NAWSA                                           SUBJECT FILE                                        AddAMS, JANe

[Smith College Library 1952]
[Addams]

Social Service

Articles and reports of Jane Addams came in the collection of her
papers from Swarthmore which consisted mainly of suffrage material and
is reported in that section.  A copy of an address on Jane Addams by
Robert Morss Lovett at a commemoration of her birthday in 1946, with
the most recent pictorial booklet on Hull House, came from Mrs. William
F. Petersen, president of the Board of Hull House.  From Nancy Cox-
McCormack Cushman came the copy of the biography of Jane Addams
by her nephew, James Weber Linn, which he gave Mrs. Cushman with
an inscription expressing his pleasure in her design of the Jane Addams
memorial medal; and the Jane Addams memorial number of Unity, 1935,
with articles, drawings, biographical obituary, and the speech by Louise
de Koven Bowen at the memorial dinner.
Most interesting in this connection is the gift of a remarkable series
of long letters from Louise de Koven Bowen, friend of Jane Addams and
for many years president of the Board of Hull House.  The letters, written
during the past several years, relate her life in Chicago today, the
celebration of her 92nd birthday at a large party where she gave sound
and vigorous comment on the state of the nation, occasions at Hull House
or at anniversary of the Juvenile Court at which she is still called upon
to appear, her summers in the country home where she and Jane Addams
selected the site for the summer camp memorial to her husband.  These
intimate letters, spritely, vigorous, humorous, sharp in continued attack
on abuse of children or political nonsense, clear in recalling her work and
Chicago of yesterday and yet with eager interest in everything today form
new miracle drugs to the latest Senate hearings, are an enlivening addition
to the record of Mrs. Bowen's achievements in the Sophia Smith Collection
in her own books and collected addresses, in histories of Hull House
and juvenile court, and in our bronze replica of the bas relief portrait by
Nancy Cox-McCormack Cushman.


Miscellany wholly composed by the Factory Girls of an American City.
London, 1844.
Purchase.
A. I. Cummings, The Factory Girl: or Gardez la Coeur. [sic] Lowell,
1847.
Gift of Mira B. Wilson '14.
The Victoria Regia, a volume of Contributions in Poetry and Prose, edited
by Adelaide Proctor. 1861. (The first production of women compositors
championed by Adelaide Proctor in the Society for Promoting
Industrial Employment of Women.)
Purchase.
Bernard Shaw, The Unprotected Child and the Law. Issued by the Six
Point Group. Woman's Printing Soc. Ltd.
Gift of Ralph D. Allan
through Mary Louise Libby '30.
James Porter, The Operative's Friend and Defense; or, Hints to Young
Ladies who are Dependent on their own Exertions. Boston, 1850.
Gift of Marion C. Webster '10.
Frank G. Carpenter, Three additional mounted newspaper printings of
his articles: two sketches of Hetty Green based on interviews in her
bank office in 1897 and in 1904; and an article written in 1904 on
"Women as Trade Unionists" with quoted statements of prominent
women labor leaders in a variety of unions, and officers of the Woman's
Union Label League.
Gift of Frances Carpenter Huntington '12.
M. M. Kehew, President of Women's Educational and Industrial Union,
Letter to Florence Jackson, May 1911, about plans for reorganization of
Appointment Bureau.
Gift of Florence Jackson '93.
Florence Finch Kelly, Flowing Stream. Fifty-six years in American Newspaper
 Life 1939


[5,000,000 CIRCULATION]
[Predicted for 1932]
WOMAN'S ACTIVITIES
1234 Broadway - 
New York City - 
My dear Miss Addams: -
We should all so much
appreciate your photo and 
some thing right from the 
heart of your pen & from the 
many years of love work
and experiences you would
like to have the world of
women know, thru the pages 
of Women's Activities, for 
its first edition 1930.
Hoping to hear from you
Devotedly -
[Josephine L. Skeehan?]
Founder -

Women's 
Archives
May 9, 1929.
1234 Broadway                                                                     Dedicated to
New York, N.Y.               WOMAN'S PREROGATIVE             WOMEN'S ACTIVITIES
More effective than written and signed documents between nations for a stabilized
peace compact - stronger than governments or law, with its bulwarks of protection
for human life, safety and prosperity - is civilization in its spontaneous, instinctive,
intensive desire for fair play, enlightenment, growth and happiness. Nor
can ships, armaments or power and wealth bring about that state of heart, which is
synonymous with peace.
Only, when we who make up nations have learned to "love our neighbor as ourself"
can we expect warfare to become a thing of the past. To be 100% an American
is splendid, but to be 100% for the world is to truly imbibe the spirit on which
this glorious country was founded!
Thru an intimate, personal touch, sympathy, understanding and co-operation,
which is the spirit of universal good-will from woman to woman, contains the seed,
which eventually will be the hope of every nation.
As woman is recognized to be "the mother of man" so is imbedded in her heart
of hearts all that is noble, elevating and progressive, since life began.
Woman's Activities fosters fearless self-expression on the very present problems
of the day. To promote courage of action in keeping with our knowledge,
intuition, experiences and convictions is to win all battles before they come to the
firing line.
What the radio cannot accomplish, the pen will, in millions of homes, bring 
encouragement, enlightenment, thru personal messages from successful women in
unlimited fields of their particular activity, in which they have endeared themselves
to fellow man and the world at large. This weekly periodical, of a general survey
of woman's work, will stimulate and awaken those still slaves to tradition, instead
of independent thinkers and leaders of men.
Woman's Activities aims to be a living, breathing thing, not a digest of
chronicled events, but to put us in closer touch with those women, who help us to
visualize, in the environment of our homes, thru their achievements, the greater
opportunities of 1929. They show us how to keep that happy balance of state of mind,
so necessary in this transitional age we live in. They help us to recognize the
"wheat from the chaff" and to hold on to the "meat" of all things past and present.
A better, wider knowledge of what is actually being accomplished by women
today in all walks of life, will destroy pessimism and ignorance and give to
womanhood as a body, a more hopeful outlook into the part she is destined to fill, for
the benefit of future generations. With a stronger unity of purpose, a clearer 
faith in the "worm" will bring about a closer concentration to the goal of her
ambitions and the work at hand, wherever it may be.
This must result in better world understanding, united thinking in progressive
lines and put all people in closer proximity to the sane remedy for national 
disputes and international quarreling, by bringing into practice the Golden Rule: -
To do to others as you wish to be done by.
In as far as our Circulation reaches, wherever the English tongue is spoken
or read, to that extent will we be nearer to the hope within us - a universal peace
of the nations. It is woman's prerogative to work towards this glorious
achievement.
She who can touch the hearts of men best, thru unselfish love, tact and sympathy
 - she, who is so versatile and so lavishly endowed by Mother Nature with her
most splendid gifts - may also touch the heart of Nations!
Thru woman's self expression the channels will be opened to bigger
opportunities for the masses, in which our trust and hope must center.
Faithfully,
(Signed) Josephine Lewis Skeehan - Founder
Woman's Activities


W.F. Hall Printing Company
FOUNDED 1892 BY WILLIAM FRANKLIN HALL
[*Reproduction*] 4600 DIVERSEY AVENUE
TELEPHONE PALISADE 8000
CHICAGO August 5, 1930
Josephine Lewis Skeehan
Founder Woman's Activities
Dear Mrs. Skeehan:
It is an extreme pleasure to verify our intention to
cooperate with you in what we believe will be the strongest and
best magazine of its type in America, "Woman's Activities".

We readily appreciate the wonderful thought you have of
a great weekly magazine ministering to the interests and needs
generally of the womanhood of our country, and we have great
confidence because of the excellent scope of editorial activity
which you have outlined, the assurance of support from prominent
women, both individuals and organizations, and the great appeal
that such a periodical should make to the more than fifty million
women of our country that this enterprise, with adequate financing
and proper management, should prove a tremendous financial,
literary and social success.

Permit me to assure you, we will endeavor to comply with
the highest standards of modern efficiency to make this first
edition, which you desire for immediate distribution, truly
representative of the leading women of our country.
It is of vital importance that you receive an early
response from your chosen contributors, so we can comply with
your wishes, and without unnecessary delay send them to our
presses in Chicago.
Yours very truly,
W.F. HALL PRINTING COMPANY
Frank R. Warren
President
FRW:AR

                                                                                                                                                Jane Addams





                                                                                 [Image]

Volume 7.    No.3       January 1932
PAX INTERNATIONAL
The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom aims at uniting women in all countries who are opposed to every 
kind of war, exploitation and oppression, and who work for universal disarmament and for the solution of conflicts by the recognition 
of human solidarity, by conciliation and arbitration, by world co-operation, and by the establishment of social, political 
and economic justice for all, without distinction of sex, race, class or creed. - The work of all the National Sections is based 
upon the statements adopted and the Resolutions passed by  International Congresses of the  League.

Published                                                                              International Headquarters:
by the Women's International League for Peace   PAX         12 dur du Vieux-Collège, Geneva
and Freedom                                                                          Jane Addams, Honorary President
Table of Contents
Jane Addams receives the Noble Peace 
Prize.
Jane Addams Nobel Prize Winner, 
Clara Ragaz.
Homage to Jane Addams, Gertrud Baer.
Jane Addams, Biographical Note, A.Z.
Jane Addams at Hull House, Anne Zueblin.
With Jane Addams at The Hague in 1915, 
Constance Drexel.
Jane Addams and Non-violence, 
Amy Woods.
Jane Addams, a symbol and an example, 
Camille Drevet.
A reception at the Maison Internationale 
in honour of Jane Addams. 
The Grenoble Congress.
Gandhi at Geneva: Gandhi speaks at a 
meeting at Victoria Hall organized by 
our League.
How I met Gandhi in India, Amy Woods.
The great union of the peoples.
Gandhi at Villeneuve,  Madeline Rolland.
The Disarmament Conference at Paris.
Message of Charles Gide.
The W.I.L. and the Manchurian Situation.
Governments and Propaganda against 
War.
News of the Sections.
Around the World.
Latest News.
Opium in the Far East: the Bangkok 
Conference.
Petition for Total and Universal Disarmament.

Jane Addams
Jane Addams wins the Nobel Peach Prize
All pacifists and all women who are 
really devoted to the cause of peace 
will have learned with joy that Jane
Addams has received the Nobel Peace 
Prize. 
Jane Addams, whom many Americans 
call the First Citizen of America, is also 
one of those Citizens of the World, who 
do honor to humanity. 

Jane Addams 
Nobel Prize Winner
On hearing the news that the Nobel 
Prize had been awarded to Miss Addams.
I am sure the first thought of each of us 
was: At last Miss Addams has received 
what she deserves.  At last the woman 
who has done what few others have for 
world peace and reconciliation, has 
been publicly and internationally recognized 
as a peace worker.
Whoever knows Jane Addams, knows 
how little she would seek such recognition 
and distinction; whoever has come into 
close touch with her and has felt her
great simplicity, would not wonder if 
she saw in this honour a sign of recognition 
of women's work for peace and 
wished to put anything personal in the 
background.
We, however, cannot deny ourselves 
the joy of taking this opportunity to 
call special attention to the part that 
Miss Addams' personality, combined with 
the influence of her whole life work, 
played  in bringing women together in a 
great international peace demonstration 
during the war ,and in making possible
after the war,  a peace organisation,
 whose numbers are constantly increasing.
When the invitations went out for the 
Women's Peace Congress at The Hague 
in 1915, surely no name bore such weight 
as that of Jane Addams. I say this, 
not wishing in the very least to detract 
from the services of the real initiators 
of the Congress,  Aletta Jacobs and 
Rosika Schwimmer.  But no name was 
known is such wide circles as that of 
Jane Addams and none was so closely 
connected with peace work in the widest

sense of the word. For what is and has
been the work of Jane Addams at Hull
House if not peace work? It is work for
international peace and understanding,
when a strange land is made homeland
to a helpless, forlorn immigrant. It is
peace work between different generations
when understanding is aroused in the
younger generation for the peculiar and
precious things that the older generation
has brought from it age and country.
Once again, it is peace work when the
head of Hull House—together with her
fellow workers—repeatedly takes a stand
for social justice and thus places a sense
of class responsibility face to face with
the class struggle.
The goodness, sense of justice and wide
vision that Miss Addams has shown in
her social work, have also distinguished
her peace work. She has really only
carried her fundamental ideas over into
the field of international reconciliation.
Thus her whole life's work has unity,
however rich and many sided it may be,.
We think with the greatest gratitude
of what Miss Addams has done for and
in the W. I. L. P. F., of the unfailing
patience, the constant devotion, and the
deep fidelity to her convictions with
which she has served the cause of peace
and which have inspired others with a
desire to do their best. We want to
congratulate her for the distinction she
has received; and yet we rather feel as
though we should be congratulating
ourselves since our cause has found such
a leader, and since the recognition, which
she has received, will go to strengthen
and advance the cause. Thus our congratulations
are transformed into warm and
sincere thanks to Miss Addams.
Clara Ragaz.
Homage
to Jane Addams
In awarding the Peace Prize to Jane
Addams the Nobel Prize Committee
has done honor to itself and has settled
an obligation which has been due her
since she began her worldwide peace
work during the World War. The proof
of her worthiness, if any be necessary,
lies in her work for World Peace at a time
when great statesmen, who have since
been awarded the Prize, were doing
homage to war. She was at that time
organising work for peace in the five
parts of the globe.
Though she may be one of the first
women of the United States and of
the world Jane Addams is "only" a
woman. She is "only" an "idealist",

an advocate of peace without precautions,
without assurances, without reservations,
without conditions; a fighter 
for Disarmament, general world disarmament,
regardless of the legend of defensive
wars, regardless of the possessions,
money or interests of those in power.
Such a stand sufficed, in war time, to
ostracize America's most popular woman.
She suffered extremely from the gross
persecutions of embittered persons who
from the security of their clubs and
press rooms in the United States, far
from the horror of gas and the mutilation
of shrapnel of the European battlefields,
incited the people to war. Her suffering
was not from sensitiveness or smallness
of spirit but was a genuine grief for the
sufferings which the aberrations of
humanity brought on itself. Her whole
strength (and she had been delicate
since youth) she employed to make
America's relief work for chaotic Europe
as fully effective as possible. She recognized
that woman's mission was not
limited to healing the wounded and
devotion to social work and included a
political duty as well. She demanded
of women that they assume political
initiative in world peace; she personified
the movement.
I shall never forget the evening of
May 2, 1922, when, for the first time
after the war she presided at a public
meeting in New York which was addressed
by three women whose countries
had recently been at war with one another.
As she stepped onto the platform the
cheering crowd rose spontaneously to
greet her as the torchbearer of political
rationalism, of humanitarianism, of peace,
she, who had been outlawed during the
war by misled public opinion.
To write the story of her political
work for peace would be to write the
history of the Women's International
League, whose leader she has been since
the beginning; would be to write the
story of a life which has expended itself
in giving and being for others, in thinking
for others, in acting for others.
What does it mean that the international
forum of government in Geneva,
that the United States of America, have
as yet found no use for the gifts of organization,
the constructive ability, the
knowledge, of a woman like Jane Addams
with her many doctors degrees, or for
her influence and the power of her personality?
"This queer old world of ours",
(as Jane Addams calls it) must be quite
out of joint since persons of the stature
of such a woman are not called upon to
set it right.
The noblest of the women of the world
has received the Peace Prize. Let us,

as members of the Women's International
League, show that we are worthy
of her leadership. Do not give in,
fellow workers in Asia, America, Australia,
Africa and Europe, in the fight
against war! Do not retreat one inch
from the ground we have won, go on and
on in the daily, tenacious struggle against
world wide reaction; hammer into
the hearts and heads of your statesmen
Jane Addams' demand for general, total
world disarmament! Come in May 1932
to the Grenoble Congress, to do homage
to Jane Addams, to make a new advance
on the way to justice, freedom and peace.
Gertrud Baer.
Jane Addams
Biographical sketch
Jane Addams was born in 1859. Her
early distress at social conditions led her,
in 1889, in partnership with Ellen Starr,
to found Hull House, the most famous
settlement house of the United States.
Apart from social question, she has
always had a deep interest in national
and international political problems.
In 1915 she was invited by a group of
European women to preside the Women's
Peace Congress at The Hague, out of
which grew the W.I.L.P.F. She led
the negotiations with great success and
extraordinary tact.
Jane Addams headed one of the two
delegations from the Congress which, in
order to propose a plan for continuous
mediation, had audience with the Governments
of fourteen States. She was
also received by the Pope. Miss Addams
has presided all the international Congresses
of the W.I.L.P.F. and has been
President—now Honorary President—
since its foundation. She also presided
an emergency conference called at The
Hague in 1922 on "A New Peace" and
after this Conference visited statesmen
and other leading people in Holland,
Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Belgium,
Great Britain and France, advocating
a new basis for the question of Reparations
and International Debts, for International
Disarmament, and for withdrawal
of the armies of occupation. Her
journey was continued to India, the Philippines,
China and Japan.
Miss Addams was instrumental in the
organisation of the W. I. L. Congress at
Washington and the Summer School in
Chicago in 1924.
After the W. I. L. Congress in Zurich
1919, Miss Addams, together with Mr.
Hoover, organised the American Relief


Committee in Germany. She has been
a member of practically every American
Relief Committee in Europe.
Miss Addams worked intensively to
keep America from entering the war,
and after the outbreak of war, still
adhered immovably to her peace principles.
At the time of the Washington
Congress, she again had to face abuse
and slander. Her peace principles dimmed
her popularity for a time, but the great
dinner given in her honour a few years
ago, to which Mr. Coolidge, then President,
sent a message, was proof that she had
been re-instated as the "first lady of the
land".
Miss Addams has written several books
on social questions, two on peace questions:
"New Ideals of Peace" and "Peace
and Bread in War Time" and last year
published her "Second Twenty Years at
Hull House".
The W. I. L. P. F. will never be able to
measure the debt it owes to its beloved
president and presiding genius.
A. Z.
Just as we go to press, we learn that
Finland has 90,000 signatures, Great
Britain 1,850,000 and expecting to get
two million, Japan has 150,000 and
Norway has sent off a first package of
65,000 signatures.
Remember that all lists must reach
our headquarters office by January
15th.
Miss Addams' whole life, all her work
which has been relief of necessitous circumstances
in different periods and
among different groups, can be resumed
in a phrase: A lifetime of service to
humanity.
Since the news of the Nobel Prize
award, we have received numerous
letters, from the Vice Presidents, from
the Sections in Great Britain, Sweden
and Holland, telegrams from Norway
and Denmark.
Many friends of our League, admirers
of Miss Addams' work, have expressed
to us their joy and sympathetic pleasure,
besides sending congratulations to Chicago.
The patriarch Bishop of Prague has
written us, and in sending congratulations
spoke of his joy at the success that
our disarmament campaign was having
to Czecho-Slovakia.

Jane Addams at Hull House
Jane Addams' name is known round
the world. Many are the people who
think of her with respect and affection;
such a woman, as Lida Gustava Heymann
says, may only appear once in five hundred
years. Many W. I. L. members have met
her and been encouraged, in the strife
of pacifist congresses, by her reposeful
and understanding presence. Perhaps
they will feel what her name means to
those of us who have held it in our hearts
since earliest infancy, her name a watchword,
her life an example.
Jane Addams' pacifism goes to the
roots, like Gandhi's. In the beginnings
of playgrounds, settlement workers had
trouble with rowdy boys whose behavior
was not according to code. There was
one, in the first Chicago playground,
whose ruffianism knew no bounds. The
well-intentioned people, who were trying
to run the playground, were in despair;
some of the ladies timorous. One day,
one of the more stalwart men took
affairs into his hands and violently
banished the boy from the playground.
Jane Addams was told, with a sense of
proud achievement, of this feat. "Oh,
said Miss Addams, "you shouldn't have
have done that!" Distressed, the playground
workers said: "What would you
have done?" And Miss Addams: "I
should have sat down and talked with
him!"
One must have seen "Lady Jane' at
Hull House to know her; attending to
innumerable details and people, with
time for everything. One must have seen
her sitting quietly in a rocking chair in
the main hall, settlement life eddying
round her; tranquilly taking time for a
certain political problem with some fervent
spirits; listening over a cup of tea
in the cafeteria to the woes of three
Russian Jews; heading the long dining
table and herself serving the big family
of Hull House-ites, eager for food and
for the stimulus of her presence; climbing
the steep stairs to the top floor to make
sure that some young girl's bed was
comfortable; giving of herself constantly
and yet having time and thought for
the bigger and more impersonal problems.
I have two photographs of Miss Addams
in my room. One is as she is now.
The Maison has the same one on its
mantel-piece. The other I love even
better and is even more comforting:
Jane Addams as a young woman of
thirty. There is the same serenity and
strength, less the look of sharing the
world's sorrows—she had been doing so
for a shorter time; there is always the
sense of her great humanity and nobility;

but in that photograph her youth makes
her example to me more approachable.
She is a great solacer and to many of us
mentor and patron saint.
Anne Zueblin.
With Jane Addams
at The Hague, 1915
I am happy to add my testimony
in honour of Jane Addams. I was one
of the youthful members of the American
delegation which accompanied her to
The Hague in April 1915. When the
late Dr. Aletta Jacobs of Amsterdam
had the courage and vision to call upon
women of neutral and belligerent
countries to meet together at a congress
at The Hague and appealed in vain to
several leading American women, it
was June Addams who answered the
call. A delegation of fity American
woman crossed the Atlantic with her
on the Dutch liner Noordam. When we
reached the English Channel, officers
came on board with orders from the
Admiralty, and we were held four days
before being allowed to proceed to
Rotterdam. Our wireless was stopped
and we were neither permitted to send
messages nor to receive any. Our only
means of communication was by means
of a fisherman in a row-boat who brought
us London newspapers from Dover.
From these we learned of the bitter
attack against us as spies, and of the
180 British women, ready to come
to the Congress, who has been refused
passports. Fortunately two British women,
Miss Courtney and Miss MacMillan,
had already proceeded to The Hague
some weeks before to help prepare the
Congress. French women refused to
participate. They sent a memorandum
stating that they could not meet with
German women, not could they talk of
"peace" while their territory was invaded,
and they called upon us to protest
against the barbarous acts of the enemy.
It is part of war psychology that no one
may talk of peace even in the abstract
without being accused of favoring the
enemy. Yet the purpose of this women's
congress was not to discuss a peace to
end the war then in progress but rather
to study, at the moment when the
human butchering match was at its
height, the means of avoiding such a
catastrophe in the future. Progress
is slow, but some of the proposals of
this Congress which Miss Addams presided
have already been recognized.
Constance Drexel.

Jane Addams and
non-violence
In selecting Miss Addams to receive 
the peace prize this year the Nobel
Commission deserves the unalloyed
appreciation of the whole world.  Not only
is she a world leader in the great movements
to establish permanent peace,
and a national leader in all outstanding
humanitarian efforts in the United States,
but from day to day, as well, in her
tremendously busy life, she has
demonstrated in personal relationships of every 
kind her philosophy of life without
the use of force, except the moral force of
self-control based upon conviction.
I have seen her unravel the family
difficulties of a neighbor with the same
care with which she presides at an 
International Congress, where divergent views
seem to be laying sticks under a boiling
caldron of peace.  By simple analysis
in both instances she lays bare the essential
facts and places her reliance on
others to reach a necessary decision.
She has that rare quality of thinking in
world terms when the rest of us falter.
She shares with Mr. Gandhi the great
power of personal simplicity which
relies on truth and not on cleverness.
Life to them both is a laboratory where
their philosophies are being tested by
actual living.
Why do we pacifists go on working
against all the political and economic
and psychological stupidities in the world?
Because, from time to time out of the
human whirlpool appear a Gandhi and a
Jane Addams and something within
us responds to them.  We admire the
courage of their integrity, and we love
them.  They show us that non-violent
methods have greater strength than
those of force, and that peace is but
another word for intelligent living, which
in time humanity will recognize and
heed.
Amy Woods
Editorial Note
We would have very much liked to
have the cooperation of many of our
friends in the United States, Canada,
Australia, Honolulu and all European
countries, in getting out this number
about Jane Addams but this was prevented
because of the necessity of having
the text ready before the holidays.
We ask the pardon of all those people
who would have liked to express, in
Pax, their admiration and affection for
our President.

Jane Addams
A Symbol and an Example
On December 10th, when we returned
to the Maison Internationale after the
Gandhi meeting, we found a telegram
from the Norwegian Section with the
glad news that Jane Addams had received
the  Nobel Peace Prize.  Soon after, all
the newspapers were giving the news.
We have become so accustomed to
identifying Jane Addams in her work for
peace, with our League, that we all see
in her the symbol of what the W.I.L.
would like, and ought to be, and an
example for us all.
Truly it is difficult, when one is revolted
by social injustice, widespread poverty
and violence, to remain calm and to be
serene in the struggle.  It is difficult
tranquilly to face pettiness, lies and
intrigue.  One has need at such times
to think of those persons who can remain
serene through storm and stress.
They are really strong.  Jane Addams is
one of those rare persons who unite
tireless energy with gentleness.
The greater the difficulties become, the
more we turn towards those persons who
are not only a light, but strength, who
are not content to be well informed but
must give absolute devotion to the cause
they serve.
We did not need to see the Nobel 
Peace Prize consecrate Jane Addams'
work, in order to appreciate its value,
but we are very  happy to have the
attention of the world drawn to her from
whom we derive inspiration and
support.
Camille Drevet
International Secretary
Many papers, in speaking of the  Nobel 
Prize, did not mention that Jane Addams
is our President. I sent a note to the
international press which has appeared
in several papers.
PAX tries to be the mirror of the
international work of our League. If you
believe in the principles of the W.I.L.P.F.
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Reception at the 
Maison Internationale in
honour of Jane Addams
On Friday, December 18th from four
to seven we held a reception to celebrate
the Nobel Peace Prize Award.
Madame Rolli, in the name of the
Geneva Group, Madame Gallone for the
Italian women, Anne Zueblin for the
Youth Group and Camille Drevet, 
expressed their gratitude to our President
and their affectionate admiration.
An hour of music added to the pleasure
of the afternoon.  Madame Micalaïew,
accompanied by Mlle Fraissinet, sang, among
other things and very movingly, an 
unpublished song on war by Moussorgski.
Several persons became members on
that day--an effective way of doing
homage to Jane Addams.
A telegram was sent to Jane Addams
after the reception.
Grenoble Congress
The next Congress of our League will be
held at Grenoble from May 15th to 19th.
The following subjects will be dealt with:
1.  To what extent is the economic
crisis a menace to peace?
2.  War industries and peace industries.
3.  Internationalisation of civil aviation.
4.  International police force.
5.  Other means of assuring security.
A public meeting will give opportunity
for a declaration of women's will to
Disarmament and a statement of what
they expect from the Disarmament
Conference.
The question of Security, to be attained
by other means than armaments, will
be given special study.
We hope that our Sections will understand
how necessary it is for us to meet
and work together at the Congress so that
we may draw up a program of work,
and strengthen and solidify our feeling
of solidarity and international unity.
Our task is made heavier and harder
through world economic and social
conditions.  Our Grenoble Congress
should be informative and a source of
spiritual strength.
I must remind our Sections that we
are unfortunately unable to pay delegates'
travel expenses; the disarmament campaign
has emptied our funds.  We know
that our Sections' funds are also often
at low water but we are sure that, in
spite of that, they will send delegates
to the Grenoble Congress.


GANDHI IN GENEVA
Gandhi speaks at a meeting at Victoria Hall organised by our League
The Gandhi meeting at Victoria Hall, Geneva, December 10th, 1931.
On  Monday, December 7th we had a 
phone call from Villeneuve to say that
Gandhi would come to Geneva on the 
10th and we had been chosen as the
organisors of the meeting.  For two days
the Maison was over-run with people
coming to get tickets.  On the 10th at
12:30, Victoria-Hall was filled with an
audience of more than 1800.  A few
minutes of organ music, and then Gandhi
entered, followed by Edmond Privat,
Pierre Ceresole, Professor Pierre Bovet,
and Camille Drevet who seated themselves
behind him on the stage.
It is difficult to give a summary of
Gandhi's remarks, and as the press has
so often misquoted him, we are publishing
his speech in full, as it was made in
 English.  Edmond Private translated
phrase by phrase into French.
Edmond Privat
Last Tuesday at a meeting in Lausanne,
presided over by our friend Pierre
Ceresole, apostle of non-violence and
civil service, some personal friends of
Gandhi, of the great Mahatma, were
gathered together in more intimate
fashion.  Today at Geneva, we are
holding a big meeting for the people of
Geneva and citizens of the Confederation
come from different cantons.

I call upon Madame Camille Drevet
to say a few words, as organisor of the
meeting, in the name of the Women's 
International League for Peace and 
Freedom.
Camille Drevet:
In the name of the women of our
League who are scattered over the
world but united by the same desire to
work against war and oppression, I
wish to express our gratitude to Mahatma
Gandhi.  Several months ago, he gave
us his support by signing in India our
petition for total and universal
disarmament.  Today the presence here of
Mahatma Gandhi, whose life is a torch and an
example, gives us profound joy and
encouragement which we shall never forget.
Mahatma Gandhi's Lecture
My friends,
It is a matter of very great joy to me
to be in your most beautiful country.
I have heard a great deal of the magnificent
scenery of your country but the
seeing of that scenery has passed my
expectation.  The proofs of affection that
I have so generously received from the
people around me in Villeneuve and
wherever I went through have added to
the joy of seeing your beautiful country.
I wish I had more time at my disposal

to make the acquaintance of individuals
and see the various beautiful spots of
this land of yours.  But I must not detain
you over inviting you to share my joys.
I know that all of you who have come
to this meeting have been deprived
of your luncheon and I must not waste
that precious time of yours by talking
to you of my joys.  Therefore I want
to talk to you of that to which my life
has been dedicated and that particular
thing which at the present moment is
being tried on a scale never to be seen
before in history on the face of the earth.
I refer to the means that we have adopted
in India for vindicating our independence.
History shows that wherever people
have been subjugated and have desired
to get rid of that subjection, they have
resorted to the use of arms.  In India,
on the other hand, we have resorted to
means that are scrupulously and
absolutely non-violent and peaceful.  India
has testified, and I am here to give my
own testimony that in a very great
measure we seem to have succeeded in
attaining our goal.  I know that it is
still an experiment in the making.  I
cannot claim absolute success for it as
yet.  I venture to suggest to you as I
did to the citizens of Paris, as the
experiment has gone so far, that it is
well worthwhile your studying it.  I
further suggest that if that experiment
becomes a whole success, then India
would have paid her contribution to
world peace, for which the whole world
is to-day struggling.  You have in this
great city of yours the central office of
the League of Nations.  That League
is expected to perform wonders.  It is
expected to replace war and by its own
power to arbitrate between nations who
might have differences between themselves.
But it has always seemed to me
that the League lacks the necessary
sanction.  It depends, as it has to do,
largely, if not exclusively, for its decisions
to be effective on the goodwill of all
nations concerned.  Therefore I venture
to suggest to you that the means that
we have adopted in India supply the
necessary sanction, not only to a body
like the League, but to any voluntary
body or association who works for that
great cause of the peace of the world.
But I must not detain you in taking 
you through the different phases of this
movement.  I must satisfy myself with

having just introduced to you this movement,
and having told you the promise
that the movement makes if it becomes
successful.
I shall at once proceed to the questions
that Mr. Privat has selected out of a
sheaf that he had before him.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

The first question refers to a contradiction
that I gave to a report that has
appeared in one of your newspapers
about what I had said and what I had
not said in London. This is what has
been put into my mouth:
"I have no sympathy for terrorists
but, if necessary, the masses of India
would resort to violence. Call that as
you like, it is complete independence
that is wanted."
Answer. — I understand that the
editor of the journal referred that
paragraph to his correspondent in London
and that the correspondent confirms in
its entirety the report that he sent.
But I see that he has not reproduced
whole passages from the speeches in
which he says he quoted his citations.
My speeches at the Round Table Conference
have been officially reported and
I can only tell you that throughout those
speeches there would not be found a
single word in corroboration of that
statement.
Now it is stated that I made a similar
statement in some other speeches to
the press. I would like to see the reports
of those other speeches. Meanwhile I
must ask you to believe me when I
say that I never made a statement if
the description and that I never declared
that the masses of India would resort
to violence if necessary. I regard myself
as incapable in my lucid moments
of making a statement of this character.
Non-violence is not a mere policy with
me, it is a matter of fundamental creed.
I would pray to God that he would give
me strength to lay down my life rather
than to consent to any violence, directly
or indirectly.
As this matters has now attained some
local importance, I respectfully suggest
to the editor that he should call upon the
correspondent of his newspaper to give
his name and evidence of his statement.
And though to-morrow I shall be outside
your country and jurisdiction I shall
undertake to give the fullest explanation
in connection with the matter when the
evidence is sent to me in India or wherever
it may be. I want to do so because I
want to retain your goodwill if I have
obtained it. My movement and I have
to die or to live according to the dec'aration
that I have made that it depends
entirely upon non-violence and truth.
At the same time I tender you my
apologies for having taken so many
minutes for what is after all a personal
explanation.
The second question is the following:
Why did you make such a solemn protest
at Lausanne because newspapers had
reported your statement that soldiers
enlisted in an army ought to shoot in'
the air?
Answer. — Whether I made a solemn
protest or not I do not know, but I
made my position clear. I do not want a
soldier, whether Swiss or any other, to
be misled into thinking that he is promoting
the cause of peace and non-violence
when, after having joined an
army and taken an oath to respect
discipline, he pretends to follow discipline
by shooting in the air. I regard
myself as a soldier, though a soldier of
peace. I know the value of discipline
and truth. I consider it as a cowardice
and a deceit when a soldier who has
taken an oath to discipline denies himself
by pretending to carry out orders
when he is defying these orders by
shooting in the air. In my opinion,
when a soldier comes to the conclusion
that it is a contrary to the human dignity
of man to shoot a fellow man he ought
to lay down his arms, honestly declare
that he will not take part in such an
chastisement he deserves for his insubordination.
The third question is a most important
one. How can labour obtain justice
without violence? If capitalists employ
violence to suppress their efforts why
should they not destroy their oppressors?
Answer. — This is of course the old
law of the jungle, blow against blow.
I am endeavouring to make the experiment
which I consider essentially human,
of getting rid of the law of the jungle
which is ill-suited to men.
You may not know that I am supposed
to be the chief advisor of a Labour Union
has commanded the unsolicited testimony
of many labour experts who have visited
this town. This Labour Union has
been endeavouring to enforce the method
of non-violence in connection with
conflicts concerning capital and labour
for more than fifteen years. Therefore, 
what I want to tell you is based on a real
experience, an experience which is in
the very line about which the question
has been put.
In my opinion labour can always
vindicate itself if it is sufficiently united
and self-sacrificing, no matter how oppressive
capitalists may be. I am convinced
that those who are connected with
labour and who guide it have themselves
no idea of the resources that labour
commands and that capitalism itself
will never command. If labour would
only understand and recognize that
capital is perfectly helpless without
labour, labour would immediately come
to its own.
We have unfortunately come under the
hypnotic suggestion and influence of
capital is all on the earth. But a
moment's thought would show us that
labour, labour would immediately come
to its own.
We have unfortunately come under the
hypnotic suggestion and influence of
capital, so that we have come to believe
that capital is all on the earth. But a
moment's thought would show us that
labour has as its disposal a capital that
capitalists will never possess. Ruskin
said already in his age that labour had
vital opportunities. But he spoke above
our heads. At the present moment
there is an Englishman who is nearly
making that very experiment. He is an
economist and also a capitalist himself.
But through his economic researches
he has come by experiment to the same
conclusions that Ruskin arrived at
intuitively. He has brought to labour
a vital mission, a vital message. He
says it is quite wrong to think that a
piece of metal constitutes capital. it
is also wrong to think that even so much
produce is capital. But if one goes to
the sources, it is labor that is capital.
That living capital cannot be reduced.
It is absolutely inexhaustible.
It is upon that law that we have been
working in our Union. it is upon that
law that we have been working against
the Government. It is upon that law
that we have liberated 1,070,000 enslaved
human beings from a centenarian tyranny.
I cannot tell you what that
tyranny was but those who are interested
in the problem will be to study it
more seriously.
In the English language there is a
very important word— you have it in
French too, and also in other languages,
for it exists in all languages, —a word
that has only two letters: no, the
French word is non. The secret is that
when capital wants labour to say yes,
labour, as one man, answers no. And as
soon as labour comes to recognize that
he has got the choice before him of
saying yes when he wants to say yes
and no when he wants to say no, labour
becomes master, and capital becomes
slave. And it does not make the slightest
difference even if capital disposes of
arms, machine-guns and poison gas:
capital will be helpless if labour asserts
its dignity by making good its "no".
Then labour does not need too retaliate,
its dignity by making good its "no".
Then labour does not need to retaliate,
it has just to stand defined, presenting
its breasts to receive the bullets and
poison gaz, and still insist upon its no:
victory is certain.
I will tell you why labour so often fails.
Instead of sterilizing capital as I, as a
labourer myself, have suggested labour
should do, labour wants to seize capital,
in order to become a capitalist. Therefore,
capitalism, who is entrenched in
his position and well organized, finding
in labour, people to support the cause of
capital, does not need to be anxious.
If we were not really under this hypnotic
spell every man and woman would
recognize this rock-bottom truth without
the slightest difficulty.
Having achieved success through a
series of various and long experience I
am speaking to you with some authority
when I say that what I have put before
you is not super-human but within the
craft of every labourer, man or woman.
Again you will see from further thinking
of the problem that what labour is called
upon to fo under this scheme of non-
violence is nothing more than what
Swiss soldiers are doing in one sense.
For the ordinary soldier who is armed,
from top to bottom, seeks to inflict
destruction upon his adversary but at
the same time carries his own destruction
in his pocket. I want labour to copy
the courage of the soldier's
task: the ability to inflict death and
sufferings to his adversary.
I suggest to you that a labourer who
has the courage to sacrifice himself
without the slightest hesitation and
without any arm to destroy his adversary,
shows a courage of a much higher degree
than a man who is armed from top to
toe.
This is a fascinating subject but I must
reluctantly leave it at this point and
go to the fourth question.
The fourth question is: Since disarmament
depends chiefly on the great
Powers why recommend it to a small
State like Switzerland which is neutral
and non-aggressive?
Answer. — In the first place, on this
neutral ground of yours I am speaking
to all nations of Europe and not only
to Switzerland. If you will not carry
this message to the other parts of Europe,
it is not my fault. Since Switzerland
is a neutral territory and is not
even aggressive, it does not need an army.
Through your hospitality and by
reason of your occupying this envied
position in Europe you attract people
of all the nations of the earth. Is it
not better for you to give the world a
lesson in disarmament and show the
world that you are brave enough to do
without arms?
The fifth question follows the previous
one: What is to be the civic education
of service and sacrifice if your teaching
weakens the sacred traditions of military
devotion of general conscription in order
to save our homes? The mere presence
of our Swiss army at the frontier saved
us from its horrors.
Answer. — Will the questioner forgive
me if I say that double ignorance
underlies this question?
He deplores that if you gave up the
profession of soldier you would be deprived
of the education that you receive
in civic service and sacrifice. He commits
a serious mistake when he thinks
that you will be deprived of this opportunity.
Non-violence is made of a
studd which is much stronger than militarism.
No one thinks that, because
you avoid or give up military conscription,
you are not called for a nobler
conscription of a severer type.
When I spoke to you about labour,
I have told you that labour has got to
assimilate all the noble qualities of the
soldier: endurance and defiance of one's
own death as well as self-sacrifice. It
is not suggested that when you are
going to enjoy yourselves the whole
time. On the contrary you have to
go through another kind of discipline,
a discipline which is perhaps much
more severe but is constructive instead
of destructive.
I do not mean that you will be absolved 
of the duty of saving your homes; on the
contrary women and children will be
taught, how to take part of that duty.
And again I am not talking without
experience. In the little institution I
spoke of we are teaching our women and
children how to save our institution,
because we are isolated and live in the 
midst of robbery of piracy.
Everything becomes simple and easy
as soon as you learn the lesson of giving
up your life in order to save the lives
of other people.
And lastly, is it really forgotten that
the innocence shown by a man who
has no arm to vindicate it impresses the
world much more intensely and gives a
safety much no amount of arms will ever
give.
A same ignorance underlies the second
part of the question: "the mere presence
of our Swiss army at the frontier saved
us from its horrors." I must respectfully
deny the truth of this statement.
Although Belgium had its own army at
its frontier, it was not saved from the
horrors of war. If rival armies would
have passed through Switzerland you
could not have prevented them from
doing so. Of course, you may say that
you would have given blow against
blow. But if I had time I could show
you that you could have done much
better in employing non-violence, if
rival armies had dared to pass through
Switzerland.
The sixth question is: Would it not be a
cowardice for a neutral country to let an
army pass through its territory in order
to cut the throat of a third country?
How could a neutral and disarmed
country practically prevent such a
passage? Is all this not gossip in the air
by your friends like Mr. Ceresole?
Answer. — At the risk of being considered a visionary or a fool I must answer
this question in the manner I know.
It would certainly be cowardly for a
country like that if without any ado
it allowed an army to pass through
its territory. But a moment ago I
told you that there was one thing in
common between the soldier of peace
and the soldier of war. If I had been a
citizen of Switzerland or the President
of the Federal State, what I would have
done would have been to invite every
citizen to refuse passage to these armies
by refusing all supplies, secondly by
repeating the sacrifice of Thermopylae.
You would have presented the wall of
men, women and children to those armies
who dared to cross your country and
invited them to walk over your corpses.
You may say that such a thing is
beyond human experience and beyond
human endurance. But it was not
beyond the endurance of our men and
women in India last year. We saw at
this time women standing without
retaliation, without the slightest fear
of cowardice, with their breasts forward
to receive the showers of the sticks.
Thousands of men stood firm under a
hail of bullets without any retaliation
at Peshawar. Imagine such men and
women in front of an army who will
cross a country! You may still say
that such an army would be brutal enough
as to walk over your corpses. I can then
suggest to you that you would have done
your duty, and that you would have won
a glorious victory. And the army who

would have done this once, would not be
able to repeat it.
You may, if you wish, refuse to believe
in the possibility of such courage of
masses of men and women. But you
must then admit that non-violence is
made of something very strong. It has
never been intended to be an arm for
the weak but a weapon for the stronger
men.

The seventh question is: What do you
think of the International Red Cross,
founded at Geneva sixty years ago
as a spiritual gift of Switzerland to the
world? It has saved wounded and prisoners
by the millions.

Answers. - I am ashamed to say that
I do not know the details of the history
and origin of such an admirable institution.
If it has saved wounded and prisoners
by the millions my head bows
before it. May I still suggest that this
institution ought to cease to think of 
giving relief only in time o war and 
think of saving the world from war.
If war had no relieving features, no
courage, no service behind it, it would
be a most despicable thing and not need
any speech on the part of anybody to
destroy it. But I want to present
you something nobler and superior to
war and all its branches like Red Cross
Societies. Believe me, there are many
more millions of prisoners who are the 
slaves of their own passions and different
conditions of life. And believe me also
when I say that there are millions of 
wounded by their own folly, millions of 
homes destroyed on the face of the earth. 
Therefore the non-violence societies of
to-morrow will have more work for them
when they will undertake international
service of mankind. And may Switzerland
lead the world in that branch of
service.

The eighth question is: Will you be
kind enough to give a public message
to individuals of different countries
working in international institutions 
like the League of Nations.

Answer. - I must avow that if I
have not given in the previous answers
a message sufficiently clear to the individuals working in international offices,
I do not know what I could tell them.

Ninth question. - What is the difference 
between your message and the
Christian message that we would prefer
to retain? Why do you teach the annihilation
of the individual instead of developing 
it?

Answer. - I do not profess to give
you any original message at all. My
message is as old as this earth. I do
not know that it is at all different from
the Christian message if by it you mean
the message of non-violence. I should
therefore be very sorry to discover that
you have given up the central teaching
of Christianity which is to be found in
the Sermon on the Mount. Nothing
would give me more pleasure than to see
Christians of Europe translating in their
own lives the message of Christ, as well
as in their individual as in their collective 
life. 
The second part of the question
betrays ignorance. Shall I answer it
in Biblical language? It says that
"you cannot save yourself without 
losing yourself".

***

I thank you very much for having
given me your attention. I hope that
this contact between you (who represent
different nationalities) and me (representing
only India) will not end to-day but
will grow from day to day.

Edmond Privat:

I am going to ask the audience not to 
leave the hall until Mr. Ceresole comes 
back again and we know that the
Mahatma has left in his automobile;
this because at previous meetings, there
have been unfortunate incidents in every
town, all due to the curiosity of the
crowd and the bare feet of a poor old 
man.

Camille Drevet:

During these two minutes that you
are still in the hall, I would like to take
the opportunity of saying that we, in 
our office, were very sorry not to be able 
to satisfy the desire of all those who
wished to come to this meeting. Please 
make our excuses to those friends. In 
less than three days we had to organise
this meeting and we gave out the tickets
as fast as requests came in. We did our
best to please everyone.
I would also like to say that this 
meeting, as you can imagine, has been a 
heavy financial burden, and we hope
that, as you go out, you will not only
seek out those who will be taking up the 
collection, but give generously.
I scarcely need remind you that our
Women's International League has been
deeply honoured in organising this
meeting. We here in this hall are not all
people with the same opinions on the 
questions of peace and disarmament.
I wish that all pacifists here might realise
that, in spite of some differences, we
all have something in common; and that
we might feel conscious of this unifying
force in order to work better in future.
It must not be thought that, because
people talk a great deal about peace and 
because many institutions devote themselves
to the question, the work is made
easier. You know very well that, on the 
contrary, as the time of the Disarmament
Conference draws nearer, the opposing
camps take a more definite stand
against each other: the camp of those
who wish disarmament and the camp of
those who do not. The work of pacifists 
is very hard at present. I would ask
all those who are conscious of their
duty, to work with us, -or with other
organisations, that is of little importance;
the important thing is that
pacifists should somehow combine forces,
for the coming months will see a stubborn
and difficult struggle. 
-
Humanity, torn asunder by five years
of war, is on the brink of wars still more 
monstrous where millions of young lives
and all the hopes of the future would be
irremediably engulfed.
If women do not fight to the last
breath against the approaching scourge,
the blood of their sons be on their own
heads. They will have been accomplices
in the massacre which they had not the
energy to prevent.
Romain Rolland.
-
Read
Mahatma Gandhi
by 
Romain Rolland
-
True politics should take no step
without first paying homage to morals 
The States must form a peace alliance
different from all peace treaties in that
it would put an end to all wars, whereas
the peace treaties put an end to only
one.
Kant.

GANDHI with Romain Rolland

After the meeting Gandhi returned to 
Villeneuve.

Ever since December 10th we have
had many telephone calls and letters and
have seen many people who were deeply
moved by the meeting. Radical pacifists
are very grateful that in spite of
material distress and great anxieties,
Gandhi came here and gave expression,
with simplicity and strength, to his
faith in non-violence. All those, to
whom Gandhi's presence brought conviction
of the strength of spiritual 
forces, have renewed courage and faith
for the struggle which is daily growing
harder. The curiosity seekers, sceptical
and ironic, were doubtless more impressed
than they would admit. People are
now continually asking each other:
"Were you at the Gandhi meeting?"
and, in discussing it, everyone must
take some position, state some belief.
Naturally, advocates of military force are
not satisfied. But, since December 10th,
we have found new friends and strengthened 
the bonds with old ones. We are
very, very grateful to Madeleine and
Romain Rolland and to Edmond Privat
for conferring on us the honour of organising
the meeting for Gandhi in Geneva.
December 10th will remain for us an
unforgettable day.
-
As I Saw Gandhi in India
It was on a Sunday afternoon in the
winter of 1928. Gandhi was to dedicate
a village outside Calcutta to home-weaving.
It was a gala day. Not only
was the whole village to give itself over
to the philosophy of the spinning wheel,
but the head of the village also,-a well
known physician-was to dedicate his
life to the task of wiping out malaria.
The All Indian Congress has completed
its sessions and Gandhi on the return
journey to the Ashram had stopped
over for one day in Calcutta.
I had come up from Ceylon on a five
days chance of meeting Mr. Gandhi,
and my first day in Madras unexpectedly
opened the way. Through his very
kind publishers, with whom I spent 
several hours, I not only was put in 
living touch with his basic philosophy
and his political methods but was shown
the way to find him two days later in
Calcutta. When I left they, they filled
my arms with Gandhi's writings and
these proved an open sesame to many
friendships on the train going from one
city to the other. As an admirer of
Gandhi I was welcomed eagerly by both
Mohammedans, Hindoos and English
speaking missionaries.
The village consisted of perhaps two
thousand souls. They were all there,
crowded into a long open space surrounded 
by houses. The ground was partitioned
off into squares reserved for
different groups. The municipal officials
would sit cross-legged in one square,
the women in another and so on through
all the various categories that go to make
up a community. Presently the crowd
parted and Gandhi came to a small
platform elevated perhaps a foot above
the ground. Seated on this, with Mrs.
Gandhi and other men and women beside 
him,he removed at once the lay-of flower
wreath-which custom placed about
his neck.
His eyes were alight, his face
smiling. His personality permeated the
crowd. When he spoke it was in simple
words of his own language in a conversational
tone. There was no oratory.
The ceremonies over, he talked with
me for a short period and answered the
question which was uppermost in America
at the time. Did his nationalistic program
repudiate internationalism? I cannot
quote him exactly but he gave me the
certainty that his work concentrated in
one small portion of the globe would
contribute to world solidarity because it
was sound ethically and politically.
He seemed to me both a great spiritual
leader and a world statesman.
Amy Woods.

The Union of the Peoples
To-day, when the League of Nations is
facing very grave problems and its effectiveness
is being questioned, it is of
interest to read the following text : 
"The perfect system for the Rights of
Men, would be to constitute an international
association. All the States which
became members, would send delegates
chosen from among the most virtuous and
capable citizens.
"The aim of the Great Union would be
first off all, the application of good will and
concord among the States.
"The Union would arrange that natural
resources should not remain buried underground
and should not be exploited solely
for the profit of the proprietor State, but
in the interests of everyone (given the 
consent of the proprietor State).
"The Union would so arrange, that a 
State, especially privileged by nature
(that is with a large population) should
not profit from its strength (its manual
labourers).
"The Union would see that the scope
of charity was widened and that it was
applied not only to its own nationals,
whom every State must care for, but to 
all persons with distinction. It would
arrange that every man should have the
wherewithal to live.
"It would arrange that old people be
assured of the necessities of life until the 
end of their days, that every adult find
employment, that every child be assured
of proper opportunity for development."
This text was quoted by Louis Le Fur
and Georges Chklaver in the "Recueil de
textes de driot international public",
Librairie Dalloz, Paris 1928.
It is not modern. It is taken from the 
old and venerable Chinese philosopher
Confucius and has particular interest
to-day in view of recent events.
-

Gandhi at Villeneuve

Madeleine Rolland

Gandhi has come. He is seated in
the little room on the second floor, where
the light comes in through three windows,
rather grey and dull these days of fog
and rain, but sometimes splendid and
warm.  He is seated, legs crossed, on a 
rug, back braced against the low bed.
Any of the friends may come in; he 
writes; raises his head and smiles, he
replies briefly to questions, his piercing 
eyes let nothing escape; or else he weaves,
turning with his delicate fingers the
silent wheels of his travelling charka,
a spinning wheel which can be folded into
a light valise, which he thoughts out and 
perfected, during his moths of imprisonment,
before having it made by a worker 
at his Ashram.  He also receives friends
during his scanty meal: goat's milk,
fruit, raw vegetables. Not one wasted
moment.  His big metal watch is always 
there, at his belt or beside him on the
ground, to recall the flight of time.
Incessant but never feverish activity.
One feels that this man, who is at the 
same time so firm and so fragile, has
been able to accumulate an extraordinary
reserve of strength, through long physical
and moral training.  Remember that 
he has just passed through two months
of trials, discussions, crushing fatigue in
England where the sessions of the Round
Table Conference did not prevent his
getting into touch with the people of the
suburbs of London, with workers and
employers in Lancashire, students and 
professors at Oxford and Cambridge,
young Indian Communists exiled from
their country, not to speak of innumerable
groups eager to talk with him of the
distressing problems of the Empire and
the World; and he there won over a 
portion of the public whose help will be
most valuable to him when the battle
begins again in India.  And yet, after
a few hours i Villeneuve, his face is
quiet and smiling.  At dawn his thin,
naked legs stride along the paths of the
parc du Byron and the streets of Villenueve
at a pace which winds his companions.
      Every morning, except that of the 
Geneva meetings, he crosses the few
yards of garden that separate him from
the Villa Olga to come and talk long and 
affectionately with Romain Rolland.
They discuss social and spiritual questions
with entire ffankness.  Doubtless there
will be echos of those conversations later
on.  I translate inielegantly but as faithfully
as possible.  His two secretaries are
there, silent, taking notes, two cultivated
young men with open minds, always
anxious to learn, who sacrificed their
future and social position to follow the
cause of Bapu (father), who have suffered
with him, been imprisoned, gone on 
hunger strike, and who, at present, 
tranquilly envisage the moment when
once again in jail, they will have the
right to rest and to plunge again into the
study of European languages.
      Then Gandhi returns to the visitors
who are waiting for him at Villa Lionette.
They are of every age, class and 
nationality.  Some have come simply
out of curiosity, but most of them are
actuated by an intense desire to see,
touch, hear this man who is unique
in our time, who scrupulously practices
what he believes and draws millions
into the path of non-violence.  I see,
hidden in a corner, a young German
artist who devores him with his eyes
before beginning a sketch, and in another
corner, a Japanese sculptor with a shock
of black hair, kneading a lump of clay
into a rough coast of the Mahatma's
head.
     Some children arrive with flowers,
children of working men and rich men ;
Gandhi welcomes them with joy and lets
himself be photographed in their midst.
Then comes a band of school children
from Villeneuve, like gay little sparrows,
to sing Swiss songs under his windows.
In the evening a ,en's choir from Villeneuve 
makes the wall resounds with the
pastoral harmonies of the Ranz des 
vaches -- (song of the Swiss cowherds) --
Gandhi's son and disciples are naïvely
convinced that this song, which moves
them, can only have been sung by
Gopalas (cowherds). I hope the gentlemen 
of Villeneuve would pardon them,
if they knew that the divine Krishna was
himself a cowherd! There were several 
touching incidents as, for instance, 
when a humble woman gave Gandhi an
envelope containing five francs with a 
note : "For the poor Indian women,
from a Swiss working woman".
     One afternoon, the only one when he
had no engagements in Lausanne or
Geneva, Gandhi was able to fulfil a 
wish that was very dear to his heart.
He went by car to Sepey to see an old
woman whom Mira had known when she
was still Miss Slade. This old woman of
81, still goes on spinning and weaving
in her little Alpine chalet. Gandhi
surprised her in the midst of her work.
As delighted as he, and not at all embarrassed,
she took him into a low room
which was bed-room, kitchen and studio;
she showed him with pride, her spinning
and made him sit beside her on a low 
bench while she showed him how to use
the spinning wheel. It had been a 
long time since Gandhi had had such 
pleasure; her way of working was almost
the same as that of the poor villagers in
India. But time went quickly; before 
leaving, Gandhi wanted to see the stable
next door to the room where two shining
cows were chewing their cud alongside of 
two well-fed goats. Gandhi was so happy!
     From there it was only a short way
to Leysin where Gandhi said a few words
of encouragement to the students at the
International University Sanatorium, and
then he came back to Villeneuve to go
on with his conversations with Romain
Rolland and to see new visitors.
     Every evening, at seven o'clock,
Gandhi keeps fifteen or twenty minutes 
for prayers. (I cannot speak, and for a 
good reason, of his prayer before dawn).
He says his prayer either in his own room 
or in the living-room of the villa Olga.
Everyone who wishes to, may come, 
whatever his religion may be or even if 
he have none, on condition that he remain 
in contemplation and silence. Did
not Gandhi say in his meeting at Lausanne
(and how many other times in 
writing!) that for him Truth is God, and 
that an Atheist who honors Truth is 
well worth a faithful worshipper of God.
     Silence falls. In the darkness a 
psalm is sung, much like those in our 
Catholic churches, a reading in Sanscrit
of verses from the sacred Hindu book,
the Bhagavad Gita; then, after a silence, 
a masculine voice takes up a traditional 
or folk hymn, whose free rythm and
modulation are reminiscent of old Gregorian
melodies. There is another silence
and then the grave, pure voice 
of Mira sings in litany some of the
innumerable divine names.
     Gandhi and his followers retire, but
he goes on, with inexhaustible patience,
receiving pilgrims who come to him
as children to their father; or else he
stays up late re-reading, with his secretaries,
notes which will be sent by
airplane to Young India, the weekly
paper on non-violence in India.
On the 11th of December, the crowd 
is gathered at the Villeneuve station.
Gandhi is leaving; he is going to cross
Italy, stop 24 hours at Rome with one
of our friends, and on the 14th, take 
the steamer at Brindisi for Bombay.
Some people are alarmed at the thought


that in Rome he will doubtless meet the
Dictator. But for those who have heard 
him categorically declare his opposition 
to dictatorship and to any State based
on violence, this gesture is not disquieting.
Gandhi wants to meet face to face even 
the men whose opinions and systems of 
government he abhors. His burning 
faith as a prophet convinces him of the 
power of a single sincere word, victor over
duplicity; and, in any case, we know 
that neither fear nor falsehood can live
in his heart.
     The crowd surrounds him, we call 
"farewell" to him, and our thoughts 
turn towards India, whence may come 
the salvation of the world. Several
times, these last days, he repeated to us:
"I can only help Europe through the 
liberation of India. For Europe, which
is sceptical and materialistic, has need
of concrete examples. May non-violence
set India free and then the peaceful
world revolution will be assured."
Madeleine Rolland.
     
Disarmament Conference 
at Paris

   During the Disarmament Congress, organised
in Paris by Lord Cecil, a few
members of the W.I.L.P.F. were given
the floor.  Mcme. Duchene presented the
following declaration which did not
appear in the report of the Congress in
"Europe Nouvelle":
   "We welcomed with pleasure Lord
Cecil's initiative in organising a conference
which, we were assured, would 
allow the peoples of the world to give
expression to their desire for 
disarmament.
   "It was, therefore, with some surprise
that we followed the development of
this Conference, that we saw the choice
of Commission members and speakers
left to a small committee, and realized
that the latter were almost exclusively of
official character.
   "Can the wishes of the peoples be
expressed by such men?  No!
   "The peoples desire Peace unhampered
by the dangerous subtleties of politicians.
   "The Women's International League
for Peace and Freedom has sounded
public opinion through its world petition
for total and universal disarmament and
has become aware of the unanimous
sentiment of the masses in all countries
on the question.
   "The common people begin to feel the
contradiction between the statesmen's
beautiful assurances of their will to
Peace and their deeds.
   "If the Conference of February 1932
does not satisfy the deep longings of the
peoples, there will be resultant sharp
discontent among the masses, an extreme
disappointment whose consequences cannot
be estimated.  
   "We women of the W.I.L.P.F., who
joined together in 1915 in the turmoil of
war, in a unanimous protest against the
stupidity and horror of war, with the firm
intention to do everything in our power
to prevent the repetition of such a 
catastrophe;
   "Who devoted ourselves to defence of
Peace and to insistence on total and
university disarmament without waiting
for Peace to become popular;
   "Believe that those who call themselves
'pacificists' can make no reservations
with regard to Disarmament.
   "We are convinced that the present
policy in armaments, is leading all States
to their ruin without assuring their
security;  that this policy makes a new
conflict inevitable;  that any future war
will be a war of extermination.
   "We demand University and Total
Disarmament, but not being so naive
as to believe that the Conference of 1932
will bring it about, we ask our governments
to give their delegates to the
coming Disarmament Conference formal
instructions regarding immediate study
and discussion of disarmament proposals
--existing and to come--no matter
what their origin, and regarding the
adoption of practical measures tending
to bring disarmament rapidly into being.
   "We believe that Disarmament cannot
be the work of military men, manufacturers
of destructive machines and munitions.
   "We remember the Shearer case and
we declare that the Disarmament Conference
can have positive results only if
certain guarantees are given.
   "We therefor ask:
   "1.  That all persons--directly or indirectly
--interested in the maintenance of
armaments be rigorously exclused from
the national delegations,
   "2.  That the national delegations contain
representatives of pacifist bodies in
each country, including women."
   The Congress unfortunately showed us
that the words "peace" and "disarmament"
are capable of very different interpretations,
from that of "security first"
to that of radical pacifism, represented
by a small minority.
   At the Trocadero meeting, Miss Dingham
presented a declaration in the name
of the Women's Disarmament Committee,
but it, like others, could not be heard
in the fracas let loose by the nationalist
opposition.

Pax sends greetings
for 1932 to all its friends

   Pax will not reach you until after the
Christmas and New Year holidays, but I
nevertheless want to send you greetings
from Headquarters.
   May the clouds of hatred, rivalry and
danger which darken the world be dispersed
and humanity blaze a new trail.  May
all those who long for that new trail have
courage to fight through the troublous
times.  May Pax be a true bond between
us, a faithful friend who brings encouragement
and prevents any sense of loneliness.
Editor.

   January Pax, 16 pages on sale at
Headquarters, 50 Swiss centimes a single
copy, 9 swiss francs for 20 copies, 23 Swiss
francs for 50 copies, 45 Swiss francs for
100 copies.
   The next number will appear late in
February.

Received for Propaganda
and for Pax:
Geneva Group (propaganda) . . . . .Fr. 125
Italian group (propaganda) . . . . . .  "    25

Messae
from Charles Gide
   I do not think that much can be expected
of disarmament in the form of limitation
of armaments.  As it would only
be proportional, the respective strength
of the countries would be unchanged.
Tax payers would feel their burden
lightened, but peace would gain nothing.
   The only effective disarmament would
be disarmament of the press.  If it
would call an armistice of false news and
perfidious insinuations, the principal
causes of war would be dispelled.  Falehood
creates war.  The reign of truth
would be the reign of peace.





The League and the Manchurian Question
   Our relations with our friends in China
and Japan remain very close.
   The Anti-Opium Society of China has 
written expressing its sympathy for our
work. Friends from different Chinese
cities have appealed to us. A telegram
was sent by different organisations to
Geneva protesting against the situation
and demanding that all measures be
taken for the preservation of justice and
peace in China: not only the withdrawal
of the troops but also abolition of unequal
treaties.
   Since China was considered sufficiently
mature to take her place at the Council
of the League of Nations, it is rather
astonishing to see the efforts made in
different countries to persuade people
that China has not come of age and has
constant need of intervention by other
powers. That is not our understanding
of the relations between countries. We
know how acute the situation is in China
and we admire our friends who remain
true to their ideals. Various Chinese
organisations are trying to maintain
peace at all costs.
   From Japan comes a new letter from
the Woman's Peace Society expressing
their desire to work for peace. We
know that the task of real pacifists is
very hard in such circumstances but
some of the letters we receive are bitter 
disappointments.
                              *
                           *     *
   As for our League, some Sections
have tried to take action in combatting
present events. The December Pax
told of the work of some sections. Since
then, the Swedish Section joined with
16 other organisations in approaching
the Chinese and Japanese Embassies.
   The United States Section sent the
following letter to President Hoover on
November 24th:
   "Officers and member of the Women's
International League are appealing to
you in the deepest apprehension concerning
the Manchurian conflict. Day by
day we have waited for some strong
public message from our Government
to Japan. Fully conscious, Mr. President,
of your devotion to the cause of
Peace, we have felt confident that our
Government would move wisely and
promptly in this situation, which is
jeopardizing the peace of the world,
We understand that in times of great
crisis the people cannot always be told
of every step while negotiations are
pending, so we have waited in patience
for seven weeks. We feel, however,
that the time has now come when the
American people should be reassured as
to your endeavours.
   "We were pleased when you asked our
American representative to sit with the
Council; we hope you will continue to
cooperate with the League.
   "In spite of the serious crisis which
Japan has created in the Far East, it is
our conviction that failure on the part
of the United States formally to invoke
the Kellogg Treaty or the Nine-Power
Pact may be of even more serious
consequence. Japan by an aggressive
act may break a treaty, but she cannot
destroy it. Is it not possible that our
failure to use either of the pacts may
be the very process by which they could
be destroyed? We therefore beg you
to definitely and formally invoke one or
both of these treaties by declaring Japan
an outlaw nation and by asking the
Congress in your annual message to lay
an embargo on the shipment of arms to
Japan, as is now the case with China.
We further trust that you will disapprove
all loans at this time to the warring
countries. Before it is too late, Mr.
President, we appeal to you to make
public all official communications, so
that public opinion will have full opportunity
to lend its powerful support in
behalf of Peace to those to whom the
sovereign people of this country have
entrusted this power.
   "We hope it is unnecessary to assure
you of our sympathy and our understanding
appreciation of the stupendous
problems which you are called upon to
solve."
                         Respectfully yours,
                       Hannah Clothier Hull,
                 Chairman of the National Board.
                            Dorothy Detzer,
                         Executive Secretary.
   The British Section held a large public
meeting on Manchuria on December
4th, addressed by Mr. P. J. Noel-Baker
and Mr. Kingsley Martin, editor of a
left wing weekly. A strong resolution 
was passed and sent to the Government

Governments and Propaganda against War
   Our Section in Tunis informs us that
the Tunisian Government has just added
to its decrees concerning the Press, the
following article:
   "Any Act of provocation, by the
methods set forth in Art. 23, which tends
to prevent men in the Army and Navy
from performing their military duties
or from obeying orders of their superiors
pertaining to military laws and regulations,
or which seeks to draw young
men away from fulfilling their military
obligations, who have not yet been called
to the colours but who will be required
under military laws to serve, is punishable
by imprisonment of from 2 to 5 years
and by a fine of 100 to 3000 francs."
   The Tunisian Section passed the
following resolution:
   "The Tunisian Section of the
W.I.L.P.F.,
   "Having taken note of the additive
to the decrees concerning the press, which
with the evident object of hindering
militant pacifism and work for disarmament,
tends to punish heavily so-called 
anti-militarist propaganda,
   "Considering that many States, including
France, have signed a solemn
pact for the renunciation and out-lawry
of war,
   "Considering it to be shameful that
this act menaces with legal sanctions
those who are trying to put the Briand-Kellogg
Pact into execution, and to
prevent governments from repudiating
their signatures,
   "Makes energetic protest against this
new legislation and decides to inform
international organisors and the League
of Nations of it.
   "This resolution has been sent to the
Resident General Minister in Tunis,
to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, to
the Executive Committee of the
W.I.L.P.F. and to the League of
Nations."
   At the request of our Section, I am
sending these documents to the Secretariat
of the League of Nations.
   I want to draw the attention of pacifists
to the importance of such decrees
at the present time, when advocates of
the old military system and believers in
disarmament are, in all countries, coming
into conflict with each other.     C. D.

and to the delegates in Paris. The
Section sent telegrams to Briand and
Lord Cecil.
   Two steps seemed to us particularly
important in any action on the Manchurian
question: action concerning the
press and concerning traffic in arms and
munitions. Everyone knows that these
two powers, the press and international
war industries, are closely related. We
approached the Council of the League
of Nations and sent the following letter
to each member of the Council:
                     
                           Geneva, November 7, 1931.
Your Excellency,
   Several members of the W.I.L.P.F.,
delegated by their National Sections
to the Preparatory Disarmament Conference,
wish to express to you the anxiety
that a large number of newspapers in
many countries has caused them.
   The attitude of a certain part of the
press on the Sino-Japanese conflict,
clearly shows the power of war industries
and groups of financiers whose interests
lie in aggravating conflicts between
nations. A part of the press, which is
in the pay of these groups, has succeeded,
by means of highly coloured accounts,
false news and deliberate silence on some
points, in misleading the public by
discrediting one of the countries involved
in the conflict for the benefit of the 
other.
   Our League, which sent a mission to
China and Japan in 1928, takes a special
interest in the way in which events in
the Far East are presented in the press.
   We consider that press campaigns, by
perverting public opinion, open the way
to dangers of all kinds. They give rise
to a danger of public opinion's accepting
further extension of the conflict through
intervention of foreign powers, since it
would consider such intervention justified.
   Since you represent one of the States,
Member of the League of Nations, and
whose duty it therefore is to maintain
peace, we urge you to use your influence
in your country to bring about cessation
of such biased and dangerous press 
campaigns.
   Great harm has been done. He who
does not fight the evil, shares responsibility
for its possible consequences.
   I am, etc.         C. Drevet,
                    International Secretary,
             member of the W.I.L.P.F. mission
                       to China and Japan.

   We are quite aware that the first thing
to do is to get at the root of the campaigns
of the "Bloody International" of industrialists 
and financiers interested in
war. The German Section sent a letter
to its Government demanding that a
stop be put to the traffic in arms and
munitions to the Far East (see December
Pax). It is necessary that similar
action be taken in industrial countries.
No one can be uninterested in this
international question. No one should
avoid the elementary duty of a pacifist:
stop war where it exists, demand that the
press stop inciting to war, demand that
the governments which have signed conventions
outlawing war open their eyes
to manufacture and traffic in all articles
of warfare.
   Events in Manchuria show the necessity
of action against traffic in arms and
materials of warfare.
   The Council of the League of Nations
is to meet on January 25th in Geneva.
We do not know what the situation will
then be but our Sections should follow
events closely and we in Geneva, must
take whatever action the circumstances
demand.
                                                     C. D.

                                                      [T??ltz '28]
In our work of disarmament, let us not forget economic
and social conditions. Let us not forget that in all the
countries of the world, there are millions of men, women
and children who lack bread.



News of the Sections

   Frida Perlen and Gabrielle Duchene
have been on a lecture tour in Germany,
getting signatures to the disarmament
petition and working for reconciliation
between France and Germany. They
spoke to crowded meetings in Stuttgart,
Bruchsal, Karlsruhe, Alsheim in Rheinhessen--
a meeting attended by six
hundred men and women peasants--,
the University of Bonn, Dortmund,
Coblenz and Bielefeld. Everywhere
there was great interest, sometimes
lively discussion; most of the meetings
were organised by groups of the W. I. L.

   Our Austrian Section has sent us a
most interesting document on pacifist
education in Austria which space unfortunately
does not permit us to publish
here. We would advise our Sections
to put themselves in touch  with our
Austrian friends and get acquainted
with the important pacifist work being
done among Austrian young people.

   The Canadian Section ash 350,000
signatures to the disarmament petition
and expects to reach a total of over 
500,000.
   Agnes MacPhail spent the month of
November on a lecture tour which carried 
her across the Continent. She spoke 
on disarmament at 45 meetings. The
tour was arranged by the Associated 
Canadian Clubs, open meetings were
held in most towns, attended by all
groups of the community, and, at various
places, Miss MacPhail spoke to High
School students.
   The Toronto Group voted a resolution
urging the Government to select Canadian
Representatives to the Disarmament
Conference for their interest in and
understanding of the problems involved.
The resolution suggested as delegates,
among others, Agnes MacPhail and
J. S. Woodsworth, whose wife is an
active W. I. L. member and he himself
stands staunchly for peace in the Canadian
Parliament.

   The Caravan of the United States
Section travelled nearly 9,000 miles,
covering 25 States and holding meetings
in 125 cities. It crossed territory where
the W. I. L. had never been before.
One result, quite apart from the signatures,
is that it will be possible to organise
new W. I. L. groups in various sections
and a great part of hitherto unexplored
country will be opened up for peace
work.

   In Great Britain the Indian Sub-Committee
and the Women's Consultative
Council on Indian questions continue
to work for Self-government in India.
They are now much occupied with the
recent repressive Bengal Ordinance on
which a resolution was passed.
   The British Executive passed the
following resolution on Polish Ukraine:
   "The Executive Committee of the
W. I. L. has learned with regret that
there has been no improvement during
the past year in the situation in East
Galicia and that the influence of the
constitutional movement among the
Ukrainians is undermined by the long
delay in settling their legitimate grievances.
   "It urges His Majesty's Government,
in the interests of both parties to the
dispute and of the peace of Europe, to do
its utmost at the January Council to
secure without further delay a just settlement
of the complaints made by the
Ukrainians of infractions of the Minority
Treaties and to ask for a further inquiry
into the causes of friction between the
Poles and the Ukrainians."

   The Irish Section has voted a resolution
protesting against the Act lately passed
in Ireland which abolishes trial by jury
in political cases and gives increased
power to the police. Under this Act,
political cases, from the most serious
crime down to the least case of "sedition"
(such as being in possession of a leaflet
issued by a Republican or Communist
society) are tried before a military tribunal
consisting of three army officer,
which has power to inflict the death
penalty at its discretion, and from which
there is no appeal.

   The Czecho-Slovak Section is carrying
on active regular work. The Commissions
meet weekly. Several meetings
have been held this fall and others are
in view. The Section cooperates with
5 4 other organisations in a peace cartel
which it presides. Work for the disarmament
petition has brought in 60,540
signatures up to date. The recent
Annual Assembly voted resolutions on
Stateless Persons, on economic questions
and against militarist education which
were sent to the National Council. The
Section has worked in favour of Stateless
Persons, the Ukrainians in East Galicia
and the Armaments Truce.
   The German Grooup in Czecho-Slavakia
has also been working hard and has
contributed 12,000 signatures to the
Czech total. A meeting, a short time
ago, addressed by Dr. Herbert Cysarz
on "Schiller and the Problem of Morality
in Europe", was most successful, also
financially.

               International W.I.L.P.F.
            Petition for Universal and
                 Total Disarmament
   MORE THAN THREE MILLION SIGNATURES.
   LET'S GO FOR THE FOURTH MILLION!
   Send your petitions to the Geneva
office by January 15th
                Disarmament Petition
              on December 15th, 1931
Country                Number of             Number of
                             Inhabitants             signatures
Australia.  .  .  .  .           6   millions      72,000
Austria   .  .  .  .  .           7        "            10,545
Belgium .  .  .  .  .           8        "              1,472
Bulgaria .  .  .  .  .           5        "             13,000
Canada  .  .  .  .  .           9        "           350,000
Czecho-Slovakia.        14        "             87,143
Denmark     .  .  .           3.5     "             50,000
Finland   .  .  .  .             3.6     "             26,000
France    .  .  .  .            40       "!            50,653
Germany.  .  .  .            62       "            100,000
Great Britain   .            44       "         1,575,349
Holland  .  .  .  .              8       "              35,000
Hungary    .  .  .                                        4,720
Ireland    .  .  .  .              3        "               8,020
New Zealand.  .              1.5     "             30,000
Norway   .  .  .  .              3        "             45,108
Palestine    .  .  .                    887,000        2,000
Poland     .  .  .  .            29   millions       10,000
South Africa  .  .              8        "               5,872
Sweden    .  .  .  .              6        "           100,000
Switzerland    .  .              4        "           311,000
Tunis      .  .  .  .  .                                        1,039
United States  .  .          118       "           150,000
Albania, Argentine, Ceylon,
   China, Cuba, Egypt,
   Esthonia, India, Italy,
   Jamaica, Japan, Latvia,
   Lithuania, Madagascar,
   Mexico, Morocco, Portugal,
   Roumania, Spain
   Syria, Tasmania, Uraguay                         2,230
                                                              ___________
45 countries .  .  .  .  .  .     Total              3,044,280

                        Books received
Le fils de l'etranger. --- E. Romelly.
L'enseignement do l'histoire.   ---   J. L.
   Claparede.
Leon Bourgeois.  --- Hamburger.
Pour supprimer ce crime: la guerre.  ---
   H. Demont.

Propaganda leaflet:
The Question of the Day: Disarmament.
   1 d.
La Question du jour: Desarmement.
   0.30 (French).

   Order from the Geneva Office.

Jane ADDAMS in Japan

Conference on Scientific Warfare and the
Problem of Disarmament
   The Conference on Scientific Warfare and
the Problem of Disarmament which was to
be held at the Athence, Geneva, on January
28th and 29th has been postponed.
   A public meeting will however be held
on the 29th at 8.30 p.m. in the Salle
Communale de Plainpalais. The speakers
will try to convince the public that a
country's true security does not reside in
armaments.
   The date of the Conference will be
announced later. Several of the speakers
could not come to Geneva at the end of 
January.

Around the World

FOR NEWS OF THE WORK OF THE:
   German Section read DIE FRAU
       IM STAAT, edited by Dr. Anita
      Augspurg and Lida Gustava Heymann
       [K???????]
                    
                        INDIA
[??????????????????]stituent Annual Con?]

another for the common welfare of the
country."

                 Latest News Items

   We hear from Tunis that a demonstration
on Manchuria was organised together
with the Combattants republicains and
the Socialist Party.
   We have good news from Prague on the
work of the German Group: 16,000
signatures to the German petition.
   The meeting in London on Manchuria
and on the question of the export of
arms made a deep impression on English
public opinion.
   Our San Francisco Group has recently



Opium
In the Far East

The Conference at Bangkok


The Conference called at Bangkok by 
the League of Nations ended on November
27, 1931.
The countries which took part (Great 
Britain, France, India, Burma, Japan,
Holland, Portugal and Siam) have interests 
in the sale of opium.
It was expected that the Conference
would set a definitive date for them gradual

-
FOR AN OBJECTIVE SURVEY OF OFFICIAL
AND UNOFFICIAL DISARMAMENT ACTIVITIES
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD DURING THE 
DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE
read
DISARMAMENT
A by-monthly review
Subscription : 9 francs Swiss for 18 issues
Disarmament Information Comitttee
31 Quai du Mont-Blanc - Geneva, Switzerland
--

reduction, leading to suppression, of 
opium in the Far East. The observor 
for the United States made an appeal 
that this should be done, but it was in 
vain.
The four decisions of the Conference 
on retail trade and on minors, do nothing 
to check the evil.
It must not be forgotten that opium 
is one of the principal sources of revenue 
for colonial governments in the Far
East. Between 1919 and 1928 opium 
brought in 336,078 florins in the Dutch 
East Indies and 110,367 dollars in French
Indochina. Similarly elsewhere.
Another reason against prohibition
of opium, was set forth by the Portuguese 
Government : The workers are 
used to opium and its suppression would
have a disastrous effect on economic 
conditions !
This is the way in which the grave 
opium problem was considered and 
millions of workers in the Far East will 
continue to be the victims of drugs;
victims whose moral and physical breakdown 
is a source of government revenue.

W. I. L. P. F. International 
Petition for Universal
Disarmament.

Switzerland has finished its campaign 
for signatures with a grand total of
311,000. The population is less than 
four millions. One out of every eleven 
persons in Switzerland signed the petition. 

Our petition has been published in the 
last number of "Peacewards", organ 
of Australian peace societies and it has 
appeared in the "Revue chrétienne des 
femmes" of Rio-de-Janeiro.

-
LE COULTRE TRAVEL AGENCY
24, GRAND QUAI, GENEVA.
TICKETS IN ALL CLASSES FOR ALL
COUNTRIES AT OFFICIAL RATES 
OCEAN PASSAGE
BAGGAGE EXPRESSED 
FURNITURE MOVED 
INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
--





PAX INTERNATIONAL
MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE
FREEDOM

From Monitor : February 25, 1933 

TWELVE GREATEST WOMEN LEADERS IN THE U.S. IN THE LAST 
ONE HUNDRED YEARS


An open poll to determine the 12 greatest women leaders in the 
United States during the last 100 years was taken recently by 
the National Council of Women and the Ladies' Home Journal, for the 
Hall of Fame at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition. The 
names placed on this roll of honor in the order of votes received 
were:

    Mary Baker Eddy
    Jane Addams
    Clara Barton

    Frances E. Willard

    Susan B. Anthony

    Helen Keller

    Harriet Beecher Stowe

Julia Ward Howe

    Carrie Chapman Catt

    Amelia Earhart Putnam

    Mary Lyon

    Mary E.Woolley



MODERN HEROINE SERIES

HEROINES OF MODERN PROGRESS. By ELMER C.   [*12mo Illustrated $1 .50 net*]
ADAMS and WARREN DUNHAM FOSTER.

This volume contains biographies that represent the best feminine effort 
and achievement of the century-genuine biographies, studies of personalities in 
action, and in their social and historic setting, showing how a group of remarkable 
women accomplished great tasks, and how these tasks reacted upon them 
as women. The mere rhapsodies and heaped-up adjectives, common in biographies 
of the kind, are abjured in favor of vital and faithful presentation. The 
need of such a book was brought to the attention of the authors by teachers, 
librarians, managers of reading circles, and others. It is designed especially for the 
young woman of from twelve to thirty. The volume includes the lives, among 
others, of Harriet Beecher Stowe, Clara Barton, Florence Nightingale, Elizabeth 
Fry, Mary Lyon, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Frances Willard and Jane Addams.

(Forthcoming volumes in this series are: "Heroines of Modern Education,"
"Heroines of Modern Professions," "Heroines of Modern Industry," and "Heroines of 
Modern Drama.")

-

PUBLISHED BY STURGIS & WALTON COMPANY NEW YORK
5
-

good stories of various types to tell are brought together in this volume.
Story-telling at home and in school is a movement that is growing with
astonishing rapidity, and calls for help in this field are constant.  In response,
comes this practical book, simple and direct in manner, informed with a spirit
of broad culture and fine taste, and rooted in the experiences of experts and
veterans in the story-telling field.  Part I is concerned with the origins and
ways of telling stories.  Part II contains the stories themselves.

SLEEP AND THE RESTLESS:  Simple Rules for Overcoming
Insomnia.  By JOSEPH COLLINS, M.D., Physician to the
Neurological Institute of New York, Author of "Genesis and Dissolution of the
Faculty of Speech," etc.

This practical boo, by a distinguished nerve specialist, aims to tell sleepless
people just what should be done in the way of diet, exercise, baths,
dress, diversion, and indeed the whole daily regimen, to capture sleep.  It
recommends what each can do for himself, without the aid of nurse or doctor,
to cure insomnia.

6   PUBLISHED BY STURGIS & WALTON COMPANY NEW YORK

12mo
$1.00 net

JANE ADDAMS

PAPERS IN MAUD WOOD PARK WOMAN'S RIGHTS
COLLECTION, RADCLIFFE COLLEGE

Picture in World's Work Article in Carrie Chapman Catt box

Nov. 26, 1912 - Clipping from Pennsylvania North American, "Jane
  Addams Speaks to Univ. of Pa. Students".

Dec. 28, 1912 - The Progressive Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 15
  publication of the National Committee of the
  Progressive Party.
  p. 2.  "Jane Addams Relates the Steps by Which
  She Became a Progressive"

Reporters notes of interview with Jane Addams when she was leaving
  for the Hague Conference, where she presided
July 12, 1924 - Woman Citizen article, Jane Addams - Opener of
  Doors, by Mildred Adams.  pp. 12-25

Jane Addams Testifies - 7 pp.  pamphlet published by the Woman's Journal
by Alice Stone Blackwell

Why Women Should Vote - by Jane Addams
  publ. by National American W. Suffrage Assn. 1915
  reprint from Ladies Home Journal article

Survey Article - Great Ladies of Chicago - by Zona Gale

1944 - Aug. 23 - Human Triumphs over Adverse Start or
  Challenging Handicap

  No. 22, Jane Addams, Founder of Hull House

Jane Addams
at Hull House

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN
Volume XLVI, No. 3                                                                                                   September 1949




                                                                 Swarthmore College
                                                                    Peace Collection

                                                           A Memorial to Jane Addams




                                                        Peace Collection Bulletin No. 2

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE BULLETIN
Peace Collection Bulletin No. 2
The Bulletin, of which this publication is Volume XLVI, No. 3, is published by          
Swarthmore College, from the College Office, Swarthmore, Pa.
Entered as mail matter of the second class, in accordance with the provision of the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912.
Volume XLVI, No. 3                                                                           September 1949

Swarthmore College Peace Collection

ADVISORY COUNCIL

John W. Nason, Chairman
Devere Allen
Frank Aydelotte
Clement M. Biddle
Merle Curti
Emily Cooper Johnson
Ray Newton
Ernst Posner
Charles B. Shaw
Frederick B. Tolles
E. Raymond Wilson

CURATOR
Ellen Starr Brinton

The Word "Pacifism"

It should be understood that at the Swarthmore
College Peace Collection and for the
purpose of this Bulletin the word "pacifism"
carries the meaning used in the United States.
In Webster's International Dictionary, 1946,
the word is defined as "Opposition to war or
the use of military force for any purpose, especially
an attitude of mind opposing all war,
emphasizing the defects of military training
and the cost of war and advocating settlement
of international disputes by arbitration; also
the system of beliefs or opinions opposing war
or the use of military force."


News of The Peace Collection

ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION GIVES $10,000 GRANT

Last December the Rockefeller Foundation granted the Swarthmore
College Peace Collection $10,000 for the cataloging of its books and
pamphlets.  Several thousand individual items hitherto inaccessible to
scholars have long needed to be classified according to modern library
methods.

On April first, 1949, the work started.  Our cataloger, Mary G. Cary,
whose appointment was made possible by the two-year grant, is on loan
from the library of Americana Germanica at the Carl Schurz Memorial
Foundation in Philadelphia.  As a graduate of the Drexel Institute School
of Library Science and a pacifist with experience of four years' service for
the American Friends Service Committee in its Berlin International
Quaker Bureau, she comes to our collection with experience and enthusiasm.

When our books are shelved and the catalog ready for use, our holding
will, we hope, be widely used, thanks to the Union Library Catalog in
Philadelphia, to which we are sending cards for all our titles.  From there
our holdings are relayed to the Library of Congress, so that eventually,
through interlibrary loans, our collection will be available to research
students working in almost any library in the country.

OVERSEAS ASSISTANT FOR THE SCPC

It is hoped that in coming years means can be found to provide
regular fellowships for peace leaders from other countries to assist the
Peace Collection for a stated period, both to gather wanted material and
to help arrange it.

This summer, Michael Sorensen of the War Resisters International,
Enfield, England, is spending some months with us at the Peace Collection.
His knowledge of peace groups in England, of peace periodicals
around the world, and wide personal acquaintance with many European
peace leaders mean that he is unusually well equipped to identify and
evaluate literature of the international peace movement.  He is visiting
all of the organized peace offices in the East and will assist at several of
the American Friends Service Committee Peace Institutes in different
parts of the United States.

4
NEW BOOKS FOR THE SCPC
The SCPC aims to search for, and acquire if possible, material of all 
kinds emphasizing the pacifist view on conflicts between nations, races and
classes.  It does not attempt to collect books and reference material usually
available in public libraries.  We list below a few of the new books received
in the last few months.
International Voluntary Service for Peace, 1920-1946, by Ethelwyn   
Best and Bernard Pike, editors.  (London, 1948)
Welt ohne Krieg; eine Lese -- und Volksbuch fur junge Europaer, by
Axel Eggebrecht, editor.  (Duesseldorf, 1948)
La Paz de Mundo, by Luis La Garrigue,.  (Santiago, Chile, 1940)
Landeverteidigung; Vortrag vor deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in England, 
By Otto Lehmann-Russbueldt.  (Hamburg, 1947)
Human Guinea Pigs, by Kenneth Mellanby.  (London, 1945)
Education for Peace, by Herbert Read.  (New York, 1949)
Christian Pacifism after Two Wars; a Critical and Constructive Approach
to the Problems of World Peace, by Leyton Richards.  
(London, 1948)
Carl von Ossiestsky, by Kurt Singer. Zurich, 1937)
Du Sollst nicht toeten, by Johannes Ude.  (Austria, 1948)
Jane Addams, Little Lame Girl, by Jean Brown Wagoner.  (New 
York, 1944)    
Christ und Kriegsdienst, by Otto Witt.  (Stuttgart, 1948)
For Conscience Sake, by Sanford C. Yoder.  (Scottdale, Pa., 1945)
RECENT ACQUISITIONS
During the years preceding World War I, the name of Anna B. Eckstein,
Germany, was internationally known to peace leaders.  Almost
singlehanded she gathered two million signatures to a peace petition
which she presented to the Second Hague Conference, accompanied by
Robert Treat Paine of the United States.  She had six million names ready
for the Third Hague Conference when war began in 1914.  She died in
1947.  When Ellen Starr Brinton visited her old home in Coburg in 1948,
Anna Eckstein's nephews presented to the SCPC her complete library,
comprising not only peace books in many languages, but also her diaries
and records of her peace activities.
Other important material recently received consists of office file
records of the Cincinnati Peace League, U.S.A., 1925-1949; and of the
inactive files of the War Resisters League, U.S.A.; also personal papers,
from Ronald Gundry, A. Ruth Fry, Bertram Pickard, Fenner Brockway, 
H.M. Swanwick, England. 


5
RECORDS OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT ARE VALUABLE
The primary objective of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection is
to preserve the documents and historic papers of the organizations and
groups working for world peace.  In the United States these groups have
designated the SCPC as the official depository for their files and records:
the National Council for Prevention of War, the Fellowship of Reconciliation,
the War Resisters League, the Women's International League for
Peace and Freedom.  All known records of U.S. groups such as the Universal
Peace Union, the American Union against Militarism, The Women's
Peace Union, the Committee on Militarism in Education, and the People's 
Lobby came to Swarthmore at the expiration of active work.  The
records of the Wisbech Peace Society, England, 1880-1931, were sent here
at the death of the founder and director, Priscilla Hannah Peckover.  As
chance papers of other peace groups are sent by gift they are sorted and
filed in boxes by country and then by title and date.
Peace committees and groups should realize that such material has
definite value for historical research and should consider the best method
of arrangement and filing while the material is being accumulated.  Researchers 
who have studied papers already in the SCPC have urged that
these suggestions be followed:
Minutes should be clearly recorded with date and written signature
of official secretary.
Reports of money received and spent should be kept in summarized
form.
Names of directors, officers and committee members should be filed
regularly.
Resolutions and policy-making programs should be dated and filed.
A complete series of bulletins and of all publications should be preserved.
Letters received and carbons of letters sent out are useful only when
properly dated, writers clearly identified and subject matter is
historically important.
The SCPC has prepared a Manual for Peace Organizations on Standards
for Record Keeping, a 4-page duplicated booklet, with more detailed
recommendations, free on request.

6.
RESEARCH PROJECTS AND INQUIRIES
The SCPC has recently aided research scholars with original source
material on the following subjects:
The Influence of the Peace Movement on Public Opinion in the
U.S.A., 1921-1927.
The Role of American Pacifist Groups in the U.S.A., 1919-1941.
Medical Research Work of Conscientious Objectors during World
War II.
Motivation of Conscientious Objectors in the U.S.A. in World War I.
Mennonite CO's in Prison in World War II.
The Influence of Militarism on Education in the U.S.A.
From organized peace groups have come suggestions that research on
the following topics would serve a useful purpose:
Some observations on the growth of the ideas of World Government
during the last decade.
An examination of the problem of non-military enforcement of
 peace and of pacifist ideas on an international police force.
Efforts by peace organizations in support of the disarmament conferences
  in 1922, 1927, 1930, 1932, etc.
Some observations on the theory of "Referendum on War".
History of the peace movement in England.
Biographies of Jane Addams, Dr. Helena Stoecker, Henry Richards,
Edwin and Lucia Ames Mead, Alfred Love.
The Doukhobors and Philadelphia Quakers during the first decade
of the 20th century.
The SCPC has source material available to aid these research projects
and countless others.
WANTED:  MORE OLD PEACE RECORDS
Many series of peace papers and periodicals in the SCPC are incomplete.
It would be helpful if readers of this Bulletin would search
their attics and storerooms for stray copies of peace publications of past
years and write us about their findings.  We do not need duplicates but
we are trying to make files as complete as possible.
Also wanted are records, minutes, printed material, and other papers
of peace committees and peace groups, old and new.


7
THE POSTER COLLECTION
From the beginning of the SCPC, posters of all sizes, colors and
languages have been received.  These have been sorted by country and
placed in a large, metal fire-proof container.  By the use of springs, the
posters are held upright and each one can be withdrawn and used separately
without damage or undue strain.  A recent inventory shows that we 
now have on file 838 peace posters from 17 countries, dating back to about
1870.
There are also some 400 war posters from World Wars I and II, collected
and preserved for the purpose of showing types of war propaganda.
The collection also contains about 120 posters from Soviet Russia of 1932
and 1934, showing the pictorial patterns used for education on health,
agriculture, illiteracy and religion.
Duplicate peace posters numbering nearly 400 (mostly printed
slogans without pictures) are available for any group or institution willing
to pay transportation costs.
HISTORIC PEACE PERIODICALS
Soon after the first peace groups were organized in 1815 in England
and the United States, monthly bulletins were issued on a subscription
basis to members and others interested.  The Advocate of Peace, published
by the American Peace Society, and The Herald of Peace, published by the
Peace Society of London, started during the 1820's and continued with
honorable careers for many decades. The SCPC has a long run of The
Advocate of Peace; a complete series of The Peacemaker (edited by Alfred
H. Love, Philadelphia, Pa., most of the time) 1869-1913; a complete
series of Peace and Goodwill (edited by Priscilla Hannah Peckover) 1882-
1931; and almost a complete file of Die Friedens-Warte (started by Alfred
Fried, Vienna) 1899-1949.  Other titles, more or less complete, number
about 625, from 30 countries in 18 languages.
Of note is an unusually interesting series of about a hundred bulletins
(mostly duplicated, some illustrated) written by American conscientious
objectors doing service in alternative and special service projects
during World War II.

CURRENT PEACE PERIODICALS
The SCPC is receiving now 151 papers from 24 countries in 13
languages, all dealing in some form with the peace question.  Of these the
following have material of particular interest to pacifists.  A few marked *
carry news that might be read with profit by peace leaders the world
around.  Information about other peace papers in any language, from
any country, will be welcomed.
The SCPC also receives a number of other bulletins and periodicals
not listed here.  They are publications of national and local groups interested
in the United Nations, world government and world federation, as
well as of scattered local branches of international organizations already
represented.
ARGENTINA
*  Pacifismo
 S. Savary, Editor, Ferreyra, Córdoba, Argentina.  Bimonthly.  Issued
by La Asociacion Pacifista Argentina.
AUSTRALIA
*  The Peacemaker
41 Williams Road, Windsor, S.I., Victoria.  Monthly.  5s.
BELGIUM
I. R. G.
 Jean Le Bon, 17 rue du Tabellion, Bruxelles, Belgium, Bulletin of
the Belgian section of the War Registers International.  Irregular,
duplicated.
BULGARIA
Nov Zhivot [New Life]
 Sofia, Bulgaria.  Issued by a Bulgarian vegetarian society.  Illustrated,
semi-monthly. (In Bulgarian)
CANADA
Of Interest to You
108 Charles St., W., Toronto 5, Ontario, Canada.  Issued by the
Canadian Fellowship of Reconciliation.  Irregular, duplicated.


9
DENMARK
Fred og Frihed
Kebmagergade 69/4, Kebenhavn K., Denmark.  Organ of the Women's
International League for Peace and Freedom, Danish section.
Monthly.
Freds-Bladet
St. Kongensgade 60/3, Kobenhavn K. Denmark.  Issued by the Danks
Fredsforening.  Monthly, 5 kroner per year.
Freds-Varden
 aboulevard 14/4, Kobenhavn N, Denmark.  Issued by the Christian
Peace League.  Three times a year.
Pacifisten
Lysbro, Silkeborg, Denmark.  Issued by Aldrig mere Krig, affiliated
with War Resisters International, Monthly.
FINLAND
Fredsposten
Helsingfors, Georgsgatan 17, Finland.  Irregular.  (In Swedish)
Rauhaa Kohti
Helsinki, Apollonk 5.  B., Finland.  Monthly.  (In Finnish)
FRANCE
Au Service de la Paix
21, rue des Etats-Unis, Cannes, France.  Four-page illustrated newspaper.
Les Cahiers du Pacifisme
 R. Melo, Editor, Lézigneaux (Loire), France.  Issued by the Ligue
d'Action Pacifiste et Sociale, affiliated with the War Resisters
International.  Duplicated, irregular.
Cahiers de La Réconciliation
111, rue de Flandre, Paris 19e, France.  Bulletin of the French group
of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.  Irregular.
Ce qu'il faut dire
13-15, rue Piat, Paris 20e. France.  Bimonthly.  Six months, 50 fr.

10
Christianisme Social
8, rue de Provence, Versailles, France, Jacques Martin, Editor.  Six
times yearly.  Publication of a Protestant group with pacifist sympathies.
800 fr. per year.
Cité Nouvelle
55, rue Auguste-Blanqui, Marseille, Frances.  Semi-monthly.  300 fr.
per year.
International News
9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris 5e, France.  Issued by  the Liason Office
of the International Work Camp organization.  Semi-monthly, duplicated.
Pluralisme
22, rue de la Voûte, Paris 12, France.  Irregular, duplicated.
*Le Service Civil
 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris 5e, France.  An illustrated newspaper
issued by l'Association du Service Civil Intern.  Quarterly.  (In English,
French and German)
Service Civil Volontaire International
 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris 5e, France.  Monthly membership 
bulletin issued by the French section of the International Voluntary
Service for Peace.
GERMANY
Der Friedens Bote
Hamburg 13, Bornstrasse 6, Germany.  Organ of the Bund der
Kriegsdienstgegner.  Affiliated with the War Registers International.
Monthly, 40 pf per copy.
Internationaler Zivildienst
(22a) Mülheim/Ruhr, Hölterstrasse 48, Germany, Published by the
German section of the Service Civil International.
Mitteilungsblatt
Köln/Riehl, Siedboldstrasse 8, British Zone, Germany.  Issued by the
Rheinland and Westfalen, Germany, group of the Fellowship of
Reconciliation.
Rundschreiben des Versöhnungsbundes
(22c) Köln/Rhein, Oberländer Ufer 132, British Zone, Germany.
Issued by the German section of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.
Die Welbühne
Berlin W.8., Mohrenstrasse 36-37, Germany.  A continuation of the
publication once edited by Carl V. Ossietzky.  Monthly, 60pf per copy.


11
GREAT BRITAIN
The Arbitrator
 53 Victoria Street, London, S.W.1, England.  Quarterly bulletin of the
International Arbitration League, founded in 1870 by Sir William Randel
Cremer, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903.
Contact
King's Cross Mission Building, Crestfield Street, London, W.C. 1,
England.  Bulletin of the No Conscription Council.  Monthly.
Friendship News
33 Gordon Square, London, W.C. 1, England.  Issued by the 
International Friendship League.  Monthly.
Humanity
25 Newton Place, Charing Cross, Glasgow, Scotland.  Published by
the Crusade for World Government.  Monthly.
International  Youth Review
39 Forest Drive West, London E.11, England.  An independent magazine
published on behalf of international friendship and understanding.  
Quarterly.
Labour Pacifist Fellowship Bulletin
127 Fellows Road, London, N.W. 3, England.  Duplicated.  Monthly.
Monthly Letters
 Anglican Pacifist Fellowship, 1 Adelaide Street, London W.C. 2,
England.
Monthly News Sheet
 104 Southampton Row, London, W. C. 1, England.  Bulletin of the
British section of the Women's International League for Peace and
Freedom.
News Bulletin
International Voluntary Service for Peace, 3 Cromwell Road, London,
S. W. 7, England.  Organ of the British Branch of the I.V.S.P.
Monthly.
The Objector
6 Endsleigh Street, London, W.C. 1, England.  Issued by the Central
Board for Conscientious Objectors.  Irregular.
One World
 144 Southampton Row, London, W.C. 1, England.  Issued by the
National Peace Council.  Bimonthly.

12
*Peace News
3 Blackstock Road, London, N.4, England.  A 6-page newspaper with
international news of the peace movement sponsored by the Peace Pledge
Union.  Weekly
PPU Journal
3 Blackstock Road, London, N.4, England.  Issued by the Peace
Pledge Union for Members.  Monthly.
Reconciliation
 38 Gordon Square, London, W.C. 1, England.  Published by the
Fellowship of Reconciliation.  Monthly
The War Register
88 Park Avenue, Enfield, Middlesex, England.  Published in the
interest of conscientious objectors all over the world.  Quarterly.
The Word
104 George Street, Glasgow, C.1, Scotland, Guy Aldred, Editor.
Monthly, illustrated.
The World Citizen
 20 Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C. 2, England.  Published by the
World Citizenship Movement.  Irregular
World Issues
 144 Southampton Row, London, W.C. 1, England.  Published by the
National Peace Council.  Irregular.
INDIA
Gram Udyog Patrika
Maganvadi, Wardha (C.P.), India.  Organ of the All-India Village
Industries Association, a Gandhi movement.  Edited by J. C. Kumarappa, 
a leading Indian pacifist.
*Harijan
P.O. Box 105, Ahmedabad, India.  Gandhi's paper, still continued
after his death.  (Named for the Harijans or untouchables.)
IRELAND
Pax
 20 Parkmore Drive, Terenure, Dublin, Ireland.  Issued by the Irish
Anti-war Crusade, affiliated with the War Registers International.
Irregular, duplicated.


13
ITALY
Guerra alla Guerra
  Via Nazionale, 230, Roma, Italy.
Volontà di Pace
 Via Aurelio Saffi, 64, Roma, Italy .  Bulletin of an international
association of mothers united for peace.  Monthly.
JAPAN
The One World
Institute for Permanent Peace, 10, 1-chome, Fujimi-cho, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.
MEXICO
Fraternidad
Apartado 446, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.  Organ of the Fellowship of
Reconciliation, Mexican section.  Monthly.
NETHERLANDS
Militia Christi
Amsterdamscheweg 274, Amstelveen, Netherlands.  Issued by a Christian
anti-militarist group.  Monthly.
Der Vlam
Singel 135, Amsterdam, Netherlands.  A socialist pacifist weekly.
Vredesactie
Leuvenschestraat 41a, Scheveningen, Netherlands.  Monthly
NEW ZEALAND
The Christian Pacifist
 Box 1992, Auckland, C.1, New Zealand.  Issued by the Christian
Pacifist Society of New Zealand.  Monthly.
World Affairs
 210 Nathan's Building, Grey Street, P.O. Box 1011, C.P.O., Wellington,
C.1, New Zealand.  Published by the United Nations Association.
Quarterly.

14
NORWAY
Fred og Frihet
Meltzers gate 1, Oslo, Norway.  Organ of the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom, Norwegian section.  Monthly.
Verden Venter
Stavanger, Norway.  Published by the Norwegian Peace Society.
Monthly.
SWEDEN
Fred och Frihet
Sturegatan 7, Stockholm, Sweden.  Organ of the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom, Swedish section.  Monthly.
Freden
Jungfrugatan 30, 3 tr., Stockholm 5, Sweden.  Founded in 1927 by a
group interested in international peace and justice.  Monthly.
Freds-Missionären 
Gökalund, Sweden.  Published continuously since 1919. Monthly.
Kristet Samhällsliv 
Kristinagatan 8, Örebro, Sweden.  Published by the Fellowship of
Reconciliation, Swedish section.  Monthly.
Mellanfolkligt Samarbete 
Lilla Nygatan 4, Stockholm, Sweden.  Issued by the Swedish Peace
Council.
SWITZERLAND
Europa
Fürstensteinstrasse 30, Basel, Switzerland.  Organ of the Europa
Union.  Monthly.
Die Friedens-Warte
Zürich 1, Zürcherhof, Limmatquai 4, Switzerland
International Circular Letter
12 rue du Vieux-Collège, Geneva, Switzerland. Issued by the Women's
International League for Peace and Freedom for its international
members. English, French and German. Monthly.  duplicated.
UNITED STATES
Brethren Service News
22 South State Street, Elgin, Illinois.  Published by the Service Committee
of the Church of the Brethren.


15
Bulletin
 American Friends Service Committee, 20 South 12th Street, Philadelphia 
7, Pennsylvania.  Report of activities in relief and peace education. 
Monthly.
CAIP Newsletter
 Catholic Association for International Peace, 1312 Massachusetts
Avenue, N.W., Washington 5, D.C.  Monthly, October to June.
The Catholic Worker
115 Mott Street, New York 13, N.Y.  Monthly.
Civil Liberties Quarterly
 170 5th Avenue, New York 10, N. Y.  Issued by the American Civil
Liberties Union.  Reports on problems of civil liberties, conscientious
objectors, free speech, race and minority groups.
Conscription News
1013 18th Street, N.W., Washington 6, D. C.  Issued by the National
Council Against Conscription.  Irregular.
*Fellowship
2929 Broadway, New York 25, N. Y.  Bulletin of the Fellowship of
Reconciliation, U. S. branch.  Monthly.
Four Lights
2006 Walnut Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa.  Bulletin of the Women's 
International League for Peace and Freedom, U. S. section.  Monthly except 
August and September.
The Grapevine
Room 300, 2006 Walnut Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa.  Information 
about conscientious objectors in federal prison in the United States.  
Irregular, duplicated.
JPF Tidings
132 Morningside Drive, New York 27, N. Y.  Organ of the Jewish
Peace Fellowship.  Monthly.
Memorandum on National Legislation of Interest to Religious Groups
Friends Committee on National Legislation, 1000  11th Street, N.W.,
Washington 1, D. C.  Irregular, duplicated.
Mennonite Life
Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas.  A religious magazine with
emphasis on historic pacifism.  Quarterly, illustrated.
Motive
 810 Broadway, Nashville 2, Tennessee.  Issued by the Methodist Student
Movement.  Monthly, October to May, illustrated.

16
NPC Bulletin
National Peace Conference, 8 West 40th Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Monthly, duplicated.
Noticias
1734 F Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.  Issued by Comite de las
Americas, affiliated with the Womens International League for Peace and
Freedom.  Irregular, duplicated.  (In Spanish)
Peace Action
  1013 18th Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C.  Issued by the National
Council for Prevention of War.  Monthly.
The Reporter
941 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W., Washington 1, D. C.  Issued by the
National Service Board for Religious Objectors.  Monthly.
Services Bulletin
Akron, Pennsylvania.  Report of the Mennonite Central Committee
of activities and workers in international relief and peace education.
Monthly.
United Nations News
Woodrow Wilson Foundation, 45 East 65th Street, New York 21,
N. Y.  About the United Nations and related agencies.
WRL NEWS
5 Beekman Street, New York 7, N. Y.  Bulletin of the War Resisters
League, affiliated with the War Resisters International.  Duplicated.
WORLD EVENTS
125 5th Street, N.E., Washington 2, D. C., Scott Nearing, Editor.
Quarterly.
WORLD PEACE NEWSLETTER
740 Rush Street, Chicago 11, Illinois.  Published by the Commission
on World Peace of the Methodist Church.  Monthly, October to May.
*Worldover Press
Wilton, Connecticut, Devere Allen, Editor.  Irregular.
URAGUAY
Paz
 Avda Larrañaga 3840, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Reconciliation
 Carlos M. Ramirez 1189, Montevideo, Uruguay.  Issued by the South
American section of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.





                                                                     NOT COPYRIGHTED
                               Anyone is welcome to use any part of this for quotation, abstraction, 
                                                               translation or other purpose

                                             GUIDE TO THE SWARTHMORE COLLEGE 
                                                           PEACE COLLECTION

                                                   A Memorial to Jane Addams

     Late in 1947 the SCPC published a 72-page booklet listing and describing some of the more important holdings of documents relating to the peace movement. Personal papers and books belonging to Jane Addams formed the base of the Collection, and tons of other papers were acquired by gift from many sources. Although the bulk comes naturally from nearby peace centers in the United States, nearly every country in the world is represented. The oldest items date from 1642 and 1649, printed in London. As long as the supply lasts, copies of the GUIDE will be mailed free to all inquirers. Address "The Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pa., U.S.A."




                                                                    Printed in U.S.A.
                                                    Libertarian Press, Glen Gardner, N.J.

Jane Addams
"What More Can You Ask Than
That They Study?"
Miss Addams, head of Hull House, Chicago,
is beyond doubt the leading American
woman in social work.
"Why don't you ask if suffrage
in general is failing?" asked
Jane Addams with a twinkle.  "It is a
mistake to think of the extension of
suffrage to women as an isolated phenomenon.  
It is merely part of a movement 
which has extended over centuries, in
which the vote was given first to nobles, 
then to freemen, and so on.  In the entire 
history of the movement there never
[*fernand de Gueldre, Chicago
Jane Addams
Social worker and author*]
[*Apr 19 1944 WC
1924*]

Jane Addams


[Image]

Jane Addams.
Please return to
Boston League of
Women Voters,
553 Little Building,
Boston
Speaking at Hotel Vendome
for the Boston League of
Women Voters on Tuesday,
April 12th at one
o'clock
[*Mar 24 1921*]
[*Apr 12 1921*]


[?rday, April 9, 1910]
ADDAMS, Jane, settlement worker; b. Cedarville,
Ill., Sept. 6, 1860; d. Hon. John H
and Sarah (Weber) A.; aunt of James Weber
Linn (q.v.); A.B., Rockford Coll., 1881; spent
2 yrs. in Europe 1883-5; studied in Phila.,
1888; (LL.D., U. of Wis., 1904).  With Miss
Ellen Gates Starr, opened Social Settlement
of Hull House, Chicago, 1889, of which has
since been head resident.  Insp. of streets
and alleys in neighborhood of Hull House, 3
yrs.  Pres. Nat. Conf. Charities and Correction,
1909.  Writer and lecturer on social
and polit. reform.  Author: Democracy
and Social Ethics, 1902; Newer Ideals of
Peace, 1907; The Spirit of Youth and the City
Streets.  Address:  800 S. Halsted St., Chicago,
Ill.


SUFFRAGE LITERARY BUREAU.
The Publication Committee of the
Equal Franchise Society will read
manuscripts on suffrage, and place
them,  if possible, in magazines and
newspapers.  Postage for return must
be enclosed.
Address Mrs. J. C. Finch, Room
295-A, No. 1 Madison Avenue, New
York City.
WOMEN INVESTORS.
Why not trade with Women?  We
deal in stocks and bonds which insure
Security with Profit.


The Woman's Journal
FOUNDED BY LUCY STONE AND
HENRY B. BLACKWELL
A Weekly Newspaper, published every Saturday
in Boston, devoted to the interests of
women—to their educational, industrial,
legal and political equality and especially
to their right of suffrage.
Entered at the Post Office, Boston, Mass., as
second-class mail matter.
EDITOR:
ALICE STONE BLACKWELL
ASSOCIATE EDITORS:
FLORENCE M. ADKINSON    CATHARINE WILDE.
OFFICE: No. 6  BEACON ST., BOSTON, MASS.
ROOM 101


"THE FOREMOST AMERICAN
WOMAN."
The American Magazine, in introducing
to its readers the first installment
of Jane Addams's autobiographical
notes, has this to say:
Hull-House of Chicago, which has
just finished its twentieth year's 
work, is today the most extensive and
important social settlement in the
United States.  No other one institution,
perhaps, has had more influence
in shaping and inspiring the present
movement toward social reconstruction
in this country,
Behind every vital institution 
stands a great and vital personality.
Without the inspiration of a prophetic
vision and abounding faith in carrying
it out, without noble qualities of
courage and sympathy, without a
high order of administrative, social
and even political capacity, no such
original institution could rise to a 
place of power and influence.
Such a personality is Miss Jane
Addams, and such are the high qualities
which she  possesses.  It is not
surprising that after twenty years at
Hull-House she should come to be
known as the "foremost citizen of
Chicago."  And at a time when women
are taking a greater part in public
affairs than ever before, Miss
Addams may well be called the foremost
American woman.
Many years ago, Col. T. W. Higginson
write, in substance: "It is said
that the majority of women do not
yet desire the ballot, and this is true.
But, to find out whether they are going
to desire it, we must look to the
women who lead their sex in intelligence.
How do they regard the matter?
Their opinion is as that of Grant
and Sherman and Sheridan, while the
opinion of Flora McFlimsy is as that
of John Smith, unassigned recruit.
When the council of officers has
made up its mind that the army
ought to advance in a certain direction,
John Smith will have to 
move with it, or run away."  Col.
Higginson named over the American
women who were then the most distinguished,
and pointed out that nearly
all of them were suffragists.  He
said that they had come to see the
need of the ballot sooner than the
others, because they were "the natural
leaders of American womanhood;"
and that what they could see
today, thousands more would see tomorrow.
Since that time the desire for suffrage
has spread more widely
among women.  But, to judge whether
they ought to desire it, we must still
look to the wisest, most enlightened
and most public-spirited women—
those who lead the van.  Jane
Addams has been able to accomplish
far more than most women by "indirect
influence," yet she has often expressed
the conviction that she and
all other women are placed at an undue
disadvantage in their humanitarian
work for lack of that "little
mechanism," as she calls it—the ballot,
which is the most effective and
modern instrument for getting things
done.
It is good that Miss Addams's reminiscences
should be published in the 
American Magazine, and that the attention
of its readers should be called 
to her views of life as those of "the

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

UPON TWENTY YEARS AT HULL-HOUSE BY

JANE ADDAMS

ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS

THE SNARE OF PREPARATION

CHAPTER III

IN BOARDING SCHOOL

   As my sisters had already attended Rockford
College, of which my father was
a trustee, without any question I
entered there at seventeen, with such
meager preparation in Latin and algebra as
the village school had afforded.
   The school at Rockford was one of the
earliest efforts for women's higher education
in the Mississippi Valley, reflecting much of
the missionary spirit of pioneer Mount Holyoke,
and, like it, had had the effect of withdrawing
a handful of young women from the
outside world in order to prepare them to
go forth to sow good seed in wicked places.
The proportion of missionaries among its early
graduates was almost as large as Mount Holyoke's
own, and in addition there had been
thrown about the founders of the early Western
school the glamour of frontier privations.  The
early students, conscious of the heroic self-
sacrifices made on their behalf, felt that
each minute of the time thus dearly bought
must be conscientiously used.  This inevitably
fostered a certain intensity and fever of
preparation, an atmosphere which continued
long after the direct making of it had ceased,
and which deeply impressed the girls who
came even as late as my day.  This strenuous
atmosphere may have been responsible
for an amusing plaint, which I find myself
to have registered against life's indistinctness,
and which I imagine more or less reflected
the sentiments of a large group:  "So much
of our time is spent in preparation, so much
in routine, and so much in sleep, we find it
difficult to have any experience at all!"
   There was practically no Economics taught
in women's colleges--at least in the freshwater
ones--thirty years ago, and the very
work sociology was unknown.  We painstakingly
studied "Mental" and "Moral"
Philosophy, which was very dry in the classroom,
but became the subject of the most
spirited discussions outside, and gave us a clue
for animated rummaging in the little college
library.  Of course we read a great deal of
Carlyle, Ruskin and Browning, and liked 
the most abstruse parts the best; but like the
famous gentleman who talked prose without
knowing it, we never dreamed of connecting
them with our "philosophy."  My genuine
interest was history, partly because my father
had always insisted upon a certain amount
of historic reading ever since he had paid me,
as a little girl, five cents a "Life" for each
Plutarch hero I could intelligently report to
him, and ten cents for every signer of the
Declaration of Independence.  When we started
for the long vacations, a little group of five of us
would vow that during the summer we would
read all of Motley's "Dutch Republic," or,
more ambitious still, all of Gibbon's "Decline
and Fall of the Roman Empire."  When we
returned at the opening of school and three of us
announced we had finished the latter, each
became skeptical of the other two, because
each one had found that to read through
those interminable five volumes during the
summer meant putting aside so many other
things we wanted to read that we did not believe
anybody else had the strength of mind to
do it.  We therefore fell upon each other
with a sort of rough-and-tumble examination,
in which no quarter was given or received;
but the suspicion was finally removed that
anyone had "skipped."  We took for a

84


JANE ADDAMS
TAKEN AT ROCKFORD IN 1881, WHEN SHE WAS TWENTY
YEARS OLD

"class motto" the saxon word for lady,
literally translated bread-giver, ,and we took the
poppy for an ensign because poppies grew
among the wheat, as if Nature knew that
wherever there was hunger that needed food,
there would be pain that needed relief.  We
must have found that sentiment in a book
somewhere, but we used it so much that it
finally seemed like an original idea of our
own, although, of course, none of us had ever
seen a European field, the only page upon
which Nature has written this particular
message.
   That this group of ardent girls, who discussed
everything under the sun with such
unabated interest, did not take it all out in
talk may be demonstrated by the fact that
one of the class who married a missionary
founded a very successful school in Japan
for the children of the English and Americans
living there; another of the class became a
medical missionary to Korea, and because of
her successful treatment of the Queen, was
made court physician at a time when the opening
was considered of importance in the
diplomatic as well as in the missionary world;
still another became an unusually skilled
teacher of the blind; and one of them a pioneer
librarian in that early effort to bring "books
to the people";  still two others of the group
                                     85


86                                     The American Magazine

became missionaries, one in Turkey and the
other in Patagonia.
  Of course in such an atmosphere a girl like
myself, of serious, not to say priggish, tendency,
did not escape a concerted pressure to push her
into the "missionary field."  During the four
years it was inevitable that every sort of evangelical
appeal should
have been made to 
reach the comparatively
few "unconverted"
girls in the school. 
We were the
subject of prayer at
the daily chapel exercise
and the weekly
prayer  meeting, 
attendance upon which
was obligatory; and
the most direct efforts
were put forth upon
"the day of prayer for
schools and colleges."
I was singularly 
unresponsive to all these
forms of emotional 
appeal, although I
became unspeakably
embarrassed when
they were presented to
me at close range.  I
suppose I held myself
aloof from all these
influences partly because
the little group
to which I have referred was much given to
a sort of rationalism, doubtless founded upon
an early reading of Emerson.  In this connection
I remember when Bronson Alcott came
to lecture at the school that we vied with
each other for an opportunity to do him
a personal service because he had been a friend
of Emerson, and we were inexpressibly scornful
of our fellow students who cared for him
merely on the basis of his grandfatherly relation
to "Little Women."  I recall cleaning
the clay of the unpaved streets off his heavy
cloth overshoes in a state of ecstatic energy.
But I think in my case there were other factors
as well that contributed to my unresponsiveness
to the evangelical appeal, resulting partly
from a curious course of reading I had marked
out for myself in mediaeval history, which seems
to have left me fascinated by an ideal of
mingled learning, piety and physical labor,
more nearly exemplified by the Port Royalists
than by any others.  I talked over my 
perplexities with my father in the spring
vacation of my last year at school.  As we drove
through a piece of timber in which the wood-
choppers had been at work during the winter,
I put to him an outline of the situation
in which I found myself at school, and once
more heard his testimony in favor of "mental
integrity above everything 
else."  So earnestly
were we talking
that he suddenly drew
up the horses only to
find that he did not
know where he was.
We were both entertained
by the incident, 
I that my father had 
been "lost in his own
timber" so that various
cords of wood must
have escaped his practised
eye and he on
his side that he should
have been so absorbed
in this maze of youthful
speculation.
  We were in high 
spirits as we emerged
from the tender green
of the spring woods into
the clear light of day,
and as we came back
into the main road I
categorically asked 
him:  "What are you?
What do you say when
people ask you?"
His eyes twinkled a little as he looked
into my eyes and soberly replied:
"I am a Quaker."
"But that isn't enough to say," I urged.
"Very well," he added; "to people who
insist upon details as some one is doing now,
I add that I am a Hicksite Quaker"; and not
another word on the weighty subject could I
induce him to utter.  The only moments in
which I seemed to have approximated in my
own experience to a faint realization of the
"beauty of holiness," as I conceived it, was each
Sunday morning between the hours of nine and
ten, when I went into the exquisitely neat
room of the teacher of Greek and read with
her from a Greek testament.  We did this
every Sunday morning for two years.  It
was not exactly a lesson, for I never prepared
for it, and while I was held within reasonable
bounds of syntax, I was allowed much more
freedom in translation than was permitted
the next morning when I read Homer; neither
did we discuss doctrines, for although it was

[*MISS ANNA P. SILL
FOUNDER AND PRINCIPAL OF
ROCKFORD COLLEGE]

Autobiographical Notes:  By Jane Addams
with this same teacher that in our junior year
we studied Paul's "Epistle to the Hebrews,"
committing all of it to memory and analyzing
and reducing it to doctrines within an inch of
our lives, we never allowed an echo of this
exercise to appear at these blessed Sunday
morning readings.  It
was as if the disputatious
Paul had not
yet been, for we always
read from the Gospels.
The regime of Rockford
College was still
very simple in the '70's.
Each student made her
own fire and kept her
own room in order.
Sunday morning was a
great clearing-up day, 
and the sense of having
done this for my
own immediate 
surroundings, the
consciousness of clean
linen, said to be close
to the consciousness of
a clean conscience, always
mingles in my mind with
these early readings.  I certainly
bore away with me a
lifelong enthusiasm for
reading the gospels in
bulk, as it were, a 
whole one at a time,
and an insurmountable
distaste for having them cut up into chapter
and verse, or to have the incidents in that
wonderful life referred to in this manner as
if they were merely a record.
  My copy of the Greek testament had been
presented to me by the brother of our Greek
teacher, Professor Blaisdell, of Beloit College--
a true scholar in "Christian Ethics," as his
department was called.  I recall that one day
in the summer after I left college--one of the
black days which followed the death of my
father--this kindly scholar came to see me
in order to bring as much comfort as he could and
to inquire how far I had found solace in the
little book.  When I suddenly recall the village
in which I was born I always remember
its steeples and roofs as it looked that day
from the hilltop where we talked together, the
familiar details smoothed out and merging,
as it were, into that wide conception of the
universe which for the moment swallowed up
my personal grief, or at least assuaged it, with
a realization that it was but a drop in the
"torrent of sorrow and anguish and terror
which flows under all the footsteps of man."
This realization of sorrow as the common lot,
of death as the great common experience, was
the first comfort which my bruised spirit had
received.  In reply to my impatience with  the
Christian doctrine of "resignation," that
you thought of your
sorrow only in its
effect upon yourself
and were disloyal to 
the affection, I remember
how quietly the
Christian scholar
changed his phraseology,
saying that 
sometimes it came to
us better in the words
of Plato, and as nearly
as I can remember, 
that was the first time
I had ever heard 
Plato's sonorous argument
for the permanence
of the excellent.
  To return to my last
year at school, it was
inevitable that the
pressure toward religious
profession should increase as
graduating day approached.
Vague hints
were dropped that a
non-Christian had
never received an "honor"; that the valedictory
could not come to one who did not represent
the Christian spirit in which the school was
founded.  I continued my attitude of non-
conformity, and of course no such vague
rumors ever materialized into actual threats,
much less into action.  So curious, however,
are the paths of moral training that several
times during subsequent experiences I have
felt that this passive resistance of mine, this
clinging to an individual conviction, was the
best moral training I received at Rockford
College.  During the first decade of Hull-
House especially, it was felt by propagandists
of divers social theories that the new
Settlement would be a fine "coign of vantage"
from which to propagate social faiths, and that
a mere preliminary step would be the
conversion of the founders; hence I have been
"reasoned with" hours at a time, and I recall
at least three occasions when this was followed
by actual prayer.  In the first instance the
honest exhorter, who fell upon his knees

[*MISS SARAH F. BLAISDELL
TEACHER OF LATIN AND GREEK IN ROCK-
FORD COLLEGE FOR TWENTY YEARS]


ROCKFORD COLLEGE, WHERE FOR FOUR YEARS JANE ADDAMS WENT TO SCHOOL

before my astonished eyes, was an advocate of
single tax upon land values.  He begged, in
that indirect phraseology which is deemed
appropriate for prayer, that "the sister might
see the beneficent results it would bring to the
poor who live in the awful congested districts
around this very house."
   This incident could be multiplied a hundred
fold, and possibly nothing aided me to stand on
my own feet and select what seemed reasonable
from this wilderness of dogmatism, so much
as my early encounter with genuine zeal and
affectionate solicitude, while, nevertheless, I
could not accept what it presented as the
whole truth.
   Toward the end of our four-year course
we debated much as to what we were to be,
and long before the end of my school days it
was quite settled in my mind that I should
study medicine and "live with the poor."
This conclusion of course was the result of
many things, but the processes of reasoning
are perhaps epitomized in my "graduating
essay," on the subject of "Cassandra," whose
prediction of the destruction of Troy had
been laughed to scorn by the brave warriors
who called her mad.  The essay stated this
to be her tragic fate:  "always to be in the right,"
and always to be disbelieved and rejected."
   The essay held her to be an example of
feminine intuition, "an accurate perception
of truth and justice, which rests contented
in itself and will make no effort to confirm
itself or to organize through existing knowledge."
The essay then proceeds--I am 
forced to admit, with a touch of dogmatism--
with the statement that woman can only
"grow accurate and intelligible by the
thorough, accurate study of at least one branch
of physical science, for only with eyes thus
accustomed to the search for truth can she
detect all self-deceit and fancy in herself."
   So much for the first part of the thesis.
Having thus "gained accuracy, would woman
bring this force to bear throughout morals and
justice, then she must take the active, busy
world as a test."  I was quite certain that, by
following these directions carefully, in the
end the contemporary woman would find "her
faculties clear and acute from the study of
science, and her hand upon the magnetic chain
of humanity."

88

Autobiographical Notes:  By Jane Addams                                                                   89

This veneration for science portrayed in
my final essay was doubtless the result
of the statements the text books were then
making on what was called "The Theory of
Evolution," the acceptance of which even
thirty years after the publication of Darwin's
"Origin of Species" had about it a touch of
intellectual adventure.  We knew, for instance,
that our science teacher had accepted
this theory, but we had a strong suspicion that
the teacher of Butler's "Analogy" had not.
We chafed at the meagerness of the college
library in this direction, and I used to bring
back in my hand-bag books belonging to an
advanced brother-in-law who had studied
medicine in Germany and who therefore was
quite emancipated.  The first gift I made
when I came into possession of my small
estate the year after Ieft school was a thousand
dollars to the library of Rockford College,
with the stipulation that it be spent for scientific
books.  In the long vacations I pressed
plants, stuffed birds and pounded rocks in
some vague belief that that was an approximation
to the new method, and yet, when my
step-brother, who was becoming a real scientist,
tried to carry me along with him into the
merest outskirts of the methods of research,
it at once became evident that I had no aptitude
and much preferred to read of Darwin's
"Trip Around the World in the Beagle," to 
following through his careful observations on the
earth-worm.  I did both during the same summer,
although candor compels me to say that
I never would have finished the latter if I had
not been pulled and pushed by my really
ardent companion, who, in addition to a
multitude of earth-worms and a fine microscope,
possessed untiring tact with one of
flagging zeal.
   As our boarding-school days neared the
end, in the consciousness of approaching
separation we vowed eternal allegiance to our
"early ideals," and promised each other we
would "never abandon them without 
conscious justification,"  and we often warned each
other of "the perils of self-tradition."
   We believed, in our sublime self-conceit,
that the difficulty of life would lie solely in the
direction of losing these precious ideals of ours,
of failing to follow the way of martyrdom and
high purpose we had marked out for ourselves,
and we had no notion of the obscure paths
of tolerance, just allowance and self-blame
wherein we might learn something of the
mystery and complexity of life's growing purposes.
   Whatever may have been the perils of self-
tradition, I certainly did not escape them, for
it required eight years from the time I left
Rockford in the summer of 1881 until Hull-
House was opened in the autumn of 1889, to
formulate my convictions, in even the least
satisfactory manner, much less to reduced them
to a plan for action.  During most of that time
I was absolutely at sea, so far as any moral
purpose was concerned, clinging only to the
desire to live in a really living world and refusing
to be content with a shadowy intellectual
or aesthetic reflection of it.

CHAPTER IV

IN EUROPE

   The winter after I left school was spent
in the Women's Medical College of
Philadelphia, but the development of a
spinal difficulty, which had shadowed me from
childhood, forced me into Dr. Weir Mitchell's
hospital (for the late spring and the next winter
I was literally bound to a bed in my sister's 
house for six months).  In spite of the tedium,
the long winter had its mitigations, for after the
first few weeks I was able to read with a luxurious
consciousness of leisure, and I remember
opening the first volume of Carlyle's
"Frederick the Great" with a lively sense of
gratitude that it was not Gray's "Anatomy,"
having found, like many another, that general
culture is a much easier undertaking than
professional study.  The long illness inevitably
put quite out of the question the immediate
prosecution of a medical course, and
although I had passed my examinations
creditably enough in the required subjects
for the first year, I was very glad to have a
physician's sanction for giving up clinics and
dissecting rooms and to follow his prescription
of spending the next two years in Europe.
   Before I had returned to America I had
discovered that there were other genuine
reasons for living among the poor than that
of practising medicine upon them, and my
brief foray into the profession was never
resumed, having been undertaken from the
first merely as a means to an end.  The long
illness left me in a state of nervous exhaustion
with which I struggled for years, traces of it
remaining long after Hull-House was opened
in 1889.  At the best it allowed me but a
limited amount of energy, so that doubtless
there was much nervous depression at the
foundation of the spiritual struggles which this
article is forced to record.  However, ill health
was not solely responsible for these struggles,
for, as my commonplace book sententiously
remarked, "In his own way each man must
struggle, lest the moral law become a far-off
abstraction utterly separated from his active life."

90   The American Magazine
One of the most poignant of these spiritual
experiences which occurred during the first few
months after our landing upon the other side
of the Atlantic, was on a Saturday night,
when I received an ineradicable impression
of the wretchedness of East London, and
also saw for the first time the overcrowded
quarters of a great city at midnight. A small
party of tourists were taken in the East End
by a city missionary to witness the Saturday
night sale of decaying vegetables and fruit
which, owing to the Sunday laws in London,
could not be sold until Monday, and, as they
were beyond safe keeping, were disposed of at
auction as late as possible on Saturday night.
On Mile End Road, from the top of an omnibus
which paused at the end of a dingy street
lighted by only occasional flares of gas, we
saw two huge masses of ill-clad people clamoring
around two hucksters' carts. They were
bidding their farthings and ha'-pennies for a
vegetable held up by the auctioneer, which he
at last scornfully flung, with a jibe for its
cheapness, to the successful bidder. In the
momentary pause only one man detached himself
from the groups. He had bidden in a
cabbage, and when it struck his hand he
instantly sat down on the curb, tore it with his
teeth and hastily devoured it, unwashed and
uncooked as it was. He and his fellows were
types of the "submerged tenth," as our missionary
guide told us, with some little satisfaction
in the then new phrase, and he further
added that so many of them could scarcely be
seen in one spot save at this Saturday night
auction, the desire for cheap food being
apparently the one thing which could move
them simultaneously. They were huddled
into ill-fitting, cast-off clothing, the ragged
finery which one sees only in East London.
Their pale faces were dominated by that most
unlovely of human expressions, the cunning
and shrewdness of the bargain-hunter who
starves if he cannot make a successful trade,
and yet the final impression was not of ragged,
tawdry clothing nor of pinched and sallow
faces, but of myriads of hands, empty, pathetic,
nerveless and workworn, showing white in the
uncertain light of the street, and clutching
forward for food which was already unfit
to eat.
Perhaps nothing is so fraught with significance
as the human hand, this oldest tool
with which man has dug his way from savagery
and with which he is constantly groping
forward. I have never since been able to see
a number of hands held upward, even when
they are moving rhythmically in a calisthenic
exercise, or when they belong to a class of
chubby children who wave them in eager
response to a teacher's query, without a certain
revival of this memory, a clutching st the
heart which is but reminiscent of the despair
and resentment which seized me then.
For the following weeks I went about
London almost furtively, afraid to look down
narrow streets and alleys lest they disclose
again this hideous human need and suffering.
I carried with me for days at a time that curious
surprise we experience when we first
come back into the streets after days given
over to sorrow and death; we are bewildered
that the world should be going on as usual and
unable to determine which is real, the inner
pang or the outward seeming. In time all
huge London came to seem unreal save the
poverty in its East End. During the following
two years on the Continent, while I was irresistibly
drawn to the poorer quarters of each
city, nothing among the beggars of South
Italy nor among the salt-miners of Austria
carried with it the same conviction of human
wretchedness which was conveyed by this
momentary glimpse of an East London street.
It was, of course, a most fragmentary and
lurid view of the poverty of East London, and
quite an unfair view. I should have been
shown either less or more. I went away with
no notion of the hundreds of men and women
who had gallantly identified their fortune
with these empty-handed people, and who,
in church and chapel, relief works and charities,
were at least making an effort toward
the mitigation of their wretched condition.
Another poignant experience occurred one
snowy morning in Saxe-Coburg, when looking
from the window of our little hotel upon the
town square, we saw crossing and recrossing
in a single file of women with semi-circular,
heavy, wooden tanks fastened upon their backs.
These tanks, filled with a hot brew incident to
one stage of beer making, they were carrying
in this primitive fashion to a remote cooling-
room. The women were bent forward, not
only under the weight which they were bearing,
but because the tanks were so high that
it would have been impossible for them to have
lifted their heads. Their faces and hands,
reddened in the cold morning air, showed
clearly the white scars where they had previously
been scalded by the hot stuff, which
splashed if they stumbled ever so little on
their way. Stung into action by one of those
sudden indignations against cruel conditions
which at times fill the young with unexpected
energy, I found myself across the square
in company with mine host interviewing
the phlegmatic owner of the brewery, who


Autobiographical Notes: By Jane Addams     91

received us with exasperating indifference, or
rather received me, for the innkeeper mysteriously
slunk away as soon as the great
magnate of the town began to speak. I went
back to a breakfast for which I had lost my
appetite, as I had for Gray's "Life of Prince
Albert" and his wonderful tutor, Baron
Stockmore, which I had been reading late
into the night before. The book had lost its
fascination; how could a man, feeling so keenly
his obligation "to make princely the mind of
his prince," ignore such conditions of life for
the multitude of humble, hard-working folk?
We were spending two months in Dresden
that winter, given over to much reading of
"The History of Art" and to visiting of its
art gallery and opera house, and after such an
experience I would invariably suffer a moral
revulsion against this feverish search after
culture. In such moods no pictures brought me
any comfort save those of Albrecht Dürer.
I was chiefly appealed to by his unwillingness
to lend himself to a smooth and cultivated
view of life, by his determination to record
its frustrations and even the hideous forms
which darken the day for our human imagination,
rather than to ignore any of life's complications.
I believed that his canvases
intimated the coming of religious and social
changes of the Reformation and the peasants'
wars; that his sad knights, who are never
fighting but always bravely standing guard,
were longing to avert that shedding of blood
which is sure to occur when men forget how
complicated life is and insist upon reducing it
to logical dogmas, as they did during the
Reformation period.
The wonder and beauty of Italy, however,
brought healing and some relief to the growing
sense of the futility of all artistic and intellectual
pursuits when disconnected from an
effort to mitigate the misfortunes of the world,
a sense which at times amounted almost to a
paralysis. "The serene and soothing touch
of history" also aroused old enthusiasms.
I not only spent many days in the catacombs,
but I returned to Europe two years later in
order to spend a winter in Rome and to carry
out a systematic study of them.
The summer following my first Italian visit
was spent in our old home in northern Illinois,
and one Sunday morning I received the rite of
baptism and became a member of the Presbyterian
church in the village. At this time there
was certainly no outside pressure pushing me
towards such a decision. At twenty-five one
does not ordinarily take such a step from a
mere desire to conform and while I was not
conscious of any emotional "conversion," I
took upon myself the outward expressions of
the religious life with all humility and sincerity.
It was doubtless true that I was

"Weary of myself and sick of asking
What I am and what I ought to be,"

and that various cherished safeguards and
claims to self-dependence had been broken
into by many piteous failures. But certainly
I had been brought to the conclusion that
"sincerely to give up one's conceit or hope
of being good in one's own right, is the only
door to the Universe's deeper reaches."
Perhaps the young clergyman recognized this
as the test of the Christian temper; at any rate
he required little assent to dogma or miracle,
and assured me that, while both the ministry
and the officers of his church were obliged to
subscribe to "doctrines" of well-known severity,
the faith required of the laity was
almost Early Christian in its simplicity. I
had long before whole-heartedly accepted
the teachings of the Gospel, but at this moment
something persuasive within made me long
for an outward symbol of fellowship, some
bond of peace, some blessed spot where unity
of spirit might claim right of way over all
differences. There was also growing within
me an almost passionate devotion to the ideals
of democracy, and when in all history had
these ideals been so thrillingly expressed as
when the faith of the fisherman and the slave
had been boldly opposed to the accepted
moral belief that the well-being of a privileged
few might justly be built upon the ignorance
and sacrifice of the many? Who was I, with
my dreams of universal fellowship, that I did
not identify myself with the institutional
statement of this belief as it stood in the
little village in which I was born, and without
which testimony in each remote hamlet of
Christendom it would be so easy for the world
to slip back into the doctrines of selection
and aristocracy?
In one of the intervening summers between
the European journeys I visited a Western
state where I had formerly invested a sum of
money in mortgages. I was much horrified
by the wretched conditions among the farmers,
which had resulted from a long period of
drought, and one forlorn picture was fairly
burned into my mind. A number of starved
hogs—collateral for a promissory note—were
huddled into an open pen. Their backs were
humped in a curious, camel-like fashion, and
they were devouring one of their own number,
the latest victim of absolute starvation or
possibly merely the one least able to defend

92
The American Magazine

himself against their voracious hunger. The
farmer's wife looked on indifferently, a picture
of despair as she stood in the door of the bare,
crude house, had the two children, whom she
vainly tried to keep out of sight, continually
thrust forward their faces almost covered by
masses of coarse, sunburned hair, and their
little bare feet so black, so hard, the great
cracks so filled with dust that they looked like
flattened hoofs. The children could not be
compared to anything so joyous as satyrs,
although they appeared but half human.
It seemed to me quite impossible to receive
interest from mortgages placed upon farms
which might at any season be reduced to such
conditions, and with great inconvenience to 
my agent and doubtless with hardship to the
farmers, as speedily as possible I withdrew all
my investments. But something had to be
done with the money, and in my reaction
against unseen horrors I bought a farm adjacent
to my native village and also a flock of
innocent-looking sheep. My partner in the
enterprise had not chosen the shepherd's lot
as a permanent occupation, but hoped to
speedily finish his college course upon half
the proceeds of our venture. This pastoral
enterprise still seems to me to have been
essentially sound, both economically and morally,
but perhaps one partner depended too
much upon the impeccability of her motives
and the other found himself too preoccupied
with study to properly tend the sheep,
for certainly the venture ended in a spectacle
scarcely less harrowing than the memory
which it was designed to obligate. At least
the sight of two hundred sheep with four rotting
hoofs apiece was not reassuring to one whose
conscience craved economic peace. A fortunate
series of sales of mutton, wool and 
farm enabled the partners to end the enterprise 
without loss, and they passed on, one
to college and the other to Europe, if not wiser,
certainly sadder for the experience.
It was during the second journey to Europe
that I attended the meeting of the London
Match Girls, who were on strike and who
met daily under the leadership of well-know
labor men of London. The low wages that
were reported at the meetings, the "phossy"
jaw which was described and occasionally
exhibited, the appearance of the girls themselves,
I did not, curiously enough, in any wise
connect with what was called the Labor
Movement, nor did I understand the efforts
of the London Trades Unionists, concerning
whom I held the vaguest notions. But of 
course this impression of human misery was
added to the others which were already making

me so wretched. I think that up to this 
time I was still filled with the sense which
Wells describes as in the possession of one of
his young characters, that somewhere in
Church or State are a body of authoritative
people who will put things right as soon as
they really know what is wrong. Such a
young person persistently believes that behind 
all suffering, behind sin and want, must lie
redeeming magnanimity. He may imagine
the world to be tragic and terrible, but it never
for an instant occurs to him that it may be
contemptible or squalid or self-seeking. Apparently
I looked upon the efforts of the
Trades Unionists as I did upon those of
Frederick Harrison and the Positivists whom
I heard the next Sunday in Newton Hall, as
a manifestation of "loyalty to humanity"
and an attempt to aid in its progress.
It is hard to tell when the very simple plan
which afterward developed into the Settlement
began to form itself in my mind. It 
may have been even before I went to Europe
for the second time, but I gradually became
convinced that it would be a good thing to
rent a house in a part of the city where many
primitive and actual needs are found, in which
young women who had been given over too
exclusively to study might restore a balance
of activity along traditional lines and learn of
life from life itself, where they might try out
some of the things they had been taught and
put truth to "the ultimate test of the conduct
it dictates or inspires." I do not remember
to have mentioned this plan to anyone until
our European party of four reached Madrid
in April, 1888.
We had been to see a bull fight, rendered
in the most magnificent Spanish style, where,
greatly to my surprise and horror, I found
that I had seen, with comparative indifference,
five bulls and many more horses mangled and
killed. The sense that this was the last survival
of all the glories of the amphitheater, the 
illusion that the riders on the caparisoned
horses might have been knights of a tournament,
or the slightly armed matador a gladiator 
facing his martyrdom, and all the rest of
the obscure yet vivid association which an
historic survival always produces, had carried
my beyond the endurance of any of the rest
of the party. I finally met them in the foyer,
stern and pale with disapproval of my brutal
endurance, and but partially recovered from
the faintness and disgust which the spectacle
itself had produced upon them. I had no
defense to offer to their reproaches, save that
I had not thought much about the bloodshed;
but in the evening the natural and inevitable

93
Autobiographical Notes: By Jane Addams

reaction came, and in deep chagrin I felt myself
tried and condemned, not only by this
disgusting experience but by the entire moral
situation which it revealed. It was suddenly
made quite clear to me that I was lulling my
conscience by a dreamer's scheme, that a mere
paper reform might become a defense for
continued idleness, and that I was making it 
a raison d'être for going on indefinitely with 
study and travel. It is easy to become the
dupe of a deferred purpose, to fail to rouse
one's self
"From the shame of squandered chances,
the sleep
Of the will that cannot itself awaken,
From the promise the future can never
keep,
From the fitful purpose, vague and shaken."
I had fallen into the meanest type of self-deception
in making myself believe that all
this was in preparation of great things to come,
and nothing less than the moral reaction
following the experience at a bull fight had
been able to reveal to me that, so far from
following in the wake of a chariot of philanthropic
fire, I had been tied to the tail of the
veriest ox-cart of self-seeking.
I had made up my mind that next day,
come what would, I would begin to carry out
the plan, if only by talking about it. I can
well recall the stumbling and uncertainty with
which I finally set it forth to Miss Starr, my
old-time school friend, who was one of a party
of four. I even dared to hope that she might
join in carrying out the plan, but nevertheless 
I set it forth in the fear of having that
disheartening experience which is so apt to
afflict our most cherished plans when they are

at last divulged, when we suddenly feel that
there is nothing there to talk about, and as
the golden dream slips through our fingers we
are left to wonder at our own fatuous belief.
But gradually the comfort of Miss Starr's
companionship, the vigor and enthusiasm
which she brought to bear upon it, told both
in the growth of the plan and upon the sense
of its validity, so that by the time we had
reached the enchantment of the Alhambra
the scheme had become convincing and tangible,
although still most hazy in detail.
A month later we parted in Paris, Miss
Starr to go back to Italy, and I to journey on
to London to secure as many suggestions as
possible from those wonderful places of which
we had heard, Toynbee Hall and the People's
Palace. So that it finally came about that in
June, 1888, I found myself at Toynbee Hall,
equipped not only with a letter of introduction
from Canon Fremantle, but with high expectations
and a certain belief that, whatever perplexities
and discouragements concerning the
life of the poor were in store for me, I should
at least know something at first hand and
have the solace of daily activity. I had
confidence that, although life itself might contain
many difficulties, the period of mere passive
receptivity had come to an end, and I had
at last finished with the everlasting "preparation
for life," however ill-prepared I might be.
It was not until years afterward that I came
upon Tolstoy's phrase "the snare of preparation,"
which he insists we spread before the
feet of young people, hopelessly entangling
them in a curious inactivity at the very period
of life when they are longing to construct the 
world anew and to conform it to their own
ideals. 

In the next issue, Miss Addams will write about "Early Undertakings at Hull-House."



Volume 10. No. 5. July 1935

PAX INTERNATIONAL
Published
by the Women's International League for Peace
and Freedom
PAX
International Headquarters: 
12, rue du Vieux-Collège, Geneva

Subscription price: 2.50 Swiss francs, 50 cents or 2/6 a year. - Chèques postaux: I. 1869

PEOPLES' MANDATE TO GOVERNMENTS

To meet the present threat of word chaos we, the undersigned, having faith in the power of human
intelligence, demand that our Government abandon all preparation for war and develop rapidly the
needed peace machinery, national and international, to solve our economic and political problems. 
While we sign this mandate to our own Government, the people of other nations are signing the same
mandate to their Governments, determined, all of us, to exert our combined pressure for immediate world
cooperation for peace. 

This mandate is to be presented to representatives of the
League of Nations and of National Governments in the course
of an intensive international campaign to be initiated by the
W.I.L.P.F., as we decided by the International Executive
Committee in London. (See the last issue of Pax.) It has
proved an unexpectedly slow business to arrange details by
cable and letter but at last a promising plan has been worked
out, workers from the U.S. are coming this month to Europe
to help organise the work and enough money is in hand to make
a start. 
The idea is to have a great meeting in September in Geneva
and to send an International Deputation to representatives
of the League of Nations with this "Mandate from the Peoples".
Visiting Deputations should then go to the different countries, 
where in turn meetings would be held and Deputations sent to
National Governments. 
Each National Section of the W.I.L.P.F has been asked
to set up an "Action Committee" at once, to prepare this campaign. 
We want to secure the support and active cooperation in 
this movement of as many other organisations as possible, 
getting them to accept and sign the Mandate, either by a resolution
in a public meeting or in whatever way they can take 
action. We have in mid labour bodies, women's organisations, 
peace and anti-war societies, political clubs (so far s they are
interested not merely in party politics but in aims like ours), 
cooperatives, educational organisations, reform and religious
movements, literary, professional and business associations, 
and-quite specially-youth associations, and, as well, 
individuals such as well-known speakers, writers and specialists. 
The word of orgnising this support can begin this summer, 
when working people at least are not too scattered and inaccessible. 
Speakers can begin now preparing themselves; a
press campaign, a radio campaign and the raising of money
can be started. 
The main object of the campaign is to help the latent mass-
feeling for preace to become articulate, realise and exert its
immense moral, political and economic strength and give its
efforts more definiteness, self-confidence and intensity. 
Of late the peace movement has seemed more or less paralysed
in view of the terrible complexity of the situation and as a
result of the series of shocks and disappointments that it has
suffered, notably in the matter of disarmament and the failure, 
to date, of the Governments in the League of Nations to do
anything effective to check fascist militarism in Germany, 
Italy or Japan. 
Not only is a huge proportion of public money spent on
preparing for war but what energy remains free for work to 
avoid war is mainly devoted to negotiating a confused network
of pacts, in the supposed interest of "security"-pacts in which
those who sign them do not themselves have much faith, and
which offer nothing to alter the wrong basis of international 
relations. What the peace movement, what the word, needs
to release it from its paralysis is a new orientation. 
The world has been brought to a pass where the peoples are
living under the sense of a coming catasrophe. They huddle
together within their frontiers telling themselves lies about
how different and how superior they are. In an increasingly
interdependent world they try to cut off the natural flow of
goods and intercourse and vainly attempt each to be more
heavily armed than any other. 
Let the people call a halt now. Let them insist that their
governments turn the other way and work together to create
the conditions under which alone political and economic problems
can be progressively solved. The real task of our era
is the transformation of social and economic conditions to fit
the moral sense and technological developments of our time. 
It is impossible to get on with this fruitful labour so long as
men, centre their attention on the idea of making war or avoiding
war, convinced that only violent solutions are realistic. 
Let us see what can be done toward proving that racial, national
and class separatism and ill-will, which are hurrying
mankind in the direction of utter and universal misery, are not
the strongest human motives-that, on the contrary, the energy
and devotion available on behalf of peace and international
cooperation are stronger and able to open the door not, indeed, 
to a utopian and perfect world-system but to one in which 
human progress is possible. We propose to do what we can
toward evoking this energy. E.G.B. 

P.S. The text of the Mandate to Governments and the plan as here outlined, should be understood as subject to change as the campaign proceeds. E.G.B.

NATIONAL SECTIONS

Editor's note. Reports received in response to the questionnaire sent to all National Sections on Feb. 20, taken in connection with
recent correspondence, give a more comprehensive picture of the activities and interests of our membership than we have had. In order
to reproduce this picture, as far as space permits, we are including here some news that is not recent but none that has been previously
reported in Pax or that is mentioned under separate headings.

Many members will doubtlessly say "This report of our Section is very scrappy and inadequate". That this is so may often be due
to a failure of the editor to choose the most significant items or to distribute the inadequate space wisely, but she would be able to do better
if each Section made sure that Pax received full material and especially copies of all pertinent printed matter - bulletins, reports, flyers
and propaganda "literature".

It will be noted that for lack of material or other reasons some Sections are not mentioned but this by no means necessarily implies
that they are not, also, active.

Australia and New Zealand are two
of our most distant Sections, counting
from Geneva, and the mere fact of carrying 
on a common piece of work while
so far separated carries its own thrill.
From Auckland (N.Z.) the W. I. L. P. F.
reports action in accord with recent
circular letters from Geneva. Interesting
is the news that when a clash occurred
locally between police and workers
our League protested against the action
taken by the police on the ground of
freedom of speech. The Newcastle
branch in New South Wales reports
activity as to disarmament and "a
good bit of work through the local
press".

The Sections of both Australia and
New Zealand are active in the Pan-
Pacific Women's Conference in which
Jane Addams took such a lively interest.
The latest conference held in Honolulu
last summer passed resolutions against
manufacture of arms for private profit,
on the right of women to work, on improvement
of films and the need for greater
peace mindedness and more peace action.

Austria continues to report activity
in spite of difficult conditions. The
Vienna group is now unified and held
its Assembly in February with Olga
Misar as chief speaker. This was followed
by lectures on such subjects as protection
against air-warfare and education 
for peace and non-violence. Activities
of the previous year included
protests, etc., "actions" relating to disarmament,
militarisation of the young,
economic situation of young women.
Austria was represented at the War
Resisters Congress, in London by Olga
Misar who also carried out an English
lecture tour. A history of the W.I.L.P.F.
in Austria is being prepared. Pax readers
will not have forgotten the courageous
protest against conscription published
in the last issue of Pax.

The Belgian Section reports cooperation
with the Women's Movement against
War and Fascism, viz, in the publication
of leaflets against air manoeuvres
and in sending a delegate to the Saar.

It also participated in the Congress of
League of Nations Societies and organised
a debate on Reform of the League
of Nations: Why and How. The annual
meeting was in December with a lecture
on the illusion of protection against air
attack. It collaborated in meetings
on behalf of China, in protest against
measures following the events of February 
1934, in Paris and Vienna, and,
later, in Spain; against restriction of
women's labour; also, as in previous
years, in a vacation camp in Brussels.
It has set up a study circle, meeting
monthly, and committees to study
women's employment and passive defence.
One of its recent bulletins says
"We have not fascism in Belgium but
we are indignant to see the attacks of
the government on expenditure for
education, social insurance, protection
of children, old age pensions, help for
the unemployed etc., while a crazy
amount is devoted to the preparation
for war. The regime of plenary powers
is a step toward fascism".

Bulgaria reports that it is alive and
active. Three lectures were organised
in March and at that date a detailed
report, which we await with interest,
was promised.

Czecho-Slovakia. Clara Ragaz and
E. G. Balch had the pleasure of a too
brief tour, speaking at meetings at
Prague and Bratislava, shortly before
the May election. The Section cooperates
finely in proposals sent out from
Geneva as well as working on its own
initiative.

Finland sends a report which is specially
interesting as showing the lines
followed by one of the smallest Sections.
The Executive Committee meets nine
times a year, takes action on letters
received from Headquarters, distributes
Pax, plans monthly meetings for members
and visitors. The Section does
propaganda work by articles, lectures
and speeches; cooperates actively with
the Finnish Peace Society and other
organisations. It is represented on the
Finnish Joint Committee for Peace and

Work. The financial situation is reported
as satisfactory.

Great Britain. The best way to keep
in touch with the many sided and important
work done by the British Section
is to read their Monthly news Sheet,
and the pamphlets which they publish
from time to time, notably three by
Mrs. Swanwick and one, entitled Africa,
which gives a report of a very useful
conference arranged by the W. I. L. 
in November in London. They also
publish a comprehensive annual report.
The News Sheet carries excellent political
articles as well as W. I. L. news:
the subscription is a. shilling six pence
a year.

The Section has been actively interested
in the problems, among others,
of Abyssinia and India, disarmament,
internationalism of civil aviation, and
opposition to the proposed increase of
British Air Armament. Members have taken
an active part in the extraordinary
successful Peace Ballot campaign and in
efforts against the Sedition Bill which
was finally passed, though considerably
modified for the better by amendments.
Mary Sheepshanks attended the Ukrainian
Women's Jubilee Congress in East
Galicia, carrying greetings from the
W. I. L.

Holland. Among other actions of
the Dutch Section was a protest sent in
February to their Minister of Justice
against sending German refugees back
to Germany and as to possible internment
camps, also many instances of
cooperation in actions proposed from
Geneva. E. G. Balch was very much
pleased to be able to go to Holland, on
her return from the Executive Committee
meeting, and to confer there with
Mme Ramondt and the Dutch Executive.

Hungary. The Section has set an
admirable example in sending to Geneva
a full and extremely interesting account
of its history. It vividly recalls three
personalities: Vilma Glucklich, Prelate
Giesswein and Rosika Schwimmer who
have done full service for peace, the
latter happily still active. The Hun-

garian Section, in cooperation with the
new Jugo-Slave Section, is trying to
improve feeling between the two peoples.
During the March elections the Hungarian
Section requested all political
parties to declare their attitude on two
questions: Peace and Equal Rights for
Women, and to instruct their candidates
to inform the voters of their stand
on these. Mrs. Meller attended the
Istanbul Congress of the International
Alliance for Suffrage, acting as a fraternal
delegate for the W. I. L. P. F.

The Jugo-Slave Section has subdivisions
to deal with international policies, organisation
and lectures. It collaborates
with the Bulgarian, Czecho-Slovak, Swedish
and Hungarian Sections of the
W. I. L. P. F. as well as with other 
organisations working for peace and on
behalf of women. A series of some twelve
radio lectures has been given, largely
by members of the Section, to spread
the idea of peace.

Norway. After a period of quiescence
the Norwegian Section has again become
active. About a year ago a new Board
was chosen with Marie Mohr, whom all
members of the Zurich Congress will
remember, as Chairman. A winter camp
was held in January, eleven Swedish
friends attended. It opened with a
lecture by Christian Lange at Nobel
House in Olso, before going out to Sundvollen
for a stimulating combination of
winter sports and discussions and lectures.
The topics included Disarmament
Questions in Norway, the Armament
Industry, Science in the Service
of Life and Death, the League of Nations,
peace work among young people.

A resolution on refugees was sent to
the Governments of Sweden and Norway.
The latter replied: "Norway has
signed the Convention of the 28th of
October 1933 from the L. of N. with
regard to the international status of
refugees. The Government intends to
try to get the Convention ratified during
this session of the Storting."

Norway now has a Labour Government
and is carrying out the request of
the League of Nations with regard to 
political refugees.

The Section is extending into new territory
and increasing its membership.

Sweden. A letter from Dr. Sahlbom
reports that the women's groups of the
Socialist party have decided to cooperate
with the W. I. L. in peace propaganda;
she says "this is very encouraging
because they have always been so
afraid of bourgeois movements." A
new activity of the Section is the Women's
Young Front for Peace and Freedom

which works to interest school
girls in peace. The Section is also at
work to put the law as to conscientious 
objection on a more satisfactory footing.
Alternative civilian work is now allowed
but only in time of peace. Since 1921
over 6000 young men have claimed this,
although the period of service is longer.
9000 citizens have declared that in case
of war they will refuse all cooperation.
The Section is very much interested 
in the armaments situation in Sweden
where the industry is of considerable
importance. New arms factories must
now have Government permits and
open their books to Government inspectors.
The Government has a right to
revoke permits at any time and to
decide what constitute war materials.
A law forbidding dummy holding companies
has led to acquisition of German
shares by a Swedish syndicate which
includes 3 leading banks.

Switzerland. The Swiss Section has
been very active in the struggle against
Fascism and Militarism within the country.
The Government has been circulating
an alarmist exhibition in the
interest of prevention against air attack
and has encouraged the public to secure
provision of gas masks and shelters.
Experience shows that this exhibition
offers an excellent opportunity for counter
propaganda. The Swiss Section,
working with other organisations, has
circulated a very able and interesting
exhibition of its own, shown also at
Zurich during our Congress, to demonstrate
the costs, in human lives, money
and goods of the last war, the interdependence
of munitions industries during
the war and the effects of war and
in special of gas war.

The Section opposed the proposal
to lengthen the time of military training
and though this was accepted it was
by an unexpectedly small margin. Another
popular consultation on a proposal
to give exceptional powers to the government
to fight the crisis was defeated by
the combined votes of conservatives
and those non-conservative voters who
regarded it as a step in the direction of
fascism.

The Swiss Section has also helped find
vacation opportunities for emigrant children
on the ground that this is a question
of internationalism quite as much as of
philanthropy, and a gift given to Clara
Ragaz on her sixtieth birthday was
devoted by her to this use.

Tunis. The Tunis Section has always
had a unique character working in a
colony, where it strives to mitigate the
excesses of militarism and bureaucracy,
and to develop fruitful relations between

between French and Arabs, as well as to
work for peace. At present is much hampered
by a wave of political reaction. It
has just submitted an 11 page report of
its six years of activity.

The United States Section. In despair,
in view of the inadequate time and
space at her disposal, the Editor feels
obliged to postpone to another occasion
any account of the recent work of this
important and active Section. 

INTERNATIONAL ACTION
FROM GENEVA OFFICE

A letter to Mussolini sent also to the
Secretary-General of the League of
Nations and to all members of the Council
at the May meeting, and to the press,
called attention to bad conditions under
which Italian political prisoners are
reported to be suffering and begged
for them the opportunities for intellectual
occupation that civilised States commonly
grant. It also expressed hopes
that in a series of political trials about
to take place in Naples there would be
provision for adequate defence.

A letter, sent on April 30 to the
Members of the Committee on the Suppression
of Terrorism, set up by the L. of
N. after the Marseilles assassinations,
urged that the Committee, while doing
everything to eliminate political crime,
should take care to frame its suggestions
in such a way that they cannot be used
to prevent legitimate movements of
political protests nor to encourage Governments
to assume that the maintenance 
of order requires suppression of liberty
and normal human rights.

In May Abyssinia was again the subject
of representations. The Geneva office
sent to the Council of the League of
Nations the resolutions voted at London
by our International Executive Committee
and with this also a resolution
of our French Section and one from the
World Committee against War and
Fascism. All of this was sent to the
Press and to our National Sections.

The Chinese-Japanese situation was
the subject of a letter sent on June 20
to National Sections. The letter urged
that it is worth while to help to keep
alive, by giving is public expression in
every way possible, the conviction that
abuse of power by the strong to the disadvantage
of the weak is something
shameful. It suggested deputations to
representatives of Japan in the different
countries, articles, meetings, etc., and,
politically, efforts to induce Governments
to take a clear stand in regard
to the policy of pressure employed by
Japan.

OUR TWENTIETH
ANNIVERSARY

   This occasion was marked by a notable
celebration in Washington in which
Jane Addams took an active and happy
part.
   With the wife of President Roosevelt
she received the guests at a reception
at the White House; she spoke at a
public banquet in her honour, said to
have been the largest ever given in
Washington.  She took part in the
international radio programme, along
with speakers from Tokyo, Moscow,
London, Paris and Geneva, though she
was not allowed by her doctor to speak
outdoors as planned.  The crowd massed
in a square to hear her message "left
as if from a religious service."
   In Budapest the occasion was also
celebrated.  Countess Apponyi made
a handsome acknowledgement of the
work of the W.I.L.P.F. and a former
minister of State spoke of the importance
of woman suffrage and of political
activities for peace. Madame 
Szelegowska, one of the Consultative
members of our Polish section, and a
Government delegate to the Disarmament
Conference, and Madame Jaworska, M.P.
and President of the Committee on Education
and Culture in the Polish Parliament, 
spoke on education for peace and moral
disarmament.
   The Norwegian Section celebrated
the anniversary with an Anti-War Exhibition
at Oslo opened by a broadcast
address by Miss Mohr.  Thousands of
persons visited the exhibition and it
closed with a great peace meeting in the
University Aula.  The exhibition was
then sent on to Trondheim where it
led to the founding of a new local group;
in the autumn it will go to other towns.
   Nurses demonstrated gas masks to
show how useless they are.

GOOD-WILL DAY
     The 18th of May was celebrated by
our members in various countries.  In
Vienna it took the shape of a very
beautiful festival; in Amsterdam a silent
procession of women flowed through
the streets for two hours.  Similar 
processions took place in England, Scotland,
France, Jugo-Slavia, and South Africa.

PACIFIST AID
      In memory of Jane Addams, members
of our Section in Czecho-Slovakia, and
of the National Council of Women there,
have sent contributions for the aid of
pacifist refugees, certainly a practical
and useful form in which to express
their sympathy and one that is much
appreciated.

DISARMAMENT TO DATE
Official

   Now, at the close of the season, it
may be worth while to consider how
things stand that we may not, like too
many "peace defeatists", proclaim 
prematurely that all is lost.
   (I)  The Disarmament Conference is
adjourned but not disbanded.  It is
hoped that it will meet again in the
autumn and that recent diplomatic
developments may then make it possible 
to reach an agreement stabilising 
armaments and, effecting some measure 
of reduction.
   (II)  Three special committees set up
by the Disarmament Conference are still
in being.  By one of these an extremely
interesting Draft Convention for Regulation
and Control of Manufacture of
and Trade in Arms, (essentially, the
same as that proposed by the U.S.
last November), has already been sent
to the Governments after having been
agreed to by the great majority of the
delegations.  This will come up for a
second reading in Geneva next autumn
and meanwhile it is extremely important
that the Governments should decide
to support it without any weakening
amendments.
   (III)  The Committee on military
expenditure has also prepared a Draft
Convention, providing for publicity of
military budgets and has submitted it to
the Disarmament Conference.
   (IV)  The Air Commission, on the
contrary, has never been even called
together.  The British W.I.L. wrote
on June 12 to the Prime Minister begging
that it be convened and that the British
Government should present definite
proposals to it for maximum reduction
of air forces as a first step toward their
complete abolition.  The letter also urged
control of civil aviation.

Continuing Propaganda
     The Women's Peace Crusade in Great
Britain, of which the British W.I.L. is a
member, is campaigning for the complete
abolition of air-craft, military and
naval.  It seeks to educate people away
from the idea of security through air
armament, to expose the illusion of
defense against air attack and the horror
of defense through threat of reprisals.
   A petition urging new effort toward
disarmament sent out by La Ligue
Internationale des Meres et des Educatrices 
was presented to the Council of the 
L. of N. at its May session.  The petition
was supported by 32 organizations; of
these the Confederation Generale du
Travail alone has a membership of two
millions.

AIR ATTACK
     The efforts of Governments to arrange
drills and manoeuvres against air attack
continue to exercise our members.  On
April 27, for instance, the Swedish
Section passed an extremely interesting
resolution with special reference to
Swedish and Danish policies in this
matter.  On May 24 the British W.I.L.
issued the following statement, which
admirably gives our general position.

   The proposals now being put forward
for drilling the public in preparation
for some future air attack are deplored
mainly on the following grounds.
   (1) Such preparation is bound to
contribute to the creation of a war mentality 
which in itself is a contributory 
factor in causing war;
   (2)  Where children are obliged to
share in such preparation it is highly
probable that such an experience will
have a harmful effect on them.  Their
minds are likely to be dominated by
fear of an experience which our present
Government is striving to avoid, so that
we hope it may never be the lot of these
children to have to put such training 
into practice;
   (3)  The suggestion that there is any
real defence against air attack is, as has
been stated repeatedly by those with
expert knowledge, entirely illusory.
There is no defence except the total
abolition of military and naval air forces
of every country, it not being possible
for us as women to contemplate the
infamous suggestion, increasingly
commonly accepted, that since there is no 
actual defence we must undertake immediate 
retaliation in case of attack, and 
that our airmen--while the home population 
is admittedly not protected--shall 
go out and slaughter men, women and
children in other countries.  Those who
trust in the fear of reprisals as a deterrent
to attack are gambling with a terrible
weapon.
   (4) Preparation of people for gas
attack is further to be deplored, because
it is based on the assumption that the
obligations not to resort to war, by
which all the Governments concerned 
are bound, are not going to be kept.
We believe this to be bad psychologically,
and we hope that on this as
well as on the other ground indicated,
the proposals will be withdrawn.

WOODROW WILSON AWARD
     A signal honor has come to the
United States Section in the award
from the Woodrow Wilson Foundation
of three thousand dollars with the
following "citation."
   "To the Women's International League
for Peace and Freedom,  Washington, D.C.,
for its useful part in informing public
opinion regarding the dangers involved
in the unregulated private manufacture
of the munitions of war, and in the
international trade in such munitions,
and for the success in helping to focus
the influence of that public opinion on
the Congress of the United States."

IMPRIMERIES POPULAIRES, GENEVE

  
Volume 10.                                  No. 3-4                                       May-June 1935

PAX INTERNATIONAL

Published
by the Women's International League for Peace                         
and Freedom   
PAX                                                                            
International Headquarters:
12, rue de Vieux-College, Geneva

Subscription price:  2.50 Swiss francs, 50 cents or 2/6 a year - 
Cheques postaux:  I. 1869

[PORTRAIT OF]
JANE ADDAMS
September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935
by Violet Oakley
1934

We, who were inspired or strengthened by the great woman whom we knew as Jane Addams, desire that the spirit of her may remain in us to strengthen and inspire.  It was a spirit of pure beneficence, which created peace; a spirit of trust, which put courage into weak hearts; a spirit of courtesy, which made beautiful the relations between human beings.  Her judgements were
far-sighted, because they were founded on this authentic spirit.  Those of us who were happy to know her in the body as she lived among us have a priceless possession.  We desire, by our own thoughts and deeds, to share this possession with those who come after.

JANE ADDAMS
Friendship with Jane Addams for
some of us began during the early days
of the world war. We had met her at
various conferences on social work;
and known her through her public
speaking and her service in behalf of
woman's suffrage. When visiting at
Hull House, it was an inspiration to
watch her as she moved among her
groups of neighbours, children's parties,
sewing classes, boys' and girls' and 
mothers' clubs. She always presided 
over the table at Hull House serving 
by her own hand. She had a genius for 
house-keeping and orderliness. The pictures 
on the walls had to be perfectly
straight for her eyes, or would be made
so immediately, and she made frequent
changes in their arrangement. All these
little things, as well as the great ones,
impressed one in going about Hull
House and one's admiration for her
increased with every new experience
and with the reading of every new book 
of hers.
But it was in the deep travail of the
World War that we came to know and
love her personally.
   Her philosophy of peace was the
Friends' philosophy of peace, and that
of Tolstoy and Gandhi.  During the
hard years of the World War she drew
near to members of the Society of Friends
for sympathy and friendship, and the
bond of friendship seemed to strengthen
as the later years went by.
   Jane Addams was a woman sought by
"princes and potentates", but she could
enjoy the simplest of folk and allow
herself to be enjoyed by them, young
and old alike  Her keen sense of wit and
humour was ever present and her repartee
in conversation was priceless.  Patience
is one virtue in which she is said
not to have excelled, but this alleged
defect showed itself only in amusing
incidents, or in impatience with great
wrongs.  She always knew how to put
people at their ease, she had great tact
and never allowed others to be embarrassed
in her presence.
   While simple in her taste, she loved
beautiful things, and was extravagant
only in lavishing them upon others.  One
of the Hull House residents described
her delight in opening Christmas gifts
which came to her from all round the
world, and her corresponding delight a
few days later in planning to whom she
would give away all those that she
could not put to immediate use.  A
vivid personal recollection recalls her in
her hotel room at The Hague early in
December 1922, surrounded by gifts
and cards which she was tying up and

addressing by her own hands to friends
at Hull House and in its neighborhood 
for Christmas cheer.  And all this while
she was presiding over an international
conference!
   At the large dinner party given recently in
Washington by the Women's International
League in her honor, beautiful 
and wonderful tributes were paid to her
by outstanding men and women of this
country.  They were all carefully prepared
and read from manuscripts.  When
finally she was called upon to respond,
she arose without a note, and in a simple
manner jovially said .."Well, there is no
such person as the one you have been
describing", and then in her own inimitable
way launched upon one of her
characteristically informal and exquisite
half-hour talks--witty, appreciative, and
plainly illustrative of her own delight
in the occasion.
   Her religious life had not the slightest
semblance of formality.  The latter part
of her life she inclined to Quakerism,
the faith of her father.  She took steps
at one time to join Friends, but was
dissuaded by her Hull House colleagues.
She was known among her neighbors as
undenominational and she was often
asked to officiate at weddings and
funerals, so that Hull House felt that
affiliation in the latter part of her life
with another religious group would
not be understood in the community.
The title of the book which most nearly
discloses her inner life is "The Excellent
becomes the Permanent."
   She understood young people well and
was not intolerant of those of this generation.
   She presided over meetings in masterly
fashion, and always in good humour.
When praised for this she said, "Well, I
have been so long at it, you know".  She
did not like much praise.  One of her
outbursts of impatience, I am told, 
was when a friend who is writing her
biography read to her some of this
manuscript.  She said she could not
stand the things he was saying, and
asked him to cut this and eliminate
that.  When he demurred, she said:
"Well then I do not want to hear another
word of it, ever, I simply can not stand
it".  The rest of us wait eagerly to hear
it all.
   Jane Addams had a great deal of
sporting blood in her make-up.  A
young girl said to her "Miss Addams does
my driving frighten you?"  "Oh no,
I love to go fast", was the unexpected
reply.  And she often told of an experience
in Chicago with a taxi driver late
one evening.  After her companions had
been dropped at their residences, and the

wild ride was over, she stepped out of
the car at Hull House and ventured the
gentle enquiry, "Is this the first time
you have driven a taxi?"  "No Ma'am",
the driver said with pride, "It's the
second!"
   "Why didn't you ring?, asked her
devoted friend during an illness, "when
you were suffering such pain?"  "I
thought that bell was to be used in case
of a heart attack," she replied, "and
this was no heart attack."
   The Women's International League
is the recipient of many messages lamenting
"the loss of our Great Leader", but 
she is not lost to us or to our cause;
rather will the inheritance which she
left unite us more firmly;  as a cable
from the British Section puts it, "in a
determination to carry forward her
work and her spirit".
Hannah Clothier Hull
("The Friend", Philadelphia.)
THE LAST CHAPTER
   Jane Addams spent the winter in
Phoenix, Arizona.  She was extremely
well, and devoted most of her time to
writing a book on the life of Julia Lathrop
which she finished before she returned
to Chicago.
   While in the West, she had a Degree
of LL.D. conferred upon her by the
University of California at Berkeley.
She returned to Chicago in extremely
good health, and soon after went down to
Washington to take part in the Twentieth
Anniversary of the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom.  She had
a very good time there, enjoyed her
visit immensely, and came home in excellent
spirits.
   On the 14th of May she was taken ill,
but improved during the following two
days.  It was then found, however, that
an immediate operation was necessary
and she went to the Passavant Hospital
on the 18th of May.  The operation was 
performed on that day but it was found
that she had an incurable disease.  On
the 20th she sank into unconsciousness,
and she died very quietly on the evening
of the 21st.  May 22nd and 23rd Miss
Addams lay in state in Bowen Hall at
Hull-House.  She looked very lovely
and very natural, and during the twenty-
four hours she was there thousands of
people passed through the Hall.  The
Hull-House Woman's Club formed a
guard of honour and stood on either side
of the hall, while the older boys and girls
in the Clubs acted as ushers.  On either side
of the casket were bright-colored tulips, so
that it looked as though she were resting 
on a bed of flowers.  The hall was opened at
five o'clock in the morning, and working



men on their way to their jobs came in
with lunch boxes in their hands, many of
them kneeling on a little stool in front of
the casket and saying a prayer.  Thousands
of people--it is not known exactly
how many--passed through the Hall.
Little children bearing tiny bouquets
laid them upon the casket, while groups
of school children wearing black or white
ribbons around their arms, brought floral
tokens to lay beside her.  The street 
outside was crowded and thousands of
people from all over the city and from
her own neighbourhood thronged to see
her, and say a last goodbye.
   There were telegrams in hundreds
from all over the world--the President
of the United States, the Premiers of
England and Canada, the President of
Czecho-Slovakia and notables from almost
every European country and even from
Hawaii, Japan and India.  In contrast
to these telegrams from all over the world
were those from the King of the Hoboes,
the Lady Garment Workers' Union, the
Cooks', the Waiters' and the Waitresses'
Unions and even the Bar-Tenders'
Union.  People poured into Hull-House
by the thousands before the funeral to
say how she had been the inspiration of
their lives and how they felt bereft that
she was no longer with them.
   The morning of the funeral--and it
was a beautiful day--she was taken
from Bowen Hall and placed upon the
terrace in Hull-House Court. This Court
is surrounded by the various Hull-House
buildings.  The funeral was at 2:30 in 
the afternoon, Dr. Gilkey of the University
of Chicago officiating, and the
benediction being pronounced by Dr.
Graham Taylor, her lifelong friend.  As
early as ten o'clock in the morning the
Court Yard was crowded with people,
one or two thousand standing there all
day in order to be present at the services.
When the funeral began, the music for
which was furnished by the Hull-House
Music School, every window in the Court
was filled with people, there were flowers
in every window and wreaths hanging
below the windows, while the terrace
was banked with lilacs and apple
blossoms with bright-colored tulips
around the edges.  It was a most touching
and democratic gathering.  Strong
men and women with children in their
arms all stood weeping for the friend they
had lost.  The casket was covered with
a pall of lilies of the valley given by the
residents and they with the pall bearers
sat upon the terrace.
   Dr. Gilkey, in his opening sentence,
spoke of the epitaph to Sir Christopher
Wren in St. Paul's cathedral--"If
thou seekest a monument, look about

thee," adding that if you would see Jane
Addams' monuments you had only to
look about you.  Those who looked
saw the weeping people, for Jane Addams
had entered always into the life of the
community, advising here and directing
there, welcoming with equal cordiality
and courtesy a distinguished visitor or
some unfortunate who had come to ask
for help.  They saw the men she had
made decent and self-respecting;  the
women whose burdens she had lifted;
the youth she had guided to useful
manhood and the little children to whom
she had given the opportunity to play.
   The people in the Court Yard lingered
almost until it was dark.  They 
could not bear to go away.  The next
morning she was taken to Cedarville,
her childhood home, and as the hearse
bearing her went through the town of
Freeport a few miles from Cedarville,
all the bells were tolling, and at the grave
the little children formed in lines as the
casket was taken between them up to her
last resting place, and sang, "America,
the Beautiful".
Louise de Koven Bowen.
FROM THE ADDRESS GIVEN BY
DR. MAUDE ROYDEN AT THE
MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR
JANE ADDAMS
At the Church of St. Martin-in-the Fields,
London
June 4th, 1935
   I realised then that Jane Addams was
greater than any of the things she did
and that she counted in the world for
what she was even more than for her
work.  I saw her again and got to know
her at a great International Conference
of Women at Budapest in 1913.  
   That was a curious experience.  Jane
Addams was born of Quaker forebears
and both her pacifism and her feminism
were in her blood, but she had not been
an active worker in the political women's
movement.  She had too much else on
her hands. Just about that time, however,
she began to be deeply interested in 
it and she came therefore to this Conference.
She had no official position in the 
movement.  She was not our President
or even on the International Board.
She was an ordinary delegate--and, 
although people tried very hard to get
her away from her humble position on
the floor of the hall and put her on the
platform, and although I think, once
or twice just to avoid any kind of fuss,
she allowed herself to be put there, the
next morning found her once more sitting
among the other American delegates

on the floor of the hall.  And yet everyone
realised that among the whole of that
conference of women from all over the
world, she was the one that was known
to the whole world.  Others were known
in their own nation, or perhaps in one
or two others, but Jane Addams was a
world figure.  While she sat there with
the other delegates, spiritually she had a
place apart.  When my mind goes back
to that Conference I always have a
feeling that Jane Addams, wherever she
sat, was always the heart and soul of
it;  that she merited and had a place
apart.
   Then came the war, and all the world
went mad;  and Jane Addams set out
on her strange pilgrimage.  As the
representative of a neutral country
(for this was before America came into
the war) she was able to travel freely
where others could not go.  She went
from court to court in Europe, from 
Chancellery to Chancellery, meeting rulers
of all the nations that were in the war,
trying to get some sanity into the mad
world.  She was received--for after all
she was a distinguished citizen of a
great neutral country--with courtesy
and perhaps even with respect.  One
statesman told her that she was the
first person who said any sane thing at
all since the war broke out.  But her
words of sanity fell on deaf ears, and
nothing was achieved by that via crucis.
Then she went home and soon afterwards
America came into the war and
if Jane Addams' journey through Europe
was a via crucis, it was in her own nation
that she found her Calvary.  You may
have wondered, some of you, why I
used such a word as popularity in connection
with Jane Addams at any time.
I used that word advisedly, for I was
in America shortly after the war, and I
realised with a shock how apparently
complete was the eclipse of her fame.
I could not use another word than popularity
when I realised how swiftly and
how completely that feeling vanished.
   America is not alone in that.  All
countries are the same.  All countries
disowned their Pacifists.  But I think
there was no one in the world who was
so capable of suffering in consequence
of the stand she took, as Jane Addams.
How well I remember, when I spoke in
America in 1922 and 1923, the silence
that greeted the name of Jane Addams!
The few faithful who tried to applaud
only made the general silence more
depressing.  What she must have suffered!
Most of us when we believe we are in the
right, even if all the world is against us,
comfort ourselves with the reflection
that we are right;   that other people

are insane or cruel or wicked: or, even
if we cannot do that, there comes a 
time for most of us when we have suffered
enough, and even the people we love
cannot hurt us very much more.
We put armour on our hearts. And it
was the characteristic of Jane Addams
that she could not put on armour-not
even defensive armour. This is the very
soul of peacemaking, when a person's
very heart is not defended, and in this
sense Jane Addams was the most completely
defenceless person in the world. 
She got no satisfaction out of the thought
that she was in the right, because she
did not think about herself at all. She
was defenceless in the profound sense in
which Christ was defenceless. When
Jesus Christ opened his arms to all
mankind, he left his heart undefended
against the spear thrust of man's anger
and impatience, and in the same spirit
Jane Addams, opening her arms to the 
suffering of the world, left herself undefended.
And so she was the very soul of peace,
and those who like ourselves try to tread
in her footsteps, those who dedicate
themselves to her great cause, will
always live more bravely and love more
deeply and suffer more joyfully and hope
more magnanimously because Jane Addams
lived. Her cause is not yet won,
but she has shown us how to win it.
No one will dare to associate failure
with a life that justifies itself; no one
will dare to doubt, any more than she
doubted, the ultimate victory of those
things for which she strove.

JANE ADDAMS AS AN
INDUSTRIAL ARBITRATOR
At the recent celebration in honour of
the 20th anniversary of the founding
of the W. I. L. and of Jane Addams' 75th
year, Sidney Hillman, the well known
leader of the great Amalgamated Cloth
Workers Association, said: "40,000
workers in the city of Chicago went on
strike against intolerable labour conditions.
Through her untiring efforts and
sympathetic understanding an agreement
was reached between the largest
firm in the industry and its thousands
of employees. The agreement we entered
into in 1910, through the efforts of 
Miss Addams, has not only maintained
peaceful and constructive industrial relations
but it laid a foundation for industrial 
peace and cooperation for over a hundred
thousand workers in that industry.
We are now engaged to establish constructive
industrial relations on a national
scale."

JANE ADDAMS
1860-1935
Avec Jane Addams, dont nous déplorons
la mort, disparait une figure de
femme dont l'individualité remarquable
fut aussi l'expression d'une époque.
Née au temps de la guerre de Sécession,
elle grandit alors qu'autour d'elle s'éveillait
la conscience sociale moderne.
Elle subit profondémont l'influence de
Tolstoï et des apôtres anglais des réformes
sociales, particulièrement de ceux
qui fondèrent en Angleterre le premier
«settlement»: Toynbee Hall. Elle-même
fonda le premier «settlement» des Etats-
Unis: Hull House, à Chicago. Cette ancienne
demeure bourgeoise, devenue par
suite des changements apportés dans la
ville une agglomération de taudis surpeuplés,
fut transformée par Jane Addams
en un centre d'enquêtes scientifiques sur
les conditions sociales, une source de
rayonnement culturel et moral, dans la
vaste cité chaotique, et un lieu de rencontre
et de contacts entre les différentes
classes et nationalités, surtout
parmi les immigrants, instruits ou illettrés.
Son courage et sa foi en un idéal
de libéralisme et d'humanité étaient
sans bornes. Quand, après les émeutes
de Haymarket, la ville était encore bouleversée
de haine et de peur des anarchistes,
Jane Addams permit à des meetings
anarchistes de se tenir à Hull House,
convaincue qu'un mouvement est d'autant
plus dangereux qu'on le force à
devenir souterrain. La même foi en la
liberté et la démocratie fit d'elle une des
premières et des plus ardentes combattantes 
en faveur du suffrage des femmes.
Elle se mêlait activement aux mouvements
politiques, et parce qu'elle lutta
contre la corruption, elle fut en butte à
une campagne de diffamation dans la
presse. Elle montra plus d'une fois
comment elle comprenait et mettait en
pratique ses devoirs de citoyenne, et
elle travailla avec Roosevelt à la formation
d'un «troisième parti» basé sur la 
réforme sociale.
Quand la guerre éclata, elle défendit
la paix alors que cette cause était la
plus impopulaire. En mai 1915, avec
quelques 50 autres Américaines, elle
traversa l'Océan semé de mines pour
aller assister au Congrès International
des Femmes pour la Paix à La Haye. Il
en résulta la création de la Ligue Internationale
de Femmes pour la Paix et la 
Liberté, dont elle devint et resta présidente
(ou présidente d'honneur) jusqu'à sa mort.
Les attaques dont elle fut alors l'objet
nous paraissent aujourd'hui presque incompréhensibles.
Mais qui, à cette époque, 
aurait pu prévoir que la Comité Nobel
lui décernerait en 1931 le Prix de la Paix!
On a dit que la réputation d'écrivain
de Jane Addams aurait été bien plus
grande si l'importance de son travail
social ne l'avait pas éclipsée. Quoi qu'il
en soit, son livre: «Vingt ans à Hull
House», édité et réédité, traduit en plusieurs
langues, sert, sous forme abrégée,
de manuel de lecture dans des écoles
d'Amérique. Du point de vue littéraire,
son meilleur ouvrage est peut-être
«L'esprit de la jeunesse et les rues de la
ville». Mais l'œuvre la plus intéressante,
pour nous autres pacifistes au moins, est
«Le Pain et la Paix en temps de guerre»,
parue en 1922, alors que la surexcitation
causée par la guerre et existant encore
empêcha le grand public de goûter
comme il aurait dû cette claire et
profonde analyse du dilemme des pacifistes
à cette époque, et de la solution
qu'y apportait le génie propre de Jane 
Addams: le secours aux enfants des pays
affamés.
Depuis son enfance, Jane Addams ne
cessa de souffrir d'une santé précaire,
mais la force morale qui était en elle se
riait des obstacles matériels, et elle restait
infatigable à coté de ses collègues les
plus énergiques et les plus robustes.
Et maintenant, à 74 ans, ce cœur aimant
et généreux a cessé de battre.
C'est aux jeunes qu'il appartient de poursuivre,
sous des formes adaptées aux
temps nouveaux, la tâche de toute sa 
vie, la lutte pour la liberté, la paix et la 
coopération fraternelle des peuples.
Hélas! ce que nul ne pourra nous rendre,
c'est le charme indicible de sa personnalité,
simple et subtile à la fois, dont
l'irrésistible puissance venait s'ajouter
à ses dons intellectuels et à son étonnante
faculté d'organisation. Large sympathie,
dégagée de tout vain sentimentalisme,
sérénité souriante, sachant apprécier la
vie, modestie, courage, tranquille, humour
et solide bon sens, tout cela se
mêlait harmonieusement en cet être
d'élite dont l'existence même donne à
ceux qui l'ont connue une raison d'espérer
en l'humanité.
MESSAGE
DE ROMAIN ROLLAND
Absent depuis quelques semaines, je
viens seulement d'apprendre la mort de
Miss Jane Addams. Je tiens à vous exprimer
la profonde tristesse que j'en
ressens. Je n'avais rencontré qu'une
seule fois, à Paris, cette femme éminente,
mais j'avais gardé l'impression durable
de cette forte et sereine personnalité.
J'avais pour elle une respectueuse sympathie.
Aussi, je sens le besoin de me
joindre, en pensée, à ceux qui, comme
vous, ont eu le privilège d'être ses amies,
et de prendre part à leur deuil.

JANE ADDAMS
ALS TRÄGERIN DES
FRIEDENSGEDANKENS
Anfangs Mai feierte die amerikanische
Sektion der Internationalen Frauenliga
für Frieden und Freiheit in Washington
das zwanzigjährige Bestehen dieser
Frauen-Friedensorganisation und gestaltete
die Feier zugleich zu einer Dankeskundgebung 
für Jane Addams. Niemand
von uns ahnte damals, dass dies die
letzte Gelegenheit sei, Jane Addams
etwas von dem auszusprechen, was an
Dankbarkeit, Bewunderung und Verehrung
in unsern Herzen für sie lebte. Nun
sind wir doppelt froh, dass uns diese
Gelegenheit noch geboten wurde, obgleich
wir wissen, dass sie solcher Dankesäusserungen
nicht bedurfte. Sie war bei
aller Zartheit des Empfindens, bei aller
persönlich freundschaftlichen Einstellung
auch zum bescheidensten Mitarbeiter ein
Mensch, der sich für die Sache, für die er
arbeitet und kämpft, so sehr mit seiner
ganzen Person einsetzt, dass er über der
Sache die eigene Person vergisst und
darum auch ohne Anerkennung, ja auch
unter Verkennung and Verleumdung,
seinen Weg weiterschreitet.
Verkennung and Verleumdung hatte
sie schon infolge ihres Eintretens für
soziale Gerechtigkeit und politische Freiheit
erfahren; aber deswegen war sie 
doch „Amerikas grösste Bürgerin". Als
sie dann aber 1915 die Einladung zu
der Frauen-Friedenskonferenz im Haag
(Ende April und Anfang Mai 1915)
mitunterzeichnete und diese Konferenz
auch präsidierte, und als sie trotz dem
Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den
Krieg ihre Zugehörigkeit zu der an der
Haager Konferenz gegründeten Frauen-
Friedensorganisation nicht aufgab, wurden
doch manche von denen an ihr irre,
die sie als Sozialarbeiterin und Sozialpolitikerin
ausserordentlich geschätzt hatten.
Ihr Auftreten gegen Misstände
und Ungerechtigkeiten im Innern des
Landes liess sich noch mit dem Begriff
der treuen Bürgerin verbinden; ja, es
mochte aus der tiefen Liebe zu ihrem
Volke hervorgehen; aber in der Zeit,
wo das eigene Land Krieg führte, den
Krieg verurteilen, das hiess, sich in der
Zeit der Not von der Politik seines
Landes lossagen und kam in den Augen
vieler dem Vaterlandsverrat sehr nahe.
Und diejenigen, die die Einstellung
von Jane Addams zu Kreig und Frieden
sehr wichtig nahmen, hatten durchaus
Recht. Dass eine Frau von dem Ansehen
und der Bedeutung von Jane Addams
sich zu den Frauen im Haag gesellte,
dass sie die Tagungen leitete, dass sie
enie der Frauendeputationen anführte,
die von der Frauenkonferenz im Haag
an die Regierungen der kriegführenden
und neutralen Länder Europas gesandt
wurden, das gab schon nach aussen hin
der ganzen Veranstaltung ein gewisses
Gewicht. Von noch viel höherm Wert
aber war ihre Gegenwart überhaupt an
der Tagung und an der sich daran anschliessenden
Friedensmission. Ihre ganze
Persönlichkeit war eine Verkörperung
dessen, was die Beschlüsse der Haager
Frauenkonferez forderten und was die
Frauendeputationen gegenüber den
Staatsmännern, die sie aufsuchten, vertraten:
Brüderlichkeit, Gerechtigkeit, Versöhnlichkeit, 
Menschlichkeit. Und dies
alles war verbunden mit einem durchaus
nüchternen, klaren Verstand, mit
gründlichen Kenntnissen auf verschiedenen
Wissensgebieten, mit einem aus
Reisen und aus dem persönlichen Verkehr
mit Angehörigen beinahe aller
Nationen geschöpften Schatz von Erfahrungen
über die Denkweise, die
Geschichte, die Wesensart und die Probleme
der verschiedenen Völker. So wie
sie im Hull House allen Nationalitäten
die Tore geöffnet hatte, für alle da war,
allen mit mütterlicher Liebe die Daseinsbedingungen
zu erleichtern suchte, so
war sie jetzt die gütige mütterliche Frau,
die nicht mit Zorn oder Verachtung,
sondern in ruhig-klarer Auseinandersetzung
den Grossen dieser Welt ihre
Hilfe, die Hilfe der Frauen, anbot beim
Suchen von Auswegen aus dem blutigen
Chaos, in das sie die Menschheit hatten
hineingleiten lassen. Dabei hatte sie
trotz aller echten Bescheidenheit, einem
Wesenszug, der ihr ganz besonders eignete,
das sichere Auftreten des Menschen,
der im Bewussetsein der Grösse sines
Auftrages sich auch vor dem Mächtigsten
nicht klein vorkommt, -- wie sie, umgekehrt,
auch den einfachsten Menschen
mit der Ehrfurcht dessen behandelte,
der im Nebenmenschen die selbständige
Persönlichkeit achtet.
In diesem Geist der Achtung und
Ehrfurcht vor der Denkweise des Andern
leitete sie auch die Internationale Frauenliga
für Frieden und Freiheit, die am
Zürcher Kongress 1919 aus der Frauenorganisation
für den dauernden Frieden
hervorging, und deren Präsidentin und
Ehrenpräsidentin sie von  1919 bis zu
ihrem Lebensende blieb. Die Kongresse
von Wien (1921), Washington (1924), 
Dublin (1926), Prag (1929) fanden unter
ihrem persönlichen Präsidium statt:
für Grenoble (1932) und den zweiten
Zürcher Kongress (1934) reichten ihre
körperlichen Kräfte nicht mehr; die
Meerreisen erschöpften sie jeweilen sehr,
und ihr Herz hatte keine grosse Widerstandskraft 
mehr. Aber, wenn sie auch
nicht persönlich gegenwärtig war, so
war sie doch der Geist, der über den
Wassern schwebte, der Stern, an dem
man sich orientierte. Es war wohl kaum
jemand da, der die Kraft ihrer Persönlichkeit
nicht anerkannt und sich vor
der überlegenen Güte ihres Urteils nicht
gerne gebeugt hätte. Es lag ihr nicht
am Herrschen; sie war eine Führerin
im besten Sinne des Wortes. Man war
sicher, bei ihr nicht vorgefasste Meinungen
anzutreffen, sondern den ernsten
Willen, Gründe und Gegengründe gewissenhaft
zu prüfen und aus dem Für
und Wider womöglich die Synthese
herauszuarbeiten, die der gemeinsamen
Sache am besten diente.
Als sie 1931 den Nobel-Friedenspreis
erhielt, übergab sie den grössten Teil
davon der Liga, und es war ihr mit dieser
Spende nicht nur darum zu tun, der Liga
eine finanzielle Hilfe zu leisten, sondern
sie wollte damit auch einen Teil der
ihr zugedachten Ehrung auf die Liga
übertragen.
Was der Tod dieser mit den reichsten
Gaben des Herzens und des Verstandes
ausgestatteten Frau für die Liga bedeutet,
ist nicht auszusprechen. Aber, dass sie
einmal da war und der Frauenfriedensarbeit,
der Friedensarbeit überhaupt,
ihren Stempel aufgedrückt hat, dass sie
die Verbindung von Frieden und Freiheit
in ihrem Wesen und in ihrem ganzen
Kampfe gegen Kreig und Kriegsgeist
verwirklicht hat, war und bleibt ein
kostbares Geschenk des Schicksals. Ob
wir dieses Geschenkes würdig waren,
wird sich zeigen in der Art, wie wir das
Werk, das sie begonnen hat, weiterführen.
Clara Ragaz-Nadig.
(«Schweizer Frauenblatt» 31. Mai, 1935.)
AUS EINEM BRIEF EINER
DEUTSCHEN MITARBEITERIN
«...Sie besass die Treue zu sich selbst,
den Mut un die Selbstverständlichkeit,
das zu leben, was in ihr war. Und das,
was in ihr war und das sie lebte, fiel zusammen
mit dem, was die Welt liebt und
die Menschen so bitter nötig haben...»

A SKETCH OF 
JANE ADDAMS' WORK
FOR PEACE
Already in 1907 Miss Addams wrote
her book on "Newer Ideals of Peace". 
Then, as later, her conception of peace
was highly realistic-personal and social
as much as political.
She was deeply interested in the pre-war
efforts toward international arbitration 
and pleased that President Theodore
Roosevelt was the first to submit
a case to the World Court of Conciliation
and Arbitration, established at The

Hague in 1913.  At a great peace convention
called at that time in New York
she spoke on behalf of that practical
internationalism of friendly living together,
regardless of all barriers, which
was at once the creed and the practice
of Hull House. 
In 1914 came the war.  She speaks of
"that basic sense of desolation, of suicide,
of anachronism" which it brought.  She
at once became a leader in the peace 
movement, and quite especially in the
international peace movement of women.
In January 1915 she and Mrs. Carrie
Chapman Catt called together in Washington
a peace convention with a far-reaching
programme. In collaboration
with Rosika Schwimmer and Mrs. Pethick-Lawrence,
the Women's Peace Party
was founded, with herself as Chairman.
Some three months later she, with
other American delegates, attended the
International Congress of Women at
The Hague, undeterred by the bitter
gibe of her friend Theodore Roosevelt
that the undertaking was even more
base than silly, by the dangers of the
mine-fields of the British Channel or
the efforts of British authorities to prevent
the meeting. Her presiding over
the Congress was a beautiful thing to
watch and her subsequent visits with Dr.
Aletta Jacobs and others to leading
statesmen of both neutral and belligerent
countries to present to them the
Congress proposal for continuous mediation
by neutral governments was one
of the most curious and touching episodes
of the war. The history of it is told in
full in "Women at The Hague".
She returned to report to President
Wilson the support that she had found
for the plan, but he refused it. Nevertheless,
she believed to the end--as many
others believe--that had he taken it
up the war might have ended sooner
and in a better peace.
The Hague Congress set up a skeleton
organisation under the name of International
Committee of Women for Permanent 
Peace, with Jane Addams as
Chairman. It was decided to hold a
second congress when negotiations for
peace should begin.
In 1915 and later Jane Addams came
into touch with European peace leaders
and peace movements; notably, the
Organisation Centrale pour une Paix
Durable in Holland, the Society for
International Friendship through the
Churches, the English League for Democratic
Control, the Fellowship of Reconciliation--
which also started in England--
and especially the International Service
of the Society of Friends, during and
after the war.

On her return from Europe there
followed a period of very real martyrdom.
A remark in a public lecture was seized
upon and twisted and she was overwhelmed
both in the press and in letters
with an avalanche of reproach and abuse.
Later in 1915 came the Ford Peace
Ship with its slogan "Get the Boys out
of the Trenches by Christmas". She
agreed to go and was about to sail when
her life was endangered by a sudden
hemorrhage which entailed months of
serious illness. It is untrue that she
failed to go for any other reason than
this, much as she was out of sympathy
with some of the methods.
Of her work with the Union against
Militarism and the Emergency Peace Federation
and in other connections--notably
the presentation in different university
towns of Euripides' tragedy The Trojan
Woman--I cannot say much from first-hand
knowledge, but anyone who reads
her own account of this period in her
books, "Peace and Bread in Time of
War", or "The Second Twenty Years at
Hull House" can feel not only the painful
and fruitful travail of her mind but her
deep understanding of the problems of
those dreadful times.
In these pages she describes the release
which she found both on the side of
philosophy and of action. She was
occupied with the idea of an entirely
different basis of human, and not least
of international relations, expressed in
mutual help in supplying the bread
upon which life depends. She threw
herself into the work of bringing food
into the famine-stricken areas, feeling
that here was the primal and fundamental
significance of the life of woman--provision
for the wants of her household.
A deep vein of mysticism in her feeling
in regard to the growing of grain and the
distribution of food comes out clearly
in her "Peace and Bread". She would
have liked to see the League of Nations
have a practical responsibility in this
field and asks: "Did women in failing 
to insist upon their own rôle deprive a
great experiment in international relationships
of the fresh human motive
power which was so sorely needed and
was the League of Nations, unable to
utilise these humanitarian motives, inevitably
thrown back upon the old political 
ones?"
In 1919 the so-long deferred second
congress which was to continue the work
begun at The Hague was called together
for May 12. On her way to attend it
Jane Addams stopped in Paris where
the Peace Conference was working out
both the Versailles and other peace
treaties, and the Covenant of the League

of Nations. She brought a copy of this
still unpublished Covenant with her to 
Zurich and there it had its first critical
public discussion. The Congress was a 
triumphant success. Miss Addams quotes
an American journalist as saying, "The
will toward peace and international
neighbourliness, so often trampled under
since the war, became alive again in
that hall. The air was the old free air and 
the spirit lifted and expressed itself."
The original provisional organisation
now took permanent form under the
new name of Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom. Of this
Jane Addams served as president, active
or honorary, as long as she lived. As
long as her health permitted she presided
at its various congresses--Vienna, 1921;
The Hague, 1922; Washington, 1924;
Dublin, 1926; Prague, 1929.
In the United States she constantly
took part in the meetings, public and
private, of the U.S. Section. I remember
with special interest a discussion in 
1933 at a private meeting where many
sorts of people--labour leaders, leftwing
extremists, Quakers and others--debated
the problem of sanctions.
In 1931 the Nobel Peace prize was
awarded to her jointly with President
Butler of Columbia University. In 1934
she proposed the name of Carl von
Ossietzky as candidate for the 1935 award.
In May of this year, less than three
weeks before her death, she was the
centre of a great celebration in Washington
in which members of the Roosevelt
Administration took part in honouring
her and the twenty years' work for peace
of the organisation with which she had
always identified herself and which
she so loved.
Her relation to her friends and colleagues,
drawn together from so many
countries to this work in common, was
one of deep affection and confidence.
Her Hull House experience had enriched
her understanding of and liking for
people of the most differing temperaments
and origins and her power of
making herself understood by them.
In how many countries in the world
will there be those who will miss her personally!
Jane Addams' concern for peace was
not something that began when the
War forced the issue. It was nothing
accidental or external. It had nothing to
do with compromise or what people
mean by "peace at any price". It was a 
state of mind, a method of dealing with
contentious problems of all sorts. It was
a deep part of herself, at once her philosophy
and her life.
Emily Greene Balch.

EXTRACTS FROM ARTICLES ON
JANE ADDAMS THAT HAVE
APPEARED SINCE HER DEATH
The mistaken purpose has been to
establish a traditional figure of the St.
Francis sort--the figure of a woman
who surrendered comfort, ease, all the
amenities of life to lose herself in the
poverty of Chicago's needy, and to share
her crusts as she passed from tenement
door to tenement door. The very idea
requires a complete misconception of
Miss Addams' outlook on life. She had 
no interest in descending to the poverty
level. Her interest was in lifting the level
all about her to new heights. For that 
reason, Hull House under her hand was 
always a place in which beauty was
served, and the emphasis was on the
maximum of enjoyment to be extracted
from the widest possible spread of human
interests and activities. There is a 
sense in which Miss Addams' career
filled a complete era, as she herself
recognized. The social settlement movement, 
opening forty years ago, served
to awaken the nation's conscience to
the desperate plight of the underprivileged
in our cities, and to give an immediate 
outlet for the philanthropic impulses 
thus aroused. But the reactionary forces 
which opposed the founding of Hull
House, and others of the early social
settlements, were right in their perception
that the movement would not for long
be content merely to do ambulance 
work for the victims of an unjust social
order. Social work today is at a fork
in the roads; it must decide whether it
is to remain behind in the area of caring
for the victimized or whether it is to
press ahead into the dangerous areas of
conflict where the struggle must be
pressed to bring to pass an order of
society with fewer victims. Miss Addams,
for all her love of Hull house and her
belief in it, had already passed that fork.
She was among those who were intent
on gaining a social system so intelligently
and justly designed that there
would be no victims.
("The Christian Century", June 5, 1935.)

Miss Addams proved by active work
many of the theories later advanced by
scientists who never went nearer the
slums than the Public Library. She
proved the common humanity of us
all--rich, poor, honest and crooked--and
the healing effect of better living conditions.
She was never afraid of giving
outlets to healthy human vitality--it
was better to talk things out, at a table,
than to suppress views and engage in
fisticuffs and threats to ruin society.

In Jane Addams' life action came first;
then the case could be talked about.
She became garbage inspector in the
Nineteenth Ward because she couldn't
stand the stinks, and after her example
others agreed that things could be cleaned
up. She took care of babies of immigrant
mothers when there was no nurse at
hand. She could overlook trivial slights
because her eye was on the great goal.

Jane Addams was too individualistic
to become a radical arguing for a collective 
society. Her collectivism envisaged
every individual doing his utmost. Her
idea of solving a social issue was to
examine it in the concrete. Her faith
in humanity was so great that she was
willing to work with it under any conditions
rather than to despair of the present
in the hope of a millennium in which
everybody would become proficient by
edict. She was one of the greatest Americans
who ever lived.
(Harry Hansen in the "N.Y. World.")

She advocated the recognition of the
Soviet Union because it was "the largest
piece of conscious social laboratory
experiment that history records". After
the Armistice she and Doctor Alice
Hamilton were among the first to carry
aid to starving Germany. Perhaps the
most trying task of Miss Addams'
whole life was explaining to the delegates
of the Women's International
League from foreign countries who came
to Washington in 1924 the violent discourtesy
with which they were received by
ladies whose ancestors had fought in
American wars, and by gentlemen of the
United States army.
In a career that challenged the bitter
partisanship of private property and
exclusive nationalism, Miss Addams' 
sucess came from her wide intellectual
horizon and from her temperamental
tolerance. In the post-war hysteria, she
remarks, "We used to remind ourselves
that when the first biological discoveries
were published, they were regarded as 
indecencies--when the first anthropological
discoveries were made, the statements
were regarded as blasphemy--
when the first efforts were made to open
better international relationships between
widely separated people, it was
perhaps quite natural that such efforts
should be regarded as treason". Again
she wrote "that if the activities of Hull
House were ever misunderstood it would
be either because there was not time to
explain fully or because our motives
had become mixed."
(From the "New Republic",
June 5, 1935.)

No one will ever be able to put into
words the whole long record of the
goodness of Jane Addams. All the world
knows that she made of Hull House a 
citadel of compassion where the dispossessed
and the bewildered, the friendless
and the forgotten have gone for refuge
and refreshment and revival.
Yet if that were all her life has meant,
Jane Addams would only stand first in
a large company of men and women
who in every land and under all conditions
are persistently kind to their fellow
beings. It is not all. There is something
else, which was visible in the beauty
of her countenance, was audible in her
unaffected voice, is in the style of her
writings, and was the special element
in her influence. It was the quality
within her which made it possible for
her to descend into the pits of squalor
and meanness and cruelty and evil, and
yet never to lose, in fact always to hold
clearly, the distinctions that are precious
to a maturely civilized being. She had 
compassion without condescension. She
had pity without retreat into vulgarity.
She had infinite sympathy for common
things without forgetfulness of those
that are uncommon.
That, I think, is why those who have
known her say that she was not only
good but great. For this blend of sympathy
with distinction, of common
humanity with a noble style is recognisable
by those who have eyes to see it
as the occasional but authentic issue of
the mystic promise of the American
democracy. It is the quality which
reached its highest expression in Lincoln,
when, out of the rudeness of his background
and amidst the turmoil of his
times, he spoke in accents so pure that 
his words ring true enduringly. This is 
the ultimate vindication of the democratic
faith, not that men can be brought
to a common level, but that without
pomp or pride or power or privilege, every
man might and some men will achieve
again and again the highest possibilities
of the human spirit.
It is to renew men's faith, so hard
to hold, so easy to lose, that saints
are born as witnesses and as examples.
Jane Addams was a witness to the ancient
American faith that a democracy
can be noble, and that serenity and pity
and understanding, not merely force and
ambition and wilfulness, can pervade
the spirit of a strong and of a proud
people.  Walter Lippman.

"No wonder that it was said of her
'She is a great statesman without a 
portfolio'."

PERSONAL TRIBUTES
   What was the special quality that
brought us to our feet when she came
into a room?  It wasn't her faculty of 
organisation though she was a fine organiser.
It wasn't the accuracy of her 
statistics, though she believed in facts,
sought them patiently "beneath dogmatism
and enthusiasm", and knew how
to use them.  It wasn't her case-work
technique, for she transcended the techniques
we labour to perfect.  It wasn't 
her ability to raise money for social
work, though she was a rare money-raiser.
Was it her vision, her sincerity,
her "inner sight", her way of seeing 
things whole, rather than in parts, her
simplicity and her quiet courage?  There
is no one word to sum these up.  Few 
of us can combine them in one personality.
But if, as social workers in this city that
she loved, we can keep these qualities
alive in our work, we shall continue to
build Jane Addams' monument in Chicago.
   Perhaps it will comfort us to remember
that Jane Addams believed in youth, 
and change and growth.  She would
have been the last person to say that
hope is gone when an age is ended or a 
great leader has left us.  She would 
smile at such a suggestion with her
infinite patience, touched with humour
which could be salty, and say, perhaps,
"Don't be absurd".  For as most of us 
know, she could dismiss the irrelevant 
as abruptly as she could express the
eternal verities with beauty and dignity.
   (From Letter of the Council of Social
Agencies of Chicago.)

   Miss Addams had great beauty.  Who
could look at that mobile, sensitive
face, without seeing there the sorrows of
the world and the love which alone can
master those sorrows?  To me, as to countless
others, she was in herself the answer
to the doubts that beset us -- doubts
of a human will to achieve worthy ends --
doubts of destiny.  For she touched life
in its most difficult aspects, never stepping
aside, always going to the bottom.
There was nothing apart in her.  Most
people -- even great people -- save something
for themselves -- some retreat,
some private corner, some place apart.
Much to the embarrassment of her
visiting friends, she would give up to
them even her own rooms at Hull House.
And this was typical of her interior life
which was in a sense the place where all
could go -- a public place open for all
the world.  This distinction of public
and private did not seem to exist 
for her.


WORDS WITH WHICH
JANE ADDAMS CLOSED THE
INTERNATIONAL RADIO
PROGRAMME OF MAY 3, 1935
   The Women's International League
joins a long procession of those who
have endeavored for hundreds of years
to substitute law for war, political processes 
for brute force, and we are grateful
to our friends from various parts of
the world who recognize at least our
sincerity in this long effort.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
   Besides innumerable articles and addresses
and chapters contributed to collections
of essays, Jane Addams wrote
the following books:  Democracy and
Social Ethics (1902); *Newer Ideals of 
Peace (1907); Twenty Years at Hull
House (1910); The Spirit of Youth and the
City Streets (1910); The Long Road of
Woman's Memory (1916); *Women at 
the Hague (with Alice Hamilton and
E.G. Balch) (1916);  A New Conscience 
and an Ancient Evil -- on prostitution
(1917); *Bread and Peace in Time of War 
(1922) *The Second Twenty Years at
Hull House (1930); The Excellent
Becomes he Permanent (a collection of
memorials of friends).
   She also contributed to Philanthropy
and Social Progress (1892); Hull House
Maps and Papers (1895); Religion and
Social Action (1913); *Why Wars Must
Cease (1935). The Second Twenty Years
at Hull House contains a chapter
*Efforts for Peace During Five Years
of War. An article on *Exaggerated
Nationalism and International Comity
appeared in the Survey (N.Y.) for
April 1934.
   In the above list (which is not quite
complete) writings dealing specially with
peace are starred.
   The W.I.L.P.F. library in Geneva
will lend books from this list so far as
available, postage both ways should be
paid.  Those in heavy type are in the 
library.
   *** She had indeed close personal
friends, but she drew them out into the
great spaces where she was so much at
home.   Her friendships were constantly
going forward and outward.
   Miss Addams loved children.  Before
them lies the unknown.  In seeing her
with children one instinctively felt the
poignancy of her hope for a different 
world, built on greater generosity and 
justice than the life of today.  For that
better world Miss Addams lived day by
day, with penetrating insight, with great
practical wisdom and with undying
hope.
Mary K. Simkhovitch.

TO CONTINUE JANE
ADDAMS' WORK
   Miss Addams has always advised us
not to pursue negative methods;  we must 
think out a better way than the military
one and work for it, for only by working
for better things can we succeed.  The 
International office at Geneva was very
dear to the heart of Jane Addams.
Insofar as her spirit has inspired us, we 
must work to support that office and
carry on its mission to spread peace and
love over the unhappy and discordant
peoples of the world.  Her beautiful
spirit has led us by its light of wisdom.
Now that she is gone, it is for us to
consecrate ourselves to be worthy of her
leadership and to continue the work so
nobly begun by Jane Addams.
   (From Radio address by Kathering
Devereux Blake.)

JANE ADDAMS INTERNATIONAL
PEACE FUND
   Friends and colleagues of Jane Addams
are invited to contribute to this fund to
continue and strengthen the work of the
organisation to which she gave herself
during twenty years and for which she 
had a sense of personal affection.  Checks
or postal orders payable to the Women's
International League for Peace and
Freedom should be sent to Case Postale
286, Rive 3, Geneva.

EDITOR'S NOTE
     The brief statement underneath the 
picture on the first page was drawn
up by Helena M. Swanwick, for long
Chairman of the British Section of the 
W.I.L.P.F., and was formally adopted
by its Executive Committee on the occasion
of the death of our friend and leader.
   The drawing is a recent likeness of
Jane Addams, by the American artist
Violet Oakley, whose best known work,
the  frescoes illustrating the life of William
Penn in the Pennsylvania Capitol, are
in themselves a celebration of the state-
building quality of the will-to-peace.
   If ordered at once, copies of this drawing,
printed on glazed paper, can be
supplied, not folded, post paid, at the 
following rates in Swiss francs:  per hundred
10.00, singly 0.20; copies of this
Memorial Pax: per hundred 15.00, singly
0.30.
   Multigraphed copies have been made
of the chief messages of sympathy received
at the Geneva office:  also a list of
the main data of Jane Addams' life for
use in preparing accounts of her life
and writings.  These can be supplied
at the same price as the Memorial Issue
of Pax.

The American Neagageie 
           May 1910

These pages had to go to press 
a few days after the April num-
ber appeared, containing the 
first of Jane Addam's articles. Al-
ready the newspapers in Chicago and 
                            elsewhere have com-
          Jane           mented extensively 
       Addam's       on the first chapter.
         Articles       Our readers have
                            also begun to show
their appreciation of the fine quality
of the articles. James Keeley, man-
aging editor of The Chicago Tribune,
sent us word that he had personally
found the first article "fascinating
reading"

Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.