NAWSA Subject File Algeo, Sara M. The Boys here woul'd like to have womans suffrage Party send smart girl to sell flags and pencils and paint Newport Red we want to get even with Miss Emery and the Civic League and Crooked Police and we will all vote for you call and see me near Quiglys Hotell B[?] Ward Newport Eastons Beach Program 1 Poem by Miss Enid Pierce 2 Music by miss Helina Ames and Miss Jean C[?] 3- A word on the Congression[?] ad litem-Mrs Marsden J Perry 4- Miss Alice Stone Blackwell 5- Miss Althea Hall 6- Miss Elizabeth Yates 7- Mrs. Maude Howe Elliott The Woman Suffrage Party will give an attractive Luncheon in honor of Alice Stone Blackwell and other prominent women, at Chin Lee's Restaurant, 193 Westminster Street, on Saturday, March Twenty-seven, at one-thirty o'clock. Tickets at one dollar may be secured of members of the committee. MRS. JAMES W. ALGEO MRS. JOHN W. NORTH, 394 ANGELL STREET 104 MILLER AVENUE MISS ENID PIERCE MISS ALTHEA HALL 166 SIXTH STREET 88 HIGH STREET, PAWTUCKET Please apply promptly as the sale of tickets will be limited to one hundred. MRS. SARA M. ALGEO (Mrs. James) Mrs. Sara M. Algeo was President of the Woman Suffrage Party of Rhode Island which had been organized as an auxiliary of the National American Woman Suffrage Assn. In 1914 she became interested in the Congressional Union also and after that time served as head of both groups in Rhode Island. This was one instance where there seemed to be little difficulty in the two groups. Their common goal was to secure Presidential Suffrage in Rhode Island, and this was pushed forward under Mrs. Catt's plan. Mrs. Algeo represented the Rhode Island at every Convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and became the President of the Providence League of Women Voters after suffrage had been won. Edna L. Stantial Editor May 1961 The Rhode Island Assembly has the power to give the women of the State the right to vote for Presidential and Vice-Presidential electors by simple legislative enactment. This power is conferred by Act II of the Constitution of the United States. The Presidential Suffrage Bill introduced into the Assembly this year does not carry any State or municipal suffrage privileges. The qualifications required of women to vote are the same as those holding for men in this State. The first Bill for Presidential Suffrage drawn in this country was prepared in Rhode Island and presented to the Rhode Island Assembly. A similar Bill passed the Illinois Legislature in 1913, and its constitutionality was upheld by the Supreme Court of that State. Bills of this character are now before the Legislatures of Michigan, Nebraska and Vermont and in preparation in other States. Women in twelve Western States are able to vote for Presidential electors. The significance of their votes will be felt in the next National Presidential Conventions. Unless the Eastern States speedily grant their women a similar privilege, the balance of power will swing to the West. As Rhode Island led in the framing of a Presidential Suffrage Bill, it seems especially fitting that her women should be granted the Presidential vote before other Eastern States adopt it. The Right and Wrong of Feminism A Sermon Preached at the Central Congregational Church Providence, R. I. By the Minister April Twenty-Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Fourteen The Right and Wrong of Feminism A Sermon Preached at the Central Congregational Church Providence, R. I. By the Minister April Twenty-Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Fourteen The Right and Wrong of Feminism We are to consider this morning a movement so generally in evidence that thoughtful people can no longer ignore it and so far reaching in some of its proposals that the Church to which no great human interests are alien may well test it by her own profound standards of religion and morality. We call it Feminism and under Feminism include all those demands and protests and questionings with which women confront their long established position in the world. Beyond so general a definition Feminism is not easy to define. It expresses itself in manifold fashions, but it is on the whole the endeavor of a great body of women to re-establish themselves in our present day political, moral, industrial and social order. Those women who do not agree to its programme are opposing it with growing intensity. It is then a movement into which women of every shade of opinion are being increasingly drawn. Most of us have long thought of women as temperamentally conservative, docily accepting a status deeply established at once in tradition and the nature of things. And now they are up in arms all about us, knocking at every door, questioning age old inheritances, elbowing aside conventions and even making martyrs of themselves in ways which seem to the masculine mind out of all proportion to what they are willing to starve themselves to death for. If the average American husband or father were to propose a text for this textless homily he would probably go to Luke 24, 22: "Certain women also made us astonished." No wonder we are more or less perplexed. We are used to embattled farmers and workmen, and embattled employers and embattled employes, and embattled political opponents, but when we are called upon to confront embattled wives and mothers and sisters and daughters - we whose consciences are really quite clear, who have never thought of ourselves as arbitrary or unreasonable in our attitude toward women, but who rather are willing to do anything for them we can, give them anything we can afford, and some things we can't are inclined to dismiss the whole matter far too lightly and 3 to laugh them out of the court. But just as we are about to do this we are met by a note of intensity, an unexpected persistency or even a kind of hysterical fierceness which gives us pause. We are brought up by a round turn and suddenly sobered by the growing sense that just here where we least expected it we are face to face with the same passion for freedom and personality, variously expressed, which has been rewriting the history of the world ever since the Reformation, which has been the point of departure for battles and revolutions and which once in action has never given over until its goals have been attained. Like every revolutionary thing Feminism is both a revolt and a quest; a protest against the established order, a demand for changed conditions. Against what are women revolting and how far is their revolt justified? What is it they are seeking, how far ought society as a whole to help them to secure it? Feminism is probably at bottom the demand of women for a personal place in the world. They feel that this has been too long a man's world; that laws, institutions and ideals, and even systems of morality, have as far as they have concerned women been shaped by the man's point of view, and that so women have been treated as possessions or appendages or dependents or rare creatures of another world but not as ordinary human beings with rights, possibilities and personalities of their own. This is what they are seeking, sometimes blindly, sometimes with clear vision, sometimes rightly, sometimes wrongly - just like the rest of us in our quests. First, they are in revolt against their inherited position in the political order and are demanding a very much fuller and more direct participation in the conduct of the state. Second, they are in revolt against their inherited position in the economic and social order and are demanding new economic liberty. Third, a good many of them are in revolt against their inherited status in the domestic order and are proposing far reaching modifications of the home and family itself. Fourth, it seems to some of us that some of them are in revolt against the very fact of their womanhood and are demanding the extinction of the differences between masculine and feminine nature. Let us consider these one by one. Democracy as Abraham Lincoln defined it is the mightiest political force in the world today. It has been in action ever since the American and French revolutions. It has seemed to multitudes of men the very rising light of the power of God; the dawn of a new and 4 perfect day. It has called them across land and sea and has rewritten history. It has seemed to others a political disaster, something to be defeated if possible, but at any rate always to be challenged and heckled. In its practical outcome it has wholly justified neither the enthusiastic hopes of its friends nor the black fears of its foes. But the sweep of it has been unhindered, the rising tide of it unchecked; it was never mightier than it is today. Now the right to the ballot has brought to all sorts and conditions of people a sense of participation in this mighty, sweeping human tide which nothing else could bring them. The extension of the ballot has been the vehicle of its advance. Of course behind the ballot is public opinion, but the ballot in a democracy makes public opinion effective. Those who possess it have to be reckoned with even by Czars, Kaisers and political bosses. Those to whom it is denied are left more or less helpless in our modern world; they are dependent upon the favor or charity of others and if they make themselves felt it is only by indirect methods, which are sometimes effectual and sometimes not. In the last eighty years, beginning with the English Reform Bills, the extension of suffrage rights has been perhaps the most significant thing in the world's history. The ballot box has invaded almost every stronghold of political privilege and girdled the globe. It has found its way into China, Russia, the Islands of the Sea. But it has up to this time been a man's privilege. It is easy to see why this has been. Democracy took over a world whose final court of arbitration was the battle field and whose final force was the sword. In such a world as this men were of necessity dominant. The battle for the possession of the ballot begun between men themselves. It had first of all to be won by the unconsidered, men who had no recognized place in the political order, without station or authority, possessing nothing but themselves. That battle has been practically won. Universal manhood suffrage is a part of the political machinery of most civilized states. There are exceptions, but substantially the fight for universal manhood suffrage is won. For a long time women did not ask to be considered, indeed it would have been useless had they done so. But now they are beginning to ask why in a movement like this they and they alone should be counted out. They are questioning the logic which makes sex dis- 5 tinctions final in the more active part of the conduct of a democracy. They have property, they pay taxes, they are vitally affected by the conduct of the state, they are makers of public opinion, they have their interests and their convictions; they want to know why they are being left out. They see that intelligence is no test, that moral worth is not considered, that political judgement is not necessarily demanded, that the greatest republic in the world offers to aliens after a residence of five years its most precious political privilege. In the face of all this they see themselves shut out. They cannot understand it; they want at least to know why. And we must confess when we attempt to answer them in the negative that our answers for the most part satisfy neither them nor us. They tell us that they do not wish to depend for their representation in the state upon their husbands, their brothers or their fathers. They point to an increasing number of women who are not represented by husbands, they tell us that our old simple theory of a state in which every woman is the sheltered member of a household has wholly broken down. Multitudes of women are not sheltered members of a household they are on the firing line of the industrial and social battle and they are left there wanting the one weapon without which no man would for a moment consent to be left in such a position. They want to know why Bathhouse John has for a long generation been able to rule a notorious Chicago ward through the power of the ballot while Jane Addams, putting up as noble a fight for humanity as has ever been waged, has been left without a weapon at the very bloody angle of the battle field. They tell us that they have their own idealisms, their own distinct contribution to our common life. They ask us how we would feel if conscious of right and fitness to take part in the business of the state we were pushed one side and had to stand merely as spectators while others no more fit or worthy than we went in and out the polling booth. They say that they are being denied what every man feels is the very privilege of personality itself. I confess frankly that our common arguments against it do not seem to me to carry weight. The fact that a good many women do not want the ballot does not prove anything except that their sense of political and social responsibility has been numbed by generations of non-participation. A good many of the best things in the world have always had to be forced on the people who really need them most. There is nothing 6 in a woman's mind which makes it impossible for her to pronounce as intelligently upon public questions as the average man nor is it conclusive to say that her place is in the home. That is true enough, save that any number of women are not there, and at any rate the home today is no isolated thing, no secluded sanctuary. Its most sacred and intimate interests are dependent upon the health of the body politic. There is hardly an aspect of home keeping or home making which is not affected by good or bad legislation. The education and safeguarding of our children, the purity of the food we cook, of the milk which is left at our doors, our security against contagious disease, the very peace and order which lie about us all depend upon the action of the community in which we live, the city of which we are a part or the state to which we belong. To say that a woman can keep the home with no reference to what goes on outside the home is contradicted by fact and experience. To say that the polls are no fit places for women is to indict our masculine methods of carrying on the business of the state and not the women themselves. The experience of western states has shown that woman may come and go to the polls as they come and go everywhere else and that their presence has resulted in a physical and moral cleanliness which has been good for the polling booths and the men who go there. In the main the results of suffrage in action here has been so far satisfactory. It has been a force for better things. In the face of such considerations as these I think that the establishment of woman's suffrage is only a question of time and that when it is fully come we shall wonder as we have wondered in so many other cases at the fears and hesitations with which we have met its progress. And yet - And yet - I for my part have not been able to share the almost hysterical passion for it which many women and some men are showing. It is well for a great thing to have to win its way slowly. It is well for a great thing to have to win its way slowly, to meet manifold arguments, to live down doubts and hesitations, to justify itself by the universality and persistence of its appeal. For the most part where self-government has really justified itself those who have exercised it have first of all been made fit for its exercise in the very difficulty of winning it. They have been taught courage on the field of battle, patience in the face of vast obstacles, persistency by the very obstacles put in their way. They have been compelled to take account of themselves, to estimate the value of what they seek by the price which they have paid for it. That is the law of life. What we are fully ready for we win by 7 the very quality of our fitness; we are made fit for the possession of it by the struggle for its attainment. The sudden enfranchisement of large masses of population must always give us pause. I do not for a moment want to compare the c\embattled women of today with the emancipated negro of fifty years ago and yet our dealing with him has also its lessons. In a moment of generous moral enthusiasm, urged on by a variety of motives, we gave the ballot into millions of unready hands. We would not do that again. It would have been immensely better for the negro himself had he been compelled to win that right as he won his manhood. It is better that woman's suffrage should come gradually, after much agitation and only as public opinion is entirely ripe for it than that it should be the gift of carless legislators, bestowing it through gallantry and their general unwillingness to keep a woman from having anything she wants. And if I were an Englishman I would not be quickly persuaded of the fitness of English militant suffragettes to share in the conduct of so vast a political and social machinery as the British empire by the temper in which they have sought that participation or the revelation of themselves which they are making as they fight. I do not believe that a woman because she is a woman ought to be shut out of the polling booth, but on the other hand I am much more eager about some general readjustment of the whole question of suffrage along lines of intelligence and responsibility without regard to sex then simply to add a new mass of voters to an electorate already sadly needing discipline and differentiation. I must also confess that I do not see how this is to be accomplished save that I do not believe any man or woman ought to be allowed to vote anywhere who can not read and write the English language. Reading and writing do not guarantee moral machinery of education here in America we shall not wrong any man (or woman) by demanding that he shall read at least one- half dozen sentences of the constitution of the state in the language in which it was written before he casts his ballot. Beyond all this there is still one consideration which is not easily dismissed. We have not yet come to the time when we may be wholly sure of dismissing force as the last argument in a stupid and headstrong world. I would to God that that day had come, it is coming nearer all the time. Some day we shall reach it, but we have not reached it yet. And this morning while our battleships 8 lie in the harbors of Mexican cities, a strange and thrilling demonstration that even the most pacific and idealistic of presidents can not carry through a pacific policy without bringing the navy into action, this morning while Ulster is an armed camp and England herself is edging slowly away from the abyss of civil war this morning while the graves of those who died in our own civil war have not yet sunk level with the turf, we need at least to recognize that this is a hard world for idealisms which are not able upon occasion to submit to the arbitrament of battle; that there may be still occasion for the pronouncements of the majorities to be carried through by armed force; and that a ballot which has not a bullet behind it may find itself, although potent in the polling booth, impotent upon the tented field. Women, at least the better part of them - and when we think of woman's suffrage we think I fear only of the better and finer womanhood - are naturally idealists, that is at once the strength and weakness of their political participation in the conduct of the state. Such idealisms we need, their correction heretofore has been on the better side, but there is always the possibility that political idealism may outrun the solid power of its enforcement. We have already sinned too largely in that direction in America. Our political salvation today is not for the want of idealistic laws but for the want of a driving force of public opinion to put those laws into action. If we are to add a still larger idealistic force without balancing it by a deepened law enforcing power we may well ask ourselves what the outcome of it all may upon occasion prove to be. I urge such considerations as these upon the women who are today leaders in the suffrage movement not as final or conclusive arguments but as explaining the attitude of a good many of us who want above all the triumph of every noble idealism, but who are more concerned with the creation of the moral and spiritual force which will make such idealisms enduringly possible than with this or that change in the machinery of state. Nor is the position of women in our modern world so unsatisfactory as many of them think. Indirect influences are often more powerful than direct and the force of a great body of public opinion, more or less remote from political battles and partisan interests, ought not to be underestimated. It is something to influence great movements without being caught in their headlong currents. Some such honored position women occupy today in American public 9 life. They would better at least count the cost before they propose to surrender it. What they get for it may not wholly pay for the loss of it. So much then for the first region in which embattled womanhood is in action. The demand for woman's suffrage is the logical outcome of forces which have been long in play, it will in the end have its way, on the whole it ought to have its way, but it will do it no harm to make haste slowly, to be compelled to prove itself before it wins what it seeks, and above all in a world not yet free from the necessity of sheer brute force to recognize actual conditions and not too far outrun them. The second thing which Feminism seeks is a readjustment of Woman's place in the economic world. Here, too, momentous changes have taken place within the last two generations. Practically since the beginning of human history man has been the bread winner, woman the bread baker. Those industries which were carried on outside the four walls of the home and which had to do with business, battle and commerce have belonged to men; occupations carried on within the four walls of the home and having to do with the food, clothing and domestic comfort of the household have belonged to women. Since the stone ages she has dressed the skins or spun the wool, knitted the stockings, woven the cloth and made the garments, has been laundress and cook and general upon the favor or the caprice of her man. A great deal which she used to do is now done in shops and factories and she has been left with routine domestic duties, difficult it must be confessed and too often uninspiring, but at the same time most vital to the health, comfort, moral wellbeing, prosperity of society. For the most part her status in all this still depends upon the attitude of her men folk. If they are generous, as most American men are, she is given in one way or another more than her full share of the family income; if they are just she is recognized as a wealth producer and is given her share of the family income, not as a favor, but a right. But if her men folk are mean and niggardly she is too often compelled to live as a drudge, to secure what she can in the best way she is able, but always with some sense of humiliation and economic inferiority. 10 Now women are claiming that they must be given their own place in the world's work; they want their own wage as their own right. Many of them have grown very impatient of the domestic routine; they want to work in the entirely different atmosphere of organized industry, and the whole condition of modern industry makes it increasingly possible for them to do this. The result is that almost every industry has been invaded by women while the accepted social theory is that women are still economically dependent. They do not want to be dependent, they feel that they have already paid too great a price and society with them has paid too great a price for such dependence. The more radical leaders claim that centuries of economic dependence have unduly developed the favor getting side of women at the cost of their independence and integrity and has made them willing or even eager to secure the good regard of men - which say these same leaders means shelter, comfort, security - by paying any price which men have exacted. This they say has been good neither for man nor woman and it ought to be corrected. There is a vast deal of truth in it all but I can not agree with the radical leaders of the Feminist movement as to the way in which it ought to be corrected for it must in the end mean a thoroughly socialized state and we are as yet far from ready for that. In the main such women as desire economic independence can now attain it; almost every door is open and there are multitudes of agencies which are training women for their place in the new order. As women come into industry society must of course safeguard their position and even guard them from themselves, for there is the tendency for the half-sheltered woman to work for such wages as completely cuts the ground from beneath the wholly unsheltered woman and sets her working everywhere for what is not really a living wage, so subjecting her to very grave temptations in her endeavor to supplement that wage. But I feel most strongly that what is needed here is not the wholesale dismissal of women to organized industry outside the four walls of the home but a new insight into the significance of domestic industry and a greater understanding between the man who works outside the four walls of the home and the woman who works inside. Women say that domestic service is drudgery but it is liberty itself compared with what many of them are seeking in exchange. It is not the woman who stays at home who is condemned to a soul starving routine but 11 the men who are all day, and day in and day out, serving a single machine, accomplishing one minute aspect of a complicated industrial process. Why the keeping of a home should be in itself economic bondage and the minding of a loom should be economic freedom is a question no sane man would answer as many women answer it. In the variety of tasks which good home making offers, in the free spirit which it demands, it is more nearly akin to the craftwork of the middle ages, in which in many ways human labor found its finest and freest expression, than in anything in our present world, and if woman cannot see it so the fault is not with the task but the women cannot see it so the fault is not with the task but the women who underestimate it and the men who underestimate it, too. The ordering of a home is a task which the average woman - and in any consideration we have to deal with averages - would better not condemn as inadequate to the fullest needs of her personality until she has done better with it than she has heretofore done, and there should be a better understanding between man the bread winner and woman the home keeper. She earns his wage or his salary as much as he. She is his business partner and if their economic relations were put on a business basis it would do something more than save her self respect; it would secure her independence not in loneliness but in comradeship. Her problem and her husband's problem are practically the same. He can be saved from the narrowing effects of specialized task not by escaping the task itself but by shortening his hours enlarging his own interior resources and especially in finding compensating, vitalizing ministries when his work is done. We are all alike here caught in the grip of something that is bigger than any one of us; we are just beginning to recognize the moral significance of it all and feel our way out. Of course the woman who has not enough to do must be considered here. She is more largely responsible for a good deal of the unrest of her sex than we commonly allow. I think of a specific instance. The other day I was for a while the guest of people whom I have known and honored for several years. The mistress of the house is a woman of very much more than average force of character, highly capable and intelligent. In the morning she, her husband and myself sat for a little before their fire while we talked of just these subjects. Her simple and well-ordered household took only a small portion of her time, her son is just finishing 12 his law school course, her daughter just graduating from a woman's college. Her task of motherhood is, as far as detail and oversight go, substantially completed; she finds herself at a time when most men are at the high tide of professional or business success without an occupation. Travel is at the best but a passing device, clubs and charities do not go to the root of the matter. It is from the ranks of such as these that our embattled women are being quite generally recruited and it is not easy to propose a solution for their problem. Whatever they do in the business world would at present displace some one whose need of occupation and support is vastly greater than theirs. No one knows quite what to do with them, they do not know what to do with themselves. The way out for such women is in such general services to society as they may be able to give, in the enjoyment of their inner resources and above all in the ministrations of friendliness. I know how indefinite all this is and how it seems like a preacher's solution, but when I remember that the ideal of the builders of Eutopias has been that toward the end of middle age we should all be set free from care and routine in just some such fashion as this, I see at least that what is one woman's hardship is another woman's ideal and that no hard and fast system will ever solve problems which will always, however we remake our world, be the problems of the disposal of the individual life. A group of extremists however would force the whole situation to what they say is its logical end. They see clearly enough that if women are to be unrelated and independent workers then the home itself is likely to be modified. A woman, they say, must be first of all a citizen and a worker. At a certain period in her life she may or may not be a mother, if she is a mother it will be because she seeks it and when she has discharged the more elemental duties of motherhood she will go back again to her independent place. This means, so the extremists say, that the care and nurture of children will have to be largely undertaken by the state and this means that the mightiest forces which have form the first held the hoe together will begin to loosen. John Fiske has told us that prolonged infancy has been in the providence of God the thing which established the continuing unity of the home, began to hold men and women together through a period of years taught them gentleness, unselfishness, love and consideration, and that from the standpoint of evolution whatever is fines, best, most God-like in 13 our common life begun above the cradle of a helpless babe. Henry Drummond in his Ascent of Man has told us, speaking as scientist, poet and seer, substantially the same thing. But if society is to take all this over then, say those who preach it, men and women may come and go as they please. They may join themselves for a little in this or that temporary union, but when the forces which drew them together have in the thought of either lost their holding power they may separate again and make new unions as they please. All this we are told is to be done in the name of love which is thereby to be set free from any kind of compulsion or dependence, and so at last come into its own. Such a dissolution of the home and the bonds of marriage as the more extreme Feminists propose is the most radical thing which Christian society has ever been called upon to face. The whole question is too big to enter into here, but I may say in a sentence that I think the extreme Feminists like the extreme social leaders every where are carried away in their application of the theories of economic determinism; that they do not allow or begin to allow for the place which love in the finest and truest human meaning of it has in the building of our homes; that such compulsions as hold men and women faithful to one another through the years have on the whole been fruitful in the finest qualities of life; that while there is much in the situation of many married folk today which makes marriage unhappy and bitter enough, and while above all marriage entered into simply to secure food and shelter is a debasement of the holiest human relationship, to try to mend all this by making marriage a condition dissoluble at the caprice of those who enter into it is to invite shipwreck, not only of human institutions themselves, but of human morality as well. Here as in so much else the remedy of a real disease is to be found in deep spiritual and moral reconstructions rather than in the application of radical devices. Of course these are multitudes of women in the world today who are asking a juster political and economic status who do not for a moment desire or contemplate any such issue of their plans as this, and to intimate that because a woman believes in suffrage she must necessarily believe in free love, as does some controversial literature in circulation just now, is to do just what we are all doing when we are brought face to face with that in which we do not believe; overdraw our arguments until they lose their power. 14 Finally something of this movement would seem to an impartial observer to be due to the discontent of women with the very facts of womanhood itself; an unwillingness to recognize that one's truest service either to one's little world or to the great world lies in being most truly what one is. We shall gain nothing in the end by displacing manhood by womanhood or the other way around. Women have proved that in many fields of scholarship and occupation they are the equals of men but that helps really very little; the great thing for the to do is to enrich and perfect their own contribution. It is here more than anywhere else that Feminism is in danger of missing the mark and of forgetting, while demanding a new personality for women, that a woman's personality must be feminine or nothing. Women are the keepers of qualities which are unspeakably precious in the spiritual development of humanity; they will serve humanity best by being truest to that trust. Sympathy, fine idealisms, quickness of emotional response, intuitive strength and the like are the very greatest qualities of life; the world never needed them more than it needs them today and no one will be any richer, and we shall all be very much poorer, if in a foolish competition with men women allow themselves to be cheated out of their birthright. We have in the end to accept the facts of life and to make the most of them. Those who live most nobly, most truly triumph in themselves. There is a discontent which is divine, the discontent of the road builders, the discoverers, the pioneers; a discontent without which the world like the sluggish, tideless sea would lie rotting beneath the sun. Such discontent crosses unvoyaged seas, challenges age old institutions, inaugurates reformations and revolutions and from time to time remakes the world. But there is also a discontent which is best cured by the deepening of life itself, the enriching of its resources, the fulfillment of its spiritual purposes. Not a little of the discontent in our modern world must be cured in this way or not at all. Our faith in device and machinery is leading us far afield and while beyond doubt there are many changes in organization and method which will give us a better world, deeper than all this is the need of the transformation of life itself. Feminism is only one swirling eddy in vaster tide; it is in part the expression of impulses which may not be denied, it is in part a movement toward a juster, brighter social order, but it is in part just another aspect of the welter of a time which has too largely 15 lost its sense of spiritual values, its vision of God, its appreciation of the supreme worth of spiritual tasks. And just in so far as Feminism is the last thing it is to be cured by what will cure us all, a new simplicity and restraint in life, an acceptance of laws and conditions which are rooted deep as the soul itself, and the endeavor to find peace and joy not in overturnings but in fulfillments, not in individualism but in redemptive fellowships, not in undisciplined victory but in hallowed obediences. This is the service of religion. The Christian religion wants to keep no man - or woman either - in any kind of subjugation or to shut any door in the face of any or to preach the Gospel of things as they are or things as they have been. The Christian Gospel is the Gospel of things as they ought to be. But it does ask restless men and women to remember that peace is an inner quality and that the touch of Jesus, which is the touch of love, goodness and faith, as it cured many of fevers long ago will cure our social fevers today, beginning first of all in our own souls. 16 BENEFIT -- FOR THE -- National American Woman Suffrage Association CHURCHILL HOUSE FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1917 AT 8 P.M. WAR BRIDES By Kind Permission of Mme. Nazimova. JULIA WILLIAMSON Supervisor of Story Hour in the Free Libraries of Philadelphia. "The Art of Story Telling" ADMISSION CARDS $1.00 MUSIC Auspices Providence Woman Suffrage Party 18 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th DISTRICTS VOTES FOR WOMEN ALL COME! PUBLIC MEETING of the Woman Suffrage Party at the Library Hall, Olneyville Tuesday Evening, February 17 AT EIGHT O'CLOCK Mrs. Carl Barus Mrs. Jerome M. Fittz and others, will speak ADMISSION FREE 18 PAWTUCKET ! CENTRAL FALLS ! Votes for Women All Come ! PUBLIC MEETINGS OF THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE PARTY AT PAWTUCKET March 9-10-11-12-13-14, 1914, at 3 and 8 P.M. Through the courtesy of the Management of Shartenberg & Robinson Co., the Woman Suffrage Party of Rhode Island will hold meetings on the Sixth Floor of their Building, every Afternoon and Thursday and Saturday evenings of the week commencing March 16th. You are cordially invited. PROGRAM: Mar. 16 - 3:30 P. M. Miss Emily Perry of Washington, D. C. Mar. 17 - 3:30 P. M. Mrs. Geo. F. Rooke, Pres, R. I. W . C. T. U. Mar. 18 - 3:30 P. M. Miss M. E. Orgleman of Bristol. Mar. 19 - P. M. Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates, Pres. R. I. W. S. Association. Mar 19 - 8:00 P.M. Mrs. Carl Barus of Providence. Mar. 20 - 3:30 P. M. Miss Marion B. Hanford of Boston. Mar. 21 - 3:30 P. M. Miss Althea Hall of Pawtucket. Mar. 21 - 8:00 Mrs. Camillo Von Klenze. OTHER SPEAKERS: Mrs. Sara M. Algeo, Chairman W. S. Party; Emma Elizabeth Brickell; Miss Helen Emerson, President College Equal Suffrage League; Rev. William Pressey, Pastor St. John's Episcopal Church ; Rev. F. H. Spear, Pastor Embury M. E. Church, Central Falls. Tea Served Every Afternoon. ADMISSION FREE. Chronicle Printing Co., 29 No. Main St., Pawt., R. I. A CLASS IN THE STUDY OF SUFFRAGE FOR THE Men and Women of Greater Providence Under the Auspices of the Providence Woman Suffrage Party will be held at the Y. M. C. A. Building, 160 Broad Street, on Saturday evenings at 8 o'clock, beginning March 17th and ending on May 19th with a banquet. Men and women interested in knowing the fundamental principles of the Woman Suffrage Movement are invited to join. The only charge will be 20 cents, in payment for the printed copies of the course of lessons, compiled by the National American Woman Suffrage Association, which will serve as a text-book. March 17. Lesson 1-Meaning of Suffrage. March 24. Lesson 2-Extension of the Ballot to Men. March 31. Lesson 3-Progress of Women. April 7. Lesson 4-Winning the Vote-by Federal Amendment: by State Amendment. April 14. Lesson 5-Why the Ballot Needs the Women-Why the Women Need the Ballot. April 21. Lesson 6-Why Women Workers Need the Ballot. April 28. Lesson 7-What Women Have Done with the Ballot. May 5. Lesson 8-Objections to Women Suffrage Answered. May 12. Lesson 9-The Real Enemies of Women Suffrage. Who are Suffragists? May 19. Banquet. Applications may be made to Mrs. James W. Algeo, Chairman of the Providence Woman Suffrage Party, 394 Angell Street, leader of the class, and to Mr. Thomas Hardman, 46 Cleveland Street, Central Falls, Secretary. Authorities on the various phases of the subject will be invited to lead the discussions. 18 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th DISTRICTS VOTES FOR WOMEN ALL COME ! PUBLIC MEETING of the Woman Suffrage Party at the Library Hall, Olneyville Tuesday Evening, February 17 at Eight O'Clock Mrs. Carl Barus Mrs. Jerome M. Fittz and other will speak ADMISSION FREE Woman Suffrage Party BAZAAR December 3, 4, 5, 1914 BALL ROOM Narragansett Hotel 2 to 6 P. M., 8 to 10 P. M. THURSDAY, 2:30 P. M. BRIDGE Prizes for each table, donated by members of Suffrage Party. Tickets 50 cents each. Each table may arrange its own method of playing. SCORE CARD WE THEY WE THEY WE THEY HONORS TRICKS 4:30 P. M. MISS HANDY And partner will illustrate the newest dances. Miss Cora Joslin will furnish the music. LITTLE ART SHOP High Class Pictures and Frames, Cards and Novelties Makers of Carved Wood Frames, at Moderate Prices E. J. McCarthy, Prop. 62 SNOW STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I. Providence Silk Hosiery Co. Manufacturers of High Grade Silk Hose For Ladies, Gents and Misses NONE BETTER. ASK FOR IT In Black and Colors, All Shades Sold by all the Leading Stores THURSDAY, 8:30-10 p. m. Reception to State and City Officials DANCING Reception Committee Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates Mrs. Carl Barus Mrs. Maud Howe Elliott Mrs. George W. Parks Mrs. Louis L. Angell Mrs. James W. Algeo Mrs. Camillo von Klenze Mrs. Barton P. Jenks Miss Mary B. Anthony Mrs. Carroll Miller Mrs. Livingston Ham Mrs. George Preston Brown Miss Nettie E. Bauer Miss Handy's School for Dancing ELOISE, 77 FRANKLIN STREET Formerly known as The Spink Academy CHILDREN'S CLASSES SATURDAYS LADIES' CLASS FRIDAY AFTERNOONS ADULT CLASS WITH ORCHESTRA, FRIDAY EVENINGS Business Hours, 11 to 1. Telephone, 194 Union Hans Schneider Piano School HANS SCHNEIDER, Director BUTLER EXCHANGE,PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND Compliments of John Austin & Son Providence Coal Company Compliments of George F. O'Shaunessy Mill Remnants, Dress Goods and Curtains JENCKES SPINNING CO. 181 WEEDEN STREET PAWTUCKET, R. I. FRIDAY AT 4:30 P. M. Children's Opera of Hansel and Grethel played and illustrated by Mrs. Harold Case. ADMISSION 15 CENTS 8:15 P. M. Mrs. Barton P. Jencks, and Mr. Levin Chase of Concord, N. H. will speak on Equal Suffrage. CUT GLASS FLORAL, GEOMETRIC AND COMBINATION DESIGNS We have the largest assortment of Fine Cut Glassware in this city. Christmas Gifts may be purchased at our factory for much less than retail prices. HOPE GLASS WORKS 161 DORRANCE ST., JUST BEYOND FRIENDSHIP Charles B. Duckworth DIAMONDS AND DIAMOND JEWELER 219 Howard Building Providence, R. I. Telephone Union 577. GET HOME PRODUCTS Kendall Mfg. Co. PUREST AND BEST Soapine NAPTHA SOAP FRENCH LAUNDRY SOAP Industrial Trust Company Providence, R. I. LARGEST BANK IN RHODE ISLAND Samuel P. Colt, Chairman of the Board of Directors H. Martin Brown, President Joshua M. Addeman, Vice President James M. Scott, Vice President Charles C. Harrington, Vice President Frank C. Nichols, Vice President Ward E. Smith, Treasurer H. Howard Pepper, Trust Officer Henry B. Congdon, Secretary E. Eugene Chesebro, Asst. Secretary J. Cunliffe Bullock, Asst. Secretary Elmer F. Seabury, Auditor SATURDAY 2:45 P. M. - Mrs. Mary E. S. Root will tell Peter Pan stories to the children. 3:30 P. M. - Misses Elsie A. and Ethel C. Thompson will dance under the direction of Miss Lillian Remington. 4 P. M. - Mrs. Horace E. Fowler will recite "Zingerella - The Gypsy Flower Girl of Spain. Admission to performance 15 cents. FORTUNE TELLERS Thursday Afternoon . . . Mrs. Robert Emerson Friday Afternoon . . . . . . Miss Hope Lincoln Saturday Afternoon . . . Miss Mary Manchester Every evening . . . . . . . . . Mrs. Georgia Fries Use Dr. Daniels' Veterinary Remedies And Keep Your Stock and Pets Well C. E. VIALL, AGENT, 73 PAGE STREET Telephone Union 176 PROVIDENCE, R. I. Compliments of John the Shoeman 184 MATHEWSON ST., Providence S. S. KRESGE CO. 5 and 10 ct. Store 191 WESTMINSTER ST. All the Latest Modern Dances TAUGHT CORRECTLY New Method of Instruction, Direct from New York Borod Studio for Dancing Top Floor, STEINERT BUILDING 509 WESTMINSTER STREET Telephone Union 6474-J Compliments of a Friend MISS F. I. WATERMAN MRS. F. B. FULLER YE COLONIAL GYFTE SHOPPE DISTINCTIVE AND UNUSUAL CHRISTMAS GIFTS, CARDS AND FAVORS Our assortment is now ready for inspection 290 WESTMINSTER STREET, 411 Lapham Building MISS GERTRUDE LAWSON Teacher of the Pianoforte and Musical Moments with Children This course meets the Musical, Spiritual and Aesthetic needs of the Child. Classes daily at the Neighborhood Studio. 65 MEDWAY STREET SATURDAY, 8:15 P. M. CONCERT Baritone, MR. CHARLES BENNETT Soprano, MISS ETHEL PARKS Soprano, MISS ELIZABETH CARPENTER Violin, MISS MARY BROOKS I. "I Attempt from Love's Sickness to Fly" (17th century) . . . Purcell II. Le Muletier de Taragone" . . . Henrion III. "At Twilight" . . . Nevin IIII. "The Little Galway Cloak" . . . Lohr MR. CHARLES BENNETT I. "The Early Morning" . . . Graham Peel II. "I Hear a Thrush at Eve" . . . Charles W. Cadman III. "Cradle Song" . . . Alex. MacFadyen MISS ETHEL PARKS "Sarga Cserebogar" . . . Hubay MISS MARY BROOKS I. "May the Maiden" . . . Carpenter II. "Serneata" . . . Tosti III. "Nymphs and Fauns" . . . Bemberg MISS ELIZABETH CARPENTER I. "Pierrot Serenade" . . . Randegger II. "Am Meer" . . . Schubert III. "Minuet" . . . Mozart MISS MARY BROOKS Kipling's Songs: I. "Seal Lullaby" . . . Dora Bright II. "Mother Seal's Song" . . . Dora Bright III. "Of All the Tribe of Tegunii" . . . Edw. German IIII. "Rolling Down the Rio" . . . Edw. German MR. CHARLES BENNETT Program in charge of Mrs. Gilbert Carpenter The piano has been loaned through the kindness of Mr. Albert M. Steinert. LILLIAN H. REMINGTON TEACHER OF ALL MODERN DANCING 266 Weybosset Street Residence, 114 Fort Avenue Tel. Broad 2244-W ROSE REST (Nature's Work) 65 MEDWAY STREET The Neighborhood Studio, for Children and Adult Classes in Dancing with Correcting Exercises and Nature Study. THE OXFORD PRESS Printers and Publishers 26 Custom House Street Providence, R. I. ANGELA FREEMAN & CO. CORDIALLY INVITE YOU TO A SHOWING OF SMART UP-TO-DATE HATS AT MODERATE PRICES. 301 Lapham Building, 290 Westminster Street. Exhibition of Suffrage Posters Competition $20.00 First Prize, awarded by the Judges $10.00 Second Prize, awarded by Popular Vote Prizes given by Mrs. R. Livingston Beeckman Judges: Miss Mary C. Wheeler Mr. Sidney R. Burleigh Mr. H. Anthony Dyer Bazaar Committee LITERATURE . . . MRS. EDWIN C. SMITH JAMS, CAKE, ETC. . . . MRS. I. D. HASBROUCK CANDY . . . MRS. JEROME FITZ FANCY ARTICLES . . . MRS. GILBERT CARPENTER USEFUL ARTICLES . . . MISS MABEL ORGELMAN TOYS AND DOLLS . . . MISS JOAN BARRON, MRS. CARL MARSHALL XMAS CARDS . . . MISS MABEL ARMSTRONG TEA TABLE . . . MISS ETHEL PARKS LEMONADE TABLE . . . MISS ALTHEA HALL ENTERTAINMENTS . . . MRS. GEORGE P. BROWN CHAIRMAN OF BAZAAR COMMITTEE, MISS NETTIE E. BAUER CARD OF THANKS We wish to thank all our friends who have made this Program possible. We bespeak our advertisers your liberal patronage. Narragansett Hotel Leading Hotel in Providence Ideal environment for dances, banquets, private dinner parties, weddings, receptions and other social functions. We shall be pleased to show you the rooms devoted to these purposes. Special Dinner De Luxe Sunday Evening - $1.50 Business Men's Luncheon Week-days - 50c Delightful After-Theater Suppers a la carte Free Lecture ! - - U. S. Congressman RICHMOND PIERSON HOBSON WILL LECTURE ON "The Nation's Need of Woman's Voice" ON Feb. 22, 1915, at 3 P. M. CHURCHILL HOUSE - - Reception at close of Lecture WOMAN SUFFRAGE PARTY 18 WOMAN SUFFRAGE PARTY BAZAAR Narragansett Hotel Ball Room DECEMBER 3--4--5 ___________________________________ 2 to 6 P. M. ----- 8 to 10 P. M. LITERATURE DOLLS TOYS FANCY ARTICLES USEFUL ARTICLES CANDY JAMS CAKE CHRISTMAS CARDS AND CALENDARS AFTERNOON TEA AND LEMONADE CLEVER FORTUNE TELLERS EXHIBITION OF SUFFRAGE POSTERS THURSDAY--2:30, BRIDGE, Tickets, 50c. A prize for each table. 4:30, Miss Emma Handy and partner will illustrate the newest dances. Miss Cora Joslin will furnish the music. 8:30, Reception to State and City officials. Music. FRIDAY--CHILDREN'S DAY. 4:30, "Hansel and Grethel," children's opera, played and illustrated by Mrs. Harold Case. Admission to performance, 15 cents. 8:15, Mrs. Barton P. Jenks and others will speak on Equal Suffrage. SATURDAY--2:45, Mrs. Mary E. S. Root will tell Peter Pan stories to the children. 3:30, Misses Elsie A. and Ethel C. Thompson will dance under the direction of Miss Lillian Remington. 4:00, Mrs. Horace E. Fowler will recite "Zingerella--The Gypsy Flower Girl of Spain." Admission to performance, 15 cents. 8:15, Musical, arranged by Mrs. Gilbert Carpenter. Tickets, 50 cents. ADMISSION TO BAZAAR FREE All donations should be sent before December 1st to Headquarters, 602 Jackson Building, Westminster and Jackson streets; after December 2d to Narragansett Hotel. All information can be obtained from the office. MISS NETTIE E. BAUER Chairman of Bazaar Committee. above waters 300 feet Bedlow's Island 100th Anniversary of Declaration of Independence Presented by France SECOND SECTION The Evening Bulletin PROVIDENCE, R. I. SATURDAY, MAY 6, 1916. NEW YORK SOCIAL WORKER TELLS OF VICE IN METROPOLIS Miss Rose Livingston Speaks at Annual Meeting of Providence W. C. T. U. -- Mrs. George F. Rooke is Re-elected President of Union ______________ Miss Rose Livingston, a social worker, gave a stirring address on commercialized vice in New York city, where she has worked in the slums for nine years, yesterday afternoon, at the annual meeting of the Providence Women's Christian Temperance Union, held in the Mathewson Street Church. She gave incidents from her own experiences in Chinatown and other places of wickedness, which showed the difficulty in punishing the right one and seeming utter helplessness of the other party involved. In referring to suffrage as an important factor to remedying some of the evils, she said, "We women are tired of being the ladies' aid to the human race, we want the vote to show what can be done." She paid a high tribute to Rev. Edward F. Sanderson, formerly of this city, in his interest in her efforts, and before the meeting adjourned it was voted to contribute a sum of money for the rescue work in which the speaker is engaged. Mrs. George F. Rooke was re-elected President and the other officers elected were: Vice Presidents--Mrs. Luther D. Burlingame, Mrs. Washington R. Prescott, Mrs. S. K. Harriman and Miss Lena S. Fenner; Honorable Vice Presidents-- Mrs. C. H. Tilley, Mrs. W. A. Stevens, Mrs. Joseph Tape and Mrs. X. D. Tingley; Recording Secretary--Mrs. Ernest A. Chase; Corresponding Secretary-- Mrs. H. A. Breckenridge Treasurer --Mrs. William L. Barnes; Auditor-- George D. Lansing. Mrs. Rooke presided and Mrs. C. H. Tilley led the devotional exercises. After reading the annual report, the recording secretary, Mrs. Frederick Cook, received a bouquet of pink sweet peas in appreciation of her service from which she retired yesterday. In the summary of the corresponding secretary, Mrs. H. A. Breckenridge, embodied the reports of the superintendents of the various departments, including evangelistic, scientific temperance instruction, temperance literature, moral education young people's branch Sunday school, State institutions, franchise legislation, co-operation with missionary societies, press, medal contests, sunshine and visiting, hospitality teas, programmes, music and thank offering. Mrs. Barnes as treasurer reported a balance of $85.08 from a balance of $1147.32. After the election, Mrs. Rooke and Mrs. Barnes both received sweet peas. Mrs. W. R. Prescott read several amendments relating to the duties of officers, and after brief discussion they were unanimously adopted. Miss E. Carol Hodge led the memorial service supplemented by a few words from Mrs. J. K. Barney and a song by Mrs. George S. Perry, accompanied by Mrs. Harry F. Drown. Miss Elizabeth U. Yates was presented and introduced the speaker, Miss Rose Livingston of New York, who held the closest attention of the large audience, as she urged the protection of young women and girls. Resolutions were presented by Mrs. Dunbar, after which an informal reception was held with a tea, in charge of Mrs. Harry F. Drown, Mrs. E. Sidney Hobart, Mrs. Forrest Wilcox, Mrs. Kilner and Miss Leila Carter. Mrs. Burlingame and Mrs. Chase served ice at a table attractive with pink roses and pink shaded candles. An orchestra consisting of Miss Eleanor Raybold piano; Arthur Raybold violin, and Ernest Intlehouse, cornet, furnished music during the reception. ___________________________ DAVID P. BURKE, NEWPORT, DIES SUDDENLY IN CHAIR David P. Burke, 33, proprietor of a cafe, was found dead in a chair in apartments above the cafe on West Broadway, Newport, yesterday afternoon by his mother. He had been ill for several days, but seemed to feel better yesterday. Heart trouble was given as the cause of death. Surviving Mr. Burke are his mother, wife and infant son, and two sisters, Mrs. H. T. Murray and Mrs. Mahoney, wife of State Tax Commissioner J. P. Mahoney. Miss Rose Livingston New York Social Worker Tells Providence W. C. T. U. of Commercialized Vice in Slum Districts FRIDAY, MARCH 27, 1914. SIXTEEN PAGES. TWO SECTIONS. THE NEW COAT-OF-ARMS OF THE REPUBLICAN MACHINE [*Break The Ring*] SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF REPUBLICAN PARTY PLEDGES AND POLITICAL HONOR CHAMPLIN GORTON [*?? Journal*] of the Providence Women's Christian Temperance Union, held in the Mathewson Street Church. She gave incidents from her own experiences in Chinatown and other places of wickedness, which showed the difficulty in punishing the right one and seeming utter helplessness of the other party involved. In referring to suffrage as an important factor to remedying some of the evils, she said, "We women are tired of being the ladies' aid to the human race, we want the vote to show what can be done." She paid a high tribute to Rev. Edward F. Sanderson, formerly of this city, in his interest in her efforts, and before the meeting adjourned it was voted to contribute a sum of money for the rescue work in which the speaker is engaged. Mrs. George F. Rooke was re-elected President and the other officers elected were: Vice Presidents--Mrs. Luther D. Burlingame, Mrs. Washington R. Prescott, Mrs. S. K. Harriman and Miss Lena S. Fenner; Honorable Vice Presidents-- Mrs. C. H. Tilley, Mrs. W. A. Stevens, Mrs. Joseph Tape and Mrs. X. D. Tingley; Recording Secretary--Mrs. Ernest A. Chase; Corresponding Secretary-- Mrs. H. A. Breckenridge Treasurer --Mrs. William L. Barnes; Auditor-- George D. Lansing. Mrs. Rooke presided and Mrs. C. H. Tilley led the devotional exercises. After reading the annual report, the recording secretary, Mrs. Frederick Cook, received a bouquet of pink sweet peas in appreciation of her service from which she retired yesterday. In the summary of the corresponding secretary, Mrs. H. A. Breckenridge, embodied the reports of the superintendents of the various departments, including evangelistic, scientific temperance instruction, temperance literature, moral education young people's branch Sunday school, State institutions, franchise legislation, co-operation with missionary societies, press, medal contests, sunshine and visiting, hospitality teas, programmes, music and thank offering. Mrs. Barnes as treasurer reported a balance of $85.08 from a balance of $1147.32. After the election, Mrs. Rooke and Mrs. Barnes both received sweet peas. Mrs. W. R. Prescott read several amendments relating to the duties of officers, and after brief discussion they were unanimously adopted. Miss E. Carol Hodge led the memorial service supplemented by a few words from Mrs. J. K. Barney and a song by Mrs. George S. Perry, accompanied by Mrs. Harry F. Drown. Miss Elizabeth U. Yates was presented and introduced the speaker, Miss Rose Livingston of New York, who held the closest attention of the large audience, as she urged the protection of young women and girls. Resolutions were presented by Mrs. Dunbar, after which an informal reception was held with a tea, in charge of Mrs. Harry F. Drown, Mrs. E. Sidney Hobart, Mrs. Forrest Wilcox, Mrs. Kilner and Miss Leila Carter. Mrs. Burlingame and Mrs. Chase served ice at a table attractive with pink roses and pink shaded candles. An orchestra consisting of Miss Eleanor Raybold piano; Arthur Raybold violin, and Ernest Intlehouse, cornet, furnished music during the reception. ___________________________ DAVID P. BURKE, NEWPORT, DIES SUDDENLY IN CHAIR David P. Burke, 33, proprietor of a cafe, was found dead in a chair in apartments above the cafe on West Broadway, Newport, yesterday afternoon by his mother. He had been ill for several days, but seemed to feel better yesterday. Heart trouble was given as the cause of death. Surviving Mr. Burke are his mother, wife and infant son, and two sisters, Mrs. H. T. Murray and Mrs. Mahoney, wife of State Tax Commissioner J. P. Mahoney. Miss Rose Livingston New York Social Worker Tells Providence W. C. T. U. of Commercialized Vice in Slum Districts FRIDAY, MARCH 27, 1914. SIXTEEN PAGES. TWO SECTIONS. THE NEW COAT-OF-ARMS OF THE REPUBLICAN MACHINE [*Break The Ring*] SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF REPUBLICAN PARTY PLEDGES AND POLITICAL HONOR CHAMPLIN GORTON [*?? Journal*] SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF REPUBLICAN PARTY PLEDGES AND POLITICAL HONOR CHAMPLIN GORTON Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.