FENDER/ WHITMAN NOTES and NOTEBOOKS NOTEBOOKS After 1856 Notebook for au Intended American Dictionary (DCN15) Box 37 Folder 27 It is estimated that there are 587 languages and general dialects in Europe, 937 in Asia, 226 in Africa, and 1,263 in America, in all nearly 3,000. The Hon. GEO. P. MARSH, in a recent lecture on the English language, says that the English words found in use by good writers hardly fall short of 100.000. Even if a man was able on extraordinary occasions to bring into use half of that number, he generally contented himself with far fewer. Each individual used in his daily life a repertory of words to some extent peculiar to himself. Few scholars used as many as 10.000 English words; ordinary people not more than 3.000. In all Shakespeare there were not more than 15.000 words; in all Milton, 8.000. Of the Egyptians hieroglyphics there were but 800, and it was said that the vocabulary of the Italian opera was scarcely greater. The English Government has started the word "telegram" for telegraph dispatch. A correspondent discusses the propriety thereof and writes: An epigram, a diagram, a monogram, and an anagram -- but, an autograph, a lithograph, a photograph, and a telegraph. What is the principle? When the compound denotes the character of the writing it takes gram; when it denotes the means, it takes graph. In the case of a telegraphic message, the means of transmission are indicated. Therefore the proper word is a telegraph. Do not be misled by the Government "telegram" -- an illustration of the proverb, that a little learning is a dangerous thing. Webster's Dictionary Prefaces In English Language, from 70 to 80,000 words Or rather (same authority, about 100,000 words The Know Heal Actio domus, a house- hence domestic It is estimated that ther and general dialects in Eur in Africa, and 1,263 in A 3,000. The Virtues Knowledge Courage Health Charity Activity Cleanliness domus, a house -- hence domestic The English Government has started the word "telegram" for telegraph dispatch. A correspondent discusses the propriety thereof and writes: An epigram, a diagram, a monogram, and an anagram - but, an autograph, a lithograph, a photograph, and a telegraph. What is the principle? When the compound denotes the character of the writing, it takes gram ; when it denotes the means, it takes graph. In the case of a telegraphic message, the means of transmission are indicated. Therefore the proper word is a telegraph. Do not be misled by the Government "telegram" - an illustration of the proverb, that a little learning is a dangerous thing. Webster's Dictionary Prefaces An English Language, from 70 to 80,000 words or rather, (same authority), about 100,000 words Ethnic - heathen pot sherds - broken pieces pot ? laissez aller euphemism (of the time of Elizabeth) pessimist / a universal complainer the reverse of optimist 4 DAYS BEFORE BOOKS. - In the old ignorant times, before women were readers, the history was handed down from mother to daughter, &c., and William of Malmesbury picked up his history, from the time of Venerable Bede to his time, out of old songs, for there was no writer in England from Bede to him. So my nurse had the history from the Conquest down to Charles I. in ballad. Before printing, Old Wives' Tales were ingenious; and since printing came in fashion, till a little before the Civil Wars, the ordinary sort of people were not taught to read. Now-a-days, books are common, and most of the poor people understand letters; and the many good books and variety of turns of affairs, have put all the old fables out of doors. And the divine art of painting and gunpowder have frightened away Robin Good-fellow and the fairies. - AUBREY. Grammar. Drawing language into line by rigid grammatical rules is the theory of the Martinet applied to the [most] [ethereal] processes of the spirit, and to the luxuriant growth of all that makes art.- It is for small schoolmasters, not for great souls. Not only the Dictionary of the English Language, but the Grammar of it, has yet to be written. (sort of mosaic work [????????] nexus? Days before Books - In the old ignorant times before were readers, the history was daughter, &c., and William of Mal from the time of Venerable Bede there was no writer in England fro had the history from the Conquest Before printing, Old Wives' Tale printing came in fashion, till a litt ordinary sort of people were not t books are common, and most of th ters ; and the many good books an have put all the old fables out of d printing and gunpowder have fright and the fairies. - Aubrey. (BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. and Fourth Streets. . P. M. liamsburgh, Dr, of the following Lot CITY. COUNTY. DEFAULT. TOTAL All through a common gender ending in ist as - lovist } both masc hatist } & fem -hater m } &c hatress f } diffacciamento - jumble sort of mosaic work [????????] nexus - Days before Books. - I were readers, the history daughter, &c., and William from the time of Venerabl there was no writer in Eng had the history from the Before printing, Old Wi printing came in fashion, ordinary sort of people w books are common, and m ters ; and the many good have put all the old fable printing and gunpowder h and the fairies.-Aubrey Murray's Grammar The fault [principally] that he fails to understand those points where [where] the language strongest, and where developments should most encouraged, namely, in being elliptical nd idiomatic - Murray would make of the young men merely a correct and careful set of writers under laws. - He would deprive writing of its life - there would be nothing voluntary and insociant left. suffacciamento - jumbled sort of mosaic work museture mess - Days before Books.- I were readers, the history daughter, &c. William from the time of Venerable there was no writer in Eng had the history from the Before printing, Old Wi printing came in fashion, ordinary sort of people w books are common, and m ters; and the many good have put all the old fable printing and gunpowder h and the fairies.- Aubrey ---------------------------------------------------- Macrocosm (as ensemble) - (from Greek) The great whole world in opposition to the part that comes in minute experience-- - more large ----------------------------- er, punctuation marks were not extant in old writings or in scriptions- they were commenced about (1529) thru hundred years ago. ----------------- epitome of l-- (more definite) ---------------- Hel=le=nes ------------ iffacciamento (- jumbled sort of mosaic work museture mess ------------------- PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL Collector's Office, City Ha Hours for Recei M Go To City and County Tax for the Assessed No. Location Days before Books. - I were readers, the history daughter, &c, and William from the time of Venerabl there was no writer in Eng had the history from the Before printing, Old Wr printing came in fashion, ordinary sort of people books are common, and ters; and the many g have put all the old fa printing and gunpowde and the fairies. - Aub (as ensemble) Macrocosm - (from Greek) The great whole world in opposition to the part that comes in minute experience -- --more large indefinite Microcosm - the world of man - (? the little world concentered in Man) Man as an epitome of all -- (more definite) Hel=le=nes ?=[?]iffacciaments (-jumbled sort of mosaic work museture mess - THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE. In 1620 the Anglo-Saxon race numbered about 6,000,000, and was confined to England, Wales, and Scotland: and the combination of which it is the result was not then more than half perfected, for neither Wales nor Scotland was half-Saxonised at the time. Now it numbers 60,000,000 of human beings, planted upon all the islands and continents of the earth, and increasing everywhere by an immense ratio of progression. It is fast absorbing or displacing all the sluggish races or barbarous tribes of men that have occupied the continents of America, Africa, Asia, and the islands of the ocean. If no great physical revolution supervene to check its propagation, it will number 800,000,000 of human beings in less than 150 years from the present time--all speaking the same language, centered to the same literature and religion, and exhibiting all its inherent and inalienable characteristics. Thus the population of the earth is fast becoming Anglo-Saxonised by blood. But the English language is more self- (Transcription of Left Script): men that dwelt in Jerusalem," by any Stern decision was what was lacking. vassing about for a candidate the very man who "Satisfied One" tells us has doused by the 15th Ward Know-Nothin cil was solicited to accept a nomina a People's Candidate, independent of party lines, but simply upon the gra serving principle that "knaves might n to preferment." This he positively dec the score that he wished to die main his integrity. Now that he is a ca after a full and positive knowledge th ther had been selected on those ground it not show a want of decision of cl and thus a want of fitness for the positi the three candidates now in nomin the respectable citizens of the ward to run; it will not require the vision of phet to foretell the result. The q above will be painfully true. But sober, staid, respectable portion of the forget for a day party names, narrow uniting upon Dan'/. Maujer, Esq., as sessed of all the qualifications so d for the position. Purity will trium knaves hide their diminished heads. One of (Transcription of Right Script): expansive and aggressive than the blood of that race. When a community begins to speak the English language it is half-Saxonised, even if not a drop of the Anglo-Saxon blood runs in its veins. Ireland was never colonised from England like North America or Australia, but nearly the whole of its 7,000,000 or 8,00,000, already speak the English language, which is the preparatory state to being entirely absorbed into the Anglo-Saxon race, as one of its most vigorous and useful elements. Everywhere the English language is gaining upon the language of the earth, and preparing those who speak for this absorption. The young generation of the East Indies is learning it; and it is probable that within fifty years 65,000,000 of human beings of the Asiatic race will speak the language on that continent. So it is in the United States. About 50,000 emigrants from Germany and other countries of continental Europe are arriving in this country every year. Perhaps they cannot speak a word of English when they first land on our shores; but in the course of a few years they master the language to some extent. Their children sit upon the same benches in our common schools with those of native Americans, and become, as they grow up and diffuse themselves among the rest of the population, completely Anglo-Saxonised. Thus the race is fast occupying, and subduing to its genius, all the continents and islands of the earth. The grandson of many a young man who reads these lines will probably live to see the day when that race will number its 800,000,000 of human beings. Their unity, harmony, and brotherhood must be determined by the relations between Great Britain and the United States. Their union will be the union of the two worlds. If they discharge their duty to each other and to mankind, they must become the united heart of the mighty race they represent, feeding its myrial veins with the blood of moral and political life. Upon the state of their fellowship, then, more than upon the union of any two nations on earth, depends the well-being of humanity, and the peace and progress of the world. kind, to be found anywhere ? Really, we a beginning seriously to debate this question, common with many other people who compelled by the necessities of this subluna existence to meddle with such vulgar neces ties as eating and drinking. Exposes are ma from time to time, in the organs of pul opinion, and a wholesale system of adulterat is proved to be practised in our food and be rages, but the exposures amount to nothi The groceryman, the milk-man, the bak the liquor dealer, are not at all distrubed. public are startled for a moment, but the citement soon blows over and the old g go merrily on. For example, the other some thousand hogsheads of port wine confiscated in England, and found to be n vilely and abominably adulterated - little ter than rank poison, indeed-but not pun ment was inflicted on the poisoners, and investigation made. Of late years, delirum tremens has incre with terrible rapidity among us, when th years ago it was almost unknown. It has come, indeed, what may be termed a sp disease, caused by the introuction of a sp poison into the system- that poison b the stuff used in adulteration. Any man drinks habitually of the camphene bra strychnine whiskey and other beverag match, which are sold at a goodly propo of bar-rooms, need have a cast-iron sto and no nervous system at all. In this cl and with the peculiarly high-strung and able American temperament, the pract certain death--not quite so rapid in its e indeed, as a shot from a pistol-barrel, but as sure. Great hopes were expressed at one time imbroglio [a] mixed up [mess] [of] troubles Did he [dit] do it a purpose? That's so, easy enough. -- That's a sick ticket Well I was look'g for a man about your size "go back" - "go back on mine" He works on his own [h] hook a good American word centurion Kosmos, noun masculine or feminine, a person who scope of mind, or whose range in a particular science, includes all, the whole known universe all right "Words" the New York Bower boy "Sa-a-y" There should could easily be a dictionary made of words fit to be used in in an English (American) opera. -- or for vocal=lyric purposes songs, ballads, recitatives, &c bub sis honey = fugling, Guacho (wa-ko) give him away all right / "So long" "Words" the New York Bowery try to "Sa-a-y." Wha-ä-t? I am ) on that "hold up your head up." "Bully for you" a "nasty" man. "that's rough" log=rolling may - be (mebbee) bub sis honey=fugling [Guau] Guacho (wä - ko) give him away I some that the (democracy) human down in - -------------------------------- all right swim out cave in [dy up]- dry up switch off git and git he is} on that I am ("So long" -(a delicious American -New York - idiomatic phrase at parting equivalent to "good bye" "adieu" &c ----------------------- "hold your head up." "Bully for you" a "nasty" man. "that's rough." log = rolling ----------------------- may - be ( mebbee) bub sis honey= fugling [Guau] Guacho ( wä-ko) give him away self=proved that -------------------------- Sachem war dance powwow, ----------------------- Passim (every where here and there ord rewer.) --------------------- (Words) Empiricism- as of an acquaintance with a number of isolated facts, yet not of the subtle relation and bearing of them, the meaning- their part in the ensemble- [their] the instinct of what they prove. - ------------------------------- modern sense of the term simply the direct facts by rote without grasping the spirit the real meaning of them ----------------------------------- in Africa, or any where ("I see the slave barracoon") ------------------------------ Collaborateurs ? Co= laborers ? Co-laboraters self = proved that = Mark ---------------------------- Sachem war dance powwow, moundbuilders, Mohekan prairie, Passim (Every where here and there, used as a word of reference.) ------------------------- "on the stump" (from the western practice at times, of political speakers mounting a tree = stump [for their] and so holding forth ------------------------------- barracoon- collection of slaves in Africa, or any where ("I see the slave barracoon") ---------------------------------------- collaborateurs ? co=laborers ? co-laboraters It is not self=proved that the African (?& Asiatic) hieroglyphs are more ancient than the phonetic sounds of the Phoenician letters. [*Yes. It seems clearly so to me*] Alphabetic letters introduced into Europe 1500 B.C. viz: Phenician letters, by Cadmus, into Greece. –facts veiled in the vapory[?] tradition of Of "Voltaire, Montesquieu, Jean= Jacques Rousseau, Buffon, and Diderot—all the genius of the French tongue is to be found in the style of those five writers." Arsene Houssaye 1850 desideratum - Sound=Mark one of the. first desiderata a font of type, in a diction[?] [??] in printed composition = how, is a set of arbitra[?] [?]und marks attached to letters each mark belonging to that specific sound — How clear this would make language! especially too a child, an illiter[?] [?]eader aloud, or a foreigner leg is la tive Of "Voltaire, Moutesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Buffon, and Diderot — all the genius of the French tongue is to be found in the style of these five writers." Arsene Houssaye 1850 Feuilleton Feuilletonist regime vis-a-vis. face to face opposite person seated opposite visee-- noun vi za - aim, end, object vidette - to aim at ---------------------------------- genre (zhän=z) peculiar to that person period or place- -not universal ------------------------------ accroupie (Venus accroupie) ma femme ("She is mine- ma femme" parvenu forte- (strong-) ------------------------------------------ dilletante (I prefer dilletant singular and "dilletants" dilletanti pl finale col-por-teur peddlar) largesse petit (arriere behind attache at=a=sha (one attached to any person, establishment or what not.) A.M.C. Martinet [chaff - "the omnibus man"] "load" "sold" [chaffs and the" gag - sold him - got a load on them dodge - ("that was only a dodge") Such words as Hurry=graphs (the name of a book of sketches) (?) chapparral peon Doctrinaire ( laz = brother - theorist (Doctorate) Soi/self) soi disant self-styled would be seance (see ans) n.f. pl seances sitting - a meeting seaten (the spiritualists held a seance) [what root?] pantaloons - "pants" - trousers - breeches - Do not these words illustrate a law of language, namely that with the introduction of any new thing, (as the pantaloons) the word, from the same land or source is introduced with them? Family names surnames - Roman style of names - Greek American [aborigines?] Japan - India - [Peninsulas?] Sumatra Borneo Russian - American aborigin Yes, I think these now Nursery Tales, were originally in the infancy of literature of epics, and of mental amusements, told as relaxing tales to [great] warriors, kings, and heroes - and had good nutriment for them too. [Also] The fables, now for children, Jack and his Bean Pole, [two more] Beauty and the Beast, Tom Thumb and the fables that animals talk, are doubtless modern editions of the tales told, recited, perhaps during ages and ages ago, to our full-grown Scandinavian or [Kymry] Teutonic, [or] Brit or Gallic or Italian ancestors or ancestresses, [heroes] warriors, youths, and women. [inset on blue lined paper] (Bankable money only received. and Fourth Streets. lliamsburgh, Dr. on the following Lot City County Default Total [left page] Yes, I Nursery in the in.... amusement relaxing warrios, heroes, nutrimen... Scantlings A.U.C. Year from the building of the city of Rome Fiasco (he suffered fiasco) Ancient Nursery Tales - Tom Thumb first appears in English legendary lore, in print, in the year 1630. He is supposed, however, to be of Anglo-Saxon lineage. The stories of "Jack in the Bean Stalk," "Puss in Boots," "Jack the Giant Killer," "Beauty and the Beast," etc., are all from the North, and are still found in the nursery tales of Scandinavia. Not only these quaint little tales, but many words trace back in the same manner, of course At first these stories were poems, romances, no doubt for grown person, even kings, gatherings, festivities, warriors. - Then they subsided by degree to be told to children as may of what is now among men will subside. Flanges of words ( namely, those rims that come out on the main words) [?] the flange is the variation, or rim, considered separately from the main word. rune } Language characters of runic } the Goths, Scandinavians } &c } Poems, traditions of the ancient northern Europeans "cut loose" ( railroad men's term) Fred's explanation) indigene (indigenous) (as cotton is an indigene of [parts] of Africa and Asia KING JAMES' BIBLE. - For many years before the death of Queen Elizabeth, the question of a revised translation of the Scriptures had been frequently agitated. Upon the ascension of James the subject was pressed with new ardor, and the consent of the monarch was at last obtained to favor the project. Taking the matter into his own hands, he soon completed the requisite arrangements, which were on a scale surpassing all that had been witnessed in England in the way of Bible translation. Before the close of July, 1604, fifty-four scholars had been selected as translators, and divided into six companies, two of which were to meet at Westminster, and two at each of the universities. Ample provision was made from the royal treasury for the maintenance and remuneration of the translators. After great care in its preparation, the version was published in 1614, wit a dedication to the king, in which flattery was carried to its culminating point. The work was not immediately received with the unanimity for which James had hoped. Attempts were made to supersede it by a new translation in 1652, and in 1656, but were unsuccessful. an axiom about languages Talk to every body every where - try it on - keep it up - real talk - no airs - real questions - no one will be offended - or if any one is that will teach the offendee just as any one else a good innovation employer - employee offender - offendee this offended server - serves lover - lovee this loved hater - hatee this hated Virginia idioms "How's all"? "Where you been at?" u good innovation employer -- employee offender -- offendee thing offended server -- servee lover -- lovee (thing loved hater -- (hatee thing hated suspecter -- suspectee receiver - ? [receivee] ? recevee ? (thing received At the conclusion of the address, Dr. D. Francis Bacon came forward and delighted the audience for another hour. The subject was one of peculiar local interest ,it being an essay on the great number of languages spoken daily in the city of New York, the classification amounting to no less than eighty different languages (not dialects) in constant use in this city. The learned Doctor spoke extempore, and interspersed his remarks with an occasional digression and anecdote, highly acceptable to his hearers. No city in the world can furnish a parallel to this in the number of its spoken languages. Dr. Bacon has expended much labor and research on the subject of his remarks before the Society, and his varied illustrations evinced great power and ability. The Doctor has evidently been "round some," and in the course of his remarks he stated that at a week's notice he could place before the Society persons of both sexes, resident here, who spoke sixty different languages, and that they should converse with each other in their mother tongues! The remaining twenty, to make up the whole number spoken, he could get, with a little more time and trouble! It is to be hoped that this interesting communication will be placed before the public shortly. Before the adjournment, it was announced tat the Society have recently had placed at their disposal, (temporarily,) by different members, and individuals, several fine original paintings, illustrating French history, and which we learned were to furnish the basis for two or three lectures at the Society's fine rooms. The first will be given on Thursday evening next, 11th inst. NM 14th Society ?(on geograph: Soc) 1857-8 Roster - a plan on take of which the outlier of military office are marked out. Evangel - good=news well=hung - [This phrase] [applied to a man - organically] Has organic of good principles, not disposed to meanness or [dirty] dirtiness. Bodily possessed of [his] full share of the manly ability with women.- passe = passe (päs pas) pä-s pa-s trick - slight of hand Words out of places or person as Bayonet - from Bayonne, in France Daguerreotype, from Daguerre (? Certify this first) Parts of Speech. - It is asserted that in the English language proper, apart from technical and scientific terms, there are 20,500 nouns, 40 pronouns, 9,200 adjectives, 8,000 verbs, 2,600 adverbs, 60 prepositions, 19 conjunctions, 68 interjections, and two articles. According to Webster's Dictionary, there are one hundred thousand words in the language. A.R. - Badinage is pronounced bad-e-nazh; mirage, mir-razh; protege, pro-ta-zah; rouge, roozh, etc. In these words g has the sound of zh. Protege pro-ta-zha bizarre / (odd, queer,) see Addison on English Language in German "British Authors" Words of Epitaphs Kanyon (cañón) a Spanish word, a barrel, tube piece of artillery (passage of a river high sides) Kiooshk (a pleasant roofed apartment in a garden, with flowers, seats, and sometimes a fountain vis inertia (the power or stamina of inertness) vis viva (force of motion - the power or stamina of active life) terms of physical science) lustruna (five years ancient Rome) Johnson Dictionary first pub. 1755 (was this the first good dictionary) of English?) (O no) orthography etymology - origin of words - part of speech, in grammar syntax - constructing sentences prosody - accent, metre, rhyme & rythm smoothness &c. both in prose and verse Zazzia (Italian (a foray (a sudden (rush and (seizure) Capponiere Rap-pon-neer (fortification French a passage , protected each side leading from one part of the works to another without signal, and, in some case, unrivalled success. e ti ol o gy - (an account of the causes of any thing, particularly diseases) about the controversy respecting words ending in ick - the k left out by modern writers - - If any thing is left out it were better the c - thus musik stik, lok, brik apoplektik-- These little controversies are miserable, [things] in such a great thing as language kidnapt worshipt gallopt developt [get the] Although neither the origin nor subsequent progress of English can be assigned to any specified dates, yet, for the sake of perspicuity - we may (as in the case of general history) establish arbitrary and conventional divisions. - Thus we say generally speaking, that about 1150 may be dated the decline of pure Saxon; about 1250 the commencement of English ; and that the century between these two dates was occupied by a sort of semi: Saxon language." Hippisley, a late English writer.-- 1066 William the Conqueror Then the Norman French became the language of the court and upper classes Still Anglo-Saxon continued to be spoken by the old inhabitants and the common people. But the laws, judgments, pleadings &c were in Norman French till 1362 Edward 3d by statute enacted [the] English as the language for speaking law proceedings, but French for writing them. 100,000 words are said to be now in the repertoire? is not the no. greater than 38,000? - yes the whole no must be twice that The English Language consists of about 38000 words. - This includes of course not only radical words, but all derivatives, except the preterite and participles of verbs - of these (38000) about 23,000 or nearly five=eights are of Anglo Saxon origin Edinburgh Review vol 70 ?Probably Perhaps now the plentiful contributions of foreign words have made the proportion to stand half and half - (Perhaps there are) Charleston Book 1845 Greek eulogistic Mr. Legare, as is known, was widely read in classic literature - and had, in particular, an unbounded admiration for the Greek genius. In this admiration we are disposed to join him so fully, that we cannot refrain from quoting, out of the volume before us, an eloquent eulogium on the Greek language. It is impossible to contemplate the annals of Greek literature and art, without being struck with them, as by far the most extraordinary and brilliant phenomenon in the history of the human mind. The very language, even in its primitive simplicity, as it came down from the rhapsodists who celebrated the exploits of Hercules and Thesens, was as great a wonder as any it records. All the other tongues that civilized men have spoken, are poor, and feeble, and barbarous, in comparison with it. Its compass and flexibility, its riches and its powers, are altogether unlimited. It not only expresses with precision all that is thought or known at any given period, but it enlarges itself naturally with the progress of science, and affords, as if without an effort, a new phrase, or a systematic nomenclature whenever one is called for. It is equally adapted to every variety of style and subject- to the most shadowy subtlety of distinction, and the utmost exactness of definition, as well as to the energy and pathos of popular eloquence - to the majesty, the elevation, the variety of the Epic, and the boldest license of the Dithyrambie, no less than to the sweetness of the Elegy, the simplicity of the Pastoral, or the heedless gaiety and delicate characterization of Comedy. Above all, what is an unspeakable charm - a sort of naivete is peculiar to it, and appears in all those various styles, and is quite as becoming and agreeable in an historian or a philosopher - Xenophon, for instance - as in the light and jocund numbers of Anacreon. Indeed, were there no other object in the learning Greek, but to see to what perfection language is capable of being carried, not only as a medium of communication, but as an instrument of thought, we see not why the time of a young man would not be just as well bestowed in acquiring a knowledge of it - for all the purposes, at least, of a liberal or elementary education - as in learning Algebra, another specimen of a language or arrangement of signs, perfect in its kind. But this wonderful idiom happens to have been spoken, as was hinted in the preceding paragraph, by a race as wonderful. The very first monument of their genius, the most ancient relic of letters in the Western world, stands to this day altogether unrivaled in the exalted class to which it belongs. What was the history of this immortal poem,and of its great fellow? Was it a single individual, and who was he, that composed them? Had he any master or model? What had been his education, and what was the state of society in which he lived? These questions are full of interest to a philosophic inquirer into the intellectual history of the species but they are especially important with a view to the subject of the present discussion. Whatever causes for the matchless excellence of these primitive poems, and for that of the language in which they are written, will go far to explain the extraordinary circumstance, that the same favored people left nothing unattempted in philosophy, in letters, and in arts, and attempted nothing without signal, and, in some cases, unrivaled success. fusillade [while this fusillade was going on] - several shots were fired in the cloisters -- crowds, attracted by the noise of the fusillade, swarmed round the windows / battue (they formed a circle round the gardens and large grounds and forced the priests by blows, to enter the church - While this battue was going on outside themselves for Figures are words every number [and] or calculation in numbers is a poem Words of the Bible Bible Literature What powerful and quite The word wanted for the male & female act. "clinch" ""Ultra - marine" } [al] beyond the seas, also blue a term to be applied to [all] [?] foreign=spirited literati as opposed to those who compose their works with sole regard to the American spirit and facts. rather the figures themselves for Figures are words every number or calculation in numbers in a poem Words of the bible Bible Literature What powerful and and quite The word wanted for the male & female act "clinch" Words of figures - or rather the figures themselves for Figures are words every number [are] or calculation in numbers is a poem Here Here [?] [?] [?] [the time - the] of all and growths of the there at last advances the soul of the [earth] Durable [and final] fruit of [all] things - the [?] [?]the na- is dark deeds sons, Alex- from Rome, literature Words of the Bible Bible Literature What powerful and quite indefinable words have been contributed by[?] the proper nouns of the Old Testament - The names of the Deity - of Hell, of Heaven - of the great persons. Words of figures - or rather the figures themselves - for Figures are words every number [an] or calculation in numbers is a poem Epithets of hatred, anger, despair, sorrow, &c villain, (old meaning, merely an inferior person) scoundrel damn! Wo! Epithets of endearment, love-beloved- my dear- Changes in the meaning of words The word "demon" Socrates had his demon the word, [in its ancient] tile toward modern times, having [only] as much the signification of spirit, or one of the genii, or heavenly visitor, as of an evil spirit. - Pronounce / strongly marked -or prominent lunatic - ("looney") imam - (preacher) Kaliph - (successor) Sierra - a saw (as a carpenter saws with teeth) puerto - a gate - a "port" Cordillera - a mountain range composed of many small parallel ranges - ( as a cord is formed of several strands twisted together) "spoor" [tract] signs track or trail [or] [the] of an animal &c, followed by hunters in Africa or Australia - viz: all the signs, footprints, [tracks] broken limbs, dung moisture, or any other indications political, electioneering, party words- loco focos black republicans abolitionist free soilers know nothings ? whigs (what a ridiculous name for an American party) tories "posted up" - (a most expressive phrase, derived from account keeping) loot boodle absences ("his mind was full of absences.") apostle (literally, one sent by another doctrinaire - theorist NAMES. - Names have mnemonic power; a vocabulary of their meanings would be as sweat as the songs of the Troubadora. It would be like breaking into old royal tombs, the laying bare of old battle fields, the disclosing of old fossils. We should wonder how much of poetry, of history, or biography, may be wrapped up in a couple of syllables; what pictures may be printed with a word or two. The learned language of Europe can have nothing more beautiful than the dialects of the red children of the West; and yet that word "dilapidated" it would take the happiest day that Angelo ever saw to paint it; the stone apart from stone, the crumbling wall, the broken turret strewn among the woods. That word "disaster without a star; so pity him, the poet sings "in his own loose revolving field, the swain disaster'd stands. What a night, what a winter's night was that! The history of a race may be folded in a word. The "curfew" that to Gray's Elegy - what a tale its tones are telling of the times of the old Norman; how it lets us into the secret of domestic economy eight centuries ago; how it sets the bells a ringing, and covers the Saxon fires, and plays Othello with the light of home. - Chicago Journal. If it be a sign of richness in a language that a single word is used to express many quite different things, the good old English may be regarded as the Rothschild of languages. For instance, how many significations lie in that single monosyllable box? It means, a stall in a stable, a solitary table in a tavern, a private place in a theater, a snuff-magazine in the pocket, a slap in the face, a certain tree in a garden, the nave in a wheel, the compass in a ship, the throne of the coachman, a chest, ,a goblet, a dose of pills, without even reckoning the manifold acceptations which children, ladies, printers and mechanics of every kind have given to the word. Sport is another of these multifarious expressions. It is indifferently applied to a horse-race, a steeple-chase, a cricket-match, a regatta, a yacht trip, a rowing club, a boat-race, a pedestrian performance, a boxing match, gymnastics, cock and rat fighting, dog baiting, a mat of rush, the pleasure of teasing, etc. Whatever gives exercise to the body without calling in the mind is expressed by this favorite and truly British word; and nothing could afford better insight into English manners and propensities than the multiple meanings of this assemblage of five letters. We can thus, at one glance, see that the three great requisites of English life are "The chase, the race, the liberty to roam" Name for lectures Lessons En Passant Lessons - No. 2- No 7. &c &c (as "Walt Whitman's Lessons) Savior (sa voar) v.a. to know to be aware of - "posted up" " v.n. to be learned - a scholar savoir - vivre (n.m.) to have sa-vour -vi-vr (fine manners -either for a gentleman or lady Savoir faire - expert - skill - wits - Bouleversement - upset- overthrow - confusion rampart - security wall Boulevard} Boulevard } seems to be a pleasure = walk, ground, with trees as outside the thicker demesnes of a town.-- Idiopathy - (gr.) - a peculiar affection or feeling - [of] a primary disease or a disease [not] belonging to the part affected- not arising from sympathy with other parts Monolith, an obolisk or monument (one) - a single stone. kil-k:shos quelque = chose (any thing) (any thing) mes soeurs (my sisters) ? (Bon camerado) Confrere con-frere (brother, co=worker, intimate associate, &c, as of the same religious order, trade, or place.) Who glows for the many as well as the few At Pfaff's Who don't want to put a green shade on the sun, Or try to make two look as if they are one At Pfaff's, at Pfaff's, at Pfaff's, For nature is nature at Pfaff's. IX. And here's to Pfaff, our redoubtable host, At Pfaff's, Who's equal to cutlet, to soup, and to roast At Pfaff's, And Hermann's an article too in our creed, Our handsome Teutonic and quick Ganymede At Pfaff's, at Pfaff's, at Pfaff's, Our Ganymede Herman at Pfaff's. And now your attention [?] Idiopathy - (gr.) peculiar affection of feeling - of a primary disease or a disease [not] belonging to the part affected - not arising from sympathy with other parts Monolith, an obolisk or monument (one) - a single stone. for words Opera - ([its] in the sense of work, labor, or the action of the or abor) Attempts, &c. my poems ? masc.} orator } oratist both masc & fem. fem.} oratress } m reader } readist both fem. readress } m&f for words Opera - ([its] in the sense of work labor, or the action of the process[es] or product of labor "&c" - Why not use The term "&c" in my poems? masc.} orator} oratist both masc fem.} oratress} oratist & fem. m reader} fem. readress} readist both m & f M To City and County Ward. Assmseed No. "&c." - Why not use the term "&c," in my poems? M To City and County Ward. Assessed No. To City and County Tax for the Year Ward. Assessed No. Location. One of the larger articles is on the interesting subject of "Americanisms." It is mentioned in the course of it that "two vocabularies of Americanisms have been published, one at Boston, by John Pickering, in 1816, and the other at New York, by John Russell Bartlett, 1848." It might have been added that an abridged translation of Bartlett's book has appeared in Dutch, a singular fact - and that there is a dictionary of English and German, by Elwell, published at New York in 1850, in which many Americanisms are included and pointed out by a distinguishing mark. To put this distinguishing mark, and put it rightly, seems to be a task transcending the powers of any individual, and we would recommend the Philological Society, when they have sufficient leisure from the labors of their new gigantic dictionary, to appoint a mixed commission of English and Yankees to endeavor, if possible, to raw the boundary line to the satisfaction of both nations. The best way to begin would, perhaps, be to take a popular American novel, and have a discussion on each word or phrase that sounded strange to an English ear. It would probably be found that many of them were equally strange to natives of different portions of the United States; and, on the other hand, it would certainly be found that many phrases which Americans would set down as Americanisms were as English as Addison. In the article on Americanisms in the Cyclopedia it is amusing to see what odd misconceptions on that score occur. "Politicians," we are told, "in the United States, mans a person who busies himself with the management and contests of a political party. In England it means a statesman." In England there is a tolerably famous painting known by the name of "The Village Politicians," which shows that the term is not of so stately a character. Again, "Stage is the American term for a stage-coach, and it is sometimes, but rarely, used in that sense by the English." "Stage is certainly now used but rarely in that sense, because stages are themselves a rarity, but the word only disappeared with the thing. Further, we are told that "Ride, in the United States, means riding either in a wagon or on horseback. The English restrict "ride" to horseback...Ride was formerly used by the English as it is now used by the Americans." One would like extremely to know when English people ceased to "ride in a coach," and what is the word that has displaced it. But the richest piece of information for the English reader is that contained in the notice of the work "ticket"- "Ticket is used by the Americans in many ways unknown to the English. When an American engages a passage on a railroad he purchases a ticket- the Englishman is booked at the box office. The American purchases a "through ticket" or a "way ticket" - the Englishman is booked for a portion or the whole distance of his intended journey." If the writer of "Americanisms" should ever take a journey to England, which he evidently has not done hitherto, he will find that his "Americanisms," "way ticket" excepted, are the current language of every railway station in or our of Cockneydom. AN AMERICAN YOUNG WOMAN WISHES A SITUA tion as children's nurse is capable of taking charge of so infant; is a neat, plain sewer; no objection to go a short distance in the country. The best of city reference. Call at 213 Mott st., first floor, front room. A YOUNG WOMAN WISHES EMPLOYMENT AS SEAM- stress, by the day, week or month; can out and fit chil- dren's clothes and make shirts in the neatest style. Good re- ferences. Call at 133 East 11th st., near 1st av., for two days. A SITUATION WANTED -- BY A RESPECTABLE GIRL. as chambermaid and waitress or to assist with washing and ironing; no objection to go a short distance in the coun- try. Has good city reference from her last place, where she has lived four years. Can be seen for two days at 9th West 19th st., between 6th and 7th aves., third floor, front room. A RESPECTABLE GIRL WANTS A SITUATION TO do general housework or cook, wash and iron. The best of city reference can be given. Can be seen at her present place, No. 6 Bank st., corner of Waverley place. A RESPECTABLE LITTLE GIRL WANTS A SITUA- tion as waitress to do light chamberwork; 15 years of age. Call for three days at 292 1st ave., between 17th and 18th sts. A RESPECTABLE WOMAN WISHES TO OBTAIN A situation in a private family or boarding house, as laundress. Apply at 75 Thompson st. A SITUATION WANTED -- BY A RESPECTABLE young woman as chambermaid and waitress; can pro- duce excellent references from her last employer. Call for two days at 27 Amity st., Brooklyn, between Hicks and Co lumbia sts. A SITUATION WANTED -- BY A RESPECTABLE young woman as plain cook, washer and ironer, or general housework, in a small private family; no objection to the country; good city references. Call for two days at 39 Atlantic st., South Brooklyn, top floor, over the harness store. A YOUNG WOMAN WISHES A SITUATION, AS A good plain cook, washer and ironer; also, a young girl 14 years old, to mind children and do plain sewing. Good re- ferences. Call for two days at 427 1st ave., between 26th and 27th sts. A SITUATION WANTED -- BY A RESPECTABLE GIRL, as seamstress and to take care of children; no objection to do general housework. Call for two days at 53 King st., front basement. A SITUATION WANTED -- BY A RESPECTABLE WO man, as cook and to assist in the washing and ironing; is a good baker; best of city reference from her last place. Can be seen for two days at 625 1/2 6th av., between 36th and 37th sts., in the fancy store. A RESPECTABLE GIRL WISHES A SITUATION TO mind children and sew, or to cook, wash and iron for a small private family; lately landed from England. Good reference from her last place. Can be seen until engaged at 277 7th av., rear house, up stairs. AN INTELLIGENT, RESPECTABLE YOUNG WOMAN, wishes a situation to do general housework in a private family; would do chamberwork. Good references. May be seen at 40 Wooster st. A YOUNG WOMAN IS DESIROUS OF A SITUATION as seamstress and chambermaid, or seamstress and to take care of children; is accustomed to all kinds of family sewing; no objection to travel with a family. Good city refe rence. Apply for two days at 62 Pacific st., between Court and Boerum Brooklyn. A RESPECTABLE GIRL WISHES A SITUATION AS chambermaid and laundress; would do plain cooking, washing and ironing. Best of city reference. Call at 390 3rd fourth floor, back room, for two days if not engaged. fornication The Bib. meaning of this word is said to be idolatry ? Fuimus - Fuimus Words "Romance language" or languages see Ellis's book pp. 1, 2, &c AN AMERICAN YOUNG WOMAN WISHES A SITUA tion as children's nurse is capable of taking charge of an infant; is neat, plain sewer; no objection to go a short distance in the country. The best of city reference. Call at 213 Mott st. first floor, front room. A YOUNG WOMAN WISHES EMPLOYMENT AS A SEAM- stress, by the day, week or month; can out and fit chil- dren's clothes and male shirts in the neatest style. Good re- fereces. Call at 133 East Lith st., near 1st av. for two days. A SITUATION WANTED - BY A RESPECTABLE GIRL. as a chambermain and waitress or to assist with washing and ironing; no objection to go a short distnace in the coun- try. HAs good city reference from her last place, where she has lived for four years. Can be seen for two days at 9th West 19th st. between 6th abd 7th aves, third floor, front room. A RESPECTABLE GIRL WANTS SITUATION TO do general housework or to cook, was and iron. The best of city reference can be given. Can be seen at her present place, No. 6 Bank st, corner of Waverley place. A RESPECTABLE LITTLE GIRL WANTS A SITUA- tion as waitress and to do light chamberwork; 16 years of age. Call for three days at 292 1st ave, between 17th and 18th sts. A RESPECTABLE WOMAN WISHES TO situation in a private family Fornication the Bib. meaning of this word is said to be idolatry (whoredom in Bib. often means idolatry.) alto-relievo (alto relief) --figures very boldly standing out from the background, but not altogether [stan] out) amont idiomatic [terms] forms "Vc." (how can this be translated? INDIAN NAMES - 'Poor,' or 'pore,' which is found to make the termination of so many Indian cities and settlements, singnifies town.Thus Nagpore means the town of serpents -- a definition, by the way, sufficiently appropriate when we reflect on the treacherous character of the Sepoys by whom it was so recently garrisoned. 'Abad' and 'patam' also signify town; Hyderabad being Hyder's town, and Seringapatam - from Seringa, a name of a god Vishnu -- being the town of Seringa. Allahabad, from 'Allah,' God, and 'abad' abode, means the abode of God, that city being the capital of Agra, the chief school of the Brahmins, and much resorted to by pilgrims.' Punjab is the country of the Five Rivers, and Doab is applied to a part of a country between two rivers. good terms n. m. Passe pä sā au passe ō pä sā in the past Words see pp 35-6 &c "Hebrew Politics" good term passe n. m. pä sā au[?] passe ō pä sā (in the past) Sir John Bowring - the late Chinese Governor o England, and lately lecturing on China in the city of Glasgow - has asserted that the lexicon of the Chinese language consists of seventy volumes. M. Stanislaus Julien Professor of Chinese at the College de France, and the firs Sinologist in Europe, has written to the Constitutionnel to point out Sir John's mistake. M.Julien states that in reality, the imperial dictionary of the Emperor TShanghi - being that which all European students of Chinese use - is only thirty-two volumes in 12mo., not thicker than the little finger, and containing only 42,713 characters. M. Julien asserts, moreover, that a knowledge of about one tenth of these characters is sufficient to enable Chinese books to be understood, and that the Chinese language "is as clear as the easiest of modern languages" - the proof being, he says, that numerous Chinese works have been translated into the French in the course of the last thirty years. exploite pap exploiter - to cultivate or make the most of (for sale) (orig) exploitee ( one cultivating and making use of - working - part owner) words Effective - [Fr] [com] p. 429. Wb. Dict. specie or coin as dist. from paper money Thus a draft may be stipulated to be paid in effective, as dist.ct. from greenbacks or as depr. or military term a pap. writer in Ed. Review. Oct. 1870. speaks of "the peace effective of the cavalry" Ei-do-lon (Gr) phantom - the image of an Helen at Troy instead of a real 'flesh & blood woman The learning of the Spartan youth was very narrow, according to what would be our modern estimate; but they were taught to express themselves with purity and conciseness: hence the term laconic, from Laconia, the province in which Sparta was situated- The Girls L'Amour love girls The learning of the Spartan youth was very narrow, according to what would be our modern estimate; but they were taught to be express themselves with purity and conciseness: hence the term laconic, from Laconia, the province in which Sparta was situated - Mythras, in the old Persian mysteries was the name of the sun Mylitta, that of the moon rondure (The earth) "This huge rondure on which we rest." Gilsons - Beans Cor. Sudbury & Court own. of a hog hitched to a carriage flume gulch quarts cañon literatus casletar[?] [he] says of D'Israeli, "he was a great literatus" To be able to speak many languages, as the voluble French, the courtly Italian, the lofty Spanish, the lusty Dutch, the powerful Latin, the scientific and happily-compounding Greek, the most spacious Slavonique, the mystical Hebrew with all her dialects—all this is but vanity and superficial knowledge, unless the inward man be bettered hereby; unless by seeing and perus- Phrases - Expressions - &c mobile - as applied to the face &c. full of changing expression - very ductile To he able to speak many languages, as the voluble French, the courtly Italian, the lofty Spanish, the lusty Dutch, the powerful Latin, the scientific and happily-compounding Greek, the most spacious Slavonique, the mystical Hebrew with all her dialects - all this is but vanity and superficial knowledge, unless the inward man be bettered hereby; unless by seeing and perusing the volume of the great world one learn to know the little, which is himself; unless on learn to govern and check the passions, our domestic enemies, than which nothing can conduce more to gentleness of mind, to elegancy of manners, and solid wisdom. But principally, unless by surveying and admiring his works abroad, one improve himself in the knowledge of his Creator, pros quo quisquilice costera (?) in comparison whereof the best of sublunary blessings are but baubles, and this indeed, this unum necessarium should be the end to which travel should tend. - James Howell, 1642. gendered by the union of the State with now the Catholic and now the Protestant branch of the Church, had convinced our founders that the dangers of leaving religious institutions to the voluntary support of communities, or, at worst, to their local laws, were greatly less that the perils at tending the civil recognition of any national or established religion. Experience has proved that religion thrives best, at least in our soil, when the State leaves it to that unhampered conscience and free sense of its inherent worth and importance, felt by the people acting in their private capacity. No country in the world, in the annual pecuniary contributions rendered by the free will and the unforced liberality of the people toward the support of religious institutions, has ever given such evidence of the value it sets upon public worship and more impropriety of the word "petition" as used for memorials to Congress, Legislatures, Common Councils, &c. ---It sprung up under the very state of society -- which America has arisen to destroy, and only belongs there. miles be one or a dozen. LANGUAGE - Sir John Bowring, at a recent Tract Society meeting, said: - The Chinese are a proud nation, and naturally enough. Their language has existed for four thousand and five hundred years, and everybody reads it. Our language is a language of yesterday. A person who lived in the island of Great Britain eight hundred years ago, could not understand one of us, and we could not make ourselves understood by him. But Confucius wrote six or seven hundred years before Jesus Christ, and his language is read not by fifty or sixty millions, who understand the English language, but by five hundred millions of the human race. sans soucie diablerie Conclusion vol 1 Marc Müller (in [Brusens?] Work) If now we gaze from our native shores over that vast ocean of human speech with its waves rolling out from continent to continent rising under the fresh breezes of the morning of history and slowly heaving in our own more sultry atmosphere - with sails gliding over its surface, and many an oar ploughing through its surf and the flags of all nations waving joyously together - with its rocks and wrecks its storms and battles, yet reflecting serenely all that is beneath and above and around it - If we gaze and hearken to the strange sounds rushing past our ears in unbroken strains, it seems no longer a wild tumult or but we feel as if placed within some ancient cathedral, listening to innumerable voices; - and the more intensely we listen the more all discords melt away into higher harmonies, till at last we hear but one majestic trichord or a mighty unison, as at the end of a sacred harmony. In Italy, and all countries of Roman orig Such visions will float through the st[?] of the grammarian, and in the midst of toil one researches his heart will suddenly beat as he feel the conviction growing upon him that men are brethren in the simplest sense of the word - the children of the same Father - whatever their country, their color, their language, or their faith. - much spoken, and more than all others written, write the ninth or tenth century. In Italy, and all countries of Roman origin or previsiously [included] reading as [length] or long time their empire, the Latin language remained a living tongue, much spoken, and more than all others written, until the ninth or tenth century. entourage (azh) (a as in man) -- railing (round a theatre) mounting (of genis) persons around dancing soiree padre senora goitre crevasse matrix gossoon ( a youth more than child and less than man) Names of Persons -- These are very curious to trace out. -- [Whence] How came they? Whence these Marys, Johns, Williams, and Elizabeths ? -- quien sabe Kein za-ve ("who knows") Deos sabe ("God knows") No 9. goes up by Treas. 10:25 down -- 11:10 Names of Persons -- These are very curious to trace out. -- [Whence] How came they? Whence these Marys, Johns, Williams, and Elizabeths? -- shin = dig spree bender bummer happifying a phrase of the race = course of a horse "he's got the foot" April drawn from the Latin verb Aperio -- "I open" (April was anciently 2d month of year) glover, etc., have given us many surnames. Grosvenor (gros veneur) was chief huntsman to the Norman dukes. All the Reads, Reeds or Reids were originally red men. Bunker was so named from his good heart (bon coeur). But few have observed that old Dan Chaucer had a French shoemaker in his ancestry (chausser), and that Spenser was by lineage a butler, whose place was in the spense or buttery; nor need he be ashamed, for his company is that of the Lords Despencer. Perhaps it was the danger of such a category that caused the haughty sovereigns of Spain to have no name for public use beyond the purlieus of royalty. They only sign themselves Yo el Rey and Yo la Reina. -- Lippincott's Magazine. happifying a phrase of the race=course of a horse "he's got the foot or hasn't got the foot to do it" SOMETHING ABOUT SURNAMES. The names of persons offer curios etymologies. Of course, the trades of the hunter, fisher, archer (arc, a bow), fletcher (fleche, an arrow), smith, glover, etc. have given us many surnames. Grosvenor (gros veneur) was chief huntsman to the Norman dukes. All the Reads, Reeds, or Reids were originally red men. Bunker was so named from his good heart (bon (?) But few have observed that old Dan Chaucer had a French shoemaker in his ancestry. (chausser). and that Spenser was by lineage a butler, whose place was in the spense or buttery; nor need he be ashamed, for his company is that of the Lords Despencer. Perhaps it was the danger of such a category that caused the haughty sovereigns of Spain to have no name for public use beyond the purlieus of royalty. They only sign themselves Yo el Rey and Yo la Reina. - Lippincott's Magazine. Canaille - ("doggery") gobe=mouches go-b-mou-sh re fly catcher idler-trifler of no opinion SECT. CLIII - EPITHETS. 1. The meaning of the word Wretch is one not generally understood. It was originally, and is now, in some parts of England, used as a term of the softest and fondest tenderness. This is not the only instance in which words in their present general acceptation bear a very opposite meaning to what they did in former times. The word Wench, formerly was not used in the low and vulgar acceptation that it is at present. Damsel was the appellation of young ladies of quality, and Dame a title of distinction. Knave once signified a servant; and in an early translation of the New Testament, instead of "Paul the Servant," we read 'Paul the Knave of Jesus Christ." DEFINITIONS &c. - Epithet- a name applied to a person or thing. Define tenderness, instance, originally, acceptation, opposite, appellation, ladies of quality, (ladies of the highest rank,) signified, translation. Spoor (the track or trail of animals -- (in Africa) (why not in America or anywhere?) roturier (plebeian) coupee canard (duck) earl -- (title of honor) -- Earl seems to come from a word meaning strength -- B.B. "Cicisbeo" is an Italian term applied to a lady-dangler, but with an augmentation of meaning not wholly, perhaps, Italian, though less fully implied by the English word. good (renaissance (n.f.) second birth regeneration re = sprout up re ne sans renaissant (adj) spring up again good (rencountre (n.f.) Words arising out of the geography, agriculture, and natural traits of a country - such as many of the Southern words - also Eastern and Western words - many idiomatic phrases In the South, words that have sprouted up from the dialect and peculiarity of the slaves - the negros. The south is full of negro=words.- Their idioms and pronunciations are heard every where Names. The inappropriateness of many of the names under which the human race is compelled to pass through the world becomes ridiculously apparent upon carefully examining a directory of any large city. In our own we find that we have a population which are included in this misfortune. Females, according to the proper significance of their family names, are Bakers, Fishers, Hackmen, Hunters, Oatmen, Pollmen, Smiths, Wrights, Gardners, Melters, Millers, Pipers, Spearmen, Turners, Wagners, and extensive Walkers; besides which trades those of Cook, Cutter, Cooper, Dyer, Sower, Spicer, Tailor, Wheeler, and many others are represented in the list. We also find feminine Kings, Lords, Sages, Mayors, Sargeants, Drakes, and Swains, and large numbers bearing the masculine names of Thomas, Daniel, Henry, Jackson, John, Lucas, Oliver, Paul, Philip, &c., while male bipeds are designated as Queen, Belle, Rose, Duck, and other female names. Then we have the suggestive names White, Green, Brown, Black, Grey, Dun, Hope, Love, Neighbor, Savage, Brooks, Bone, Cable, Gale, Hopper, Sunrise, Ward, Boil, Death, Ford, Cash, Heart, Home, Hull, Reason, Will, Hood, Hall, Love, Pain, Price, Sterling, and Well, representing both sexes. In the way of animals, birds, &c., may be found Wolf, Fox, Beaver, Crow, Robin, Coon, Martin, and Shrimps. Merchandise and manufactures are represented by Bees, Steel, Stone, Wood, Brandy, Rice, Ham, Hood, and Wheat. Time is designated by May, Day, Week, Winter, &c. The nations by French, Holland, Welsh, German, and English. Distance by Long, Short, Mile, and Foot. Quality by Gross, Peck, Gill, and Speck. Physical organization by Cheek, Stout, Strong, Short, Leg, Foot, Hand, Heart, Blood. Provincialisms. s" must be of Pennsylvania origin though we can not track same is true of "donsey." "is"ordinary," cutdown, and the commonest provincialisms, mart" generally qualifies a Only in speaking of health, is right smart used as an ad- We know that "rock" is gener- d for stone in the Southwest; et-rock" we have never heard, in common use in the South, od old Chancerian English, and s in England in the proverbial rom Chaucer, "A pig in a poke." nce lived near the Allegbanies people (and things). Many in s' were 'donsey-like' (languid . The words mighty, right- eap, etc., have a varied mean- parts of the West, determined custom than fitness. 'That's a eart baby.' 'Wife is right- rse. She's had a heap o' chills; [w]er o' doctor stuff, an' got down eak an' poar.' 'Is there ayery we uns?' 'Can you uns help in the new ground? there's to spare if we clar it in time p.' 'Here, Jimmy, roll this grind my mowing-blade; and nny, get the whet-rock and a tle-bag) of apples, and put them ide (a little sled). Custom sanc- ght smart chance o' people, heap e, heap o' wind and rain, heap o' he jovial driver tells his jolly rs to 'pile in,' 'Grub pile' is me call to meals for Western tmen. The horsemen is asked ,' and his 'nag' is watered at the 'branch.'" In Virginia a horseman speaks of carrying his horse when he is travelling; in other sections of the country the horse is supposed to carry the man. In estimating distance, "right-smart" is the phrase invaribaly applied, whether the miles be one or a dozen. learned from evil companions, or at school, the effects of which are nightly felt even when asleep, and, if not cured, renders marriage impossible, and destroys both mind and body, should apply immediately. What a pity that a young man, the hope of his country, the pride of his parents, should be snatched from all prospects and enjoyments of life by the consequence of deviating from the path of nature, and indulging in a certain secret habit. Such persons must, before contemplating. MARRIAGE reflect that a sound mind and body are the most necessary requisites to produce connubial happiness. Indeed, without these the journey through life becomes a weary pilgrimage; the prospect hourly darkens to the view, the mind becomes shadowed with despair, and filled with the melancholy reflection that the happiness of another becomes blighted with your own. DISEASES OF IMPRUDENCE. When the misguided and imprudent votary of pleasure finds that he has imbibed the seeds of this painful disease, it too often happens that ill-timed sense of shame in dread of discovery deters him from applying to those who, from education and respectability, can alone befriend him, delaying till the constitutional symptoms of this horrid disease make their appearance, such as ulcerated sore throat, diseased nose, nocturnal pains in the head and limbs, dimness of sight, deafness, nodes on the shin bones and arms, blothes on the head, face, and extremities, progressing with frightful rapidity, till at last the palate of the mouth or the bones of the nose fall in and the victim of this awful disease becomes a horrid object of commiseration till death puts a person to his dreadful suffering, by sending him to th?] undiscovered country "from whence no travel returns." It is a MELANCHOLY FACT that thousands fall victims to this terrible disease, owing to the unskillfulness of ignorant pretenders, who, (?) the use of that DEADLY POISON, MERCURY, ruin the constitution and make the residue of (?) miserable. DR. JOHNSTON. OFFICE 7 SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, (?) hand side going from Baltimore street, a few (?) from the corner. Fail not to observe name and number. No letters received unless postpaid and containing a stamp to be used on the reply. Persons writing should state age, and send portion of advertisement describing symptoms. The Doctor's DIPLOMA hangs in his office. ENDORSEMENT OF THE PRESS. The many thousands cured at this establishment within the last twenty years, and the numerous important surgical operations performed by Dr. Johnston, witnessed by the reporters of the (?) and many other papers, notices of which have appeared again and again before the public, (?) his standing as a gentleman of character and responsibility, is a sufficient guarantee to the afflicted Provincialisms. "Doless" must be pf Pennsylvania German origin though we can not track it. The same is true of "donsey." "Or'nary" is "ordinary," cut down, and is one of the commonest provincialisms. "Right-smart" generally qualifies a noun. Only in speaking of health, we believe, is right-smart used as an adverb. We know that "rock" is generally used for stone in the Southwest; but "whet-rock" we have never heard. Poke is in common use in the South, and is good old Chaucerian English, and still lives in England in the proverbial phrase from Chaucer, "A pig in a poke," "There once lives near the Alleghantes 'ornary' people (and things). Many in 'dog-days' were 'donsey-like' (languid or sick). The words mighty, right-smart, heap, etc. have a varied meaning in parts of the West, determined more by custom than fitness. That's a mighty-peart baby.' 'Wife is right-smart worse. She's had a heap o' chills; tuk a power o' doctor stuff an' got down mighty weak an' poar.' 'Is there ayery letter for we uns?' 'Can you uns help tot logs in the new ground? there's nary day to spare if we clar it in time for a crap.' 'Here, Jimmy, roll this rock till I grind my mowing-blade; and you, Johnny, get the whet-rock and a poke (little-bag) of apples, and put them on the slide (a little sled). Custom sanctions 'right-smart chance 0' people, heap o' people, heap o' wind and rain, heap o' sand.' The jovial driver tells his jolly passengers to 'pile in.' 'Grub pile' is the welcome call to meals for Western river boatmen. The horsemen is asked to 'alight,' and his 'nag' is watered at the 'branch.'" In Virginia a horseman speaks of carrying his horse when he is travelling; in other sections of the country the horse is supposed the carry the man. In estimating distance, "right-smart" is the phrase invariably applied, whether the miles be one or a dozen. learned from evil companions, or at school, effects of which are nightly felt even when asleep and, if not cured, renders marriage impossible and destroys both mind and body, should apply immediately. What a pity that a young man, the hope of his country, the pride of his parents, should be snatched from all prospects and enjoyments of life by the consequence of deviating from the path of nature, and indulging in a certain secrete habit. Such persons must, before contemplating MARRIAGE, reflect that a sound mind and body are the m[ost] necessary requisites to produce connubial happiness. Indeed, without these the journey through life becomes a weary pilgrimage; the prospec hourly darkens to the view, the mind becomes shadowed with despair, and filled with the melancholy reflection that the happiness of another becomes blighted with your own. DISEASES OF IMPRUDENCE. When the misguided and imprudent votary pleasure finds that he has imbibed the seeds this painful disease it too often happens that ill-timed sense of shame in dread of discovery ters him from applying to those who, from education and respectability, can alone befreind his delaying till the constitutional symptoms of horrid disease make their appearance, such ulcerated sore throat, diseased nose, noctur pains in the head and limbs, dimness of sight deafness, nodes on the shine bones and arm blothes on the head and limbs, dimness of sigh gressing with frightful rapidity, till at last palate of the mouth or the bones of the nose fall and the victim of this awful disease becomes a ride object of commisseration till death puts a per to his dreadful suffering, by sending him to undiscovered country "from whence no travel returns." It is a MELANCHOLY FACT that thousa fall victims to this terrible disease, owing to unskillfulness of ignorant pretenders, who, the use of that DEADLY POISON, MERCU ruin the constitution and make the residue of miserable. DR. JOHNSTON OFFICE, 7 SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, hand side going from Baltimore street, a few d from the corner. Fail not to observe name a number. No letters received unless postpaid and c[o]ntaining a stamp to be used on the reply. Pers writing shoulds state age, and send portion of [ad]vertisement describing symptoms. The Doctor's DIPLOMA hands in his office. INDORSEMENT OF THE PRESS. The many thousands cured at this establishment within the last twenty years, and the numer important surgical operations performed by Johnston, witnessed by the reporters of the and many other papers, notices of which have peared again and again before the public, bes his standing as a gentleman of character and [re] sponsibility, is a sufficient guarantee to afflicted election in relation thereto shall be [?]ducted in all respects, as regards the sons entitled to vote and otherwise Words to be re=instated Dorr (Teutonics) to deafen or stupefy with noise) Wash. Chroniclee Jan 31 '1870 CHANGES IN NAMES OF VESSELS. As quite a number of conflicting newspaper statements have been made of times concerning the change of names of United States vessels, the following, transmitted from the Secretary of the Navy to the House of Representatives, will give the only correct information on that subject: NAVY DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, January 22, 1870. SIR: In compliance with the resolution of the House of Representatives passed on the 13th inst., I have the honor to submit herewith a list of the vessels of the United States navy, the names of which have been changed since the 4th of March, 1869. The changes in the names of the vessels have been made to conform with the resolution of March 3, 1819, (Statutes at Large, vol. 3, page 538,) and the act of June 12, 1858 (Statutes at Large, vol. 11, page 319,) which require vessels of the first class to be named after States, those of the second and third classes after rivers, cities, or towns, and others by the Secretary of the Navy, as the President may direct. I am, respectfully, your obedient servant. GEO. M. ROBESON, Secretary of the Navy. Hon. JAMES G. BLAINE. Speaker of the House of Representatives. First Class Vessels - Changed to Names of States. Neshaminy to Nevada. Ammonoosue to Iowa. Kewaydin to Pennsylvania Madawaska to Tennessee. Minnetonka to California. Ontario to New York. Piscataqua to Delaware. Pompanoosue to Connecticut. Passaconaway to Massachusetts. Quinsigamond to Oregon. Shakamaxon to Nebraska. Wampanoag to Florida. Second and Third Class Changed to Names of Rivers, Cities, or Towns. Mosholu to Severn. Pushmataha to Congress. Algoma to Benicia. Contoocook to Albany. Kenosha to Plymouth. Manitou to Worcester. Iron-Clad Vessels, Less Than Third-Class, Named by the President's Direction. Casco to Hero. Chimo to Piscataqua. Kalamazoo to Colossus. Kickapoo to Kewaydin. Manayunk to Ajax. Naubue to Minnetonka. Neosho to Osceolo. Sangamon to Jason. Shilch to Iris. Squando to Algoma. Tippecanoe to Wyandotte. Tunxis to Otsego. Waxsaw to Niobe. Tonawanda to Amphitrite. Agamenticus to Terror. Of this latter class eleven have been in commission, and Congress has authorized their sale as unfit for service. re=installed eafar or fy with noise) ouiclee '1870. [[pasted page in diary, upside down]] ries of | eir fa- | English, sailing to Liverpool and many | German, touching respectively at Sout erland | ton, and Plymouth. And when, as the sperity | informs us, and the CUnard and the Inma cation, | panies refuse to carry the mails any lon acony, | the sum the American Government is ix and | to pay for the service, there is no Am by law | company to take their place, but it is s attend- | English and German company to whi by the | Government has to turn. This is ending | sample. Every letter carried from an a little | of the Union to Europe is conveyed sia, by | European-built and European-owned om ig- | Indeed, there is only one American ma among | pany in existence - the Pacific Mail S d, who | ship Company, and that is in the most u states- | perous state. It is said that its capit ustria, | dimished by one-half since the open t "not | the Pacific railroad. Ten years ago th educa- | nage of the United States amounted to )-has | five millions and a half; not it has fal Turkey | very little over four millions. Before of the | war, fully two-thirds of the entire to nce es- | was engaged in the foreign trade of the | try; at present, shrunken as it by nea |million and a half tons, only one quar | what remains is engaged in foreign comm | Three-fourths of the entire tonnage of | Republic is engaged in the coasting t | Were it not for the coasting trade, in | from which foreigners are rigidly exclude | law, the marine of the United States w | be almost extinct. One of the witnesse | amined by the Congressional committee | for alluded to, which sat in New York | Boston in October last, stated that the Br | tonnage engaged in foreign trade is five t | as great as the tonnage of the United St | engaged in foreign trade. Nor is this | Of seven great ship-building yards in N | York, one, in which were built the Co | line of steamers, that were to have driven |Cunnard line from the Atlantic, has been | verted into a horse-stable ; another has b | turned into a saw-mill ; another has just | off its shops, machinery, models, and sto | another has been idle for fifteen mon | another is commencing business in archit | ural iron-work ; and the rest are hoping | times will mend. It is the same in the | England Docks. Two splendid vessels, | were built a couple of years ago at Bo | after lying idle ever since, have just been | for less than half of what they cost. | Indeed so complete is the decline Words to be re=instated (Teutonic) Dorr - to deafen or stupefy with noise "Nicknames" said Napolen "are not to be despised - for it is [very] largely by such names, people are swayed & governed words arising out of new promulgations of anything, [as of] [?] [physiology] - the words and hydropathy.- homoeopathy - the various words of phrenology, - &c, &c [hydr] L[?] forrat (for sä) a convict vendetta (fend - (Italian) mirage (me-räsh) apres (ä-pr) adj rugged uneven rough (to touch) harsh sharp acrid eager ardent tart severe pricky fierce violent gruff greedy voracious lorette - lo rèt ("lady of easy virtue") for fort fort-forte- (Fr. adj) strong vigorous stout sturdy hardy lusty [strong] loud energetic spirited brave courageous bold skilful cogent thick of muscular fibre a match for any things (for animals, arrows, war, wit, learning,) large (in body, limb,) considerable copious plentiful great intense vehement able enough powerful ready capable hard bad violent coarse hearty emphatic impressive severe valiant towering high [fortement] fortment (adv.) fortement fr (for-te-man) gavel=kind - an old English custom by which the lands of the father, at his death, were equally divided between all his sons gavel , (an old English provincial word for ground redacteur} compiler redactor} editor in redacter } chief maker up editor New names for Months In These States, there must be new names for all the months of the year - They must be characteristic of America - the South, North, East, and West must be represented in them - What is the name [Janury] January to us? - or March to us?- January [comes from] commemorates Janus - and March commemorates Mars the bloody god of war, for the sake of war? New names for Counties [Most] Many of the Counties in the State and in other states [in all the Eastern] must be re=named What is the name of King's County [to us?] or of Queens county to us? - or St. Laurence county? Get rid as soon as convenient of all the bad names - not only of counties, rivers, towns, - but of persons, men and women- The popular manly instinct, I notice is continuously trying to escape from Ephraim, and Johns and Rolando's ?whether Give to infants the names of qualities - physical and mental attributes - Do not name them till they exhibit these markedly ?Whether Always select, of course; the most favorable phases of character - or of natural things as Day, Hope, Oak, Rocky, [Trout,] Fisherman, Sweet=breath curable invalids who must be provided for; and [?] inevitable result would be an army of Foremen, roof Readers, Superintendents of this, that and [?]e other department of the business, most of [?]om will have sought and obtained their places as LEARNING TO READ BY PHONOTYPY. The town of Waltham, Mass, recently made prominent in the eyes of the nation as the residence of the Hon. N. P. Banks, the Governor elect of Massachusetts, is remarkable for other reasons. It was the seat of the first successful cotton manufactory in America, an establishment still in full operation. On the opposite side of the Charles River was erected one of the first, if not the first, oil of vitriol factories in the country, which now turns out nine millions of pounds of vitriol per annum. A little further up the river, also on the south side, stands the only watch factory in the world, where first quality Swiss watches and English watch-cases are made by a twelve horse power steam engine. On the other side the river recently stood the benzole factory, in which Luther Atwood made the best benzole in the world. Blackboard crayons, free from grit and from gluten, were invented in Waltham by Dr. Field, and are made nowhere else. Messrs. Peters & Moore, and T. A. Powell & Co., now manufacture them for all parts of the Union. Another mechanic of that town, Mr. A. L. Jewell, rivals the Berlin founders in iron work, and is, more-over, the only person in the world who manufactures ready-polished curriers' steels that can be used without repolishing and [?] [?] LEARNING TO READ BY PHONOTYPY. The town of Waltham, Mass., recently made prominent in the eyes of the nation as the residence of the Hon. N.P. Banks, the Governor elect of Massachusetts, is remarkable for other reasons. It was the seat of the first successful cotton manufactory in America, an establishment still in full operation. On the opposite side of the Charles River was erected one of the first, if not the first, oil of vitriol factories in the country, which now turns out nine millions of pounds of vitriol per annum. A little further up the river, also on the south side, stands the only watch factory in the world, where first quality Swiss watches and English watch cases are made by a twelve horse power steam engine. On the other side the river recently stood the benzole factory, in which Luther Atwood made the best benzole in the world. Blackboard crayons, free from grit and from gluten, were invented in Waltham by Dr. Field, and are made nowhere else. Messrs. Peters & Moore, and T.A. Powell & Co., now manufacture them for all parts of the Union. Another mechanic of that town, Mr. A.L. Jewell, rivals the Berlin founders in iron work, and is, moreover, the only person in the world who manufacturers ready-polished curriers' steel that can be used without repolishing and retempering. Still another unique point in Waltham is, that it possesses the only machine in the world that will calculate a solar eclipse; the Smithsonian Institution are now printing a chart of the solar eclipse of next March, projected by that machine. True to their instincts of being unlike all the world, the Waltham people, instigated by Mr. Thomas Ranney, and encouraged by F.M. Stone, esq. of their School Committee, introduced, some six years since, books printed in phonetic type into their public schools, and such books have been used in those schools to the present hour. The experiment was also greatly favored by Cyrus Peirce, who is known and honored among all persons interested in education as Father Peirce. Six years' use of the system in all the public schools trictly, Republicanism and Slavery are incomparti- e. If a Rothschild should buy up all the State of Delaware or Florida and convert it into a great plantation, peopled by himself and family, their dependents and slaves, electing himself and son to he Senate and his overseer to the House of Representatives, that State would surely not have a Republican form of government. We hold, therefore, at a literal obedience to this paramount requisition would preclude the admission of a new Slave tate. II. "The People of Kansas" are the human beings residing in Kansas - or, politically, the adult male residents of that State. If the question is to be entertained of legalizing or forbidding the enslavement of a part of those People, we hold that this part - being deeply interested - are entitled to a voice in the premises. To allow a part of the People to decide whether the residue shall be slaves or freemen, is not true obedience to the principle which The Express proclaims as its own. III. The Republican party planted itself on the principle that until the People of a Territory are in condition to frame a Constitution for themselves, the Federal Government should guarantee to them, and to every one of them, "their inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." This principle was first embodied in an Ordinance for the Government of the Federal Territories in 1784 by THOMAS JEFFERSON,and then approved by the representatives of all the Free and several Slave States. It was unanimously adopted and applied to the Territories north-west of the Ohio by the last Continental Congress in 1787. It was reaffirmed and sanctioned by the first Federal Congress in 1789, with the approval of GEORGE WASHINGTON. That principle has been maintained in every emer- of a town containing nine hundred children between the ages of five and fifteen, is the best test that has yet been made of the practicability of using phonetic print as an introduction to common print, and we thought it might be worth while to give the reader of THE TRIBUNE a fair statement of the results of the experiment. It has proved both a failure and a success. Many parents have opposed it bitterly, and many teachers have used it inefficiently. Some of the Catholics have denounced it as a piece of Protestant Jesuitism to smuggle heresy into their children's minds, vailed by these unknown letters. Some of the conservative Protestants have denounced it as a radical measure, smelling of ultraism. Under such circumstances, and especially in the lack of teachers who seized and appreciated the peculiar spirit of the method, the phonotype has certainly failed in Waltham to teach children in so brief a time as its friends hope to read common print well. A teacher in live with the scheme can undoubtedly perform wonders with it; but the ordinary teachers employed in the public schools will not do so much. Nevertheless, there is a marked saving of time from using phonotypy, even as taught by ordinary teachers. The scholarship of the children in Waltham has greatly improved, wile the hours of teaching have been diminished. The use of phonotypy has not saved two years' time as we expected, but it has saved six months or a year in each child's life. In other respects it has proved a complete success. It improves the spelling of the pupil. We are not joking. We do not mean that it teaches a child to write wright, rite; but by calling his attention forcibly to the oddness of our so-called orthography, it fixes the strange combinations of letters in his memory. It improves the reading of the pupils. Reading is earlier a pleasure, and therefore more likely to be natural. It particularly improves the pronunciation, taking the brogue out of the Irish boy and the twang out of the Yankee. Go into the Waltham schools, and listen to a class of readers, and you can at once tell, by the pronunciation of morning or mawning, how or haoo, first or fust, which children have been long in Waltham schools, and which entered at an advanced age from other towns. The phonetic drill also develops the strength of voice and of lungs in a valuable manner, as it requires a strong effort to utter the whispered consonants forcibly. Other advantages are perceived, following the pupil through all his course. There is a tendency in this analysis of sounds to lead to habits of accuracy and of attention to detail, habits which are usually sadly wanting in our country. On the whole, therefore, the Waltham people are determined to continue this experiment of phonetic teaching still further. They felt particularly encouraged so to do hen, a few months ago, the Hon. N P. Banks, at the public examination of the Grammar School, said he had never seen anywhere, or at any time, a school in so good a condition, and especially a school in which there was so full, clear, manly and correct an enunciation. In the Grammar and High Schools the children are also instructed in phonetic shorthand, often called phonography. This has been done for about three years, and some of the pupils are already earning wages as phonographic amanuenses. To those who are not acquainted with phonetic type, it may be interesting to know something of the mode of instruction. Primers are used containing a new alphabet. Twenty-three of our common letters are used, and twenty new ones added to take the place of th, ch, ah, the a in all, &c. The child is not taught at first to call any letter by name, but only to recognize its sound, and to utter its sound. Thus, on the teacher pointing to a, the child hisses; on the teacher pointing to m, the child hums with his lips closed; on pointing to t, the child makes a whispered explosion with the end of his tongue on the inside of his upper front teeth. By this means the child can actually spell out for itself, without difficulty, any word printed in phonotypy, and soon learns to read his primer. He is then put into a reader printed in phonotype, and when he can read it fluently, is put into a reading book in common type. A few hours' reading teaches him the new dress of familiar words, and he is then taught to spell. He thus learns both phonotype and common type in less time than he could learn common type alone, although not in so much less time as was at first hoped. He is taught to spell, but as long as he is in school he is also taught to analyze the words. For instance, a class stands up to spell, and the teacher gives out the word "though." All the class simultaneously make, first, a singing noise with the tip of the tongue between the teeth; secondly, say oh; thirdly, say though. Then, the first scholar says "tea, aitch, owe, you, gee, aitch, though." That is, the class together analyze the word into the two simple sounds of which it is composed, and one scholar then names the six letters by which we strangely represent those sounds. The teacher gives out the word "three." The class simultaneously blow with the tongue between the teeth, sing over the curled-up tip of the tongue, say e, and then say "three." Then the second scholar says "tea, aitch, are, double e, three." This is enough to show what is meant by analyzing and spelling. Frequently, also, in all grades of the schools, the scholars are drilled by calling on them to pronounce all the forty-three letters recessively, from a large chart which is hung in every school room. This mode of instruction seems to be more in favor at the West than at the East, and a company has just got fairly into operation at Cincinnati, which proposes to publish a complete series of school books, all printed in phonetic type. But we believe that in no case has the experiment of tuition been tried for so long a time as at Waltham, and the results there show that the experiment is worthy of a very careful and long-continued trial everywhere. We wish abundant success to our friends in Syracuse, in our State of New York, who have just supplied the public schools of that city with the requisite charts and books. ogus Constitution. It adds that the People, nough around and indignant, are awaiting confidently a call of the new Legislature by Gov. W. r Sec. Stanton, in season to head off the Border Roflian Regency. The Editor says, "We have not a doubt that the Legislature will be con- vened The Herald adds, that the pretended poll of 915 tes at Kickapoo is bogus. Only 500 votes were olled there--the rest were added by fraud after polls were closed, d la Oxford and McFeo ounties. We hear the the Pro-Slavery Memers om Leavenworth County, elested by that fraud, we not yet been certified as elected. The Herald tes that Jenkins, one of the delegates to the bo- Conventions, died at Lecompotn, on the 19th, delirium tremens. A mass Convention of the ce-State men of Kansas was to assemble at venworth on the 27th ult and one of the Young n on the 28th. The Democratic Congressional Caucus on Satur- night, after harmoniously nominating Speaker, rk, Sergeant-at-Arms, Doorkeeper and Poet- ter, balked sad brok up in a row pon the nomi- ion of Printer. There is a chance that the ms- nery may have been re-oiled and got in working ler during the thirty-six intervening hours, but cherish a joyful hope that it will be found this rning to have broken down irreparable, and that Printer to the House can be elected under the stem hitherto in vogue. In that case, we urge friends of honesty and economy in public affairs strike at once, and determinedly, for the restors on of the policy of advertising for bids, and award- g the Printing of Congress in classes to the lowest idders who proffer ample security for the prompt nd faithful execution of the work. This plan combines simplicity with conformity o usage in other well administered department of the public service. Everybody can understand it; no one can dispute its fairness. There can be no cheating nor extortion under it except through the conulvance and complicity of those public function- ries who are appointed and paid expressly to guard gainst such robbery of the Nation; and not a reat deal, we presume, even with such complicity. ny competent printer, with hthe constracts and the orders of the two Houses before him, backed by he certificate of the proper functionary that the ocuments ordered have actually been printed and elivered, can readily determine to a fraction just ow much the printer is entitled to receive from he Treasury. It might be advisable to appoint ll the practical printers in both Houses a Joint Committee to scrutinize the accounts of the several Congressional Printers and see that they obtain ll their due and net one farthing more. If hese should ever urn short-as we trust hey would not-the President of the Snate and peaker of the House might be required to designate three practical printers from the cities of [N]ew York, Philadelphia and Baltimore respectively curable invalids who must be provided for; and the inevitable result would be an army of Foremen, Proof Readers, Superintendents of this, that and he other department of the business, most of whom will have sought and obtained their places as reward for party services and a salve for personal ilapidation, with a clear understanding, at least on heir own part, that they are to do little or nothing nd receive generous stipends. The Printer-in- Chief who could make places for the rgest number of this class would be emi- ently popular with Congress, and might expect o retain his situation till the defeat of his party, when one of like facility would naturally be chosen the opposite party, and a new and hungry swarm would replace the old one. We appeal to every ractical printer-nay, to every man familiar with e manner of working for Government and for dividuals respectively - in support of our aver- ent that every evil now experienced would ggravated by the establishment of a National Printing Office. The expense would be far greater han that now incurred, heavy as it is; for the aked fact that the Government has a large army f printing stipendiaries to pay through the year, whether they have work or not, will be urged as a why jobs of printing should be given out mal=address) bad address (evil luck in manners malaprops (bad arrangements unlucky steps Bizarreries (odd ways odd habits odd conduct entrant (an tran) (insinuating entrante (an trante) (penetratingly winning entre'-(entre) (a useful prefix S'entr'admirier (san trad-mi-ra') (to admire one another) S'entr'aimer (san tre me') [san t] (to love one another entr' {between two or more [?] merged-joined with [*corral*] this is a pen, enclosure, over the southwest regions -- at night, an emigrant train of wagons, arranged in a hollow square, the cattle inside in the corral, [v] -- or indeed any enclosure exploit To exploit anything -to make use of it (He exploits his courage, beauty, -viz: he puts them to the best advantage Physics (Yr) All things - or the science of all things materialistic exists independently of the mind's conception of them -- the science of nature - natural philosophy - natural not moral - facts independent of the human will, or mental control The objective of man Physiology all relation to or having life or living action - or the science of all things generated or alive - vital phenomena and all connected with them - - all natural or= ganisation - Animal Physiology - of animals - Zoology. Vegetable Physiology - of vegetables - Botany Metaphysics Mental and Spiritual things as existing [in] and proceeding from the mind, the soul - or the science and study of such things - All that is not mate- rialistic, but encloses the thought and amount of all materials - All mind as distinguished from matter The subjective of man. "The science which regards the ultimate grounds of being as distinguished from its phenomenal modifications." Braude ? Intellectual Philosopher. Ontology. Psychology. ? All that is supernatural (!) See article "Ancient & Medieval India' p. 563 Eclectis [many?] '70 Mikkel Angelo. Apollo Bel-vi-dar MEANINGS OF WORDS. - How many words men have dragged downwards with themselves, and made partakers more or less of their own fall. Having originally an honorable significance, they have yet, with the deterioration and degeneration of those that used them, or those about whom they were used, deteriorated or degenerated too. What a multitude of words, originally harmless, have assumed a harmful meaning as their secondary lease; how many worthy have acquired an unworthy! Thus "knave" meant once no more than a lad, (nor does it now in German mean more.) "villain" then peasant; a "boor" was only a (?), a "varlet" was but a serving man, a "mental" one of the "many" or "household, a "churl (?)" but a strong fellow, a "minion" a favorite; man is "God's dearest minion," (Sylvester). "Time-server" was used 200 years ago quite as often for one in an honorable as in a dishonorable sense, "serving the time" "Conceits" had nothing once committed in them; "officious" had reference to (?) of kindness, and not of busy meddling; "moody" was that which pertained to a man's mood, without any gloom or sullenness implied: "Demure" ( "des moeurs," of good manners), conveyed no hint as it does now, of an overdoing of the outward demonstrations of modesty. In "crafty" and "cunning" there was nothing of crooked wisdom implied, but only knowledge and skill: "craft," indeed, still retains very often its more honorable use, a man's "craft" being his skill, and then the trade in which he is well skilled. And think you that the Magdalen could have ever given us "maudlin" in its present contemptuous application, if the tears of penitential weeping had been held in due honor by the world? B as boot Contretemps (against time) kon-tr-tong - --- an accidental occurrence or something that confuses & mars every thing - Riley's Dictionary about Names of cities, lands, rivers new settlements, &c [?] should must assimilate in ment and in sound something organic in place, or identical it - it is far better all a new inherited island by [Native?] word, there by [First?] discoverer, or [?]all it New anything.-- original names always finely; sometimes it [is?] necessary to slightly [Anglicise?] them ------All classic names are objectionable. How [much] better Ohio, Oregon, [Missouri?], Milwaukee, &c. [doing?] than [New] York, Ithaca, Naples. Names of cities, islands , rivers, new settlements, &c. These should must assimilate in sentiment and in sound, to something organic in the place , or identical with it, - It is far better to call a new inhabited island by the native word there by its first discoverer, or to call it New anything. Aboriginal names always tell finely; sometimes it is necessary to slightly Anglicise them ---- All classic names are objectionable. How much better Ohio, Oregon, Missouri, Milwaukee, &c [?] than New York, Ithaca, Naples, &c. ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF STATES. MAINE was so called as early as 1623, from Maine, in France, of which Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, was at that time proprietor. NEW HAMPSHIRE was the name given to the territory conveyed by the Plymouth Company, to Captain John Mason, by patent Nov. 7th, 1629, with reference to the patentee, who was Governor of Portsmouth. in Hampshire, England. VERMONT was so called by the inhabitants in their Declaration of Independence, Jan. 26th, 1777, from the French, verd mont (the green mountain.) MASSACHUSETTS was so called from Massachusetts Bay, and that from the Massachusetts tribe of Indians in the neighborhood of Boston. The tribe is thought to have derived its name from the Blue Hills of Milton. "I had learnt," says Roger Williams, "that the Massachusetts were so called from the Blue Hills." RHODE ISLAND was so called, in 1664, in reference to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. CONNECTICUT was so called from the Indian name its principal river. Connecticut is a Mocheakanneew (?) word, signifying long river Albany originally indicates the sense of [whiteness] white color or of partial transparency ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF STATES. Maine was so called as early as 1623, from Maine, in France, of which Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, was at that time proprietor. New Hampshire was the name given to the territory conveyed by the Plymouth Company, to Captain John Mason, by patent, Nov. 7th, 1629, with reference to the patentee, who was Governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, England. Vermont was so called by the inhabitants in their Declaration of Independence, Jan. 16th, 1777, from the French, verd mont (the green mountain). Massachusetts was so called from Massachusetts Bay, and that from the Massachusetts tribe of Indians in the neighborhood of Boston. The tribe is thought to have derived its name from the Blue Hills of Milton. "I had learnt," says Roger Williams, "that the Massachusetts were so called from the Blue Hills." Rhode Island was so called, in 1664, in reference to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. Connecticut was so called from the Indian name of its principal river. Connecticut is a Mocheaksuneew world, signifying long river. New York was so called in 1664, in reference to the Duke of York and Albany, to whom this territory was granted by the King of England. New Jersey was so called in 1664, from the Island of Jersey on the coast of France, the residence of the family of Sir George Carteret, to whom the territory was granted. be-sure he may have a Christian's hopes, but what are Christian's hopes if he is starving? Dost not know that first must come supply to natural wants? Could we sit and enjoy a religious discourse while freezing? Could we profit by it under such circumstances? No, the house must first be made warm; hence an industrial education underlies all others. Who fathers this great wrong? Not the poor man, but society plainly; as a preacher said (Dr. Cheever), we have alms-houses to keep paupers in; why not have industrial establishments to keep them out? We have Botany Bays (says he) for convicts; why not have the same for virtuous colonists in need of work? Let public opinion bestir itself to correct this state of things, for here is the threshold at which the evil lies. PUBLICUS. DEVELOPMENT OF WOMAN. There is a beauty in that philosophy which teaches us the laws that govern the growth and development of the human race; and in proportion as woman gains a knowledge of these laws, and appropriates that knowledge as a rule of life, will be the elevation and harmonization of humanity; for through her organization must be developed the germs of future existences. I would that more were fitted, bodily and mentally, to perform this office righteously. To elevate woman, is to elevate the race; to educate mothers, is to prepare the soil for a rich harvest of intellectual and moral worth in the coming PENNSYLVANIA was so called in 1681, after William Penn. DELAWARE was so called in 1703, from Delaware Bay, on which it lies, and which received its name from Lord de la War, who died in this bay. MARYLAND was so called in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I, in his patent to Lord Baltimore, June 30, 1632. VIRGINIA was so called in 1584, after Elizabeth, the virgin Queen of England. CAROLINA was so called by the French in 1564, in honor of King Charles IX., of France. GEORGIA was so called in 1732, in honor of King George II. ALABAMA was so called in 1814, from its principal river, it being a Indian name, signifying here we rest. MISSISSIPPI was so called in 1800, from its western boundary. Mississippi is said to denote the whole river, i.e.,the river formed by the union of many. LOUISIANA was so called in honor of Louis XIV., of France. TENNESSEE was so called in 1796, from its principal river. The word Ten-asse is said to signify a curved spoon. KENTUCKY was so called in 1792; the word is be-sure he may have a Christian's nopes, but what are Christian's [?] if generations. [?] [?] if social laws make woman, ins some respects, a mere cipher; but a true sociology will give her a nobler position, where, if she but know and do her duty, by exerting her God-given powers in the elevation of mankind, she will reap a rich reward in the "consciousness of well-doing." Education does not consist in loading the mind with the thoughts of others, but rather in disciplining the mind to develop its own ideas of of right and usefulness; thus preserving its individuality, its right to think and act in the great drama of life, according to the laws of God, which are written upon their own heart. It is humiliating to see how a large portion of womankind is flitting, butterfly-like, though life, oblivious of its duties, and of the claims of humanity upon them; and when the shadows of the evening of life shall father around them, instead of having a store-house of knowledge from which they can draw "on demand" for the exigences of age, and of life's decline, they will see a pile of useless rubbish- sad mementoes of a mis-spent life. And as memory retraces the erroneous path they have trod, they will see written upon their life-page: "mene, mene, tekel upharsin," as late in the journey of life they strive to collect their scattered thoughts and learn its first lessons. Oh of native origin, and signifies the dark and bloody ground. ILLINOIS was so called in 1809, from its principal river. The word is said to signify the river of men. INDIANA was so called in 1809, from the American Indians. OHIO was so called in 1802, from its southern boundary. MISSOURI was so called in 1821, from its principal river. MICHIGAN was so called in 1805, from the lake on its border. ARKANSAS was so called in 1812, from its principal river. FLORIDA was so called by Juan Ponce de Leon, in 1572, because it was discovered on Easter Sunday; in Spanish, Pascua Florida. COLUMBIA was so called in reference to Columbus. WISCONSIN was so called from its principal river. IOWA was so called from its principal river. OREGON was so called from its principal river. MINNESOTA; or, the Wandering Water. America of course needs [new names] New Names for the Months as for instance [what] how absurd our name of "September",) (- seventh month from the Roman - -The Roman year begins in March) [* on Century AB William the Conquerer} 1066 *] be-sure he may have a Christian's render yourself uncomfortable the whole day, paralyze your efforts? Fie! Give your [*of intellectual and moral worth in th*] [*ailey's Dictionary about [1??]*] ohnson's Dictionary first published 1755 that no other great [?] English*] he occurrence of the words "lady" and three books of the Old Testament and ow, in the English translation of the Bible, mes, while "woman" and "women," I ncordance, occur not far from two hun- times,) confirms my view of the subject; he of those five or six cases, as I learn acquainted with the originals, the He- k words really imply station, authority ometimes sovereign power- and in no aply "woman." word "lady" in English, (whaterver its ce is a matter of dispute,) is certainly "lord." It originally implied-and ur admirable translation of the Bible y implied-rank, dignity, and station. willingly transfers to eminent moral llatives of eminent station, the term roperly applied to those admirable rank of life who "derive their patent Heaven." It also has its appropriate phorical language of rhetoric, poet... and satire, of which last I quoted mples in my former communication eer. But I remain of the opinion purpose of civility, respect, or affect... dress or private intercourse, "wo.. the simpler, kindlier, and more ex and, therefore, "young women" for matrons" for the married, (mater, usual terms of address for these honor too much-nor enough. tlemen, though "man that is born of days and full of trouble," I think trouble you on the subject. ly, THOMAS H. BENTON [*dee th Century A D rman invasion William the Conqueror} 1066*] the occurrence of the words "lady and n three books of the Old Testament and New the English translation of the Bible, Times, while "women" and "women," I Concordance, occur not far from two hun- ty times,) confirms my view of the subject; one of those five or six cases, as I learned acquainted with the originals, the He- reek words really imply station, authority sometimes sovereign power-and in no simply "woman. the word "lady" in English, (whatever its which is a matter of dispute,) is certainly e of "lord." it originally implied- and in our admirable translation of the Bible nably implied-rank, dignity, and station. ad willingly transfers to eminent moral appellatives of eminent station, the term e properly applied to those admirable very rank of life who "derive their patent rom Heaven." It also has its appropriate metaphorical language of rhetoric, poet... try, and satire, of which last I quoted examples in my former communication bigeneer. But I remain of the opinion ery purpose of civility, respect, or affect.. ic address or private intercourse, "wo.. far the simpler, kindlier and more ex... m; and, therefore. "young women" for and "matrons" for the married, (mater, a my usual terms of address for these nnot honor to much -nor enough. gentlemen, though "man that is born of few days and full of trouble, " I think nin trouble you on the subject. ctfully, THOMAS H. BENTON e And here the occurrence of the words "lady" and "ladies" in three books of the Old Testament and one of the New, in the English translation of the Bible, in all six times, while "woman" and "women" I find by the Concordance, occur not far from two hundred and fifty times) confirms my view of the subject; for in every one of those five or six cases, as I learn from a friend acquainted with the originals, the Hebrew and Greek words really imply station, authority and power- sometimes sovereign power - and in no one of them simply "woman." In fact the word "lady" in English, (whatever its (?) (?) is a matter of dispute) is certainly the feminine of "lord." It originally implied - and when used in our admirable translation of the Bible it unquestionably implied - rank, dignity, and station. As the mind willingly transfers to eminent moral worth the appellatives of eminent station, the term may still be properly applied to those admirable women in every rank of life who "derive their patent of nobility from Heaven." It also has its appropriate place in the metaphorical language of rhetoric, poetry, pleasantry, and satire of which last I quoted two striking examples in my former communication to the Intelligeneer. But I remain of the opinion that, for every purpose of civility, respect, or affection, in public address or private intercourse, "woman" is by far the simpler, kindlier, and more expressive term; and therefore, "young women" for the single, and "matrons" for the married, (?) are my usual terms of address for these whom we cannot honor too much - nor enough. And now, gentlemen, though "man that is born of woman is of few days and full of trouble," I think I shall not again trouble you on the subject. Respectfully, THOMAS H. BENTON. Bailey's Dictionary about Johnson Dictionary first published 1755 Worcester says that no other work ever had so great an influence on the English Language as it Julius Cesar landed} in Britain B.C. 55 Saxons invaded it] middle 5th Century AD Norman invasion] 1066 William the Conqueror] Change in the Meaning of Words. A contemporary collates from French, the following interesting explanation of the change and original signification of many words in our language, in common use: An interesting fact in regard to our language, is the great change which has taken place in the meaning of many words. The word "miscreant," which now means "a vile wretch," in Shakespeare's time meant simply a misbeliever; and when Talbot calls "Joan of Arc.," a miscreant, he intends to intimate that she has fallen from the faith. How many are aware that the word "influence," as used by the earlier English poets, had a more or less remote allusion to the influences which the heavenly bodies were supposed to exercise upon men? "Baffled," which means defeated, was applied in the days of chivalry to a recreant knight, who was either in person or in effigy, hung up by the heels, his escutcheon blotted, his spear broken, and himself or his effigy subjected to all kinds of indignities. "Nephews," as used by Hooker, Shakespeare, and other writers of the Elizabethan period, denoted grand-children and other linead descendants. " "Kindly fruits," as used in the Litany, also simply denotes the natural fruits, or those which the earth,according to its kind, should naturally bring forth. A historian, speaking of a celebrated divine who had recently died, exclaimed., "Oh, the painfulness of his preaching!" by which he did not mean that his preaching was painful to his bearers, but that he bestowed much labor and pains upon the preparation of his sermons. The term "meat" was formerly applied to all food, but is now restricted to flesh only. Not a few words were once applicable to both sexes, which are now restricted to the female; as an illustration,the word "girl" may be mentioned, which formerly denoted a young person of either sex. Until the reign of Edward the First, the word "acre" meant any field of whatever size. "Furlong denoted the length of a furrow, or a "furrow long." Also the words "yard," "peck" and "gallon" were once of a vague and unsettled use, and only at a later (?) and in obedience to the requirements of commerce and social life, were they used to denote exact (?) and designations. *Phonetic Journal Pitman's May 1856* SPESIMEN OV FONETIK PRINTIJ. For tw hundred yirz after de introdukcon ov printing, der woz no standard ov orbografi, but everi printer speld az simd reit in hiz on eiz. The konsekewns woz that no tw printerz speld aleik. The publik konviniens demanded a yuniform orbografi and tordz the endov the seventinth sentiuri the orbografi woz seteld (with fiu eksepconz,) az w.i nou hav it. But it woz seteld on a rong foundecon -- an imperfekt alfabet. The introdukcon ov a fonetik alfabet and orbografi, haz okiupeid the atencon ov meni ov the gretest nemz in inglic literatiur, "Swner or leter," sez Dr Frangklin, "it must bi dun, or our reiting wil b.ikum the sem az the tcein.iz (Chinese), az tu the difikulti ov lerning and ywzing it; and it wud [olredi have b.in sutc if w.i had kontiniud the sakson speling and reiting ywzd bei our forfaderz." The Mormons of Utah are using [the] phonograph in print "Indian" of course the word "Indian" does not [belong] apply to the American aborigines --An Indian is a man or woman of the [lower originated] southern and eastern half of Asia It confuses and vexes language to have [these] such synonims with contra = meanings. word to be introduced plaza (SP) public Words Wanted A word which happily expresses the idea of An Equal Friend of All These States Because this is a word to express what must [be] become a distinct class of persons here perhaps now arising. words to be introduced plaza (SP) for public ground city square or park plentiful crops of words, or new applications of words arising out of the general establishment and use of new inventions, [becoming] such as the words [of] from the steam=engine, and its various moving and stationary structures, on land and water - words from the electric telegraph, the sewing=machine, the daguerrotype, the modern [daily p] newspaper press - Many of the above are words of Personal - of the names applied to the men and women who have to do with the new inventions varmint (from vermin) schema (the entire schema or set of propositions.) "the schema ad Fidem" ? Companions ? Walt Whitman's Companions Phonographic short hand I notice often the reporters about Brooklyn and New York using phonographic short=hand. They say it is very useful to them, enabling them to give verbatim reports of any thing spoken or read, - It requires a practice of two, three, or more years to be perfect.- ("got a dote on" as the drivers say + + + he said of the great fat young B- -" he has too much slush - muscle about him" = Caxton, (first English} 1480 printer } Translation of Eneid} 1490 in English} Phrase Book Is not a phrase Book, [new] An American one, just as much needed as a Dictionary.- The above is a first for the new Dictionary 0 kosmical Prof. Obnstead says of the aurora borealis "I consider it Kosmical in its origin - not terrestrial" ) entourage (n m) (-an tour azh) - railing round a theatre &c persons around any one entourer (v a) (an tour a) de (-with) of to surround - to close in - to wreath as with a garland in names Lessons Forward Lessons Crossing initiative Primary Starting American Lessons Arousing Lessons Hints and Lessons Walt Whitman Lesson Travelling Lessons in Names - Lessons [*136*] Onward Lessons [*mitu*] Passing " [*situ*] Literature Primary [*another*] Starting American Lessons [*seyfish*] Arousing Lessons [*w*] Hints and Lessons [*e-*] [*Kliffe*] or Walt Whitman's Lessons Travelling Lessons [*8000*] [*hat*] in names America Lesson [In = Transitu] In = Transitu Transcendental Lessons Original Lessons First " Parturition " Lessons Accouche in Names-- a suggestion The woman should preserve her own name, just as much after marriage as before also all titles must be dropped --- no [Mrs] Mr. or Mrs. or Miss any more 500 years ago Statute Edward 3d that pleas should be in the English Tongue (not Norman French) (This is the date of the authors formation of the English [lan?] as we have it now. In this century (13- 1400) [fl??] Chaucer Wickliffe Sir John Mandeville (No. of words) Edinburgh Review days 38,000 ---But Johnson's Dictionary [is like?] him, has more than that PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL] [BANKA Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes form 9 A.M., till 2 P. M. M.................................................................................. To City of Williamsburgh, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on t?? Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. ignoramii ignoramus the common people say of nourishing food the "it stays with a man," in Spanish (at Lima Oe?) diminutives in the names of persons, for endearment ita | & ( ito for females| for males) "plunder" (i.e.) miscellaneous goods Webster's Introduction Changes from Anglo Saxon since the Norman conquest the subsitiution of k for c as "look" for cocian the loss of h before l as "loaf" for "hlaf" = "lot" for "hlot" the loss of the prefix "ge" or "ga" - as "deal" now, instead of "ge = daelum" the similar loss of "to" - as now we write "help" for the old "to helpan" also the plural termination "en" has been generally dropt, as now "houses" for the old "housen" "if" from the Saxon "gif" or give - as "If [that?] a man knows his time interest he will avoid a quarrel" viz: "Gif that a man" &c - ie Give that -always then the "if" is equivalent to "Give that" so and so. Webster says of the subjunctive mood the current dandyfied form is all amiss see p liii (53) Introduction Webster's Introduction He gives specimens of the Saxon (Anglo Saxon) as used before the Norman Conquest - vis: from the Saxon Chronicle, AD 891 & from the Laws of King Ethelbert & the Laws of King Edgar This with some words introduced by the Danes, continued to be used by the English till the Norman conquest ( ) [after] since which, great numbers of Saxon words [went] have gone out of use (perhaps half) - and French & Latin words were added by degrees, till it began to assume its present form in the 14th & 15th Centuries - (yet Gower & Chaucer cannot now be understood without a glossary) Changes also in sounds - of vowels a probably in old times had generally the sound of a in fall and sometimes of a in far - not at all our sound of a in make; - this last sound belonged generally to e -- i was our present ee long u was oo -- PLEASE PRESERVE THIS BILL] [Bankable Collector's Office, City Hall, Corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. M.................................................................................................................. To City of Williamsburgh, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on the WARD. ASSESSED NO. LOCATION. VALUATION. CITY. COUNTY. The history of any county or age, is contained in a string of its names as Rome [?] Greece [?] Assyria Egypt The Jews The Dark ages America The Geography of the earth [?] Webster's Introduction. a good word radix "Consonants are the Stamina of Words" (? the bones of words) "Mons. Gebelin, in his Monde Primitif says the Noun is the root of the other words.- Never was a greater mistake.-- That some nouns may be, is possible--but, as languages are now constructed, it is demonstrable that the verb is the radix or stock from which have sprung most of the nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech belonging to the same family. This is the result of all my researches into the origin of languages" (Mr. W.W. I think with the Frenchman that nouns begin the matter.--Language may have since been scraped and drenched down to the completer state, which makes the verbs the centres, for grammatical purposes; but, in the nature of things, nouns must have been first, and essentially remain so-- Websters Introduction After the Conquest the Norman Kings strove to extirpate the English Language and substitute the Norman -It was ordained that law records & proceedings should be in Norman After 300 years, a change, [and] to the other tack.- Thus a portion of Norman words remain in English, mainly law = words. The English then is a Composite of 1st Saxon & Danish words of Teutonic or Gothic origin 2d British, Welsh, &c-vis : Celtic 3d Norman, (a mixture of French & Gothic) 4th Latin, (formed on Celtic & Tectonic) 5th French (chiefly Latin corrupted) 6th Greek (Celtic & Tectonic with some Coptic) 7th Italian, Spanish German, &c 8th a few foreign words introduced by commerce, or political or literary necessities. of these the Saxon is the trunk - the Danish & Welsh also are primitive words, and part of our vernacular - of equal antiquity with Chaldee and Syriac Websters Introduction German, Dutch or Belgic, Anglo-Saxon, Danish & Swedish languages are of Teutonic or Gothic origin &more--In strictness, the Swedish & Danish are Gothic --the German and Saxon Teutonic remains of Celtic--The purest remains are the Basque in Spain Gaelis, north Scotland Hibernians in Ireland English (as now written) the basis Saxon (Anglo Saxon) but retaining a great many words from the ancient languages of Britain, especially the Welsh (or Cymraeg) --containing also many words introduced by the Danes, (Gothic) who were for some time masters of England Webster's Dict. Introduction Of the languages of Europe, the Greek was first improved and refined, and next to that the Latin. - Probably some words in the Greek were derived from Africa - as doubtless there were Egyptian colonies established in Greece. The modern Italian are composed chiefly Spanish of Latin words, much French altered, however, both & Portuguese in orthography and inflections Perhaps nine-tenths of the words in those languages are of Latin words=roots - Rome having held Gaul as a province for six centuries, and Spain still longer Still, the above have terms from the Celtic word=roots.-- plt15 Webster's Introduction Lindley Murray follows "Lowth's Principles" "Comptroller" Webster shows [his] [a] [most] [do] [dog] a stiff=necked obstinacy sometimes-- as in the word "Comptroller"-- which he says is unquestionably a stupid [?] blunder, and should be "Controler" or "Controller", from coute-role, French [a] duplicate roll or list kept to check accounts.--It is, however, more likely that we have the word from the Latin whence compute, computation, accomp't, [acco] &c , to count--and that the old way is the best.-- It is also and argument in its favor that "Comptroler" is a specific word for the head finance=man, while "Controler"-- Equal Antiquity of English In reality the English Language in its body or stock, is of just as great antiquity as the Greek, the Roman, or any of the languages of Asia -- The assumptions of lexicographers that certain of our words are "derived" from similar words are worth just as much, and is about as sensible as the assertion that I am derived from my [brothers] father's side [or sisters, or from my] cousins, [or] because we bear the same name--Common stock Hours for Receiving Taxes ???? M.................................................. To City of Williamsburg, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on t??? Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. [Webster certainly] Webster's [horrible] sickish Boston pronunciation of ä in mäst, [f] läughter, &c [instead of as in "bare" "mare" like the a sound in "where"] he leaves out altogether that rich sound of a like the dwelt=upon and prolonged [sound] tone of [a] the middle letter of "sad" "man" viz.? "sa-h-d" --man Webster does not know the sound, nor give any mark to it--? bare, mare, digraph:-union of two vowels, in which only one is pronounced (the German is full of this) Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A.M., till 2 P.M. M_____ To City of Williamsburgh, To City and County Tax for the Year 185 on t Ward. Assessed No. Location. Valuation. City. County. Bankable money only received. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Webster [certainly] unquestionably [had] lacked [a good] ear. Language follows events, [a] and swallows them to preserve them.-- Conquests, migrations, commerce, &c are fossilized in language. ctionary - a the maker need [should] ..ician or mistress but must be a master of musicians [he or she] For Our English language overarches [is] [should] and is greater [greater] all music than all the compositions played by instruments or sung by trained singers. This is [not] no [one of the ??] thoughtless flight of the rhyme=poets, but a [strict] provable fact. Webster [certainly] unquestionably [had] [?] lacked [a good] ear. [?? a stranger of] [??] and his Dictionary [??] after him - a fatal defect. The maker of a Dictionary [should] need not be a musician but must be a master or mistress of musicians. [he or she] For Our English language overarches [no less] [should] and [is a] [greater] all music, and is greater than all the compositions played by instruments or sung by trained singers. This is [not] no [one of the car] thoughtless flight[s] of the rhyme=poets, but a [strict] provable fact. (or Monhatta) Manhatta - (A peninsular island, [now] enclosed by active, [and] changing, or playful waters, -- Manahatta BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. Hours for Receiving Taxes from 9 A. M., till 2 P. M. [?]S BILL MONEY ONLY RECEIVED Collector's Office, City Hall, cor Hours for Receiving Ta? To Ci Dr. d County Tax for the Year 185 following Lot LOCATINONS. ASSESSED NO. WARD. DEFAULT TOTAL To City and County Tax? (Bunsen) (p 240) Hebrew From the Egyptian researches the art of writing and historical record existed long prior to the time of Moses and the Exodus -- (14th centuries before Christ) (A link or chain onward and downward about a thousand years 1000 years) Moses -- Judges (song of Deborah)-- Haggai --Malachi -- Ecclesiastes, &c, (Geography --Goodrich about eighty-- original languages --with 3000 dialects) Hebrew affords monuments of higher antigr? than Arabic or Ethiopic. The Hebrew traditions, (from the conserv? character of the race,) have been far better preserved than those of any other people. (What an illustration of mental and spiritual through lay?? ru?? is the Hebrew! Japhetic languages also called Indo: Teutonic also Iranian? Sanskrit, Old Persian, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Sclavonic, Teutonic, (in its ancient dialect the Gothic) Celtic Sidon, a city the Phenician Metropolis. (Canaan viz. Palestine, when Abraham "squatted" there) Phenician Language may be called a tissue of which Hebrew forms the woof and Syrian the warp ?Iran The Indo=European languages [Japh???] offer undeniable proof of the gradual extension of races from the eastern part of Central Asia The Semitic present no less striking evidence of being derived from the western portion of the same [Asiatic] continental and primitive seat of mankind. (Bunsen page 178) Semitic [languages] tribes, in western Asia, and penetrating into Africa, both along the Mediterranean, and down through the interior ? The Arabic seems to be the most ancient branch of the Semitic, and the Hebrew follows it Rask proved that Finnic (?Scythian) had once been spo[ken?] on the northern extremities of Europe, and allied languages extended like a girdle ov[er?] northern Asia, Europe, and America Rask proposed the following division of the Scythian race 1 North Asiatic 2 South American 3 Tatar 4 Mongol or Tu[?] A later authority leaves out the N.A. W Von Humboldt The Celtic has a higher claim to antiquity than the Teutonic (or Gothic.) -[(Bunsen thinks it anterior to the Sanskrit also)] -Bunsen thinks it occupies, in history, a place between the Sanskrit and the Egyptian. -(Bunsen) on written Language Do not forget that what is now fixed was once floating and movable." - (me) What science, what music, what a developement, in the modern alphabet! - but not to others. Chinese [?] therefore admirably fitted to meditation and reflection. It [?] a language of Brahmanic ?music? but unfit for the forum W. Von Humboldt - that language is the outward expression of what he calls the spirit or individuality of a nation. Von Humboldt "Language expresses originally objects only, and leaves the understanding to supply the connecting form - afterwards facilitating and improving the connections and relations by degrees. Bunsen Chinese he calls a "family language") The old Chinese has a style such as only a solitary thinker could frame in his conversations with himself - a kind of algebraic chain, intelligible to the initiated, but not to others. Chinese is therefore, admirably fitted to meditation and reflection. It is a language of Brahmanic music, but unfit for the forum Brunsen 350 Arian } English, as well as Dutch and Frisic, belongs to the Low German branch - This, with High German and Scandinavian, a branch of the T Teutonic Celtic } stock, which with Slavonic Hellenic Italic } are members Iranic & of the Indic Arian family (making English also a member) ? of Swinton What are the Turanian languages? Arian--(Greek) Turanian, (Turk) Semitic, (Hebrew.) } "Arian Brahman" What the } The Arian seem Arian to be those that have flowed out, or have an allied character with the Hindustan, the Sanskrit, [the "Dekkan."] The Arians were the higher classes, later= owners, conquerors [?] India -- as } -- the land of the [?te] Normans, Indus and the [?]der William Ganges -- the Conqueror, [?] England -- --They were [?]e Brahmanic [?]aste In Southern Asia there are distinct dialects spoken by over forty or fifty families --so that-- although surrounded by neighbors [the] verbal communication with them is difficult Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Sclavonic, Teutonic & Celtic, } are simply continuations of one common spring of Language as Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, Italian & Wallachian } are all but Latin under different aspects. - but how much further back no one can tell, although certainly very much further Thus me (I believe) Individualism is [seen] a law in modern languages, and freedom also.-- The words are not built in, but stand loose, and ready to go this way or that. (Bunsen) The modern alphabet [has] dates back [also] very far- perhaps 10000 years perhaps 20,000. [The Phenician [was] a from] [The] [Now perfected from the Phenician.] Clearly traced to the Phenician, the Phenician [is] also is traced to ruder and more ancient previous stages Bunsen p 165-6 The marked difference in the way by which modern languages as different from ancient languages, express the application, modification, variation, connection [and] &c. of the main ideas of a sentence --As: Horse....man--death. made up by conjunctions, prepositions, articles &c. any way we please [The] The horse kicked the man to death. The man rode the horse to death. & in more than a hundred different ways all with three lead'g nouns The ancient Greek and Latin seem to have effected these connections by terminations [*in English &c by auxiliaries--in Latin &c. by inflexions-- i.e. suffixes and prefixes*] Rev. Dr, J, H. Mcilvaine read a paper on the w head inscriptions of Nineveh, and the discov- of Messrs. Layard and Botta. Trilingual tablets been found in Persian, Babylonian and Tartar. as at first supposed that this last was the language Medes. Still Strabo had said that the Medes Persians spoke the same language and it had since found that it was a Tarter language, rude in the me. Its alphabet, or rather syllabarium, was posed of 100 characters, and it had the character- of cases and double dative of the Tartar languages, language seemed to be meager; it required many sian idioms in the translation; the Persian names months, numerals, and most proper names were d, and the name of the great Persian Divinity, [?], was translated, "Ormusd, the God of the ian people." He inferred from this that the people re barbarous, that they had no almanac, no litera e and no system of notation, and were of a religion tirely different from the Persians. The third, the Babylonian language, was that of a mitic people. There were five dialects of this, and y opened a fine field to the investigations of Hebrew olars. Of the first, the original Persian, Grotefend, 1802, discovered nearly one-third of the alphabet, hich had 39 letters, and by subsequent discoverers tolerably full alphabet was made out. But Col. [?], the great discoverer of the language, new not what these were, and beside had no knowledge pf Sanscrit or even of German. His problem was far more difficult than that of Cham olition. The Rosetta Stone had a Greek translation, and the wonder was that the mystery of the hieroglyphics was not earlier solved. By comparing two prominent inscriptions he found recurrent names, and by a sort of inspired sagacity he pitched upon Farius, Hydaspes and Xerxes, which he found to correspond literally with the number of igns. Taking these as a basis, he went on to discover the power of the other signs. It then remained to determine the meaning of the words of the inscription by the affinities of the Sanscrit and the Zend and the modern Persian. The Arrowhead language was far nearer the Sanscrit than the Zend, and its af- Faymayan, M. Fagan, R.H. Smith, Uckers, W. Trblood, R. Terril, F. Wright, W. Vantine, C. VIctor, L. Williams, John Wetherspoon, W. Wall, 20. Barren, John Willson, A. Wardell, Watts, George Williams, John Warren, Walter, J. Webber, W. Walker, B. Williams, S. Watts, W. J. Wight, Willson, J. White, S. Walker Zimmerman, George Wolf, L.M Woosley, Polland, M. Page, J. C. Whiteside, Ware, P. Strobell, B. Willson, Curtis, J. Robertson, J. McCutchson, Beecher, J. Yank R.B. Baker, F. Deyer, George Caswell, E. Dea, Lang, J Daniels, John Cooper, C. Robinson, A worth, E. Harney, A. Smith, B. Lynch, B. Gustwick, A. Dodd, John Bredy, J. Circlar, Herring, J. Vickers, J. Wright, o, Doge, F. Hopkins, Geo Prentis, Hartman, Robert Moore, W. Short, D. Clark, H. Kerr, J. Dumpsey, Kerney, P.W. Steward, E. Latner, Bell, P. Bank, C. Winter, George Grove, C. Lucas. HE FILLIBUSTER DESERTERS IN THE PARK. The most pitiful picture that the citizens of New- ork have looked upon since the arrival of the New rk Volunteers from Mexico, was the congregation returned Walker filibusters in the Park yesterday enoon. Two hundred and sixty of these deluded ings were placed by the Costa Rican Government beard the Tennesee; about twenty of them stopped Key West, and the remainder came to this city. the number who arrived here this morning, one ndred and eleven having no friends in the city to e them shelter and assistance, and not even means ugh to procure a passage across one of the ferries, e to the Park in a body and quartered themselves on the steps of the Hall of Records. There is no ver in pen to correctly describe their personal ap- rance- the artists camera only is capable of doing ice to the sickly, sallow, ragged and threadbare to the Veda were stronger than to later scrit. Its grammatical structure was such as to understood by a Sanscrit grammar. One third of words were identical with the Sanscrit words, and tenths of the remainder were discoverable from crit affinities. Prof. LESLEY spoke on the ethnological bearings of architectural forms. He referred to his idea of ent religious symbols, that all represented the the mountain and the flood. He found that the and crescent of the Mohammedan architecture re- sented the ark resting on the mountain. The with its capital, represented the same thing. double peak of Ararat was represented in the propylea, the double oblisks, the double towers Egyptian, Indian and European civilization. He ught, therefore, that this form of architecture was gious, and as such of little worth ethnologically. Prof. HUGO REID's paper on a universal language then read. Mr. Reid thinks that the English lan- phonetically spelled, ought to take the place of others. Prof. Haldeman said it was very singular that all ers on universal language laid down such rules for selection as to adopt their own vernacular. But English was not [pros??e]. Desdemona, for instance, ed that heaven had made her such a man. Crit- did not agree upon what she meant. He thought ich was preferable on many accounts, which he ounted. Dr. McIlvaine thought that the language of a na n was the natural expression of its thought and life, d if a nation were to adopt a new language it would n its development. President Anderson thought an arbitrary language uld be as monstrous as Mrs. Shelley's Frankenstein. suggested that a committee should be appointed to port on the historical value of Philology. Prof. Wilson spoke of the efforts toward phono- py which had been made in England and this country; he disapproved of them. President Anderson, Prof. Haldeman and Dr. Mc- vaine were appointed on the Committee suggested by resident Anderson. Faymayan, Uckers, F. Wright, L. Williams, eo. Barren, Watts, walter, B. Williams, Willson, Zimmerman, Polland, Ware, Curtis, Beecher, F. Deyer, Lang, C. Robinson, A. Smith, A. Dodd, Herring, o. Doge, Hartman, D, Clark, Kenrtey, Bell, George grove, M. Fagan, W. Trublood, W. Vantine, John Wetherspoon, John Willson, George Williams, J. Webber, S. Watts, J. White, George wolf, M. Page, P. Strabell, J. Robertson, J. Yank, George Caswell, J. Daniels, A. Worth, B. Lynch, John Brady, J. Vickers, F. Hopkins, Robert Moore, H. Kerr, P.W. Steward, P. Bank, R. H. Smith, R. Terry, G. Victor, W. Wall, A. Wardell, John Warren, W. Walker, W. J. Whig, S. Walker, L. M. Woos J. c. White, B. Willson, J. McCutchs R. B. Baker, E. Dee, John Cooper, E. Haney, B. Gustwick, J. Circlare, J. Wright, Geo. Pentise, w. Short, J. Dumpsey, E. Latner, C. Winter, C. Lucas, THE FELLIBUSTER DESERTERS IN PARK. The most pitiful picture that the citizens of rk have looked upon since the arrival of the rk volunteers from Mexico, was the congress returned walker filibusters in the park west afternoon. two finities to the Veda were stronger Sanscrit. Its grammatical structur be understood by a sanscrit gramm its words were identical with the Sa eight tenths of the remainder were Sanscrit a affinities. Prof. LESLEY Spoke on the ethnological bearings of certain architectural forms. He referred to his idea of ancient religious symbols, that all represented the ark, the mountain and the flood. He found that the dome and crescent of Mohammedan architecture represented the ark resting on the mountain. The column, with its capital, represented the same thing. The double peak of Ararat was represented in the double propylea, the double oblisks, the double towers of Egyptian, Indian and European civilization. He thought, therefore, that this form of architecture was religious, and as such of little worth ethnologically. Prof. HUGO REID'S paper on a universal language was then read. Mr. Reid thinks that the English language phonetically spelled, ought to take the place of all others. Prof. HALDEMAN said it was very singular that all writers on universal language laid down such rules for its selection as to adopt their own vernacular. But the english was not pro[?]e. Desademons, for instance, wished that heaven had made her such a man. Critics did not agree upon what she meant. He thought Welsh was prerferable on many accounts, which he recounted. DR. MCILVAINE thought that the language of a nation was the natural expression of its thought and life, and if a nation were to adopt a new language it would rain its development. President ANDERSON thought an arbitrary language would be as monstrous as Mrs. Shelley's Frankenstein. He suggested that a committee should be appinted to report on the historical value of Philology. Prof. WILSON spoke of the efforts toward phonotypy which had been made in England and this country; he dissaproved of them. President Anderson, Prof. Haldeman and Dr. McIlvaine were appointed on the Committee suggested by President Anderson. , K Primer [Less] Starting lessons Train = Lessons Beginnings ? Or is not simply -Lessons better than any of all the rest [*misery of the matter is that it is difficulty to get ut blockheads to teach such a blockhead system. uncommonly well when we get hold of pedantic*] [*A WORD ON SPELLING. Editor of the N. Y. Tribune Let me take advantage of the present spelling ment to fatten a grudge I bear against the liter Most fully do I acknowledge that a decen*] [*Died 1846*] [*Language*] May 5. - In Boston,Mass., Hon. John Pickering, LL.D., President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, aged 69. He was the son of the late Timothy Pickering, so much distinguished in the political history of this country, and was born in Salem, Mass., where he resided till a late period of his life. He was educated at Harvard College, where he graduated in 1796. He entered into active life as a lawyer, and obtained much distinction as an able jurist and also as a politician, having served for several years as a member of the senate of Massachusetts. But his reputation rests chiefly on his attainments as a scholar and on his literary and scientific labors, which were of great service to the cause of learning in this country. His studies related chiefly to philology, and in this department he was excelled by no American, except perhaps the late Mr. Duponceau. His chief publications were a vocabulary of Americanisms, and a Greek and English Lexicon, the first on the largest scale, we believe, which was ever published in this country. He studied thoroughly the aboriginal languages of America, and was acquainted to some extent with the Oriental tongues. He held the office of president of the Oriental society at Boston, at the time of his death. He marked out the plan for reducing to writing the language of the Sandwich Islanders. His other labors are too numerous and important to be noticed in this sketch. In all the relations of private and public life, he commanded the respect and esteem of his friends and the whole community. [*to spell? A child would then, as soon as he his letters, know how to spell as well as to and on being taught to speak properly he of course spell correctly. More that this, if the addressed the world with a true phonetic alpha- giving distinctly the vocalism of the best usage. humblest reader would thereby be effectually the right pronunciation of words. Thus our in schools might begin where now, for the most they are obliged to leave of.*] [*July 22, 1857*] His mother was a daughter of Gen. John Cadwalader, of Philadelphia, distinguished citizen in the days of the Revolution. He entered the army as a lieutenant of artillery in July, 1818, having graduated at West Point with much honor; being one of the five whose names were recorded as the most distinguished of the class. He was at once selected by Gen. Scott as one of his aids, and served in that capacity several years. During the campaign in Florida, he was actively engaged as a captain of artillery, and for his services obtained the rank of Brevet Major. He organized the corps of flying artillery in the army, and paid great attention to the instruction ad discipline of this arm of the service. He fell by a cannon-shot, the same (?) killing his horse under him, and wounding him mortally. As a gentleman and an officer his reputation was very high and untarnished. Jan.- In Lennox, Mass, Samuel Shepard, D.D., aged 72. He was born in Chatham, Ct., and was graduated at Yale College in 1793. He was engaged in the ministerial office in Lennox, Mass, for more than half a century. June 13 - At his residence in Salem, N.C.. Emanuel Shober, Esq. a highly respectable lawyer. He represented a county of Stokes for many years the legislature of the state, and also in the convention which me in 1835 revise the constitution of the state. May 18 - In South Hanover, Pa., Hon. William Simonton, late a representative in Congress from Pennsylvania. He was an exemplary and A WORD ON SPELLING To the Editor of the N.Y. Tribune. SIR: Let me take advantage of the present spelling excitement to fatten a grudge I bear against the literary world. Most fully do I acknowledge that a decent respect for mankind should compel every one who addresses them in print to spell according to the best standard of usage. English "orthography" is at best a chaotic labyrinth, provoking enough to the way (?) when its (?) elements are congealed into immobility; but when they have no adhesion or continuity,moving constantly on each other like broken floating ice, it becomes an insult. A schoolmaster who does not spell correctly by somebody's system, should go abroad, and stay there. But just here it is that my indignation kindles Why do we have these illiterate schoolmasters? I do not stop to blame weak or careless committees. The trouble lies higher. The great masters of English literature,the lawgivers of our language, are such bunglers or (?) in their own profession, that they ought to be ashamed to fling a pebble at the worst spellers or even the inventor of Egyptian hieroglyphics. Why in the name of honesty, mechanical skill and common sense, do they impose upon the world, age after age, this imperfect, unreasonable, stupid, false plan of visualizing the vocal tongue? Are they not gifted with (?) to understand that if alphabets were made true by the principle on which they profess to rest, and used simply for the purpose of conveying to the mind of the reader the sound of the writer's voice when speaking the words, schoolmasters would not be needed to teach anybody to spell? A child would then, as soon as he had learned his letters, know how to spell as well as to speak, and on being taught to speak properly he would of course spell correctly. More than this, if the press addressed the world with a true phonetic alphabet, giving distinctly the vocalism of the best usage, the humblest reader would thereby be effectually taught the right pronunciation of words. Thus our (?) schools might begin where now, for the most part, they are obliged to leave off. [Left clipping] His mother was a daughter distinguished citizen in the d lieutenant of artillery in Ju much honor; being one of distinguished of the class. his aids, and served in that c Florida, he was actively en vices obtained the rank of artillery in the army, and pline of this arm of the killing his horse under him and an officer his reputation Jan. - In Lenox, Mass/. S Chatham, Ct., and was gradu in the ministerial office in Le June 13. - At his residence respectable lawyer. He repr the legislature of the state, a revise the constitution of the May 18. - In South Jano sentative in Congress from P [Center clipping] Bureau has been dispatched to Minnesota ine and report. If the regulars in the and now on their march thither should cient, volunteers will be called out. Gov. Wood of Ohio is strongly pressi Peruvian mission; but Morgan will get Clay is recalled, which is probably, be President offered Peru to R. K. Meade. The Hone. John J. Faran, wlll be appoi master at Cincinnati. Gen. Herran had an interview with G and negotiated proceedings satisfactory in the matter of the Panama massacre. The indications now are that the Free in Kansas will succumb to the Federal To the Associated Press. Washington, Thursday, July Official dispatches were received here t Kansas, including a letter from Gov. Walk ing himself from Southern strictures, and de condition of affairs in Lawrence in justifica on the 1st of August. A correspondence has been opened by Office with the Court of Directors of the U pany of Merchants of England trading to t dies, with the view of establishing an it documents and deeds. New Orleans papers are to hand by the the mail as late as one. The ship Delhi from New Orleans for Bo 7th inst., returned on the 16th in distress an She threw overboard 200 barrels of flour. Advices from Minatitlan to the 4th inst. the road was progressing satisfactorily, an health of the Isthmus was good. [Right clipping] The misery of the matter is that it is difficult to get any but blockheads to teach such a blockheaded system. We do uncommonly well when we get hold of pedantic dunces, who can teach spelling with a vengeance and perhaps the shell of grammar. Of course I do not deny that there are some literary saints, of unquestionable genius, who devote or doom themselves to a painful inculcation into the memories of reluctant or rebellious youth of all the incongruities, contradictions, riddles and Sphinx-puzzles of English orthography, hoping only for the heavenly pleasure of introducing the dear souls to the sweet fields that lie beyond the confounded chaparral. (If I don't spell the last word as I ought, please correct me, and then tell me how it is pronounced, for correct spelling gives no mere English mind any certainty on that point.) But the people of genius who teach spelling are few, and soon cease from their labors, by death or otherwise. English orthography is congenial only with stupidity; and after thirty or forth years of occasional observation in regard to it, I am of opinion that good and successful teachers of spelling can seldom write a page without misspelling several words. Of another thing I have no doubt at all, to wit: that learning to spell is a discipline pernicious to good mental habits. The minds of unschooled children are eager for facts and the reasons of them, and they are not satisfied with a reason till they see its force. Bit after they have been school through the inconsequential mysteries of the spelling book, where a reason has less chance of living in a mouse in a vacuum, they are ready to swallow anything the book or the teacher says with a leaden quietude. No thanks to the portico of our literature if they do not continue to take things on trust as long as there is anything to be so taken. Of course, nobody will contradict what I have said, for I have spoken with exceeding moderation of a monstrosity and deformity which is barefaced, chronic and deplorable. But what can be done? I shall be asked. Nothing can be done by the mere million. They are imposed upon, and must submit. But the men who have achieved immortality, the demigods of literature, who have the world's ear and adoration, might, if they so pleased, deliver us from this cripple alphabet which is too costly and stale for a joke, and, like the Cherokee inventor Guess, give us one which mankind could use as well as their tongues, without the aid of schoolmasters. Elizur Wright. Boston, July 22, 1857. Words remain in use sometimes very inappropriately -as the word "petition" so generally applied to [paper] requests, papers, sent to Congress, State Legislatures, and Common Councils, -the better word is "Memorial" or "Application," or "Statement." Is not the most exquisite delicacy of the use of words in that of adjectives? The nouns take care of themselves - the verbs also, though not so much as the nouns--But in the use of adjectives, is a great art, a great choice --(Style is shown in the use or non use of the adjectives) Trace adjectives to their roots -as tortuous cereal -Track adjectives [lite] closely to their roots. -literal meanings before using them Tracing Words to Origins To get in the habit of tracing words to their root = meanings - as for instance in the phrase "Rev. Mr. Conway" trace "Reverend" " "Mr." -how inapplicable and superfluous, so many words are! Vivat hoch (ve-vat ho) "hoch" (i.e.) high Eslebe die Freiheit" live freedom ?lebe (fri - hite) The two: The Houses of Congress or simply The Congress DISTINGUISHED VISITERS AT WASHINGTON. ----- The Federal Capital is full on "Ingins," among whom are Wa-ga-sup-pa, the Iron Whip; Tish-ta-wa-go, Charles Chief; Wash-mom-ma-na, Hard Walker; Shoo-cob-a, Heavy Cloud ; Ish-ga-ne-kai-ba, Love Chief; Shang- gis-ka, White Horse; and Tah-tang-ga-na-tha, Stand- ing Buffalo---all braves of the Poncas tribe, and splend- did-built fellows, standing six feet and upwards in their moccasins. Names for the U.S Senate The Small House or Branch of Congress For the Representatives The Large House of Congress The two- The Houses of Congress or simply The Congress Distinguished Visitors At Washington. - The Federal Capital is full of "Ingins," among whom are Wa-ga-sup-pa, the iron Whip; Tish-ta-wa-go, Charles Chief; Wash-kom-ma-na, Hard Walker; Shoo-cob-a, Heavy Cloud; Ish-ga-ne-kai-ba, Love Chief; Shang- gis-ka, White Horse; and Tah-tang-ga-na-tha, Stand- ing Buffalo-all braves of the Pneas tribe, and splen- did-built fellows, standing six feet and upwards in their moccasins. TEMPTATION AND VICTORY. 213 sings unconscious of his fate! Hushed how Pantaloons for men were [only] introduced into America from France about the commencement of the present century DRESS IN THE OLDEN TIME. - In the days of Washington, says a writer in Putnam's Magazine for February, clothing was very expensive; and though made a matter of more consequence than now, as marking the distinctions of rank, sedulously maintained, it was often difficult for persons of much pretension to keep up the outward appearance of gentility. For this reason all apparel was preserved with much care. I have seen specimens of mending, piecing, and darning in garments belonging to old families which would have commanded a premium from some of our modern industrial societies. The raiment purchased for a young woman's bridal was worn by her in old age; and young girls of the household were glad to assume the faded relics of a grandmother's wardrobe. Rich dresses, in those days, were considered of sufficient importance to be mentioned in wills, and left, as an inheritance, to relatives or friends. and add to hell's domain a vassal of name. Man or fine clothes. A man may --a man for a' that, And twice as mickle in that. Nor is it even courage, nor the heroism of facing death or danger persistently, nor genius, nor elevation of character, nor generosity of soul--though without any or all of these we are so far not men--but it is the sum of all these together, neither excluding on one side the sternest necessities of duty, though yielded to with reluctance, nor on the other the fondest amenities of affection, which are so much more kin to its better essence. The words Christian and Gentle as prefixes do not necessarily exalt the word; rather they limit it in the sense in which they are constantly applied, for the gentleman may be but the man of the drawing-room, and the Christian but the zealous professor of an erroneous belief. A man has the good qualities of all. Let us all try, then, to be men, assured that the more good and the less harm we do the more we reach that high point. If there were no future state, bright or dark, this would be still the worthiest of aims; but, as Pascal says, if there be even a remote chance of such things, a mere betting-book policy will come in to centuple the obligation. --G.G. 1. The Shaker Friends establishments were founded, it is said, in consequence of some Spiritualist communications. There are now sixteen communities in full action on the communist principle "each Pantaloons for men were [only] introduced into America from France about the commencement of the present century [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. g Taxes from 9 A.M., till 2 P.M. City of Williamsburgh, Dr, on the following Lot Valuation City County Default Total [BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. some Spiritualist communications. There are now sixteen communities in full action on the comm???? ??????? "each TEMPTATION AND VICTORY. 213 sings, unconscious of his fate! Hushed how quickly, could she but behold him now! Soon the agony will be over. Not much longer will frail nature sustain this strange ordeal beneath this pitiless sky of fire. These limbs, so supple once, all shrunk and useless now; these cheeks, all hollow; these eyes, cavernous as the dead. Soon must close the unnatural scene. 'Tis well that mother wots not of the deed. No parent's heart could brook the sight, nor choose but break. "Yet hold--amazing thought!--this is the same Voice declared the Son of God. Is this paternal? this a heavenly father's care toward a well-beloved son? Incredible, unjust, unkind! If this the treatment of the well-be- loved Son, what may not lower ties receive? earth's perishing millions, creation groaning and travailing in pain? Impossible ordeal of love! Either the powers and dignities of the sonship a delusion, and this the tyranny of infinite caprice, or the unnatural want should cease. One proper word of self-reliant prerogative, and the bare and blackened lava will supply these constitutional cravings." So urged the invisible enemy, approaching here his mightiest work, to swerve from right an uncreated mind, empty an eternal throne, and add to hell's domain a vassal of name. Man [Left Page] 214 THE INCARNATION. he has already swerved from uprightness; angels and archangels plucked from the sublime estate. But one step more remains to universal victory, or universal anarchy at least. "Place within my scope," so he in heart defies the Eternal Three, "an uncreated virtue. Emptied of unequal attribute, stake upon his endurance the hopes of all the myrmidons of hell; let his success wrest from my scepter all the myriads thou mayest ordain, and whelm me thereby in direct overthrow and irrecoverable helplessness, give me but the access I require, let His impunity from sin and from eternal woe result from no omnipotence advantage, and I will stake all on that issue. Not angel or archangel would I thus publicly assail, as pledged redeemer of my lawful captives. Angels and archangels in legions have already bowed to signalize my triumph. Higher aims demand my care. Heaven's Lord alone can provoke immortal hate to imperil all in such essay!" And heaven's Lord here stands, on desert rocks, emptied of unequal fullness, a man, to meet and to endure, in behalf of myriads chosen, the utmost craft of hell. By the same ordeal tried that cost those myriads their primeval purity, by the same sophistries assailed, with deeper virulence, more overwhelming onset. [Right Page] TEMPTATION AND VICTORY. 223 learning to the latest syllable the lesson of human temptation, he replies, "Get thee behind me, Satan, for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve!" At that instant, the foiled spirit, invisible hitherto, glares suddenly forth from cloudy volumes with unutterable meaning in his eye; then folding within his wreathed vapor, drifts like a rolling storm off through the gathering dusk of evening. Then, through the twilight air, borne on gleaming pinions, preceded by symphonies of ethereal melody, diffusion odors of a heavenly clime, come circling down above that barren mountain cone a radiant, living wheel of angels, revolving jubilant around that now exhausted form, which lies buried in deathlike slumber. All the livelong night do these celestial ministers gird that barren summit, infusing into the prostrate conqueror renewed energy of body, and breathing o'er his dreams the airs and harmonies of heaven. 227 MARY AT THE CROSS. Hail, highly favor'd, even in this deep passion, Hail, in thy bitter anguish thou art bless'd- Bless'd in thy holy power with him to suffer, Those deep death-pangs that lead to higher rest. All now is darkness, and in that deep stillness The God-man wrestles with that mighty woe: Hark to that cry, the Rock of Ages rending- 'Tis finish'd! Mother, all is glory now. By sufferings mighty as his mighty soul Hath the Jehovah rise-forever bless'd; And through all ages must his heart-beloved Through the same baptism enter the same rest. THE END. (BANKABLE MONEY ONLY RECEIVED. Collector's Office, City Hall, corner of South 2d and Fourth Streets. COL[?] Lid[?] Lid[?] Ant[?] Smi[?] Sm[?] Published by Harper & Brothers. 7 [?]ntock and Crooks's First Book in [?]ek. 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Bound by Whitman, by means of cutting out all pages of a book and retaining the stubs so that sheets of paper, fragments, and clippings could be tipped in. The sheets of paper used are various: left-over green wrappers from the first edition of Leaves of Grass, yellow end papers left from the second issue of Leaves of Grass, unused stationery of the City of Williamsburgh, etc. In addition many other paper fragments of various colors were used. The cover was pierced, so that two pieces of cord are holding front and back covers together. The spine of the original book was left intact. Two small paper labels pasted onto front cover and spine, contain the word "Words" in Whitman's writing. Manuscript notes, clippings, words and phrases on grammar, language, etc. were saved by Walt Whitman in this book. An entire section is devoted to Whitman's study of the Introduction to Webster's Dictionary. References are made and passages quoted from many philological works, like Bailey's Dictionary, Bunsen, Addison, Humboldt, etc. Many of the words and phrases noted were derived from the French language. Some of the notes and memos read as follows: "There could easily be a dictionary of words fit to be used in an English (American) opera -- or for vocal-lyric purposes, songs, ballads, recitations, etc. --- pantaloons -- pants -- trousers -- breeches -- Do not these words illustrate a law of language, namely, that with the introduction of any new thing (as the pantaloons) the word, from the same land or source is introduced with them? --- Words: Effective [ Fr] [Com] p.429. Wb. Dict. . . . Ei-do-lon (Gr) phantom -- the image of an Helen, at Troy instead of real flesh and blood woman. --- Names of persons -- These are very curious to trace out. -- How came they? Whence these Marys, Johns, Williams, and Elizabeths? --- New Names for Months. In these States there must be new names for all the months of the year -- They must be characteristic of America -- The South, North, East and West must be represented in them --- Names of cities, islands, rivers, new settlements, etc. These should (must) assimilate in sentiment and in sound, to something organic in the place, or identical with it. It is far better to call a new inhabited island by the native word, than by its first discoverer, or to call it New anything. -- Aboriginal names always tell finely . . . How much better Ohio, Oregon, Missouri, Milwaukee, etc. sound than New York, Ithaca, Naples, etc. --- Phrase book. Is not a phrase book an American one, just as much needed as a Dictionary? The above is a hint for the new Dictionary. --- In names a suggestion. The woman should preserve her own name just as much after marriage as before," etc. {15} well as names and addresses of people were recorded in this notebook by Walt Whitman. {10} 1855 ONLY KNOWN MANUSCRIPT PAGE OF THE FIRST EDITION OF LEAVES OF GRASS. A.MS. in ink with pencil corrections. (2p. 32x 20 cm.) Beginning "The wild gander" . . . ending "heaved down with a strong arm." The page is numbered (10) by Walt Whitman. Text -- as corrected -- is identical only with First edition, first issue, p. 20 last line, and p.21 On verso: three columns of individual words in Whitman's autograph, apparently trial vocabulary. Many of the words listed were used in Broad-Axe poem, published in the second edition of Leaves of Grass, 1856. {11} 1885 PRIESTS! (Self suppressed lines). A.MS. (1p. 10 x 20 cm.) Bound in quarter leather. These self suppressed lines were intended by Whitman for Songs of Myself; they read in part: "Priests! Until you can explain a paving stone, do not try to explain God." On verso, autograph note "For droppings." {12} 1885 /56 MEMO; NOTES AND ADDRESSES. A.MS. on end paper of part of a cover torn from some book. (1p. 23 x 20 cm.) Memo written by Walt Whitman to himself containing a list of Consignments and number of books sent to Fowler and Wells. Also some notes and addresses. {13} ADDISON. 239 Upon my first landing, one who was sent from the King of this Place to meet me, told me, That he was extremely sorry for the Storm I had met with just before my Arrival. I was troubled to hear him grieve and afflict himself upon my Account; but in less than a Quarter of an Hour he smiled, and was as merry as if nothing had happened. Another who came with him told me by my Interpreter, He should be glad to do me any Service that lay in his Power. Upon which I desir'd him to carry one of my Portmantuas for me; but instead of serving me according to his Promise, he laughed, and bid another to do it. I lodged, the first Week, at the House of one who desired me to think myself at home, and to consider his House as my own. Accordingly, I the next Morning began to knock down one of the Walls of it, in order to let in the fresh Air, and had packed up some of the Household- Goods, of which I intended to have made thee a Present; But the false Varlet no sooner saw me falling to Work but he sent Word to desire me to give over, for that he would have no such Doings in his House. I had not been long in this Nation, before I was told by one, for whom I had asked a certain Favour from the Chief of the King's Servants, whom they here call the Lord-Treasurer, That I had eternally obliged him. I was so supris'd at this Gratitude, that I could not forbear saying, what Service is there which one Man can do for another, that can oblige him to all Eternity! However I only asked him, for my Reward, that he would lend me his eldest Daughter during my stay in this Country: but I quickly found that he was as treacherous as the rest of his Countrymen.' 'At my first going to Court, one of the great Men almost put me out of Countenance, by asking ten thousand Pardons of me for only treading by Accident upon my Toe. They call this kind of Lye a Compliment; for when they are Civil to a great Man, they tell him Untruths, for which thou wouldst order any of the Officers of State to receive a hundred Blows upon his Foot. I do not know how I shall negotiate any thing with this People, since there is so little Credit to be given to them. When I go to see the King's Scribe, I am generally told that he is not at home, tho' perhaps I saw him go into his House almost the very Moment before. Thou wouldest fancy that the whole Nation are Physicians, for the first Question they always ask me, is, How I do: I have this Question put to me above a hundred times a Day. Nay, they are not only thus inquisitive after my Health, but wish it in a more solemn Manner, with a full Glass in their Hands, every time I sit with them at Table, tho' at the same time they would persuade me to drink their Liquors in such Quantities as I have found by Experience will make me sick. They often pretend to pray for thy Health also in the same Manner; but I have more Reason to expect it from the Goodness of thy Constitution, than the Sincerity of their Wishes. May thy Slave escape in Safety from this double-tongued Race of Men, and live to lay himself once more at thy Feet in thy Royal City of Bantam.' [* Addison on*] THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. I have somewhere read of an eminent Person, who used in his private Offices of Devotion to give Thanks to Heaven that he was born a Frenchman: For my own part, I look upon it as a peculiar Blessing that I was born an Englishman. Among many other Reasons, I think myself very happy iu my Country, as the Language of it is wonderfully adapted to a Man who is sparing of his Words, and an Enemy to Loquacity. As I have frequently reflected on my good Fortune in this Particular, I shall communicate to the Publick my Speculations upon the English Tongue, not doubting but they will be acceptable to all my curious Readers. The English delight in Silence more than any other European Nation, if the Remarks which are made on us by Foreigners are true. Our Discourse is not kept up in Conversation, but falls into more Pauses and Intervals than in our Neighbouring Countries; as it is observed, that the Matter of our Writings is thrown much closer together, and lies in a narrower Compass than is usual in the Works of Foreign Authors: For, to favour our Natural Taciturnity, when we are obliged to utter our Thoughts, we do it in the shortest way we are able, and give as quick a Birth to our Conceptions as possible. This Humor shews itself in several Remarks that we may make upon the English Language. As first of all by its 240 ADDISON. abounding in Monosyllables, which gives us an Opportunity of delivering our Thoughts in few Sounds. This indeed takes off from the Elegance of our Tongue, but at the same time expresses our Ideas in the readiest manner, and consequently answers the first Design of Speech better than the Multitude of Syllables, which make the Words of other Languages more Tunable and Sonorous. The Sounds of our English Words are commonly like those of String Musick, short and transient, which rise and perish upon a single Touch; those of other Languages are like the Notes of Wind Instruments, sweet and swelling, and lengthen'd out into variety of Modulation. In the next place we may observe, that where the Words are not Monosyllables, we often make them so, as much as lies in our Power, by our Rapidity of Pronunciation; as it generally happens in most of our long Words which are derived from the Latin, where the contract the length of the Syllables that gives them a grave and solemn Air in their own Language, to make them more proper for Dispatch, and more conformable to the Genius of our Tongue. This we may find in a multitude of Words, as Liberty, Conspiracy, Theatre, Orator, &c. The same natural Aversion to Loquacity has of late Years made a very considerable Alteration in our Language, by closing in one Syllable the Termination of our Praeterperfect Tense, as in these Words, drown'd, walk'd, arriv'd, for drowned, walked, arrived, which has very much disfigured the Tongue, and turned a tenth part of our smoothest Words into so many Clusters of Consonants. This is the more remarkable, because the want of Vowels in our Language has been the general Complaint of our politest Authors, who nevertheless are the Men that have made these Retrenchments, and consequently very much increased our former Scarcity. This Reflexion on the Words that end in ed, I have heard in Conversation from one of the greatest Geniuses this Age has produced. I think we may add to the foregoing Observation, the Change which has happened in our Language, by the Abbreviation of several Words that are terminated in eth, by substituting an s in the room of the last Syllable, as in drowns, walks, arrives, and innumerable other Words, which in the Pronunciation of our Forefathers were drowneth, walketh, arriveth. This has wonderfully multiplied a Letter which was before too frequent in the English Tongue, and added to that hissing in our Language, which is taken so much notice of by Foreigners; but at the same time humours our Taciturnity, and eases us of many superfluous Syllables. I might here observe, that the same single Letter on many Occasions does the Office of a whole Word, and represents the His and Her of our Forefathers. There is no doubt but the Ear of a Foreigner, which is the best Judge in this Case, would very much disapprove of such Innovations, which indeed we do ourselves in some Measure, by retaining the old Termination in Writing, and in all the solemn Offices of our Religion. As in the Instances I have given we have epitomized many of our particular Words to the Detriment our Tongue, so on other Occasions we have drawn two Words into one, which has likewise very much untuned our Language, and clogged it with Consonants, as mayn't, can't, shan't, won't, and the like, for may not, can not, shall not, will not, &c. It is perhaps this Humour of speaking no more than we needs must, which has so miserably curtailed some our Words, that in familiar Writing and Conversations they often lose all but their first Syllables, as in mob. rep. pos, incog. and the like; and as all ridiculous Words make their first Entry into a Language by familiar Phrases, I dare not answer for these that they will not in time be looked upon as a part of our Tongue. We see some of our Poets have been so indiscreet as to imitate Hudibra's Doggrel Expressions in their serious Compositions, by throwing out the Signs of our Substantives, which are essential to the English Language. Nay, this Humour of shortning our Language had once run so far, that some of our celebrated Authors: among whom we may reckon Sir Roger L' Estrange in particular, began to prune their Words of all superfluous Letters, as they termed them, in order to adjust the Spelling to the Pronunciation; which would have confounded all our Etymologies, and have quite destroyed our Tongue. We may here likewise observe that our proper Names, when familiarized in English, generally dwindle to Monosyllables, whereas in other modern Languages they receive a softer Turn on this Occasion, by the Addition ADDISON. 241 of a new Syllable. Nick in Italian is Nicolini, Jack in French Janot; and so of the rest. There is another Particular in our Language which is a great Instance of our Frugality of Words, and that is the suppressing of several Particles which must be produced in other Tongues to make a Sentence intelligible: This often perplexes the best Writers, when they find the Relatives whom, which, or they, at their Mercy whether they may have Admission or not; and will never be decided till we have something like an Academy that by the best Authorities and Rules drawn from the Analogy of Languages shall settle all Controversies between Grammar and Idiom. I have only considered our Language as it shews the Genius and natural Temper of the English, which is modest, thoughtful and sincere, and which perhaps may recommend the People, though it has spoiled the Tongue. We might perhaps carry the same Thought into other Languages, and deduce a great Part of what is peculiar to them from the Genius of the People who speak them. It is certain, the light talkative Humor of the French has not a little infected their Tongue, which might be shewn by many Instances; as the Genius of the Italians, which is so much addicted to Musick and Ceremony, has moulded all their Words and Phrases to those particular Uses. The Stateliness and Gravity of the Spaniards shews itself to Perfection in the Solemnity of their Language, and the blunt honest Humour of the Germans sounds better in the Roughness of the High-Dutch, than it would in a politer Tongue. WESTMINSTER ABBEY. When I am in a serious Humour, I very often walk by myself in Westminster Abbey; where the Gloominess of the Place, and the Use to which it is applied, with the Solemnity of the Building, and the Condition of the People who lie in it, are apt to fill the Mind with a kind of Melancholy, or rather Thoughtfulness, that is not disagreeable. I Yesterday passed a whole Afternoon in the Church-yard, the Cloisters, and the Church, amusing myself with the Tombstones and Inscriptions that I met with in those several Regions of the Dead. Most of them recorded nothing else of the buried Person, but that he was born upon one Day and died upon another: The whole History of his Life being comprehended in those two Circumstances, that are common to all Mankind. I could not but look upon these Registers of Existence, whether of Brass or Marble, as a kind of Satire upon the departed Persons; who had left no other Memorial of them, but that they were born and that they died. They put me in mind of several Persons mentioned in the Battles of Heroic Poems, who have sounding Names given them, for no other Reason but that they may be killed, and are celebrated for nothing but being knocked on the Head. Glaucus, Medon, and Thersilochus. The Life of these Men is finely described in Holy Writ by the Path of an Arrow, which is immediately closed up and lost. Upon my going into the Church, I entertained myself with the digging of a Grave; and saw in every Shovel-full of it that was thrown up, the Fragment of a Bone or Skull intermixt with a kind of fresh mouldering Earth that some time or other had a Place in the Composition of a human Body. Upon this I began to consider with myself what innumerable Multitudes of People lay confused together under the Pavement of that ancient Cathedral; how Men and Women, Friends and Enemies, Priests and Soldiers, Monks and Prebendaries, were crumbled amongst one another, and blended together in the same common Mass; how Beauty, Strength, and Youth, with Old-age, Weakness, and Deformity, lay undistinguished in the same promiscuous Heap of Matter. After having thus surveyed this great Magazine of Mortality, as it were in the Lump; I examined it more particularly by the Accounts which I found on several of the Monuments which are raised in every Quarter of that ancient Fabrick. Some of them were covered with such extravagant Epitaphs, that if it were possible for the dead Person to be acquainted with them, he would blush at the Praises which his Friends have bestowed upon him. There are others so excessively Modest, that they deliver the Character of the Person departed in Greek or Hebrew, and by that means are not understood once in a Twelvemonth. In the Poetical Quarter, I found there were Poets who had no Monuments, and Monuments which had no Poets. I observed indeed that the present War had filled the Church with 16 242 ADDISON. many of these uninhabited Monuments, which had been erected to the Memory of Persons whose Bodies were perhaps buried in the Plains of Blenheim, or in the Bosom of the Ocean. I could not but be very much delighted with several modern Epitaphs, which are written with great Elegance of Expression and Justness of Thought, and therefore do Honour to the Living as well as to the Dead. As a Foreigner is very apt to conceive an Idea of the Ignorance or Politeness of a Nation from the Turn of their publick Monuments and Inscriptions, they should be submitted to the Perusal of Men of Learning and Genius before they are put in Execution. Sir Cloudesley Shovel's Monument has very often given me great Offence: Instead of the brave rough English Admiral, which was the distinguishing Character of the plain gallant Man, he is represented on his Tomb by the Figure of a Beau, dressed in a long Periwig, and reposing himself upon Velvet Cushions under a Canopy of State. The Inscription is answerable to the Monument; for instead of celebrating the many remarkable Actions he had performed in the Service of his Country, it acquaints us only with the Manner of his Death, in which it was impossible for him to reap any Honour. The Dutch, whom we are apt to despise for want of Genius, shew an infinitely greater taste of Antiquity and Politeness in their Buildings and Works of this Nature, than what we meet with in those of our own Country, The Monuments of their Admirals, which have been erected at the publick Expence, represent them like themselves; and are adorned with rostral Crowns and naval Ornaments, with beautiful Festoons of Seaweed, Shells, and Coral. But to return to our Subject. I have left the Repository of our English Kings for the Contemplation of another Day, when I shall find my Mind disposed for so serious an Amusement. I know that Entertainments of this Nature are apt to raise dark and dismal Thoughts in timorous Minds, and gloomy Imaginations; but for my own part, though I am always serious, I do not know what it is to be melancholy; and can therefore take a View of Nature in her deep and solemn Scenes, with the same Pleasure as in her most gay and delightful ones. By this means I can improve myself with those Objects, which others consider with Terror. When I look upon the Tombs of the Great, every Emotion of Envy dies in me; when I read the Epitaphs of the Beautiful, every inordinate Desire goes out; when I meet with the Grief of Parents upon a Tomb-stone, my Heart melts with Compassion; when I see the Tomb of the Parents themselves, I consider the Vanity of grieving for those whom we must quickly follow: When I see Kings lying by those who deposed them, when I consider rival Wits placed Side by Side, or the holy Men that divided the World with their Contests and Disputes, I reflect with Sorrow and Astonishment on the little Competitions, Factions, and Debates of Mankind. When I read the several Dates of the Tombs, some that died Yesterday, and some six hundred Years ago, I consider that great Day when we shall all of us be Contemporaries, and make our Appearance together. THE VISION OF MIRZA. On the fifth day of the moon, which, according to the custom of my forefathers, I always keep holy, after having washed myself, and offered up my morning devotions, I ascended the high hills of Bagdat, in order to pass the rest of the day in meditation and prayer. As I was here refreshing myself on tops of the mountains, I fell into a profound contemplation on the vanity of human life; and passing from one thought to another, Surely, said I, man is but a shadow, and life a dream. Whilst I was thus musing, I cast my eyes towards the summit of a rock that was not far from me, where I discovered one in the habit of a shepherd, but who was in reality a being of superior nature. I drew near with profound reverence, and fell down at his feet. The genius smiled upon me with a look of compassion and affability, that familiarized him to my imagination, and at once dispelled all the fears and apprehensions with which I approached him. He lifted me from the ground, and taking me by the hand, Mirza, said he, I have heard thee in thy soliloquies; follow me. He then led me to the highest pinnacle of the rock; and placing me on the top of it, Cast thy eyes eastward, said he, and tell me what thou seest. I see, said I, a huge valley, and a prodigious tide of water rolling through it. The valley that thou Horne Tooke on Language something on etymology -- and something on profounder topics THE LATE MR. HORNE TOOKE. 73 after bringing a hasty charge against him, has not a single fact to adduce in support of it; but keeps his ground and fairly beats his adversary out of the field by the mere force of style. One would think that "Parson Horne" knew who Junius was, and was afraid of him. "Under him his genius is" quite "rebuked." With the best cause to defend, he comes off more shabbily from the contest than any other person in the LETTERS, except Sir William Draper, who is the very hero of defeat. The great thing which Mr. Horne Tooke has done, and which he has left behind him to posterity, is his work on Grammar, oddly enough entitled THE DIVERSIONS OF PURLEY. Many people have taken it up as a description of a game - others supposing it to be a novel. It is, in truth, one of the few philosophical works on Grammar that were ever written. The essence of it (and, indeed, almost all that is really valuable in it) is contained in his Letter to Dunning, published about the year 1775. Mr. Tooke's work is truly elementary. Dr. Lowth described Mr. Harris's Hermes as "the finest specimen of analysis since the days of Aristotle" -- a work in which there is no analysis at all, for analysis consists in reducing things to their principles, and not in endless details and subdivisions. Mr. Harris multiplies distinctions, and confounds his readers. Mr. Tooke clears away the rubbish of school-boy technicalities, and strikes at the root of his subject. In accomplishing his arduous task, he was, perhaps aided not more by the strength and resources of his mind than by its limits and defects. There is a web of old associations wound round language, that is a kind of veil over its natural features; and custom puts on the mask of ignorance. But this veil, this mask the author of The Diversions of Purley threw aside and penetrated to the naked truth of things, by the literal, matter-of-fact, unimaginative nature of his understanding, and because he was not subject to prejudices or illusions of any kind. Words may be said to "bear a charmed life, that must not yield to one of woman born" - with womanish weaknesses and confused apprehensions. But this charm was broken in the case of Mr. Tooke, whose mind was the reverse of effeminate -- hard, unbending, concrete, physical, half-savage --and who saw language stripped of the clothing of habit or sentiment, or the disguises of doting pedantry, naked Also, [of words, of him who] no man can really understand words [?] [?] [*and which the grammarians*] [*lexicographers, so far, have not one*] [*of them had.--*] 74 THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE. in its cradle, and in its primitive state. Our author tells us that he found his discovery on Grammar among a number of papers on other subjects, which he had thrown aside and forgotten. Is this an idle boast? Or had he made other discoveries of equal importance, which he did not think it worth his while to communicate to the world, but chose to die the churl of knowledge? The whole of his reasoning turns upon showing that the Conjunction That is the pronoun That which is itself the participle of a verb, and in like manner that all the other mystical and hitherto unintelligible parts of speech are derived from the only two intelligible ones, the Verb and Noun. "I affirm that gold is yellow," that is, "I affirm that fact, or that proposition, viz. gold is yellow," The secret of the Conjunction on which so many fine heads had split, on which so many learned definitions were thrown away, as if it was its peculiar province and inborn virtue to announce oracles and formal propositions, and nothing else, like a Doctor of Laws, is here at once accounted for, inasmuch as it is clearly noting but another part of speech, the pronoun, that, with a third part of speech, the noun, thing, understood. This is getting at a solution of words into their component parts, not glossing over one difficulty by bringing another to parallel it, nor like saying with Mr. Harris, when it is asked, "what a Conjunction is?" that there are conjunctions copulative, conjunctions disjunctive, and as many other frivolous varieties of the species as any one chooses to hunt out "with laborious foolery." Our author hit upon his parent discovery in the course of a law-suit, while he was examining, with jealous watchfulness, the meaning of words to prevent being entrapped by them; or rather, this circumstance might itself be traced to the habit of satisfying his own mind as to the precise sense in which he himself made use of words. Mr. Tooke, though he had no objection to puzzle others, was mighty averse to being puzzled or mystified himself. All was, to his determined mind, either complete light or complete darkness. There was no hazy, doubtful chiaro-scuro in his understanding. He wanted something "palpable to feeling as to sight." "What," he would say to himself, "do I mean when I use the conjunction that? Is it an anomaly, a class by itself, a word sealed against all inquisitive attempts? Is it enough to call it a copula, a bridge, a link, a word THE LATE MR. HORNE TOOKE. 75 connecting sentences? That is undoubtedly its use, but what is its origin?" Mr. Tooke thought he had answered this question satisfactorily, and loosened the Gordian knot of grammarians, "familiar as his garter," when he said, "It is the common pronoun, adjective, or participle, that, with the noun, thing or proposition, implied, and the particular example following it." So he thought, and so every reader has thought since, with the exception of teachers and writers upon Grammar. Mr. Windham, indeed, who was a sophist, but not a logician, charged him with having found "a mare's nest;" but it is not to be doubted that Mr. Tooke's etymologies will stand the test, and last longer than Mr. Windham's ingenious derivation of the practice of bull-baiting from the principles of humanity! Having thus laid the corner-stone, he proceeded to apply the same method of reasoning to other undeciphered and impracticable terms. Thus the word, And, he explained clearly enough to be the verb add, or a corruption of the old Saxon anandad.- "Two and two make four," that is "two add two make four."- Mr. Tooke, in fact, treated words as the chemists do substances; he separated those which are compounded of others from those which are not decompoundable. He did not explain the obscure by the more obscure, but the difficult by the plain, the complex by the simple. This alone is proceeding upon the true principles of science, the rest is pedantry and petit-maitreship. Our philosophical writer distinguished all words into names of things, and directions added for joining them together, or originally into nouns and verbs. It is a pity that he has left this matter short, by omitting to define the Verb. After enumerating sixteen different definitions (all of which he dismisses with scorn and contumely ) at the end of two quarto volumes, he refers the reader for the true solution to a third volume, which he did not live to finish. This extraordinary man was in the habit of tantalizing is guests on a Sunday afternoon with sundry abstruse speculations, and putting them off to the following week for a satisfaction of their doubts; but why should he treat posterity in the same scurvy manner, or leave the world without quitting scores with it? I question whether Mr. Tooke was himself in possession of his pretended nostrum, and, whether, are trying hard at a definition of the verb 76 THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE as a distinct part of speech, as a terrier-dog mumbles a hedge-hog, he did not find it too much for him, and leave it to its fate. It is also a pity that Mr. Tooke spun out his great work with prolix and dogmatical dissertations on irrelevant matters; and after denying the old metaphysical theories of language, should attempt to found a metaphysical theory of his own on the nature and mechanism of language. The nature of words, he contended (it was the basis of his whole system) had no connection with the nature of things or the objects of thought; yet he afterwards strove to limit the nature of things and of the human mind by the technical structure of language. Thus he endeavors to show that there are no abstract ideas, by enumerating two thousand instances of words, expressing abstract ideas, that are the past participles of certain verbs. It is difficult to know what he means by this. On the other hand, he maintains that "a complex idea is as great an absurdity as a complex star," and that words only are complex. - He also makes out a triumphant list of metaphysical and moral non-entities are participles, not nouns, or names of things. That is strange in so close a reasoner, and in one who maintained that all language was a masquerade of words, and that the class to which they grammatically belonged had nothing to do with the class of ideas they represented. It is now above twenty years since the two quarto volumes of the Diversions of Purley were published, and fifty since the same theory was promulgated in the celebrated Letter to Dunning. Yet it is a curious example of the Spirit of the Age that Mr. Lindley Murray's Grammar (a work out of which Mr. C***helps himself to English, and Mr. M***to style*) has proceeded to the thirtieth edition in complete defiance of all the facts and arguments there laid down. He defines a noun to be the name of a thing. Is quackery a thing, i.e. a substance? He defines a verb to be a word signifying to be, to do, or to suffer. Are being, action, suf- ***This work is not without merit in the details and examples of English construction. But its fault even in that part is that he confounds the genius of the English language, making it periphrastic and literal, instead of elliptical and idiomatic. According to Mr. Murray, hardly any of our best writers ever wrote a word in English. THE LATE MR. HORNE TOOKE. 77 fering, verbs? He defines an adjective to be the name of a quality. Are not wooden, golden, substantial adjectives? He maintains that there are six cases in English nouns, that is, six various terminations without any change of termination at all;* and that English verbs have all the moods, tenses, and person that the Latin ones have. This is an extraordinary stretch of blindness and obstinacy. He very formally translates the Latin Grammar into English, (as so many had done before him) and fancies he has written an English Grammar; and divines applaud, and schoolmasters usher him into the polite world, and English scholars carry on the jest, while Horne Tooke's genuine anatomy of our native tongue is laid on the shelf. Can it be that our politicians smell a rat in the Member for Old Sarum? That our clergy do not relish Parson Horne?— That the world at large are alarmed at acuteness and originality greater than their own? What has all this to do with the formation of the English language or with the first conditions and necessary foundation of speech itself? Is there nothing beyond the reach of prejudice and party-spirit? It seems in this, as in so many other instances, as if there was a patent for absurdity in the natural bias of the human mind, and that folly should be stereotyped! *At least, with only one change in the genitive case. THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH LANGUAGES Le Messager Franco-Americain, in a finely written article, gives a critical estimate of the points of comparison between the English and French languages. the vernacular of a people it regards as a far more accurate index or its character a d genius than its literature can present. The study of human speech then gives wider views of human nature than any other its attributes. The Greek language, so marvelously flexible, copious, rich in delicate shades of meaning, and musical, was the appropriate utterance of a people restless, ingenious, speculative, and aesthetic. It answered the demand of the most abstruse philosophy, the most impassioned oratory, and the most rapt poesy. The Latin-majestic, concise, monumental, gravely sonorous-was the fitting exponent of a national mind, practical, conquering, and dominating, the organizer of the most powerful empire of antiquity. A superficial glance at the history and ethnological composition of the English and French peoples would lead inexperienced thinkers to the conclusion that they are nearly identical in their characteristics and tendencies. Upon a stock of original Celtic each has engrafted Romanic and Teutonic elements in very similar proportions. A study of the respective languages of these peoples, however, soon develops remarkable organic differences which a study of their histories fully confirms. In comparing an English French lexicon with a French English lexicon the former will be found much more voluminous than the latter. This fact indicates a far more copious vocabulary and a greater richness and variety of expression. Furthermore, it is observable that the English vocabulary is daily expanding while the French stock of words increases very slowly. In this expansive capacity the English resembles the ancient Greek, with, however, this important difference, that while the latter enriched its idiom by a constant development of its own original resources, the former appropriates from all other languages. The root elements of the Greek are so abundant and so varied as not only to meet the full demands of civilization in that day, but also to supply to modern thought the medium of its most delicate distinctions, as well as its broadest generalizations. The Latin is but a grosser embodiment of the Greek, and both supply to modern tongues the great mass of their vocabularies. Deprive either English or French of its Graeco-Latin element, and both sink into barbarous jargon. In France the new terms demanded by the improvements in science and art are always drawn from either Latin or Greek. The English, on the contrary, forages for new elements indiscriminately through all modern and ancient languages. For scientific and philosophic terms it goes, like the French, to the original Graeco-Latin fountain head. For concrete terms it takes combinations already formed from modern tongues. Instead of a systematic organic growth of speech, the English seems, to or French critic, to be the mere débris of different European languages, not fused into a homogeneous whole, but held together by superficial principles of cohesion. The cause of this difference between these languages is traced to the fact that in the French the Celtic and Romanic elements have overpowered the Teutonic, while in the English the Teutonic is the ruling element. Our critic insinuates that the great activity of the English mind lies in combining elements already made, and not in original creative power. This, however, is not a legitimate deduction from the facts, and reveals a shade of national jealousy which darkened the otherwise clear perceptions of the writer. for active duty from wounds received in while holding a higher command than his regular army commission. Just that distin now exists and nothing more. And only who sought and obtained high commands troops in the field can receive its benefits, and is the only benefit, honor, or embodiment tha now be conferred by law upon that class of offi European nations grant medals to distingui officers for gallantry in battle, &c. the United States, and serve them, honestly and faithfully against all their enemies and opposers whomsoever, and observe and obey the orders of the President of the United States, and the orders of the officers appointed over them according to the rules of articles for the government of the armies of the United States." Provisions to taking the oath, the volunteers were informed that the obligations was for three months, unless they were sooner discharged, and an opportunity was given to such as might wish to retire. But {{??}} men came there purposely to be mustered in, the assumed the obligation accordingly. They now understand that they cannot be ordered beyond the limits of the District of Columbia, and will not be continualy on duty as guards to the armories, public buildings, etc. Not quite 200 were accepted yesterday, but 500 altogether will {{??}} be mustered in during the day. Army overcoats have been plentifully distributed among them. When Col. Ellsworth of Zonave fame, recently came to Washington, a company of Zouaves was organized, and this gentleman has been tendered the command. He has not, however, accepted it, but has been giving them the benefit of his proficiency in the drill. It was heretofore stated that Secretary Seward, in reply to a note of the Confederate State Commissioners, refused to receive them in their diplomatic character. They responded, and were again answered on the part of the Government. Yesterday the Commissioners sent to him their final communication. It is said to be written with ability, and reflects severely on the Administration, taking the ground that they have exhausted every resource for a peaceful solution of the existing difficulties, and that if civil war result, on the head of the Federal Government will rest the responsibility. They charge the Administration with gross perfidy, insisting that under the shelter of the pretext and assertion that Fort Sumter was to be evacuated, an immense army has been dispatched to provision and reenforce that fort. They repeat that they had almost daily indirect assurances from the Administration that Fort Sumter was {{??}} to be abandoned, and that all the Government's efforts were to be directed toweard peace. The Commissioners allege that the Government at Montgomery was earnestly {{??}} of peace, and that in accordance with its instructions, as well as their own feelings, they left no means unexhausted to secure that much desired end; but all their efforts having failed, they were now forced to return to an outraged people with the object of their mission unaccomplished; and they express the first conviction that war is inevitable. The Commissioners left Washington to-day for Montogmery. ----- FROM CHARLESTON. CHARLESTON, Thursday, April 11, 1861. A collision is hourly expected. Northern dispatches state that an attempt will be made to-day to reenforce Fort Sumter in small boats, protected by sand bacgs, the war vessels in the meantime to protect the landing party on Morris Island. It is reported that Gen. Beanregard has demanded the evacuation of Fort Sumter. An officer just arrived from Sullivan's Island informs {{??}} that three streamers hung off the coast for a long period yesterday. Major Anderson fired a signal-gun at 10 a.m. An opening on fort Sumter is expected every moment. The Battery is crowded with people in expectancy, and troops are pouring in. Business is suspended. The Citadel Cadets are guarding the Battery with heavy cannon. Thousands are waiting to see the stack commence. One thousand mounted men and two thousand patrols, heavily armed, are guarding the city. Absolute secrecy is still observed as to future movements. Senator Chestnut, the special aid, send with Col. {{??}}, and one of Gen. Beauregard's Staff, have just returned from Fort Sumter with the reply to the order for the unconditional surrender. The answer at the {{??}} is refused at head quarters. Every man capable of bearing arms is called out. The excitement in the city has been intense, in consequence of rumors that a demand had been made for Fort Sumter, and if refused then an egagement would take place this evening at 8 o'clock. The demand for the evacuation of Fort Sumter was made at 2 o'clock this afternoon, amd Messrs. Chesnut, Chisholm, and Lee were deputized to carry the message from Gen. Beauregard. Thousands of people assembled on the battery this evening in anticipation of the commencement of the night at 8 o'clock. Two hundred mounted guards patrol the city. No fight, however, has occured yet. The Harriet Lane is reported to be off the bar, and signals are displayed by the guard-boats and answered by the batteries. Immense crowds are now at the different newspaper offices, eagerly watching for news. Roger A. Pryor of Virginia has received an appointment in Gen. Beauregard's staff. At this hour the excitement has mostly subsided, and no conflict is looked for to-night. One more regiment went down to Morris Island to-day. CHARLESTON, April 11 - midnight. Gen. Bouregard at 2 o'clock this afternoon demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter, which Major Anderson declined to accede to, probably with a reservation. The community are greatly excited, and are expecting an attack to-night, but up to midnight no demonstration has taken place, and probably no attack will be made to-night. A large portion of our people are collected on the {{??}} and Battery and every accessible point facing the harbor, anxiously awaiting the results. of defeated pride, and the groans of tormented indolence. Such has been the world's experience, from the convulsions of mother Church at the astronomic demonstration of Copernicus, down to the denunciations of anesthetics by contemporary Scotch clergymen, who solemnly declared that, as the Creator had admitted pain into the world for his own inscrutable reasons, man has no business wickedly to interfere and defeat his purpose. Of course, there is no trouble after science has won the victory, and new generations spring up accustomed to the newer views. We are indeed grateful to her for having won for us from the night of ignorance so vast and magnificent a universe, and look back with wonder upon the infatuation which could have so long and pertinaciously resisted her splendid gifts of astronomy and geology. It is only when she enters a new field, where we are not accustomed to see her, and a new class of errors hitherto inviolate are unexpectedly attacked, that the old spirit of impatience and intolerance is awakened. And even in such cases, we are permitted to believe in a growing liberality. It begins to be generally felt that science must go forward with her grand work, to determine the laws according to which the universe is governed, and to vindicate our faith in their universality. The first great fact which science offers to the educator as the corner-stone of a better method, is the vital and living unity of the human organism. The study of human nature in past times has been partial and practically insufficient--a study not of man but of mind--a cleaving asunder of what God has joined together in the human constitution, and a crude attempt to deal with the disjointed fragments. The domain of mental and bodily relations and reactions, hitherto resigned to mystery and tabooed to inquiry-- the peculiar nesting-place of noxious and dangerous superstitions and the intrenchment of a legion of arrant quackeries, has to be thoroughly reclaimed and illuminated by science, before a rational and satisfactory scheme of education can become possible. Whatever may be the conviction of religious faith respecting the separate duration and destiny of the spiritual principle of our nature in another condition of existence, no error is more pernicious than to reason downward from that belief to the present actual state of being, and thus in habitual thought to divide our nature into separate, diverse, antagonizing elements. The prevalent method, however, has been to hold, not the oneness, but the doubleness of our being, not the harmony, but the opposition and conflict of its hostile elements, not the vital integral union of the mental and material principles, but rather that they are only curiously contemporaneous and coexistent. Our nature is practically regarded, in life and in time, as a duplex mechanism, comprising a bodily organism and a spiritual organism working in mysterious separateness in the same locality, but having alien laws and interests which require to be guarded by a double set of doctors constituting independent professions. Of course, from the nature and limitations of the human mind, we have to study subjects more or less partially, fiving attention to one thing and neglecting others. We treat of electricity in one book, of chemistry in another, and physiology in a third. But we never forget that this is a violence, an imperfection, and a perpetual failure; for, in the actual scheme of nature, these phenomena are inseparable, and each treatise overruns and involves more or less of the others. The subjects are isolated for convenience; but the student is ever on his guard against fallacies comprehensive and perfect views which regard nature as she actually is, in her integrity. Just so far, then, as it may be indispensable for study to separate and classify the elements of our nature, the proceeding becomes admissible; but here, as elsewhere, only under the most rigorous restrictions. The course of science is toward universal unity. At first there are great gaps and gulfs between subjects of inquiry, across which men hardly dare to think. But with the growth of knowledge these blanks are filled up, and there results a harmonious, all-connected, and intelligent plan. The laws of motion discovered first upon the earth, are re-discovered in the heavens. The key which unlocks the mysteries of organization to-day, is carried back millions of years by the geologist, and serves equally to open the secrets of primordial life. From a fossil scale alone, Agassiz delineates the fish to which it must have belonged, and the prefigured animal is subsequently found in the rocks and answers perfectly to the naturalist's prophecy. Humboldt, the profound all-sided student of nature, realized the idea that had haunted his life, and crowned his wonderful labors by the publication of the Cosmos, a noble exposition of the harmony and unity of the universe. And thus also with the human organism. THE ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT. NO COLLISION YET. The Evacuation of Fort Sumter Demanded. THE DEFENCE OF WASHINGTON. THE REBELS AT PENSACOLA. THEY COMMAND THE CHANNEL FOR TWO MILES. SECESSION OF ARIZONA. Special Dispatch to the N.Y. Tribune. WASHINGTON, Thursday, April 11, 1861. There are now 500 regular troops and 700 volunteer militia sworn into regular service, and under arms in the city. The regulars will be doubled within three days, and the sworn volunteers can be carried up to 2,000 any day, and will be increased several hundred at once. Loyalty is increasing, and there was no shrinking from the oath to-day. The first companies put to the test yesterday were those known to have the most Secession element in them. The rest are firm and true, and 40 men have petitioned to-day to join one of the sworn companies. Videttes are stationed at all the avenues to the city, and everything made ready for invasion from without or insurrection within. There is known to be an organization of nearly 700 men in this city in the interest of the Secessionists, and ready to second any rebel movement. To the Associated Press. WASHINGTON, Thursday, April 11, 1861. The general excitement occasioned yesterday by the calling out of the Volunteer Militia to be mustered into the Federal service has abated, and to-day four or five companies marched to the War Department and took EDUCATIONAL UNITY OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM. It has been attempted in former articles to show that in the grand movement of advancing thought which constitutes modern civilization, and which has derived the sciences from their preceding arts, education must participate. As man's place in the universe becomes more distinctly seen, and a clearer light is cast upon the laws of his unfolding nature, systems of instruction will gradually become more rational and perfect. We continually apply the terms "advancing" and "progressive" to science because it is a forward-moving power, and in this respect is contrasted with other powerful agencies by which mankind are influenced. Ignorance, error, prejudice, traditional ideas, conventional opinions, customs and habits, are of a stationary character, and when predominant hold society in a condition of sluggishness and stagnation. Science, on the other hand, never rests. Her motto is "onward" to the discovery of new facts, larger principles, broader views, and better practice. And in this fixed direction she holds her high, steady and invincible course. That her track through the world should, therefore, be marked by uprooted prejudices, shattered errors, rifted opinions, and exploded dogmas, is extremely natural. But to this rule handling of their darling and venerated notions men do not take in the kindliest way. Fondness for their opinions is natural, and is quite too generally irrespective of their truth. They have honestly inherited, and decisively held, and valiantly defended them, and that they should curse the intruder who would take them away is not surprising. And thus the course of science has been signalized not only by wrecked and abandoned opinions, but by agonizing protests, Its history repeats that of the outward world. Long a center of gross superstitions-an epitome of all the errors of vagrant and infantine though -the magic wand of science has at length scattered the thick mists of ignorance and prejudice, and we now behold it in the light of a better dispensation, beautiful in its harmony and oneness, a reflex of the universal order, the masterpiece of creation. Much is of course yet to be learned, but the great features are already outlined and the course of future inquiry is fixed; while far more has been already established than is reduced to practice or heartily received. In the language of an eminent German authority upon this class of subjects (Feuchtersleben): "Matter and spirit when they are united to form "body and mind can no longer be regarded otherwise "than as unity." Such is the view now distinctly held by Science, and its thorough, intelligent acceptance by teachers will constitute the most important era in the progress of education. The idea is so important as to justify further illustration. A NEW SYSTEM OF PRIMARY INSTRUCTION Correspondence of The N. Y. Tribune. OSWEGO, N. Y., March 30, 1861. The annual examinations of the Public Schools of Oswego closed this week. Having attended a portion of them, for the purpose of observing the workings of a new system of primary instruction which has been in use here during the past year, it affords me pleasure to communicate through your columns a brief description of the peculiarities of this system, and of its successful operations here. The schools are divided into Primary, Junior, Senior, and High, with twelve Primaries, four Juniors, two Seniors, and one High School. The number of pupils registered as attending all of them during the year is about 4,000. The entire amount of money expended by the Board of Education for teachers' wages, salary of Superintendent, repoice of school [?], library, [a?parn?us], and all other expenses, is about $29,000 a year, making the average cost of the education of each pupil registered about $7 25. The Primary Schools are divided into three classes, called A, B, and C. Each class occupies a seperate room and remains under the charge of one teacher for a year. On entering school the children are placed in the C class; at the end of the first year there examined and promoted to the B class, where they remain another year, when they are again examined, and promoted to the A class. At the close of the third year another examination takes place, when those who are qualified are promoted from the A class to the Junior School. These Primary Schools are attracting much attention from educators in different parts of our country, on account of the new system of instruction which is carried out in them. It is a systematic course of graduated "Object Lessons," on a plan similar to that of the "Home and Colonial Training Schools" of London. In addition to teaching the children to read, which is well done, they are taught form, the elementary steps of geometry, by comparing, matching, drawing, and learning the names of pieces of, wood cut in shape of squares, rombs, triangles, circles, cylinders, cubes, &c. The learn size by measuring with a rule, or tape, lines drawn on the black-board, or sticks, strings, length and width of the room. They are first required to measure all objects with the eye, than apply the rule to determine the accuracy of eye-measurement. Each school is provided with a pair of scales and weights. The pupils are required to lift and guess at the weight of books, small bags of pebbles, beans, shot, cubes of lead and iron, and then to weigh them. The accuracy with which those thus trained will judge of the weight of objects is astonishing. The children are taught the first ideas of number in classes of twenty or thirty, by each handling and counting beans and pebbles, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing with them. Theses objects are arranged on a shelf across one side of the room. Color is taught by means of worsteds, colored cards, and other objects, by matching those that are alike, and learning their names. They also show how other colors may be produced by mixing the three primary oues-red, yellow, and blue. They are taught to point out, name, and tell the use of the principal parts of the human body, as a step preparatory to the knowledge of physiology. They are taught the first ideas of geography by learning to observe and describe the location of objects in and about the school-room, proceeding gradually to the streets and principal buildings of the city, and thence to the towns of the country. Animals, birds, fish, reptiles, and insects, or colored pictures of them, are shown and the children led to observe their differences, while the teacher gradually adds descriptions of their habits, then enkindling a love for the study of nature. A knowledge of plants and flowers is taught in the same manner. It is important that the principles of this elementary training, in these different departments of knowledge, be understood. These several lessons are introduced for the purpose of teaching the children to see, observe, and think, for mental development. The idea of imparting instruction on these several subjects is a secondary consideration; hence very little importance is placed on the ability of the children to memorize words, repeat tables, &c., but a great deal on training them to observe and describe, thus calling out and developing their own powers in a natural way. The plan of instruction is to show the object, and require the children to tell everything that they can learn about it by seeing and feeling it; then to gradually lead them by questions and descriptions to a more complete knowledge of the object than can be learned by merely seeing and handling it. By this process the powers of the child's mind are developed so that the acquisition of knowledge become a habit which affords it pleasure. One need not long observe the effect of this kind of training upon the children to decide upon its superiority over the common practice of filling the memory with words, without a knowledge of things. It begins just where Nature begins to teach the child, with things, going from them to words as the symbols of things; whereas our common modes of teaching reverse Nature's plan, and attempt to teach a knowledge of things chiefly through the medium of words. Any one may readily determine the relative merits of the two systems by recalling how much more complete their own knowledge is of those objects which they have seen, than it is of what they have only read about. Some idea of the appreciation of these primary schools by the patents of the children attending them, may be formed from the fact that many have requested that their children might remain in the primary schools another year, that they may receive a more thorough course of object training. To meet this demand, the same system of training is to be extended into the junior schools. In order to obtain teachers qualified for carrying out the plan thoroughly, a training teacher has been enraged from the "Home and Colonial Training School," to come here and take charge of a model training school to be opened this Spring. This is an important stop in the right direction, and indicates the noble enterprise of the Board of Education of this city. The existence of only two small private schools in this city of 19,000 inhabitants, and that not ten pupils have been sent out of Oswego during the past year, to be educated, beside those who went to college or some similar institution, are significant facts which commend the condition of the public schools here in stronger terms than mere words could do. The sentiment that "the public schools are good enough for the richest, and cheap enough for the poorest," seems to be the prevailing one. During these examinations the practical exhibition of this spirit has often been witnessed, when the son or daughter if the retired business man has stood side by side with the child of the day laborer, showing that both had received the same instruction and made equal progress. For the present condition of the public schools here, the citizens are chiefly indebted to the indefatigable isbors of their efficient Secretary, E. A. Sheldon, esq., whose practical plans have been nobly indorsed by an intelligent Board of Education. The schools of this city are in advance of those of any other city in the Union in the practical character and philosophical principles of their system of primary training, but we hope the time is not far distant when the schools throughout our country may thus conform more nearly to the genius of our institutions. The Michigan Southern Railroad earned the first week of April: First week, 1861.............................. $42,500 First week, 1860.................................39,700 Increase.............................................. $2,800 The earnings of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad the first week of April were as follows: 1860. 1861. $9,182 ???757 MIDDLE STATES. New York....................309 $112,164,277 New Jersey................. 48 8,058,810 Pennsylvania.............. 87 25,504,183 Total..................444 $145,727,270 BORDER STATES. Delaware...................14 $1,915,010 Maryland.................. 33 12,145,422 Virginia..................... 70 18,824,250 Kentucky.................. 56 15,705,500 Missouri................... 44 13,178,299 Total....................217 $61,768,481 District of Columbia........ 5 $1,288,300 COTTON AND SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. North Carolina.............. 32 $7,965,000 South Carolina.............. 20 14,916,676 Georgia...................... 33 10,589,400 Florida........................... 3 525,000 Alabama........................ 8 4,920,000 Mississippi..................... 4 800,000 Louisiana...................... 13 24,551,666 Tennessee.................... 39 10,167,500 Total..............................152 $74,435,242 WESTERN STATES. Ohio............................. 57 $5, 808,250 Michigan..................... 4 786,465 Indiana........................ 39 4,738,120 Illinois.......................... 77 5,377,581 Iowa............................. 13 820,600[?] Wisconsin.................... 112 6,995,000[?] Kansas......................... 1 52,000 Minnesota................... 6 400,000 Total............................. 309 $24,888,025 TERRITORY. Nebraska..................... 6 400,000 STATES WITHOUT BANKS. Texas and Arkansas. RECAPITULATION. Eastern States...............443 $87,967,746 Middle States................444 145,727,270 Border States................217 61,768,431 Cotton and S. West'n States.......152 74,435,242 Western States.............309 24,888,025 Nebraska Territory...... 6 400,000 District of Columbia.... 5 1,282,300 Total...........................1,571 $396,469,064 Average capital to each Bank in Eastern States......................$198,547 Average capital to each Bank in Middle States........................ 328,327 Average capital to each Bank in Border States........................ 284,647 Average capital to each Bank in Cotton and Southwestern States.............................................................................................469,765 Average capital to each Bank in Western States...................... 89,543 Average capital to each Bank in Nebraska Territory............... 66,665 Average capital to each Bank in District of Columbia............. 256,460 Average capital to each Bank in United States........................ 252,367 Among noteworthy features exhibited by this summary will be observed. the great disproportion of the average amount of capital to each bank in the Western States--$80,543 being sufficient basis for a note of issue and deposit business in Swamptown or Prairieville; the enormous extension of the American banking system in the little note-shaving States of Rhode Island and Connecticut; and the large average amount of capital to each bank in the Cotton and Southwestern States--being nearly 100 per cent above the average to each bank in the country at large. We annex our usual summary of Exports of Domestic Goods from this port for the week ending April 9, as follows: Pkgs. Value. To Danish West Indies................... 2 $137 To Liverpool (Dry Goods).......................10 5,60$ To British North American Colonies..... 5 96 To British West Indies............................. 5 485 To British West Indies (Dry Goods)........23 18,000 To Cuba (Dry Goods).............................161 39,697 To New-Granada....................................137 7,500 To Venezuela........................................... 19 1,455 To Brazil................................................... 32 1,566 To China..............................................2,153 116,772 Total.....................................................2,552 $191,545 Reported previously.........................24,591 $1,432,518 Total....................................................27,143 $1,624,003 The Export of Cotton Goods from Boston, as per Shipping List, for the month ending March 31, has been as follows: Packages. Value. To East Indies ................................... 2218 $111,893 00 To Africa ............................................ 190 26,595 00 To Honduras ..................................... 46 3,984 00 To Fayal .............................................. 55 3,424 00 To Brazil .............................................. 10 840 00 To Mediterranean .............................. 4 200 00 To Hayti ................................................ 112 9,325 00 To Provinces ........................................ 146 8,144 00 Total for March ..................................2,781 $164,175 00 Total for February ............................. 7,034 372,593 00 Total for January ................................ 284 20,681 28 Total this year ...................................10,099 $557,449 28 There has been no material change in the tone of our dry goods market since Thursday. The same masterly inactivity prevails among our commission-houses, and the general jobbing trade has not improved much. Some styles of cottons continue firm in price, but the general market is tame, and concessions are made to effect sales. There is a determination on the part of the manufacturers to limit their production. Some of the m?s in Lowell and Lawrence are already working short time and we hear of partial stoppages or changes of style of fabric in ten or fifteen mills in Rhodes Island, as well as in Connecticut and other manufacturing sections. The policy will result in great advantage to the market, if persisted in. The English manufacturers are also indifferent as to the production of their spindles. and 60,000[?] looms are reported as being idle by the last steamer. This may have the effect to decrease the price of cotton in all markets, and any goods held over, made from high priced cotton, will be sold at a loss. Cotton is lower in Liverpool to-day than in New-York, and no shipments can be made to that market from this port without a loss of two cents per pound. One year since, in reviewing the market, we sai[?] that although we entered upon the second quarter o[?] the year with a comparatively bare market, and wit[?] the prospect that the requirements of the trade, home as well as abroad, would be equal to the supp[?] of goods, yet it was no part of wisdom to hold the goo[?] at such prices as to invite importations, or even an[?] cumulation of stocks. At this time the condition of [?] market is entirely different, and the business of [?] country is paralyzed by the great uncertainty of t[?] future, and nothing but a persistent, determined acti[?] of the mill-owners in restricting production will sa[?] them from future heavy losses. There has been, as we noticed above, an attempt [?] change the looms from the most depressed fabrics [?] the production of goods which have not as yet declin[?] so much in price; but this is a poor resort, for they w[?] soon overstock other styles, and bring all fabrics to [?] same basis of depression, for it seems almost inevita[?] that we shall have a dull and depressed market [?] goods for months to come. A more detailed report of the Dry Goods market a[?] pears in THE SEMI-WEEKLY TRIBUNE. Philadelphia Cattle Market....APRIL 10, 186[?] The supply of Beef Cattle this week was not as large as t[?] supply of the past two weeks; the offerings amounting to onl[?] 1,200 head. The demand was good, and prices had an upwar[?] tendency; good and prime Beeves selling at from $8 1/2 to $91/2 [?] 100 lb. Ordinary Cattle sold at from $7½ to $8 [?] 100 lb. SHEEP--This market was quite brisk, and 5,500 head offere[?] were soon disposed of at from $4 1/2 to $5 3/4 [?] 100 lb, gross, accord[?] ing to quality and condition. HOGS--The supply of Hogs was very fair, reaching 3,225 head [?] Prices ranged at from $6 1/2 to $7 1/2 [?] 100 lb for still fed, and fro[?] $7 1/4 to $8 [?] 100 lb for corn-fed. COWS.--This kind of stock is very scarce, the entire offering this week amounting to only 75 head. These were sold at from $15 to $20 for Springers, and from $25 to $45 each for Cows with calves. Receipts of Produce. April, 11--13,000 bbls. Flour, 11,000 bush. Wheat, 900[?] ush. Corn, 500 pkgs. Provisions, 400 do Whisky. Movements of Ocean Steamers. TO DEPART. Steamships. Leave. For. Date. New-York . . . New-York . . . Bremen . . . April 13 [?] Nova Scotian . . . Portland . . . Liverpool . . . April 13 [?] John Bell . . . New-York . . . Glasgow . . . April 13 [?] Borussia . . . New-York . . . Southampton . . . April 1[?] America . . . Boston . . . Liverpool . . . April 1[?] TO ARRIVE. Fulton . . . Southampton . .New-York . . . April [?] Glasgow . . . Liverpool . . . New-York . . . Apr[?] Hibernian . . . Liverpool . . . Portland . . . Apr[?] Bavaria . . . Southampton . . .New-York . . . Apr[?] Kedar . . . Liverpool . . . New-York . . Ap[?] Niagara . . . Liverpool . . . Boston . . . Ap[?] Columbia . . . Galway . . . New-York . . . Ap[?] Asia. . . Liverpool . . . New-York . . . Apr[?] Bremen. . . Southhampton... New-York. . . Apr[?] Hammonia. . . Southhampton... New-York. . . Apr[?] Anglia . . . Galway . . . Boston . . . Apr[?] Arago. . . Southampton. . . New-York. . . Ma[?] Great Eastern. . . England . . . New-York . . . Ma[?] Saxonia . . . Southampton . . . New-York . . . Ma[?] To Mariners. The following official communion has been sent to the [?] papers for publicity by the New-Granadian Consul: NEW-GRANADIAN LEGATION[?] IN THE UNITED STATE[?] G. DOMINGUEZ, esq., Consul of the Confederation, New-York You are hereby requested to make known to all shipown[?] shippers, and insurers, whom it may concern, that in comform[?] with a decree issued by authority of the Government of the C[?] federation, the ports of Rio Haeha, Santa Marta, Cartagena a[?] Zapote, in the Atlantic, and those of Buenaventura. Tomaco a[?] Izpuande, in the Pacific, together with the rivers of Quibdo a[?] Novita, remain closed against commerce; also that war vessels of the Consideration have received orders to cruise about said ports and to seize, in accordance with the above mandate, all vessels found trading with said ports in violation of this prohibitory decree. This latter clause is temporal in its character, continuing in force until such time that order shall be restored in these sections. With sentiments of the highest consideration, I remain your obedient servant, RAFAEL POMEO Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.