NAWSA General Correspondence Woolley, Mary E. Mary E. Woolley appreciates your greeting and sends good wishes for the New Year ? Mary E. Woolley appreciates your greeting and sends good wishes for the New Year ? It is always such a pleasure to hear from you. My affectionate good wishes. M.E.W. Two months in Florida [?] - [?] Masks, delayed acknowledgement of Holiday greeting. She is now in Jamaica British West Indies, hoping to return much improved M.E.W MARY E. WOOLLEY Westport . Essex County . New York March 30, 1945 Dear Miss Blackwell: I did appreciate and enjoy your unique Easter greeting. Thank you so much for thinking of me. Letters are a great comfort and much company when one is ill, and such remembrance of me does as much for me as anything can. With kind regards and good wishes, Cordially yours, M.E.W Mary E. Woolley Woolley MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE SOUTH HADLEY, MASSACHUSETTS OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT November 16, 1935 Mrs. Edna L. Stantial, 31 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, Massachusetts My dear Mrs. Stantial: This is a small check to express my appreciation of Alice Stone Blackwell, and I wish that it were possible to make it larger. My appreciation, as you will realize, is not measured by the size of the check! I am sorry to say that a meeting of the Board of Trustees of Wheaton College on Friday afternoon, the twenty-second, makes it impossible for me to be present at the final meeting of the Alice Stone Blackwell Fund Committee. Will you express my regrets to Miss Comstock? Very Sincerely yours, Mary E. Woolley Mary E. Woolley Mary E. Woolley Westport-on-Lake Champlain New York April 19, 1939. Dear Mrs. Stantial: May I send an informal acknowledgement of the invitation from the Boston University Women's Council to the opening performance of "Lucy Stone?" It would give me peculiar pleasure to be present both because of my warm friendship for Alice Stone Blackwell and my good wishes for the Scholarship Fund for Chinese Women Students. I should like to indicate that interest by a gift but demands for help are so many just at present that I must not. With many good wishes for the success of the evening, Very sincerely yours, Mary E. Woolley [*Glad to have you use my name as "patron" M.E.W.*] W Mary E. Woolley appreciates your greeting and sends good wishes for the New Year [*(over)*] Your Christmas card always brings "food for thought" - something that I enjoy - and [?] to quote! My affectionate good wishes for you. M. E. M. [*Jan 1 1947*] [* Mrs. Park Mrs. Park *] --- 1837 -- The Case of Mary Lyon vs. The Committee of Nine -- 1937 --- Was the Committee of Nine Packed? 1934. The Board of Trustees appointed the following Committee on the Succession to the Presidency, 5 members: Mr. Alva Morrison Miss Rowena K. Keyes Mrs. Mary Hume Maguire Mr. Howell Cheney Mr. Henry P. Kendall Note: Of that number Mr. Kendall was known to be strongly opposed to the election of a woman. Only Miss Keyes was at that time in favor of a woman president. 1936 - Spring. The Committee on the Succession to the Presidency added to their Committee: Miss Lottie Bishop Mrs. Helene Pope Whitman Dr. Edgar S. Furniss Mr. Paul H. Davis Note: In answer to a letter in July, 1935, Miss Bishop and Dr. Furniss replied that they were absolutely in favor of a man rather than a woman president. Yale in South Hadley Three members of Mount Holyoke's Committee of Nine are connected with Yale. Howell Cheney - Yale Corporation Lottie Bishop - Secretary at Yale Dean Furniss - Yale Graduate School Excerpt from letter of Charles Seymour, Provost of Yale, to Board of Trustees of Mount Holyoke while Mr. Ham's candidacy was under discussion: "If he were made head of Mount Holyoke College, I think that his services to American education would be enlarged . . . After all, Yale as a great educational institution of America will in the long run profit thereby." Rushing It Into the News June 4, 1936. Publicity announcing Mr. Ham's election was given to the College Press Bureau by Mr. Morrison two days before the election was held. The Press Bureau was instructed to get the story into the telegraph offices of all the key cities of the country to await wired confirmation. Railroading It Through the Board From the letter of a Trustee who voted for Mr. Ham: "It was moved that the report of the Committee of Nine be referred back to the Committee for restudy in order that the change might not be made with such haste. This motion was lost . . . I think it was hardly recognized that the other members of the Board had not known the nature of the report within two weeks of that meeting and then only through a manifolded copy of it which had been sent around. I felt that we had not had opportunity for adequate discussion of the matter in the light of the monumental character of the change proposed . . . "I am clear that our action in electing him in June was precipitated . . . " June 6, 11 a.m. Miss Woolley and members of the Conference Committee of the Faculty made formal protests before the Board against the possible election of a man for the Presidency. 4 p.m. Miss Woolley protested again. Late afternoon. Nine members had asked for delay, which was refused. One member was swung over at the last minute, thereby giving the minimum necessary vote: 16 to 8. Wills Being Changed Already women have changed their wills because they are not in sympathy with the idea of a man-elect to the presidency of Mount Holyoke. It is understood that others are watching developments, intending to withdraw bequests if a man is inducted. Miss Woolley's Administration Endowment, Mount Holyoke College (i.e., "productive funds") May 31, 1901 $568,723.39 June 1, 1936 $4,676,886.99 Growth of Student Enrollment 1900-1901 550 1935-1936 1,017 Growth of Faculty 1900-1901 54 1935-1936 123 (Figures from Comptroller's Office and Registrar's Office.) College Supported By Women 1. The largest individual gifts Mount Holyoke has received have all been from women: a. The Mandelle Bequest $750,000 b. Mrs. E. R. Stevens 489,137 c. Mrs. Willis James 100,000 d. Mrs. Kennedy 50,000 e. Miss Fox, Boston 50,000 2. Gifts from Alumnae $1,868,500 3. A woman gave $350,000 for the new chapel, and has promised money gifts totalling one million dollars. This was done because of personal devotion to Miss Woolley. President Woolley's Protest Letter to the Board of Trustees June 6, 1936. The letter which I wrote to each member of the Board of Trustees, under date of May the twentieth, gives the reasons for my strong feeling with regard to the appointment of a woman as my successor in the presidency. Those reasons, as you may recall, are as follows: first, the principle upon which Mount Holyoke was founded, that women as human beings have an equal right with men for the development of their powers and an equal right to opportunities for service; second, that the progress of Mount Holyoke throughout the last one hundred years has been under the leadership of women, to whom recognition is due; third, that a change in policy with regard to the presidency of Mount Holyoke would mean striking a blow to the advancement of women, the seriousness of which can hardly be overestimated. There are other factors which deserve consideration. If the College were a college for men, would the possibility of appointing a women as president be given a moment's consideration? Certainly not without an overwhelming demand for the change, a demand from the faculty, alumni and undergraduates. The faculty of Mount Holyoke have given unmistakable evidence of their desire, 87 members of the teaching faculty out of 106 voting for a woman. Surely no expression of opinion should have greater weight than that of the faculty to whom is due in large measure the progress of an institution. No opportunity has been given for an alumnae vote on the question of choice between a man and a woman, but judging from the individual comments from all sections of the country and from the petition signed by a large number of New York alumnae, one assumes that a large majority of alumnae prefer a woman as President of the College. The opinion of thoughtful persons outside the College and outside its immediate constituency should not be underestimated in its influence upon the future development of the College, and that feeling strongly supports the policy of choosing a woman as President of Mount Holyoke. To sum up, I can imagine no greater blow to the advancement of women than the announcement that Mount Holyoke celebrates its Centennial by departing from the ideal of leadership by women for women, which inspired the founding of the institution and which has been responsible in large measure for its progress. (Signed) Mary E. Woolley Alumnae and Faculty Opinion Disregarded Faculty vote: 87 for a woman; 11 for a man; 8, "sex not a factor." Action of clubs in favor of a woman. May, 1935. Six clubs wrote urging the appointment of a woman: Springfield, E. Connecticut, Hampshire County, Franklin County, Urbane and Champaign. Nov. 1935. Two clubs wrote in favoring a woman: Western Maine and Long Island. (Above information from May Hume Maguire's letter.) May 26, 1936. New York petition for a woman. June 6: St. Louis Club presented resolution demanding appointment of a woman. Note: There is no record of any club having expressed itself as wishing a change to a man president. Nov. 5: 1,045 general signatures of protest sent to Board. Ruled out by the Board because signatures other than alumnae were included. Protest of Indianapolis Club. Protest of Detroit Club. Protest of Minnesota Club. Dec. 1936. Special protest of prominent alumnae all over the country. Note: The President of the Board was asked, before Mr. Ham was elected, whether an alumnae vote of preference would have any influence with the Board. He replied that an alumnae vote of preference would make no difference in the Board's decision. They Could Not Find A Suitable Woman! Qualifications of Women Considered: Rejected: (70 women "disqualified") One woman College President One woman Dean of Graduate School. Two Deans of Women. Two women Heads of important Preparatory Schools. Two important Government Executives. Several internationally known women scholars and writers. Three women were asked: one College President, one College Dean, and one married woman with a family and head of her own preparatory school. It was generally known beforehand that none of these three would be able to accept because of responsibilities already undertaken. Tell It to the Marines Mr. Ham's qualifications: Instructor at the University of Washington. Instructor at the University of California. Lieutenant and captain in the Marine Corps during the war. An authority on English literature of the 17th century. At present: Associate professor at Yale. Lecturer at Albertus Magnus (a college of 113 students conducted by Dominican Sisters in New Haven). (Facts given in Mr. Morrison's message in the August "Quarterly.") Quarterly Bans Miss Woolley Shortly after commencement Miss Woolley sent for Florence Clement, the editor of the Alumnae Quarterly, and asked that the Quarterly publish her statement made to the Trustees on June 6, giving her reasons for wishing to have a woman as her successor. Miss Clement refused. Miss Woolley remarked: "Do you not think it is going rather far to refuse the President of the College admission to the Alumnae Quarterly?" Miss Clement continued to refuse. When the Executive Secretary to the Board of Admissions heard of this, she went immediately to see Miss Clement and Miss Higley, the Alumnae Secretary. The Executive Secretary told them that they would be criticized by all responsible men and women it they continued to refuse to admit Miss Woolley's statement to the Quarterly. Her position was strong, both as an alumna and as an officer of the College. The result was that Miss Woolley was allowed to print her protest in the Quarterly, but it was buried in the back pages, front space being given to Mr. Morrison's eulogy of Mr. Ham. Quarterly Closed to Alumnae Opinion Sept. 26, 1936. The Directors of the Alumnae Quarterly met in New York and decided not to print any letters or articles of protest. This decision was made despite the fact that throughout the summer the officers of the Alumnae Quarterly in refusing protests for the August Quarterly had been writing to those who sent in articles and letters that these would be published in the November issue. Nov. 6. A meeting of about 150 Alumnae Members in South Hadley passed a resolution to accept the decision of the Directors of the Quarterly to close the Quarterly to all contrary opinion. No previous notice given. Vote not unanimous. Note: Have the alumnae forgotten that they support the Quarterly and therefore have the right to be heard? Is It Too Late to Act? NO. MR. HAM HAS NOT YET BEEN INDUCTED AS PRESIDENT OF MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE 1. On the evidence given above, the Trustees who composed the Committee of Nine should be asked to resign. Although Mr. Ham now holds a legal contract, the resignation of his original sponsors would naturally be followed by his withdrawal. The case is moral, not legal. 2. If you are interested, write individually to the address below, or call your club together. Clubs can withhold centennial and other funds until satisfaction is obtained. All reports should be sent to the Secretary of the Committee for Investigation, in order that material can be presented to the Board at the most effective time. Time is short; work quickly. 3. Until the election of a new woman president, an acting president will be available from among the administrative officers of the College. One of them has already served as acting president during Miss Woolley's mission in Geneva. === Amy F. Rowland (former Trustee), Chairman, Cleveland, Ohio. Carolyn D. Smiley, Secretary, 118 Myrtle Street, Boston, Mass. For the Alumnae Committee for Investigation. Keep this sheet for reference. We have proof in hand for every statement made on this page. [*Woolley*] Reprinted from Holyoke Dairly Transcript-Telegram, Sat., Aug. 15, 1936. Librarian Willcox Revives Protest On Picking Man As Mt. Holyoke President Frank G. Willcox librarian at the City Public Library, has revived the recent protest over the choice of a man to succeed Dr. Mary E. Woolley as president of Mount Holyoke College in a letter sent to a Springfield paper. The plan to honor Susan B. Anthony by issuing a U. S. postage stamp bearing her portrait occasioned his remarks. This is the second time that Miss Anthony has been connected with Mount Holyoke. Recently a newly-found letter was published in which Miss Anthony wrote to an early Mount Holyoke professor recalling the days when she had a "fashionable" tutor who had once been a pupil of Mount Holyork's founder, Mary Lyon, at Ipswich School in Connecticut. Mr. Willcox's letter reads: "The memory of Susan B. Anthony is to be honored by the issuing of United States postage stamps bearing her portrait; a fitting distinction 'in recognition of the part she played in the enlargement of woman's sphere.' "What honor shall be paid, one wonders, fot the reverse part which a certain group of intelligent and responsible persons recently played in the contraction of woman's sphere? "One of the earliest, and consequently most crucial, victories in the agonizingly prolonged struggle for woman's emancipation, in a country which sang proudly of freedom while yet dead to half its meaning, was the founding and directing of Mount Holyoke college by a woman, for women. The mortal remains of mary Lyon, by whom that unique victory was won, today lend added sanctity to the ground whereon the college, her inalienable bequest, stands. "The torch lighted at the fires of that victory has passed from woman's hand to woman's hand for now a hundred years, never failing, steadily glowing with ever-increasing glory to this late day. "The century passes. The torch---it falters! In God's name, why? "Because, forsooth, in the last firm hand to hold the sacred trust its light has shone too steadily, too brilliantly, too far across the world. Not again may it be risked in woman's hand! Mary Woolley's unmatchable record must have recognition and it's supreme reward. She shall have a man successor! "When the choicest pearls of mankind's achievements have been cast to earth and trodden underfoot by the well-meaning, what is left for us but in all mercy to pray 'Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do'?" "FRANK G. WILLCOX." "Holyoke, Aug. 13, 1936." Mt Holyoke General Information The North New England Unit consists of all A. A. U. W. branches in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts. The branches in Connecticut and Rhode Island form another fellowship unit. In working for the endowment fund, the A. A. U. W. is organized into twenty-one units, each undertaking to support one fellowship. A $40,000 fund is regarded as essential in order provide an adequate annual stipend for the future. **** The North New England Unit voted in April, 1931, to name its Fellowship in honor of Mary E. Wooley; in June, 1932, it voted to designate the Fellowship as International. This means that it is awarded by the Committee for the Award of International Fellowships of the I. F. U. W. It is available for graduate study or research and is awarded only to those who give promise of distinction in the subjects to which they have devoted themselves. NORTH NEW ENGLAND FELLOWSHIP UNIT Mrs. Alice L. Murdoch, Chariman 454 Walnut St., Newtonville, Mass. Mrs. W. Franklin Dove, Chairman for Maine 142 Park St., Orono, Maine Mrs. A. B. Palmer, Chairman for New Hampshire 317 Court St., Keene, N. H. Mrs. B. L. Stafford, Chairman for Vermont 98 North Maine St. Rutland, Vt. Mrs. Ralf P. Emerson, Chairman for Massachusetts 3 Naples Road, Salem, Mass. Miss Eliza P. Huntington, Chairman of General Members 88 Harvard St., Newtonville, Mass. National Committee of Fellowship Endowment Mrs. F. G. Atkinson, Chairman 104 Groveland Terrace, Minneapolis, Minn. Mrs. Ruth Wilson Tryon, Secretary 1643 I St., N. W., Washington, D. C. MARY E. WOOLLEY FELLOWSHIP Honorary Committee Miss Shirley Farr, Chairman Brandon, Vt. Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, Boston, Mass. Guy W. Bailey President of University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. Clarence Augustus Barbour President of Brown University, Providence, R. I. Bancroft Beatley President of Simmons College, Boston, Mass. Miss Katherine Blunt President of Connecticut College, New London, Conn. Miss Lucia R. Briggs President of Milwaukee-Downer College, Milwaukee Miss Ada L. Comstock President of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass. John A Cousens President of Tufts College, Tufts College, Mass. Mrs. Henry B. Day 321 Chestnut St., Newton, Mass. Mrs. Dorothy Canfield Fisher, Arlington, Vt. Clifton D. Gray President of Bates College, Lewiston, Maine. Arthur A. Hauck President of University of Maine, Orono, Maine Franklin W. Johnson President of Colby College, Waterville, Maine Edward M. Lewis President of Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. Daniel L. March President of Boston University, Boston, Mass. Chester Stowe McGown President of Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt. Mrs. William Bennett Munro 268 Bellefontaine St., Pasadena, Cal. William Allan Neilson President of Smith College, Northampton, Mass. John Edgar Park President of Wheaton College, Norton, Mass. Miss Ellen Fitz Pendleton President of Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. Mrs. William P. Schofield, Peterborough, N. H. Kenneth C. M. Sills President of Bowdoin College, Bruswick, Maine Miss Marion Talbot, Holderness, N. H. Mrs. F. G. Wilkins, Warner, N. H.; Washington, D. C. The Mary E. Woolley International Fellowship Fellowships -- "The Symbol of Growth and Strenth in Our Association" North New England Fellowship Unit of the American Association of University Women MARY E. WOOLLEY Taken in Geneva, July, 1932 Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God. DR. MARY E. WOOLLEY A CHILD in the village of Meriden, Connecticut, Mary E. Wooley lived a simple, happy life. Her father was the minister in the white steepled Congregational church. She inherited from him a love of books, an enthusiasm for study and a passion for knowledge. Most of her girlhood was spent in Pawtucket, R. I. At twenty-one she was graduated from Wheaton Seminary, where she returned to teach the younger students. A trip abroad increased her desire to continue the higher branches of learning and in 1894 Brown's first woman student received her A.B. degree, in 1895 her A.M. For the next five years Miss Woolley taught at Wellesley, and in 1900 was invited to become President of Mount Holyoke College. After thirty-five years of miss Woolley's stewardship, the college can survey itself with pride. The endowment has reached a figure over $4,000,000; the campus is covered with handsome buildings, the faculty numbers 212 and the student body is limited to 1,000. This is a remarkable result of years of quiet toil. One of the country's foremost educators, Miss Woolley has won her position by quiet, calm, sustained service. Recognition has come with the granting of honorary degrees from Brown, Amherst, Smith, Yale, and Denison University. Miss Woolley is a member and senator of the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa. She is an authority on higher education and has devoted much time to the study of Bible history, early American history, and labor legislation. She is identified with the cause of woman suffrage and with the American Peace Society. She was a member of the Commission on Christian Education in China, 1921 and 1922. William Lyon Phelps said, "Her life and teaching have been an inspiration to thousands of young women." Hatred of war, Mary E. Woolley learned of her father, who was chaplain in the Civil War and also in the Spanish War. His was the task of comforting the suffering and sorrowing. After the war, men came to him for help,---spiritual and actual---men broken mentally and physically. The little girl heard her father's counsel and she received an everlasting impression of the cruelty of war. As the only woman member of the American Delegation to the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armament in Geneva in 1932, Miss Woolley had an opportunity to exert her influence toward internationalism. She was a member of the National Defense Expenditure Commission and of the sub-commission on Moral Disarmament. The latter had to do with the question of safeguarding our future through education. For this Miss Woolley continues to lecture and write. Above all else, she believes that the peace of the world depends upon the spirit in which the young are brought up. A definite program of internationalism must be introduced in our schools. If teachers are not internationally minded they cannot properly instruct their pupils. Miss Woolley's interest in fellowships springs from her conviction that they are a forceful and direct way of bringing aboutinternational understanding and goodwill. With the awarding of the Mary E. Woolley Fellowship may this farseeing, generous and wise spirit be perpetuated through the years in an endless procession of scholars who may help to achive the ideals for which Mary E. Woolley has always lived! It is hoped that we may increase our fund sufficiently in the next two years to make an award as a token of our esteem for Miss Woolley, when she plans to retire from the Presidency of Mount Holyoke College after thirty-seven years of service. Contributions are sent in the name of the Mary E. Woolley Fellowship of the A. A. U. W. through the state fellowship chairmen to the unit chairman, who remits all founds to the treasurer of the National Association at headquarters, 1634 I St., N. W., Washington, D.C. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN NORTH NEW ENGLAND FELLOWSHIP UNIT MARY E. WOOLLEY FELLOWSHIP MRS. JOHN MURDOCH, JR., CHAIRMAN 454 WALNUT STREET NEWTONVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS MRS. W. FRANKLIN DOVE 142 PARK STREET ORONO, MAINE MRS. RALF EMERSON 3 NAPLES ROAD SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS MRS. A. B. PALMER 317 COURT STREET KEENE, NEW HAMPSHIRE MRS. B. L. STAFFORD 98 NORTH MAIN STREET RUTLAND, VERMONT NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON FELLOWSHIP ENDOWMENT MRS. F. G. ATKINSON, CHAIRMAN 104 GROVELAND TERRACE MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA MRS. RUTH WILSON TRYON, SECRETARY 1634 I STREET, N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. October 26, 1935 TO A.A.U.W MEMBERS IN NORTH NEW ENGLAND: This letter lays before you a plan for an ambitious project. October 1937, when Mount Holyoke College celebrates its centennial, Miss Woolley will retire from the presidency of the college. The fellowship which the four North New England states are raising is named for Miss Woolley. It would be a dramatic and fitting tribute if the mary E. Woolley Fellowship might be offered for the first time on this great occasion of Miss Woolley's life. We, your fellowship chairmen, believe that to complete the fellowship or - at least to bring it up to the amount necessary for offering an award - by October 1937, will mean hard work, but that it will be a timely and dramatic achievement in which all will be proud to have had a share. The Mary E. Woolley Fellowship, when completed, becomes a permanent expression for able women, and our hope for better understanding between the peoples of the world. Completing the Mary E. Woolley Fellowship, to which we are already pledged, by October 1937 and presenting it in Miss Wolley's name at this high point of her career will add to our effort the value of personal meaning. On September 14, a meeting of fellowship chairmen and friends of the Mary E. Woolley Fellowship was held at Radcliffe College to consider the possibility of completing the fellowship within the next two years. After an all-day discussion it was the general sentiment that it is eminently desirable to undertake this plan. Those present were not authorized to commit the branches, and the decision as to the part your branch will play will come before you at the November or December meeting. In order that you may attend the meeting with a mind fully informed, we urge you to read the very brief account of the September 14 conference that follows. Sincerely yours, (Signed) Shirley Farr, Chairman, Honorary Committee Alice L. Murdoch, Chairman, North New England Fellowship Unit Ruth Stone Dove (Maine) Sarah White Emerson (Massachusetts) Anne J. Palmer (New Hampshire) Mabel S. Stafford (Vermont) FELLOWSHIPS - THE SYMBOL OF GROWTH AND STRENGTH IN OUR ASSOCIATION THE MARY E. WOOLLEY FELLOWSHIP - COMPLETED BY OCTOBER 1937? On September 14, 1935, fellowship chairmen and other friends of the Mary E. Woolley Fellowship met at Radcliffe College to discuss the possibility of offering an award of the fellowship when Miss Woolley retires from the presidency of Mount Holyoke in October 1937. The chief points made in the discussion are summarized below. Why the Fellowship Should Be Completed To complete the fellowship as a tribute to Miss Woolley at the time of her retirement would be especially fitting. We are privileged in having our fellowship bear the name of one who is probably our country's most distinguished woman - out-standing for her contribution to education, to international peace, and as a beloved leader in the A.A.U.W. and other women's groups. It is peculiarly appropriate that North New England should be the first of the twenty-one units in the Association to complete its fellowship. The Association was founded by North New England women; we may take pride in continuing that pioneering tradition. No other region has profited so directly from fellowships. Of the 220 fellows who have received awards since 1889, 35 are now in North New England, making returns on the fellowship aid through their distinguished work. What Is Involved The North New England Unit has already raised approximately $13,000. The unit has voted $40,000 as its endowment goal for the fellowship. However, according to the ruling of the Board of Directors, when $30,000 of this amount has been raised, the fellowship may be awarded biennially. Any interest over and above the $1500 biennial award will then be added to the principal while the unit is bringing the fund up to $40,000, when the award will be made annually. There are approximately 200 members in the four North New England states. If for the next two years each branch will raise the equivalent of $5 per capita annually, it will be possible to offer an award in October 1937. The necessary contributions might be raised partly by personal pledges by members for such sums as they feel able to give, and partly by any money-raising enterprise the branch may wish to undertake. Contributions of members might include donations secured from individuals outside the branch. When the A.A.U.W. voted to raise a Million Dollar Fellowship Fund, it was agreed that there would be no quotas or time limits as part of the national procedure. The national Fellowship Endowment Committee is not urging the completion of the fellowship; that is a matter for the North New England branches to decide. Help from Other Sources A thrilling moment at the September 14 dinner for Miss Woolley was the announcement that a friend of the fellowship has promised an outright contribution of $1000 now, and another $1000 in 1937 on condition that $3000 be raised in the meantime from sources outside the branches. It is hoped that other contributions may be secured from individuals to whom this fellowship will make a special appeal- friends of Miss Woolley, people who are interested in international peace, Mount Holyoke alumnae, and women member of college faculties. General interest in the fellowship is evident in the membership of the Honorary Committee, which is listed on the fellowship folder. The presidents of colleges in North New England which admit women were invited to membership. All accepted, and the splendid tributes to Miss Woolley expressed in the acceptance are another reminder that we are privileged in working for a fellowship which bears the name of a leader so universally esteemed and beloved. What the Fellowship Means At the dinner which closed the meeting, Miss Woolley spoke feelingly - and with her usual earnestness lightened by humor - of what the fellowship means to her. - "I am sure that you know nothing could please me more or seem a greater honor than the naming of this fellowship for me. But you know equally well that it is not the personal pleasure which counts for the most. Rather, it is the thought of that which the fellowship will accomplish, an accomplishment that will go on, long after our work is finished. "What will it accomplish? There are many answers that might be given to that question; two seem to me pre-eminent. The first has to do with the work of women in the intellectual field, with its many ramifications. The most important consideration today is not whether women will be admitted to that field, will be allowed to try their mettle in science, in scholarship, but, rather, what quality of work they will present. From my own observation, I am convinced that women have to meet a stiffer examination in order to pass than men! Perhaps men are more ingratiating or more appealing or more convincing as to their superiority. I do not know the answer to that question. What I do know from observation of many years is that it is not quite as easy for women to 'get by.' They must do a little better than their brothers for equal recognition. ... If the demand for quality of work is even more exacting in the case of women than in the case of men, the need of advanced training for women of marked ability becomes even more essential. ... "A second, and from my point of view, the supreme answer to the question, 'What will the fellowship accomplish?' is found in the international field. ... In these critical days, the supreme importance of influencing public opinion is recognized, as never before. The offering on an international fellowship, the presence of international fellows in the different countries, their influence in their own countries, on the side of international understanding and cooperation and good will, is out of all proportion to their numbers. ... "Raising money presents a problem these days, a comment which no one can make with greater assurance than a college executive. ... But there is every reason to believe that the fellowship will be of such value to the future that it will pay ten - a hundred fold, for all the devotion you have put into it." [*Woolley*] THE GOOD HEART I do wish again and again to stress the truth that it is only as human relations are shaped by women--as well as by men,--with the thinking of both directed by the good heart, that we shall ever achieve the better world. M. E. W. This card is sent to you with Greetings and Good Wishes For the New Year from Jeannette Marks and to tell you that the work on THE CHAPLAIN'S DAUGHTER MARRY EMMA WOOLLEY Is Making Progress Westport, Essex County, New York POST CARD PLACE STAMP HERE MESSAGE ADDRESS Extract from Address of President Mary E. Woolley President of Mount Holyoke College Miss Anthony and her co-workers taught both by preoept and example, that women have no right to confine their interests and responsibilities to their own households and personal circles. The home cannot be isolated from the great questions which affect the common welfare; on the contrary it has the most intimate connection with them. Questions of education, temperance, divorce, social, and political reform, affect the women in the home as vitally as the affect the men, and demand from them as intelligent an understanding. The recognition of broader interests for women, and the desire for better intellectual training have a close connection. Mothers and fathers wished it for their daughters, even when the daughters had not come to a realization of its importance for themselves. It was no part of Miss Anthony's plan to have work given to women for which they were not fitted, but rather that they should be prepared to do well whatever they attempted. There were not to be two standards of efficiency, one for the man and another for the woman. "Think your best thoughts, speak your best words, do your best work, looking to your consciences for approval," was her charge to women forty years ago and more. The attainment of excellence and efficiency means training, as well as native ability, and the giving of new responsibilities to women has had a logical outcome in their keener desire for education, that they may be prepared to meet them. On her fiftieth birthday Miss Anthony wrote: "Fiftieth birthday! One half-century done, one score years of it hard labor for bettering humanity, temperance, emancipation, enfranchisement_ oh, such a struggle!" The higher education of women might well be added to the list of the causes for which she and other women struggled. She has lived to see the work of her hands established in the gaining of educational and social rights for women which might well be called revolutionary, so momentous have been the changes. In temperance work, on school and health boards, in prison reform, in peace conferences, in factory and shop inspection, in civil service reform, in attempts to solve social and industrial problems, women are not only a factor, but in many cases the chief workers. It seems almost inexplicable that changes, surely as radical as giving to women the opportunity to vote, should be accepted to-day as perfectly natural, while the political right is still viewed somewhat stance. No aspect of the question appeals to the speaker so strongly as its reasonableness. It has been shown that women can be both wise and womanly; can speak in public without sacrificing their dignity; can be graduated from a co-educational institution without becoming masculine - in fact, as the dean of women in a great university expressed it, "the fear now is, not that co-education will make the women masculine, but that it will make the men feminine" ; that they can interest themselves in making possible "the right to childhood" for the children of less fortunate women, without neglecting their own, and better homemakers and home-lovers because their interests are not confined within their own four walls. Some movements in history have been brought about by a stroke of the pen or a sudden uprising of the people, like a great tidal wave, sweeping everything before it; others have come slowly as the result of the cumulative force of years of effort and represent the gradual growth of conviction. The time will come when some of us will look back upon the arguments against the granting of the suffrage to women with as much incredulity as that with which we now read those against their education. Then shall it be said of the woman who with gentleness and strength, courage, and patience has been unswerving in her allegiance to the aim which she had set before her: "Give her of the fruit of her hands, and let her own work praise her in the gates." Mary E. Wooley Copyright 1911 Kath EM Clellan [*?*] amid rain of explosives. Mt. Holyoke Women Cited SOUTH HADLEY, Nov, 30--Of the 100 women named by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt as holding important positions, in a list of women in new careers read at the Woman's Centennial Congress in New York last week, 16 have been associated with Mount Holyoke College, the number including President-emeritus Mary Woolley, alumnae, trustees, faculty members, and recipients of honorary degrees from Mount Holyoke. Dr. Woolley, for 37 years president of the college was cited in the field of education, and Miss Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and an alumna and a trustee of the college was honored in the field of public service. Three faculty members were cited in their fields. Dr. Viola Florence Barnes, chairman of the department of history, was named in the field of education. Dr. Emma Perry Carr, chairman of the department of chemistry, and Dr. Christina Lochman, professor of geology, were named in the sciences. The New York Times Magazine, May 2, 1937. pg. 7 Europes Tug-of-War Pulls Rumania Two Ways By Henry C. Wolfe Democratic and Fascist Powers Have Allies In the Political Groupings of the Kingdom Photo: The Fascists of Rumania wear green shirts - A demonstration of the Iron Guard. Along Bucharest's cosmopolitan Calea Victoriei there are shouts, the patter of running feet, the crash of broken glass. The Rumanian Iron Guardists are in action. "Long live Prince Nicholas!" they shout. "Down with Lupescu! Long live Her Majesty, Queen Helen!" The Fascists are capitalizing the quarrel between King Carol and his brother, the former Prince Nicholas. They are giving vent to their hatred of the King's friend, titian-haired Mme. Lupescu. They are expressing an alleged loyalty to Carol's divorced wide, Princess Helen. Dissension within the Rumanian royal family gives the Iron Guard an opportunity to threaten the kingdom with civil war. Under the banner of "All for Our Country," the Guardists have brought Rumania to the threshold of a crisis. Young men in colored shirts with swastika arm bands converge on a building in a side street that houses the liberal newspaper, the Dimineata. Rocks crash through windows, or miss their aim and fall on the milling, shouting swarm below. In the street, face down, a victim is trampled by the green-shirted followers of the Iron Guard. While the riot rages, a few steps away a Nazi flag flies from the window of the Porunca Vremii, an anti-Semitic, pro-Nazi newspaper. Close at hand, the violently chauvinistic Universul also enjoys immunity from attack. Only the democratic Dimineata draws the fire of the Iron Gaurdists. Bucharest sees many riots; it is a city of noise and activity. Streets are crowded with triadic and pedestrians; there is the hum of building construction. Smart, modern shops which look out on narrow, ancient, cobblestone streets; broad boulevards, rickety fiacres, shining limousines; hucksters crying their wares; street gamins dodging through traffic; Oriental rug merchants, gay uniforms, multi-colored peasant costumes, Paris gowns, orchestras featuring the tango, crowded open-air cafes, beggars, gypsies, a babble of tongues - all are part of the local scene. For Bucharest, "Paris of the Balkans," a semi-Oriental Paris, is the capital of a country that is anything but uniform. From the Yugoslav Banat and the rolling plains of the Hungarian Puszta on the west to a fashionable, sparkling "silver coast" of the Black Sea and the Soviet frontier along the Dniester on the east the visitor finds variety in scenery and peoples. Transylvania, the highland region separated from the main body of the country by the towering, pine-covered Carpathians, is famous in song and story as the locale of operas and romances. Wallachia, Moldavia, Bukovina, the Mohammedan Dobrudja - these provinces abound in scenic and ethnic interest. Rumania is a Latin island, almost surrounded by Slavic and Magyar sesames. Here East and West intermingle; Byzantine and Gothic, minaret and cross are side by side. Formerly a battleground of races and cultures, it now shelters alike the Transylvanian shepard with his ten-foot horn and the Bucharest boyar with his aristocratic palace. Rumanian is a Latin tongue, the Rumanians being in part descendants of the Roman merchants and veterans who settled in Dacia early in the Christian era. From the sixth to the twelfth centuries wave after wave of Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Slavs, Gepidae, Avars and other nomadic hordes swept over this territory, each wave leaving its ethnic imprint on the population. For more than four centuries the Rumanians lived under the tyranny of Turkey suzerainty. Indeed, the minaret-shadowed island of Ada Kaleh, romantically placed in the Danube not far from the narrows of the Iron Gate, once was a Turkish fortress and is still inhabited by fezzes Turco-Orientals. A map of Rumania on which each nationality is represented by a color shows an amazing melange of tints, seemingly dabbed indiscriminately over the country. A large splash of color indicates the Magyar minority in the Banat and Transylvania. Smaller color areas identify the German settlements scattered through the Banat, Transylvania, Bukovina, Bessarabia and the Dobrudja, the Russians in Bukovina, the Serbs in the Banat and the ubiquitous gypsies. Transylvania is one of the most interesting ethnic mosaics in the world. Known also as Siebenburgen, names after seven medieval Saxon settlements in that area, its majority is Rumanian. For centuries, however, its Teutonic and Magyar minorities were the Herrschervolk. Probably the earliest German residents were crusaders who came to Transylvania in the twelfth century at the invitation of the Magyars. The latter stationed the sturdy Saxon men-at-arms in the towns commanding the Carpathian passes in order to defend Europe against barbarian invasion. From the dawn of history the fertile Wallachian Valley along the Danube has been the highway of ravaging armies in search of fresh grazing lands and booty. In the past these enemies have swept in from the East; today Rumania's major threat comes from the West. Photo: At odds in Rumania - King Carol, "the hardest working monarch in the world," and (below) his heady brother, Nicholas. rug merchants, gay uniforms, multi-colored peasant costumes, Paris gowns, orchestras featuring the tango, crowded open-air cafés, beggars, gypsies, a babble of tongues--all are part of the local scene. For Bucharest, "Paris, is the capital of a country that is anything but uniform. From the Yugoslav Banat and the rolling plains of the Hungarian Puszta o the west to the fashionable, sparkling "silver coast" of the Black Sea and the Soviet frontier along the Dniester on the east the visitor finds variety in scenery and peoples. Transylvania, the highland region separated from the main body of the country by the towering, pine-covered Carpathians, is famous in song and story as the locale of operas and romances. ["??"] his aristocratic palace. Rumanian is a Latin tongue, the Rumanians being in part descendants of the Roman merchants and veterans who settled in Dacia early in the Christian era. From the sixth to the twelfth centuries wave after wave of Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Slavs, Gepidae, Avars and other nomadic hordes swept over this territory, each wave leaving its ethnic imprint on the population. For more than four centuries the Rumanians lived under the tyranny of Turkish suzerainty. Indeed, the minaret- shadowed island of Ada Khleh, romantically placed in the Danub not far from the narrows of the Iron Gate, once was a Turkish fortress and is still inhabited by fezzed Turco-Orientals. Turks of the Dobrudja, the Russians in Bukovina, the Serbs in the Banat and the ubiquitous gypsies. Transylvania is one of the most interesting ethnic mosaics in the world. Known also as Siebenburgen, named after seven medieval Saxon settlements in that area, its majority is Rumanian. For centuries, however, its Teutonic and Magyarminorities were the Herreschervolk. Probably the earliest German residents were crusaders who came to Transylvania in the twelfth century at the invitation of the Magyars. The latter stationed the sturdy Saxon men-at-arms in the towns commanding the Carpathian passes in order to defend Europe against barbarian invasion. From the dawn of history the fertile Wallachian Valley along the Danube has been the highway of ravaging armies in search of fresh grazing lands and booty. In the past these enemies have swept in from the East; today Rumania's major threat comes from the West. CONTEMPORARY Rumania is a land of political feuds, intrigue, unrest and terrorism. The kingdom is now stirred by a debate between adherents of Rumania's traditional policy of cooperation with France and her allies and the forces which are supporting the Fascist-Nazi movement. In newspapers, in cafes, in drawing rooms and wherever people gather the questions of foreign policy are discussed. The anti-Nazi democratic forces in Rumania advocate close cooperation with France and Great Britain, the Little and Balkan Ententes and the League of Nations. They believe that self-interest demands Rumania's loyal support of her allies and promotion of relations with Soviet Russia that will be as nearly normal as possible. They argue that a victorious Third Reich would destroy the independence of Rumania and make it nothing but a puppet with strings manipulated from Berlin. The pro-Nazi (continued on page 19) [??] hardest working monarch in the world," and (below) his heady brother, Nicholas. The New York Times Magazine, May 2, 1937. WOMEN AND COLLEGES By Eunice Fuller Bernard Among the budding apple trees of a hilltop campus college girls in the costumes in which their mothers, grandmothers and great-grandmothers once attacked the higher learning will appear, like a medley of memories, at a garden party next Friday afternoon. Hoop skirt and pantalette, bustle and balloon sleeves, all will be there-nonchalant survivors of a century of girlish struggles with Euclid and rhetoric at Mount Holyoke College. And once again, as on that historic opening day in 1837, a stagecoach will clatter up South Hadley Street to deposit its earnest crinoline-clad charges at the college portals. Thus Mount Holyoke, first higher institution for women in the country to be founded by women's own appeal to public philanthropy, will start its centenary celebration. In a sense, it will be more than Mount Holyoke's own private festival. It will be an occasion for all college women to take account of that single American century in which learning has ceased to be the prerogative of the other sex, and woman has taken all knowledge for her province. Mount Holyoke in many respects is the ideal prototype of that history. Seminary and college, she has exemplified in her evolution every stage of the general progress. And her retiring president, Dr. Mary Emma Woolley, longest in service perhaps of any present woman's college head, can herself look back on more that one-third of the way. In retrospect the century seems an almost, breath-taking span. There in 1837, struggling toward higher education, stood woman, typified by the little blue-eyed academy teacher, Mary Lyon, who, rebuffed but still resolute, begged pennies and dimes to establish a "permanent seminary in new England with accommodation" [???] [???] what like those for the other sex." Here in 1937 half a million college girls stride confidently across hundreds of campuses from coast to coast, hardly aware that women ever were shut out. Between the two dates, as Miss Woolley sees it, have been three definite eras of woman's educational progress. The first, which lasted until after the Civil War, was the period of intellectual stir and questioning, from which women's college education ultimately resulted, and in which the first experiments in coeducation were made at Oberlin and Antioch. Typically, however, it was the heyday of the female seminary which hardly dared or cared to call itself a college and of a few women's colleges which often amounted to little more than seminaries. The second period, from 1865 to the turn of the century, was the era of justification and expansion, when three distinct types of new higher educational facilities for women sprang up rapidly all over the country. It was the time of the founding of Vassar, Smith and Each of these periods has had, so to speak, its own distinctive mood. The first might be called the era of religious emphasis and feminine self-depreciation, when the propagandists of women's higher education typically disclaimed any intention of "aping the men." Woman was still a rather humble being, and education was asked not so much for her as an individual as for the social benefits she might confer as mother, teacher, missionary and general religious influence. At the same time it was argued that for this purpose she needed more solid disciplinary studies and a more permanent and better equipped school than that provided in the contemporary female academies, which usually emphasized the "light and drapery accomplishments" and were conducted by the individuals for private profit. A "superior" institution adapted to fit the sex for its own "highest usefulness" was the general aim of all those vastly energetic reformers-Emma Willard, Catherine Beecher, Zilpah Grant and Mary Lyon-who seemed to spring up simultaneously what like those for the other sex." Here in 1937 half a million college girls stride confidently across hundreds of campuses from coast to coast, hardly aware that women ever were shut out. Between the two dates, as Miss Woolley sees it, have been three definite eras of woman's educational progress. The first, which lasted until after the Civil War, was the period of intellectual stir and questioning, from which women's college education ultimately resulted, and in which the first experiments in coeducation were made at Oberlin and Antioch. Typically, however, it was the heyday of the female seminary which hardly dared or cared to call itself a college and of a few women's colleges which often amounted to little more than seminaries. The second period, from 1865 to the turn of the century, was the era of justification and expansion, when three distinct types of new higher educational facilities for women sprang up rapidly all over the country. It was the time of the founding of Vassar, Smith and Wellesley, the first women's colleges to have both heavy endowments and classical curricula much like those of Harvard. It saw, too, the opening to women of the great universities, such as Michigan, Cornell and Chicago, and of the founding of the coordinate colleges for women in connection with such universities as Columbia, Harvard and Brown. Finally, Miss Woolley believes, in the years since 1900 (the period as it happens, when she has served Mount Holyoke) has come the era of internal improvement. Women's colleges have been much more slowly added. Those already in existence, finally established and confident, have been expanding their campuses, courses and equipment. eral aim of all those vastly energetic reformers-Emma Willard, Catherine Beecher, Zilpah Grant and Mary Lyon-who seemed to spring up simultaneously in New York and New England in the early nineteenth century as from a sowing of some pedagogical dragon's teeth. Just as Harvard was founded as a kind of professional school "lest there should be an illiterate ministry," so also, 200 years later, women's higher education in the seminaries was started largely for the training of Christian teachers. Mount Holyoke, indeed, used the proposed teacher-training as a major item in its appeal for funds. "We have daughters who would gladly become teachers and go anywhere to do good-were they only prepared. We have a population of millions calling loudly for instruction. The spirit of enterprise is such that we cannot induce young men In a Hundred Years of Women's Education Mount Holyoke Has Exemplified Each Stage Pathfinders of sports for women- Calisthenics at Vassar Jay Culver and T. F. Healy In the Seventies- "Exhibition of Rutgers Female College." Joining the great host of women graduates- Sportswomen of today The New York Times Magazine, May 2, 1937. AN EVENTFUL CENTURY to become teachers. We must look to the other sex for a supply," wrote Mount Holyoke's committee to address the public. The only way in which Miss Lyon, for example, admittedly hoped to emulate the men's colleges was in the externals of finance and equipment. She first in America successfully founded a permanent higher institution for women supported by voluntary contributions and charging tuition fees within the reach of the middle classes. "We intend it to be, like our colleges, so valuable that the rich will be glad to attend it, and so economical that people in moderate circumstances may be equally accommodated," her committee said. Moreover, Miss Lyon was an unwitting inventor of several features of the modern college. Her much criticized plans to reduce costs by having the students do all the housework was the direct forerunner of the "self-help" schemes and following the pioneer example of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. English, history, logic, mathematics, philosophy and theological studies were on the obligatory list. Latin, French, drawing and piano were electives. In arduous hours and general atmosphere of piety, Harvard and Mount Holyoke, taken as advanced types of men's and women's institutions, in 1837 were not so far apart. Each started the day with morning prayers at dawn and held evening prayers before supper. Mount Holyoke girls, however, were far more bowed down with rules. There were seventy specific regulations in early days, and on Sunday, except during two required church services, each girl was a virtual prisoner in her own room, not being allowed to go to another's room or even to write letters. THE main measure of a true college in nineteenth-century days, however, was by general consent the number and difficulty of the Greek and Latin texts and the higher branches of mathematics required for entrance and graduation. According to this criterion, neither the seminaries nor most of the so-called women's colleges in the first period up to 1865 qualified to stand beside Harvard. Mount Holyoke, to be sure, soon required Latin for both entrance and graduation, but the amount was less than in the men's colleges and Miss Lyon never in here lifetime achieved her ambition to include Greek an Hebrew in the course. Aside from the co-educational Oberlin and Anticoch, only Elmira College in New York seems to have offered women before the Civil War a four-year course whose classical requirements were nearly equivalent to the men's. The rest of the century may roughly be said to have been devoted to the proof, in one college after the other, that women could learn "all that men are taught." Whereas their sisters in seminary days admitted the "absurdity of sending ladies to college," women reformers of a later period were insistent on proving their intellectual equality with men. These were the days when individual pioneers penetrated men's classrooms or, like M. Carey Thomas at Johns Hopkins, sat behind a screen to listen to the same lectures. Yet to their bolder demands the world was far more tolerant than it had been to their elder sisters' humbler plea. To be sure the "strong-minded woman" was baited in the popular press. Yet mirac- the Goucher library. n academic procession at Bryn Mawr. In the Eighties- Class Day at Vassar In the Nineties- Burning the midnight oil at Bryn Mawr academic procession at Bryn Mawr. Archery at Barnard. the cooperative dormitories on dozens of campuses today. By a system of executive management, much like a modern motor manufacturer's assembly lines, she achieved an almost completely servantless seminary. Each girl put in her daily hour at a specialized task, one make the undercrust of pies, for example; another carrying "knives from the first tier of tables"--the lot at one time of the poet, Emily Dickinson. And it is a question whether the Mount Holyoke curriculum, which resembled that of other advanced seminaries, was not mark akin in emphasis at least to that of the modern college than was that of Harvard at this era. The seminary girls in their three-year course were required to take six sciences--chemistry, astronomy, botany, geology, natural history and physiology. Moreover, chemistry was taught by the laboratory method Oberlin and Antioch, only Elmira College in New York seems to have offered women before the Civil War a four-year course whose classical requirements were nearly equivalent of the men's. The rest of the century may roughly be said to have been devoted to the proof, in one college after the other, that women could learn "all that men are taught." Whereas their sisters in seminary days admitted the "absurdity of sending ladies to college," women reformers of a later period were insistent on proving their intellectual equality with men. These were the days when individual pioneers penetrated men's classrooms or, like M. Carey Thomas at Johns Hopkins, sat behind a screen to listen to the same lectures. Yet to their bolder demands the world was far more tolerant than it had been to their elder sisters' humbler plea. To be sure the "strong-minded woman" was baited in the popular press. Yet, miraculously almost, benefactors rose up to smooth her way with money. The spreading green campuses of Vassar and Wellesley, crowned with classrooms, laboratories and dormitories equivalent to men's, sprang into being at a single wave of the gilded wands of Matthew Vassar and Henry F. Durant. Sophia Smith, leaving her property to "furnish for my own sex means and facilities for education equal to those which are afforded now in our colleges for young men," met none of the obloquy with which penniless Mary Lyon had had to contend forty years before. DESPITE a modicum of social stigma still felt by early girl students in the East, the battle for women's higher education, to all intents and purposes, was already over. Woman had opened the door of Bluebeard's forbidden chamber of the classics (Continued on Page 12) The Spirit of Mary Lyon, Who Founded the "Seminary," Has Marched Across the Land At the turn of the century--A Kipling fan at Vassar. Times Wide World, Associated Press, Keystone. Shortly before the war--Class Day at Barnard. he New York Times Magazine, May 2, 1937. Associated Press. The Court of Claims meets in the chamber of the Privy Council in Downing Street—On its decisions depends who shall perform various hereditary duties at the coronation. Several men, some in barristers' wigs and robes, some in formal dress, sit and stand in a formal room at a long wooden table with papers spread out before them for reference. They are in a formal room with paintings and quality books, probably legal, lining the wood-paneled walls. They are intently listening in a meeting and looking toward the front of the room.] WHO WILL CARRY THE KING'S SPURS? by CLAIR PRICE LONDON. THE Court of Claims has been considering the King's pajamas. This court is the handsomest in Britain. It meets only when a coronation is approaching. The claims it considers are those made by members of ancient families to perform various hereditary duties at the coronation in Westminster Abbey. It is strictly the court of the Lord High Steward, but as that mythical personage only acquires corporeal existence for coronations and for the trials of peers in the House of Lords, his bench is actually occupied by the nine severe commissioners, among them the Lord Chief Justice, who presides. Two fo them wear legal wigs and robes, one wears a wonderful scarlet uniform, the rest wear court dress with gold trimmings. For weeks the members have sat solemnly at a polished semicircular table in the handsome oak-paneled chamber of the Privy Council in Downing Street. They have had before them transitions of old Norman-French coronation rolls and have based [?] arguments [?] from be- King his "shirt, stockings and drawers" on coronation morning; to dress the King and to receive his ancient [...?], which include the King's bed and "night robe." Now that Kings wear pajamas, the Lord Great Chamberlain has an undoubted right to them if he wants them. He also claims the right to carry the gloves and linen used by the King at the coronation ceremony, the sword and scabbard, the royal robe and the crown; and for these services he claims a fee of forty ells, say fifty yards, of crimson velvet for his coronation robe and seventy-three seats in the Abbey. All these claims are allowed except the seventy-three seats. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is hereditary in three ancient families. Its holder in this reign is the Earl of Ancaster, whose family tree has its roots in the glacial period or thereabouts. His predecessors used maupygernoun, or, as some say, a dish of dillegrout. The name doesn't seem to [??] a great deal in either case, for nobody now knows what either maupygernoun or dillegrout was. At George IV's coronation banquet, when the manor of Addington last exercised its ancient right, the Archbishop of Canterbury is said to have sniffed deeply of this manorial mystery and to have muttered something which was assumed to be a Latin grace before pushing it away. Claims to the right to serve as sergeant of the silver scullery, to hand the King [text cut off at bottom of page] Court of Claims Rules On Coronation Honors the proceedings. He was mounted, clad in full armor. Trumpeters and heralds preceded him; the Lord High Constable rode on his right and the Deputy Earl Marshal on his left. The procession stopped in the doorway of Westminster Hall and a herald read the challenge in which the champion offered to meet in mortal combat any person who denied the King's right to the crown. As soon as the proclamation was read the champion threw down the gauntlet which, after a brief pause, was picked up and returned to him by the Knight Marshal. All this was repeated in the center of the hall and again in front of the throne. Then the King drank to his champion from a gold cup, the champion raised the visor of his helmet and drank what remained in the cup, afterward carrying the cup away as his fee. After that, all he had to do was to manage his exit. As court etiquette required him to back his horse out of the royal presence, presumably he had to back the brute the entire length of Westminster Hall. There are harrowing tales of kings' champions whose horses refused to back out of the presence. Worse than that, there are stories of horses which insisted on backing into the presence. THIS year the business of the Court of Claims has been further reduced by reason of the fact that only twenty-five years have elapsed since claims in connection with King George V's coronation were settled. It takes the sixty years of a reign like Queen Victoria's to produce a really good crop of coronation disputes. As most of the claims argued before the court are hereditary, the arguments deal with problems of descent. In sixty years' time titles fall into abeyance or descend to women; hence new problems of descent arise to be settled. Contested claims which arose during Victoria's reign were settled by Edward VII's Court of Claims in 1901, and so thoroughly settled that George V's court in 1910 and little to do but to reaffirm the decisions of its predecessor. Much the same has been true this year. Only about twenty claims have been made before the court, and most of them have been automatically allowed. The claims of the Lord Great Chamberlain to the King's bed and "night robe" and to fifty yards of crimson velvet are typical in this respect. Only one claim has been seriously contested this year. It bothered King George V's Court of Claims in 1910 and has bothered George VI's court too. This is the dispute over who is to carry the [The Court of Claims has been considering] the Kings pajamas. This court is the handsomest in Britain. It meets only when a coronation is approaching. The claims it considers are those made by members of ancient families to perform various hereditary duties at the coronation in Westminster Abbey. It is strictly the court of the Lord High Steward, but as that mythical personage only acquires corporeal existence for coronations and for the trials of peers in the House of Lords, his bench is actually occupied by nine severe commissioners, among them the Lord Chief Justice, who presides. Two of them wear legal wigs and robes, one wears a wonderful scarlet uniform, the rest wear court dress with gold trimmings. For weeks the members have sat solemnly at a polished semicircular table in the handsome oak-paneled chamber of the Privy Council in Downing Street. They have had before them translations of old Norman-French coronation rolls and have heard arguments from bewigged lawyers on the right of their clients to bear the crystal mace at the coronation, to provide a glove for the King's right hand and so on. After arguments have ended, and the Lord Chief Justice has announced the court's decision to allow a claim, the sense of relief on the spectators' benches has been just as heartfelt as if a jury had brought in a verdict of not guilty. THE King's pajamas figured in the claim made by the Lord Great Chamberlain-- not to be confused with the Lord Chamberlain, who is a very busy man and incidentally a member of the Court of Claims. The Lord Great Chamberlain was originally the financial officer of the royal household, but nowadays he has charge of ceremonial in the House of Lords. The principal occasions on which he emerges from the shadowy depths of the British Constitution are State openings of Parliament and coronations. Nowadays his coronation claims are never contested and all but one are allowed. He claims the right to bring the clude the King's bed and "night robe." Now that Kings wear pajamas the Lord Great Chamberlain has an undoubted right to them if he wants them He also claims the right to carry the gloves and linen used by the King at the coronation ceremony, the sword and scabbard, the royal robe and the crown; and for these services he claims a fee of forty ells, say fifty yards, of crimson velvet for his coronation robe and seventy-three seats in the Abbey. All these claims are allowed except the seventy- three seats. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is hereditary in three ancient families. Its holder in this reign is the Earl of Ancaster, whose family tree has its roots in the glacial period or thereabouts. His predecessors used to claim the further right to serve the King with a basin of water before and after the banquet in Westminster Hall, which used to follow the coronation ceremony in the Abbey. As no banquet has been held since the coronation of George IV in 1821, banquet claims are not now entertained by the court. Hence all the mob of hereditary larderers, panterers, carverers and naperers have faded out. THE governor of Trinity Hospital in Edinburgh is no longer allowed to claim his ancient office of hereditary poulterer. The golf club which now own the manor of Addington, near Croydon, which William the Conquerer gave to his cook, Tezelin, can no longer claim the manorial right to provide the King and the Archbishop of Canterbury with a mess of nobody now knows what either maupygernoun or dillegrout was. At George IV's coronation banquet, when the manor of Addington last exercised its ancient right, the Archbishop of Canterbury is said to have sniffed deeply of this manorial mystery and to have muttered something which was assumed to be a Latin grace before pushing it away. Claims to the right to serve as sergeant of the silver scullery, to hand the King a towel before the banquet and to make wafers are all outside the jurisdiction of a modern Court of Claims. So is the most picturesque of all the old coronation banquet claims, that of King's champion. The Dymoke family, who hold the manor of Scrivelsby in Lincolnshire, provided the King's champion from Richard II's banquet in 1377 down to George IV's in 1821. The champion did his defying between the first and second courses, while the banqueters were still able to appreciate claims which arose during Victoria's reign were settled by Edward VII's Court of Claims in 1901, and so thoroughly settled that George V's court in 1910 had little to do but to reaffirm the decisions of its predecessor. Much the same has been true this year. Only about twenty claims have been made before the court, and most of them have been automatically allowed. The claims of the Lord Great Chamberlain to the King's bed and "night robe" and to fifty yards of crimson velvet are typical in this respect. Only one claim has been seriously contested this year. It bothered King George V's Court of Claims in 1910 and has bothered George VI's court too. This is the dispute over who is to carry the great spurs which are touched to the King's heels after his anointing. It is a duty which belongs to the descendants of the family of Marshall, who exercised it at Richard I's coronation in 1189. Probably no other service in all the coronation ceremony has been performed continuously by one family from such an early date. The 1910 Court of Claims decided the dispute in favor of Lord Loudoun and Lord Grey de Ruthyn, and King George V decided that each was to carry one spur. Since then the barony of Grey de Ruthyn has fallen into abeyance and the Loudoun earldom is now held by a woman. The 1937 court, in these circumstances, has decided in favor of Lord Hastings, who lost his claim in 1910, and Lord Churston, and each peer will presumably carry one spur as at the 1911 coronation. Underwood & Underwood. Only one claim has been seriously contested this year--the right to carry these solid gold spurs, emblems of knighthood and chivalry. WOMEN AND COLLEGES (continued from Page 9) and had survived. The Western universities yielded with relative ease to the co-educational pressure and literally hundreds of higher institutions suddenly capitulated to women on one basis or another in the last forty years of the century. President Woolley tells how she herself was an unwitting pioneer in the coordinate college movement. As a girl in 1890 she had longed to study at Oxford. Her father, a Rhode Island clergyman, casually mentioned her desire one evening to Benjamin Andrews, then president of Brown University. "But why doesn't she come to Brown as the guest of the professors?" Dr. Andrews asked. She did, and was somehow accepted by whole classes of boys quite as a matter of course. The last year she served with some of them as an editor of the college monthly. Thus, as peacefully as a bud unfolds, Brown University opened its examinations to women in general, granted women its degrees and finally created a department of the university. By the turn of the century the sex lines un learning had been practically abolished all over the country. Without undue mental effort girls were holding their own among parabolas and parasangs in classrooms everywhere and disappointing the neighborhood Jeremiahs by retaining their rosy cheeks and feminine charm. Women's colleges, in a very modest way, to be sure, as compared with men's vastly endowed institutions, settled down as propertied interests. The era of proof and expansion was over. Already women's colleges were developing traditions and a distinctive college life. From now on, increasingly self-confident, they were to evolve as characteristic institutions and to dare to take a line of their own. Gradually along with the men's colleges they have dropped or modified those very Greek and Latin requirements which they had battled half a century to acquire. At the same time time they have strengthened their departments of social science, modern languages, music and art, turning more to the consideration of contemporary problems in every field. In possessions and popularity women's colleges have pyramided in a single generation. From merely accepted institutions they have become as heavily besieged by students as are exclusive clubs by would-be members, annually turning away their thousands. Their buildings and their faculties have multiplied many times over. Social life on the campus, President Woolley believes, has changed more since 1900 than in the sixty-odd years preceding. From a shrinking, blushing maiden, heged about with boarding-school rules and afraid to raise her voice in public, the college girl, she says, has evolved into a poised and self-reliant person. Physically the college girl has added an inch or two to her stature and attained new records in endurance and athletic prowess. In health and sport, indeed, oddly enough, President Woolley feels that the women's colleges have been pacemakers. Always, as against competitive athletics for a few, they have stressed intramural sports, required exercise and individual physical education for every girl. Women, too, Miss Woolley feels, have been the chief bringers of a spirit of festival to the American campus. It is their May Days and Tree Days, daisy chains and dance groups which have spread the annual enchantment of youth and Spring over the American college. In the House Plan, publicized lately through the Harkness gifts at Harvard and Yale, the woman's college is also essentially a pioneer, Dr. Woolley holds. From Mary Lyon's day to this, the small group system and the identification of social life with the educational process have been a part of the ideal of the women's colleges, she said. "But there is a great future for the separate women's college?" she was asked. "Yes, I believe there is," she replied. "All educational ideas should not be cast in one mold. We need different types of institutions. Moreover, we have not yet quite got away from our inferiority complex as women. A girl in a separate institution does gain a responsibility and an independence which she often lacks in a college with men. "There should be also, I believe, some women presidents of women's colleges, if only as an inspiration to younger women teachers. A statement, for example, that after 100 years there is no qualified woman to head Mount Holyoke seems to me not only untrue but a blow to the general progress of women." The woman's college, Dr. Woolley holds, still has worlds to conquer. "The coming days are as critical as any that have passed in women's education," she said. "College girls, to be sure, have come to desire learning for its own sake and not for grades or marks. But they, and men students too, have yet to discover that learning is not enough. The college must teach them to think through contemporary problems of social cooperation both in the industrial and the international fields. "Here, I believe, women can make a special contribution. They have a natural gift and a long tradition of desire to make the future world better than the present. Women must learn, however, that feeling and talking are not enough. They must have the knowledge of the expert and the realistic power of analyzing problems to make their influence a reality. To give its students that ability, I believe, is the next great task of the women's college." In the library at Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.