governor. Many of the best kind of families and single persons now, 1623 to '25, [f] came to seek [new] better homes, and [in 1623 to '25,] the [city] colony of New Netherlands, had taken root for good, and [had] numbered several hundred inhabitantsAfter Minuits, in 1633, Walter Van Twiller was the second Governor; he [lived] had a farm in Brooklyn, at Red Hoo[d]k.- [when not needed] [It] Many English emigrants, republicans, [&] established themselves on the west end of Long Island. - The Dutch also increased here. Flatbush was settled ; Flatlands, also called Amesfort, was commenced; and [there are] other towns began to start up on the island.- These towns adopted laws and regulations, had log-forts, courts, churches, tax-gatherers and schoolsSlavery in Brooklyn. [The s] The custom of negro or mixed-blood Slaves (first introduced to these shores in 1620, in a Dutch vessel trading to Virgin[e]ia from Africa) existed in Brooklyn, down to the provisional abolition in 1799 and final state emancipation in 1827.- [Slaves] was - Here in [these parts] it [always] existed as a mild form of house slavery. - The young black or mulatto men were brought up with the sons of their owner, often in just as much comfort[able a] and indulgence - the women worked in the kitchen &c.Slavery, which had first been [introduced] planted into America about a hundred years previous, (1517) by a patent from Charles the Fifth, allowing the annual importation of four thousand Africans as laborers for the Spanish West Indies - [now and] now, (1620,) was introduced into Virginia in a small Dutch vessel.[another on the main] The complaint of the American Revolution was not with reference to a little tax-money about tea and pickel - it was one involving a vital principle for the then present time, and any future time. - [All] [the] It was whether the Colonies were to submit to be managed, not for their own [growth] good, but for the [good] good of England and her manufacturers. -Lesson to Young Men [In lecture] Perpetually now, to-day and all days, the young men and perhaps all men, should be trained to haveThe Brooklynites of ‘74, ‘5, and ‘6, [partook of the] took [an active part] a hearty interest and an active part in the movement toward American Independence. In April ‘75, a County [convention] conference was held at Flatbush and the Tories [resolved to] chose delegates to the [State] [State] convention for select congressmen. May 20, ‘75, a general Town Meeting was held in Brooklyn; [in] [and] the Magistrates and Freeholders expresses deep sympathy with Massachusetts, and committed themselves to the cause of resistance. ['75 and '6] Military companies were now formed for practice; [and] [These] [are] as it was [now] known that the British Ministry, discouraged with their fortune [at] Boston [had determined] were about to strike [a]blow at New York. - [Earl] in [Fe] Congress [were] was equally determined to strive for the retention of the city. - Early in February, '76 they sent Gen. Lee there with 1700 men to hold the Loyalists in awe, and construct fortifications. Lee [soon] commenced [for] work at Brooklyn; a battery was established at Red Hook. - At the same time two or three British ships of war, having dropped down from[their] close moorings by the city lay idle below toward the Narrows, waiting [further] orders from the British Commander in Boston. - In March Gen Stirling succeeded Lee in the American Command; and in April Washington arrived. - The succeeding four months were spent [in partial] inactively, [Ti] the Royal government undecided, [the Am] and Congress waiting the course of events. - Brooklyn and New York suffered much in properity; persons of means generally [withdrew] withdrew - and left their houses vacant [The British fleet arrived at [vacant] Sandy Hook in the last of June.-]The advance portion of the British [fleet] [of] transports, with troops, under [Gen.] Lord Howe, their General, arrived at Sandy Hook, toward the last of June, and [spent] [took] [several days in] the men were landed on [partially] [landed on] Staten Island. - It was [leisurely] determined to wait for the ships of war. - The [arrival] presence of the King's troops, and the Royal Commissioner Lord Howe, depressed the [fur] friends of Congress in King's county, and the delegates to the Provincial Convention [seem to] [have withdrawn] withdrew. -In 1641 and '2, [?] there was a [continued] severe war of the New Netherlands government against the aborigines, [?] on Long Island and elsewhere. - Many of the red men were exterminated on this island. [In '43] Roger Williams, acting as pacificator, came from New England, and [effected a grand] arranged a meeting, or Council of the Dutch and the sachems of [this] aborigines at Rockaway, and a lull of peace [was] [restored] followed.But the peace did not last - disturbances arose worse than ever. - Captain John Underhill, a Long-Islander, was now engaged by the Dutch Governor. - The Captain, lately from Massachusetts, was a brave and hardy adventurer, relying on himself and his sword. - He was an author also, and quite devout. - He had previous published, in London, [quite] an account of wars between the New Englanders and the aboriginal tribes - he being a participator, and relating what he knew himself, [or] and had seen.-In this publication is a detailed account of the storming and burning by the Massachusetts soldiers of a large Pequod fort or palisado, occupying an acre of ground, in [which 400] large numbers of red men, women, and children, were shot, [bu] bayoneted, or consumed in the flames.- The Captain, with his experience, was a great accession to Breuklyn and New Amsterdam, and took the active command in the war fare of] of '43 here.He was unscrupulous, strong, thrifty, quick, (in due time he became rich and held the office of sheriff,) and serves as a type of quite a large class of men who had come from Europe to seek their fortune in the New World.- He made great havoc among the [aborigines] Paumanoks, and terminated the war by [two victories, one being] the destruction of 400 [of them] [red men] of them on a neck of land, where he had drove and hemmed them in, [at] near Syosset, (Oyster Bay,) [and][*1776 1620 ____ 1 0*] It was in the [knowledge] necessities of such wars as these, [that the] [contained] transmitted in some form for a hundred and fifty years, [and inherited] [from] inherited by [officers] sons from fathers, and [they] took part in at some time by [men] all that American young and middle-aged men were made sinewy, and trained to [become [hardihood, endurance] and to habits of endurance war, abstemiousness, and indifference to [the] most of the delicacies and refinements of life. - In this way, at last, Washington,, and most of the officers of the Revolutionary War were trained.[*64*] [*49*] In 1617 there was a new governor Peter Stuyvesant, a [soldier, sailor, and] man of learning, [-] and veteran soldier and sailor. - A controversy [was] was now running on, and continued till '53 and '4, between the New Netherlands and the New Englanders, respecting mutual rights, [claims], trade, [?] and with respect to the ownership of the eastern portion of Long Island, which the English claimed. [This] Although nothing came of this quarrel it made a great talk, and was at times very threatening.-In Europe war raged between Holland and England, [and] Cromwell] (for a time) and the government of the latter under Cromwell, desir[ing]ed to wrest away the New Netherlands from the Dutch, the New England Colonies.– But this was avoided by an [sudden] abrupt treaty of peace and alliance between the European powers.–The [English] New England settlers, however, did not give over their complaints and ill-will; they accused Stuyvesant of many malignant practices toward them, [through] [selling] favoring the sale of weapons to the aborigines, and in other [ways.;] unfriendly things; [The] and the numerous English settlers in Breuklyn and the rest of the New Netherlands sympathized with their eastern brethren. -In [165?] 1655, Governor Stuyvesant went on a military expedition southward to subdue the Swedish settlers on the DelawareIn 1655, Stuyvesant got up a military expedition to subdue the Swedish settlers, on the South River, (the Delaware,) and bring them under the Dutch rule — but this did not succeed.— In '57 the eastern part of Long Island voted itself under the jurisdiction of New Haven. Other troubles pressed upon Stuyvesant.— A very general disaffection prevailed, continuing season after season through '58–'60, –'62, and so on, against his arbitraryrule; for the people here as well as in the Old world, began to favor new views of government, less royal and more republican.– [They]The settlers [here] on Long Island held meetings [on Long Island,] to promulge these views, complaining of the power with which the Governor was invested, as despotic,– he being endowed with nearly all civil, military and ecclesiastical supremacy, and responsible [fo] only to superiors beyond the sea. The idea was also dwelt upon that the governors sent here thought far more of the interest of their employers than of the colonies.Stuyvesant prohibited these meetings, which, of course, aggravated the malcontents.- Religious feelings were also engaged - [Stuyv] the government, from New Amsterdam, issuing ordinances against holding conventicles, and against Quakers, and Roman Catholics. These ordinances, however, seem not to have been [pressed] carried out by the officers.These things, [pre] and their being known in England, made fit preparation for [th] an important political change [now pending] for Breuklyn, as a part of the colony.- In 1664, the English monarch, Charles 2d, [made] conveyed by grant to his brother James, Duke of York, [of] [all] [the whole] of the New Netherlands [the territory here lying] [westward of] and so on to the Connecticut River, the right to which he claimed, [above the] [Du] prior to the Dutch.-James sent a small squadron under Col. Richard Nic[h]olls, to take possession [They] The ships touched first at New England ports, with requirements from the Home Government upon Massachusetts to aid them in subjugating the Dutch; but the Massachusetts men excused themselves.- But in the hope of preventing bloodshed Winthrop, with numerous Connecticut men, accompanied the squadron, and when it arrived he landed and encamped at Brooklyn.-Governor Stuyvesant, on the [arrival] approach of [this] two ships, one of fifty guns, and one of forty, with 600 soldiers, assembled his Burgomasters.- He had previously repaired the fort, and put every thing in order for determined resistance.- The fleet anchored in Gravesend Bay, and Stuyvesant sent a deputation to confer with the commander.-Nicolls in reply [issued] dispatched a proclamation [call] to the people promising security, liberty, &c. to all who should give in their adherence to the English; and to the Governor and Council he [addressed] transmitted a letter demanding the surrender of the [places.-] town and fort.- Winthrop also wrote to Stuyvesant advising the uselessness of resistance. [The] [Burgom]The Burgomasters [of] and people generally did not care to risk a conflict, and [perhaps] secretly favored the new-comers. [but] [It] The old governor gave in [was with] [Therefore with] [great] [reluctance] angered and humiliated, [that the old and] and Nic[h]olls came up with his ships [to the] close to the city.- On the 3d of September, 1664, New Amsterdam, by articles of capitulation, [is] [to] was transposed to [be] British rule,and in compliment to the Drake, [James] (afterward James 2d) became New York.[*at end perhaps of my list*] Thus—That the discovery and settlement of Brooklyn arose out of the [industrious] maritime character of the [Dutch] Dutch, who sent [ut] out and planted strong colonies in [three] four distant continents, [(]Asia, Africa, and the two Americas,[)] even [while] [they were] during the [eighty] [sixty] eighty years, (1562-1648) that they were combatting [for] against secular and religious tyranny, and for life, rights, and independence. [*my list*] -- the Constitutional, almost Republican, Statesmen of England, Hampden, Pym, Sidney, Russell -- the high-handed Star Chamber -- ship money -- the execution of Charles 1st -- the (among influences) Long Parliament-- the Commonwealth — the Protectorate of Cromwell —the influence of that powerful leaders example and opinions — then [removal] distance from the Court, and from the flocks of gilded and fawning courtiers, [-] the [occasional] [arrival of] specimens of such that occasionally arrived among them being useful in certain ways, but not as models for them to follow -- PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., till 2 P.M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.Here the aboriginal money circulated[,] —[strings] [of a s] small polished shells, some while, some black, [tri] string on the sinews of small animals, the money called Seawan, or Seawant. (Circulated all through the Dutch and early English [goi] administrations) —The early traders sold to the aborigine's knives, combs, scissors, needles, awls, looking-glasses, hatchets, hoes, guns, black and red cloth, and received pay in [S]Seawant. With that be furs, maize, venison, &c.— The Seawant was also [used a] disposed on the red main person, as an ornament. A belt of it [was] called wampum and boreHist Brooklyn On the 20th April 1790, Washington, then President made a visit to Brooklyn and a tour [around] over the western portions of Long Island, going down as far as Huntington South, on [the] ocean side, then crossing over to Huntington on the Sound, and so returning to Brooklyn. He kept minutes of this tour in his diary observing the agriculture, improvements people, &c. - This tour occupied five days.Hospital. '45 or 46 - The Hudson av. Hospital commenced. Meetings were called in the churches - subscriptions taken - (owned by Clarence D. Sackett - Hired - Aug. Graham took an interest in the matter - and agreed to give $30,000 in case a like sum were raised - - to do this (after some futile efforts) the directors put their hands into their own pockets and raised the $30,000 that was wanted - So that the present Hos. rose out of the Hudson av. Hos.every Sachem had for his signature a symbol, [whi] an arrow, pipe, bird, or some such thing, which he signed to deeds, &c. There were Squaw Sachems, whose signatures were just as valid as the men's. in New England 1675 - Philip's War.[BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., till 2 P.M. To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, for the Year 185 on the following Lot Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.[*For "Running List"*] gather from Hildreth a sprinkling of the principal era-points of the other colonies —New England, Virginia, the Carolinas &c An outset Antwerp, and Ghent, [a] great cities [din] noted for [its] their untamable spirit of libertyPLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.) (BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., till 2 P.M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.Chapters, (with running side-heads) and at end of each chapter (which should constitute a sort of small epock,) - a resumé of [that] the events, persons, sentiment, influence, amount of progress, &c. --History of Brooklyn Ferry "Brooklyn Ferry" [during the seven years or has always been] was the great place of appointment reference, &c. [During the seven years] [Advertisements] [in the] During the seven years occupancy by the British, the advertisements in the newspapers, losses, rewards, &c., very generally [spa] name "Brooklyn Ferry" as a [central] the place of rendezvous best known.Walloons - inhabitants of the district situated between the rivers Scheld and Lys, included partly in Belgium and partly in France - [T]the Walloons formerly furnished some of the most effective of the Spanish troops. United Provinces - the name given to the Seven States of Holland, or the Netherlands, that threw off the yoke of Spain and became independent William the Silent, - The Prince of Orange and founder of Dutch Freedom, 1533-1584 - (assassinated) - He was the leader of the Provinces of the Netherlands, in their long and bloody war against the [gr] crown of Spain. He was taciturn. He was calm in the midst of dangers.Dates 1664 - English first take New Netherlands from the Dutch, " Nicholls appointed by Charles 2d, Governor - He changed the name to New York.- 1667 Lovelace appointed Governor 1672 - Charles having entered into a war with Holland (Spain?) -- a fleet of five Dutch ships re=took New York. -- The name was now changed to New Orange after the Prince of Orange, 1674 - Peace between the English & Dutch - and New Orange restored to the former, and names New York over again -- -- the Duke of York taking out another patent from his brother Charles 2d. --1674 - and sending over Governor Andros to command. ? James afterward became King James [II] 2d - is he then - that fool and tyrant - the one after whom our [by] great city is named? Is it this proud and majestic City that is christened after the burner of women at the stake, for religious opinions? is the above so? The grantee, James, Duke of York, was a selfish tyrant, squeezing as much as possible out of the people by arbitrary enactions and imposts.- 1689-90 - &c, Ve. - "The gentry - --the people of figure," of those times were just as much set apart from the common classes, in America, as they were in Europe. 1689-90 - Leisler by a sort of self-constituted power - also by the people's [tacit] choice, viz: a Committee of Safety 1691 - Capt. Richard Ingoldsly arrives, and informs the New Yorkers of the appointment of Gov. Sloughter by William and Mary. Jan 1691 - a war of proclamations and counter-proclamations, between Lisler and Ingoldsly - during the month 1691 - May 16 (Sloughter arrived 19th March,) - Leisler & his son in law and secretary Milbourne suffered death on the gallows, as traitors -- The Governor, Sloughter, was made drunk at a feast, and then induced to sign the order for their execution. —The people were horrorstruck at this bloody execution-- (only two months after Sloughter's arrival) It was evidently "the people of note" & "gentry" -- who were down on Leisler, and thirsted for his death.1691 - Sloughter died, 23d July suddenly -after being active governor some four months. 1692 - 29th August Benjamin Fletcher arrived as Governor - Leislers enemies still in the places of power & profit-- - Fletcher was "in" with them. 1698 - April 2d The Earl of Bellamont [appoint] arrives as Governor (Piracy (as it would now be called) was not so odious a trade then as now - Cruisers, corsairs, &c. &c. were often seen in New York, moored, owned, without interference.) 1701 - Bellamont died - March 5thAfter Dongan, the government of New York was consigned to be under Andros, of New England, who commissioned Lieut. Governor Nicholson, (also a papist.) - (Now the troubles - the uprising against James 2d - William of Orange appears on the stage.)1683 - Gov. Thos. Dongan was now appointed governor Now the people first had a voice in government - an "assembly" of 17 members, chosen by them. 168[6]5 - James became King. - he certainly [tried the] tried to introduce Catholicity as the state religion, into New York, - and his "divine right" also. 1686-7-8 - The people seriously feared the establishment of popery, and the deprivation of their liberties - (and had reason to fear) from the King James 2d, (late Duke of York.Philip 2d - of Spain a morose bigot both in Politics and Religion - Spain then the leading power of the world The Netherlands, dependant on his crown had risen against him, and his commissioned rulers. - The rising was partly from his cruelty and partly from the Protestant spirit which now spread through those countries. 1597-'8 - Against England, under Elizabeth, Philip was also enraged It was a great concentrated effort of the spirit of the Old Religion against the New. 1588 The Invincible armada organized - defeated by tempests The medal of the Dutch with the inscription "God breathed and they were dispersed" - To the defense of England, the Dutch assisted "The Hollanders came in roundly with three score sail," [into the] they were [naval battle] not in the engagement but rendered good service by blocking up a great part of the enemy in port.- Spain, by this defeat, lost 80 vessels, and 18000 men - [and] the Reformation was [establi] firmly established - England [began] [was now] [to be] took place as a first rate power - and the States of Holland also [became] felt themselves among nations.During the occupancy Occasionally the [adventurous] continentals would make during incursions[, to] into the [very] houses of the British & loyalists, robbing, taking prisoners, &c. Horse-racing, bull-baiting, fox-hunting, balls, dinners, suppers,Washington in Brooklyn -after the Fulton Ferry night - Washington returned again at the conclusion of the war - see p. 202-3 2d vol. Onderdonk - And then still again when he was President. see p. 264 2d vol. (last page of all) [*(Poem)*]negro Slavery of course existed in Brooklyn at all periods down to the state emanci pation in . — The Dutch and their descendants — the English and theirs also — owned slaves, house servants, and farm servants. — It was always in a mild form, however, which was indispen sible for any time a slave wished to escape, he could easily do so. — During the occupancy, the N. Y. papers are full of advertisements of negroes run away —1567 Alva carries this with a high hand - restores the Spanish Inquisition - - the king sends word that is not bound by the previous promises of the Regent, the Duchess of Parma. -The [bloody] wholesale murders and oppressions of the Duke of Alva, (1567-8.) -the trial and execution of Counts Egmont and Horn - - the siege of Antwerp, 1584, '5,- a war first commenced in vindication of religious freedom, but soon waged for independence [and] [and] [sovereignty] as a nation -PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] Co M ......... To City and Coun WARD. ASSESSED NO.-The league of Utrecht - (1579) - the active schemes of William the Silent - his assassination - the fortunes and misfortunes of that long, long war - the death of Phillip 2d (1598.) - the twelve[s] years truce, equivalent to a Spanish abdication (1609, '11) - the [stad] Stadtholder, Maurice, Prince of Orange - the United Netherlands received into the family of European powers, as an independent state. - the Thirty-Years War in Germany [*?*] (1618 - '48) - The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) with all its political and ecclesiastical provisions - settling the [modern co] international condition of Europe ever since.[*- (In running list,)*] -The character, [affairs,] persons, and events, of the other settlements - New England - the Puritans there - the religious sternness and the republicanism - the [(see list at end of Hildreth 3d vol.)] wars with the savages - New Jersey, - Pennsylvania (1681) - Virginia - Maryland - the Carolinas - the [f]French in Canada - [the] witchcraft in New England (1688 -[9]['92]'93) - The French war, (1690) - Frontenac - (The savages) - the naked aboriginals - the war-whoop - the bloody massacre of Schenectady (1690) -"Slaves" Among the populace, It was not considered [amiss] any sin to enslave any pagan or infidel, but rather a credit [and as] as [giving] offering a chance of Christianity. Many of the aborigines were kept in [slavery] bondage, with greater or lesser tightness. Some whites there were [in bondage] in half-slavery, sold [by] to pay the price of their passage. (note - It is charged against Cromwell that as many as fifty English freemen, many of them gentlemen, were sold into slavery.(BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. 2d and Fourth Streets. d., till 2 P. M. Williamsburgh, Dr, on the following Let CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.[*(toward first of running list -*] (Remember) - the [stirring] [and] picturesque and stirring dramas played [for (two centuries)] on the continent of Europe.(BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED Fourth Streets . M. amsburgh, Dr, on the following Let CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.The Dutch have a rude, [and] heroic, and antique origin. Soon after the Christian era, on their own soil, the [the first masters of the world] combatted Roma — and having become a hive of wealth, health, industry, populous rich cities, affluence, factories, ships, and independent men, ingenious factories, fleets of ships, and independent men, fifteen centuries afterward, a [power nearly & second Roma.] sternly battled against [the second masters of] Spain the then leading power of the world, almost a second Rome, [and their own] under [King] Philip 2d [of Spain] [of which they their provinces] to whom the Netherlands were feudal[,] and subject. — This war lasted from 16 __ to '__William the Silent devoting [himse] his life to patriotism and independence. Seven provinces threw off the yoke at the same time, deposed the tyrant, and by a solemn decree wiped out the Spanish name from their rulership and laws. The war lasting forty years The bloody [scenes] power of the Inquisition in the Netherlands - the Huguenot war in France - (Schiller "At the very time when the Republic of Holland was struggling for existence &c. &c. ~ The very grandeur and prominence of Philip, however, was in a great [sowilt?], favorable to the Dutch, for the other powers of Europe feared his increasing power, and secretly favored the rebellion.Revolt of the Netherlands -in 16th Century - Philip 2d, the most powerful sovereign of his time, backed by numerous and vetera[l]n armies, accustomed to victory - dedicating the unceasing efforts of his long reign against a little collection of [the most] peaceful [persons] [in] descendants of primitive tribes of fishermen and sailors, in an almost forgotten corner of Europe (Nothing in history more heroic,) and forced in the evening of his days to give up the contest, and submit to a - This was the morning star of the American revolution (two centuries later.- The Reformation had spread rapidly in the Netherlands -(it had a great deal to do with the Rebellion there - -Though Charles the 5th [Emperor] had promulgated the most severe penealties against it - (before Philip) (?) Holland was one of the Promises of the Netherlands Under Charles 5th the Inquisition thrived in the Netherlands, and fifty thousand persons perished, many by fire, for religious offences alone. Philip, in the Netherlands, indicting the Dutchess of Parma, then leaving for Spain Sept. 1559Both times they fought no coward's battle, but a [fight] death-fight. - When all [the] human art [of man] failed, in their defence, they [let in] [invoked the aid] let in the sea. [upon] [*unwinding*] The weaving of tapestry, oil-painting, the art of painting on glass, even pocket-watches and sun-dials, and the most valuable arrangements of the swiss compass [were] are inventions the rest of the world has received from the Netherlands. - It is by many thought too that the honor of the invention of printing belongs to Laurence Koster, of [Harl] Haarlem; and the Dutch were certainly the first to make great use of that art. [and] [have kept up its]in Picture The sports were rude and manly, wrestling, leaping, throwing the bar, quorts, running, boxing, &c.PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] Collector's Office, City Ha Hours for Receiv M To To City and County Tax for the Year WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. All along, —Under the Dutch and English Governors, [the] [general] [colonial] general [meetings], conventions, of any sort, were held on Long Island, as the most central and compact part of the colony, and including the largest part of this population; [For] Manhattan Island [was] by only a trading post. Thus under Gov. Nichols [a ga] [meeting was held] (1665) at Hempstead, [attended] by depu] there was a convention of deputies from all the towns, and the Governor promulged a body of laws for the government of the province, all arranged and collated.PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M____ To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.Each town was to elect four local magistrates, (overseers) - also a constable; these five forming a town council, to make by-laws, and put them in force. They were to make a rate-list, or valuation, putting down every male [inhabitant] person, aged [1] sixteen years or upward, at 18£, every [cow] horse at 12£, [and] every cow at 5£, and so on; this list to [proportion] have taxes assessed upon it. Churches, and the poor, were provided for. Assessments were payable in wheat, rye, maize, and even beef and pork, at fixed prices.The town council [were] [could] found a court for the trial of all cases involving less than 5£ value. Each town was to have its military company, [and] and all [the] the males, sixteen years old and upwards, to be trained four times a year. Slavery was restrained by these laws - tyrannical masters and mistresses to be [complained] proceeded against by the overseers, and no Christian to be held in bondage "without being duly judged thereunto by authority."1609 Two years after the arrival of the first English Colonists in Virginia the same year in which the Hudson river was discovered, the Dutch, after a long and tedious struggle, continued for more than forty years, had obtained from the proud Spanish Court a truce, amounting in substance to an acknowledgement of their independence. Bank of Amsterdam Dutch East India Company "Mohegans" or "Mohekanders," [seems to have been] was the general appellation of the aborigines [about] [Manhattan] on and about Paumanok and Manhattan Islands [When,] at various times while the Dutch settled here, (1609-'21,) the English had made protests, sometimes on the spot, and sometimes to the Dutch government - claiming that all the territory from New England to Virginia was included in the English right.1647 Virginia & Maryland now} 20,000 inhabitants New Netherlands} 3,000 1647 ( Breukelen now first received a special charter, [from the] special director] [Governer] under the authority of the Governor [(Stuyvesant] [Kreft)] Stuyvesant 1653 { This year The [people] inhabitants of the colony had a sort of convention to demand an increase of popular priviliges and [rights,] and a [the] greater voice in political power. But Stuyvesant angrily dispersed them, [and sneered] sneering at their demands, and telling them that as far as they were concerned, political power [was] proceeded from "God and the West India Company."1688-'92} These years New England and New York suffered from [a] war, superstition, and internal factions - The French war - the witchcraft mania, [and ex] trials, and executions, - and in New York, [the] [Leisler escapade] the affair of [and s] of Jacob Leisler, which ended in his tragical death upon the scaffold.[BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. e, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. ours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, he Year 185 on the following Lot N. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.[1688 -'9] ['9] [1689] ['90] 1690 [-'92] [-95] ['96] '97 War between England and France - between English America and the French in Canada, [then already] now quite numerous and powerful there - a serious war, draining [the] New England and New York of [much of] a [large] great number of men, and large sums of money. - the savage tribes engaged - bloody massacres - This was a serious, [bloody] and terrible war, The blood-hound ferocity of the red-warriors, being [guided] led by the practised skill of French officers and engineers. The settlements [by] derived little help from home, for William was busy beating back the malcontents under the exiled King in Ireland.PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.[It is not generally] It is a profound [thought] and memorable fact that [all] the The first actual resident settlement [actual] [settlers] [sett] [settlers], [(1624-'5)] in this [region] colony, [were] was [here in] [here] on the soil of Brooklyn - namely a political party of emigrant who permanently planted themselves on [the soil] farms here, and combined for political and social safety. Walloons, (1624-'5.) - All previous to tha[n]t had been [roving or] temporary traders [-] coming a little while for gain, and then departing [From] to [this] that substantial germ [fixed] [in the] [Walab] [Wall] [Walabot] [Wallabout] [(Wahle-Bocht,)] and what grew out of it, and what it drew toward it, from abroad, are clearly to be tracedPLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.1689 } population of English French } colonies in America war } 200,000 -- half of this south of the Delaware -- not interested in the French warBLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Dr, the following Lot DEFAULT. TOTAL.the growth afterward [of the] through town, colony, village, city; also [and] many of [the][ its] their leading [moral] social, moral, and political features, to this day. - Much of the personnel of Brooklyn and of the first hundred years of the colony, [is] [also] dates back to the same origin. -PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.Arms were very different from now. The [ponderous] carbine, the [gun] infantry gun of of those days [had to be] was ponderous and slow, and would now be looked upon with derision. The pike was a stout heavy iron-pointed weapon, of ash, twelve to sixteen feet long - the [equip] personal equipment of the soldiers w[e]as also [very] cumbrous - the halberd was a battle-ax fastened to a long pole -PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.Superstition, belief in [ghosts,] spooks, charms &c. prevailed. Although there are many points of difference between this age and any past age, yet in all the main points, mankind, interests, and aspirations, there is an eternal [resemblance in] coincidence among all apes. What Fortune-telling; old black women (perhaps born in Africa,) - What strange characters, low persons, criminals, [slaves] men, who had made money in slave ships or privateersPLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.A singular common sense [as] governed, more than the recorded statutes. (When Philip 2d assumed the government) [Public op] [There] In those seventeen promises of the Netherlands with their three hundred and fifty cities and over six thousand villages [lived the g] there arose and lived - and [at that time] only there - the great power[s] we [cal] have since learned to call Public Opinion" - and [from there] thence was it transmitted to America. [and indeed to the world.] As much as any thing else, It was the dark and cruel region of the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands that drove the provinces to a desperate resistance.PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.[1559-'60] 1560-'65 (The rebellion seems to begin, viz: [by] under Granvella, (Bishop of Arras, and Minister,) and the Dutchess of Parma) by the discontent of the people, and the alarm at the increasing [tyranny] danger of the Spanish Inquisition, already insupportable, having immolated, during the previous reign [3] 50,000 persons for religious offences alone. 1561-'62 Many new regions of the Inquisition, and large numbers of victims, at the stake, exiled, &c. - The Gueuse, (beggars,) - a cant name adopted by those noblemen and all, who seceded from the king and from Popery)PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.- the iconoclasts - the [perpetual] frequent ambassadors (1560-'6) from the people of the Netherlands to Madrid, to Philip. 1566 - The war actively commences - several cities, revolt openly. 1567 - The Roman Catholic oath which is drawn up by the regent, (the Duchess,) for all the governors, &c. of the provinces, and which the Prince of Orange, (William the Silent,) refuses to take. His resignation, and withdrawal, (flight) - Alva is approachingPLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M......................................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and Count Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.Netherlands 1567 - (Protestantism is generally quelled, rebellion also - the Roman Catholic rites are re-instated - many of the people withdraw as fugitives - many perish by bloody deaths - - the regent, and the king's cause, triumph - 1567 Aug. (The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands (Brussels, &c &c) with a strong army of Spanish and other troops -PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL.– Ideas advanced – [they] –There was a breaking up of the feudal system, and all that grown out of it – (16th century) – the common people began to expand themselves, [lift their heads] a little, to lift their heads and inflate their chests – – Especially in America, personal qualities, courage, quickness, industry, soon told, [and] whether in a person of inferior blood or noble blood – hither came ambitious persons, adventurers, freemen, enthusiasts – here one could have his [own] estate not feodary ([by] perform the duties of vassal service,) but himself lord, vassal, allPLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., till 2 P.M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.[Brooklyn was] Here was settled the Canarsie tribe, [whose chief] [village was] -------- Whoever came hither and settled received a free deed of a considerable tract of land, as a family homestead.- -------- 1623 - Walloons came to Brooklyn - with Peter Minuit (Thompson) -------- News from the Netherlands, and from England was slow in coming, and [not] by indirect routes. - --------PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., till 2 P.M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.1700} For several years (1700) The whole province [of] [New York] Brooklyn was largely interested and distracted and partaking of course by two rival fractions - one the growing party of popular rights, republicanism, and of limits - the [royal] range of royal and aristocratic power within [clo] far closer limits - the other the party of rulers, gentlemen proprietors, official persons, the aristocracy, and their [followers] adherents. - [Leislers] [governm] The assumption of power by Jacob Leisler, [under] backed by a Committee of Safety - - his proclaiming William and Mary - his popularity with the common people - the anger PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Street. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., til 2 P.M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.of the upper classes, [and] especially of the Catholics – the conflict of authority – the [a] arrival of Sloughter as Royal Governor – the [trial] summary trial and conviction of Leisler and his son-in-law Milbourne – their death - [the] urged by a malignant party – the [sig] signing of the death-warrant by Sloughter while he was at a drunken feast – the execution in the rain, amid the weeping and shrieking people – the calmness andPLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Street. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., til 2 P.M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.courage of Leisler on the scaffold – these, [made one of the episodes] [that in the colonial] of course, [had] illustrate [not a little] many elements of the colonial character of that time. – it was an [strong] active, vehement [breed] crop of men that [now] had taken root here. – [Ba] The [affair] trial of Nicholas Bayard [afterward], (1702) was another illustration; but Bayard being of the aristocratic party was reprieved [and escaped] [co???n punishment] and soon after releasedPLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL.] [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Street. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., til 2 P.M. M ............................................... To City of Williamsburgh, Dr, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the following Lot Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Default. Total.