NAWSA SUBJECT FILE Boyer, Ida Porter Leader No. 2 Reporter's Note Book [*Mrs. Ida Porter-Boyer "the Beverly Portland, Ore.*] Name Ida Porter Boyer From To [*Mrs. Ida Porter-Boyer "the Beverly Portland, Ore.*] [*note for Suffrage Lecture*] Sold only by The Kilham Stationery and Printing Co., Everything for the Office, 246 Washington St., Portland, Or. Leader No. 2 Reporter's Note Book [*Mrs. Ida Porter-Boyer "the Beverly Portland, Ore.*] Name Ida Porter Boyer From To [*Mrs. Ida Porter-Boyer "the Beverly Portland, Ore.*] [*note for Suffrage Lecture*] Sold only by The Kilham Stationery and Printing Co., Everything for the Office, 246 Washington St., Portland, Or. Equal Suffrage means Progress. It is not good for man [or state] to be alone individually or in state government. Man cannot represent her in the government. He has but one vote and that represents himself. Laws affecting labor and capital are largely controlled by the capitalist class. Our legislatures are bought wholesale - not by labor, for labor has no surplus to spend! [but] 1/3 laborers are women. Every step in advance - meets with doubt and opposition. When London had attained a population of 1/2 million, it was proposed to light the streets with lamps; but this proposal mett with fierce opposition [from] lanterns were safer and more convenient if carried by pedestrians. When the first steamer on the Thames reached [Grenwich] Greenwich, the residents protested agginst [such] it saying it was unnatural! Women on juries -- why not; they serves as witnesses. Can give testimony Why not decide the penalty! I would rather be one of 12 to decide the punishment of a criminal, The expression "no Taxation without representation" originated by Mercy Otis. than the witness whose testimony convicted. Men don't neglect their business affairs to vote - why should women theirs. All this talk about women in the home is sometimes sentimental ignorant upon many women devalues the maintenance in part or whole of the home, and if they do not go out to labor for it they would have no homes. The home is not a cage - containing a weak-minded pet. It is the individual source [spot] where men and women find close companionship and gather strength and principle to perform their duty to the world at large. Formerly women were not allowed to hold property because they could not fight - Military service bears no relation to the ballot - since youths of 18 can enlist in the US army but are not eligible to vote until 21. And at 45 a man is exempt from duty but can vote at 90 or hundred. And slight physical imperfections cause a mans rejection before the recruiting officer but the maim, the hurt and the blind are recognized at the ballot-box. In 1848 women first asked for personal freedom, an education, to earn a living, to claim her own wage, to own her own property, to make compacts, to bring suit, to testify in court, to obtain divorce for just cause, to own her own children, and a fair share of joint [earnings] accumulations during marriage. [In some st] Not one of these privileges was permitted in any state. Now every state concedes some of them, and some states all of them. Who are the enemies of Equal suffrage. First foreign-born men, who come to our shores, are naturalized and promptly become the sovereigns of American women whether D.A.R.'s Col. Dames, Daughters of Liberty or a line of ancestry stretching back when the land was first subdued or beyond the foundations of the Republic now laid. Boys of 21 and Jury men who have been reared in an atmosphere of women's subordinate home position. Queens of the home are never Queens regnant, and the son early learns the political inferiority of mother & sister. The ministry who [church which selfishly and] [wrongly interprets] contort the Scriptures so as to apply them politically, when purely domestic relations are meant. They confound the teachings of Christ with those of Paul. And conveniently ignore some of the most pronounced utterances of the latter. When Paul advocated the benefits of celibacy he spoke from experience; when he suggested rules for husbands, he spoke wherein he knew not. Yet married preachers quote St. Paul inthinkingly. Lastly we have a class of women who are selfish or indifferent to the needs of the world at large. They have all the rights they want, - rights which in every instance, have been secured them by the advocates of woman suffrage, and in the enjoyment of these civil and legal comforts, they do not see the necessity of equality of opportunity which is vital to the less fortunate woman or to the woman imbuded with the high purposes which animated the framers of [out Great] that great instrument of American Liberty the Declaration of independence. No woman with even the slightest instincts of patriotism can be content to be dominated by any class of men whither native born or naturalized; no woman with self respect can submissively be classed with idiots, criminals and untamed indians. Our government is not founded on brute force. Some time ago I stood watching some men carrying a piano up a flight of stairs. A friend who stood with me said jokingly: - "You see there are some things you women that want to vote can't do. You can't carry pianos." I replied: "No, but most of us can play them and not a man of those can do that." Government is political housekeeping and few women of my acquaintance keep house as badly as men. Mayor [??diwe?] A free country is one that will guarantee to all citizens equal opportunities, particularly economic opportunities - these are the ideals of American citizenship that have never yet been realized save in a portion of our country. When the Puritans [drew up these] assembled in the little cabin of the Mayflower, they drew up a Constitution, probably the only one that ever was prepared from absolute theory, and without any knowledge of the surrounding conditions which it was to control. One of the provisions was the guarantee of equal rights to all and special privileges to none. This principle was after embodied in the Articles of Confederation and in the Declaration of Independence. But while the words were there, slavery actually existed in a vast portion of the country and was not removed until a century later. And even now 130 years since that wonderful instrument of liberty was promulgated in 41 states of our Union the words are not sustained. "The dominance of one sex over another is the gravest of all political and social wrongs, and the very taproot of all social and international injustice. The male sex is not "humanity", but only one-half of humanity, and the equal freedom, security and development of the mother-half of the race is absolutely essential to the moral development of the race." Ignota in Westminster Review Nov. 1905 "In Italy the man considers himself to have the right of life or death over the woman, not only as husband, but as father and brother." "So long as injustice reigns at the domestic hearth, so long will it spread over the outer world a mysterious and baneful light radiating from the home life" "No one has yet objected to the toil of women; [but] the objection is to the payment of women." "Men are gradually discovering that they cannot deprive women of equal rights without suffering themselves. They pay the penalty of occupying a lower grade of civilization. Woman has precisely the same rights and title to independence [that] and equality before the law that man has. She has just as much right to sit in judgment on man, and limit his sphere [of] and his actions, as he has to limit hers. Therefore any attempt by man to deny woman independence or equality of rights is simply the assertion of brute force. The story of the wrongs done to woman is as old as time, and the blight and curse of it has followed men through centuries." Gov. Altgeld In ancient India, still under the benign influence of the prehistoric mother night, the position of women was very high. They were free responsible, highly educated, full of dignity and courage, independent, self-controlled, self reverent with the power of elections, vested with authority, unhampered by base restrictions, uncrushed by natural laws. And what were the fruits? Then were the days of India's glory. There were giants in those days, men of supreme intellectuality, philosophers, sages, seers, such as the world "The dominance of one sex over another is the gravest of all political and social wrongs, and the very taproot of all social and international injustice. The male sex is not "humanity", but only one-half of humanity, and the equal freedom, security and development of the mother-half of the race is absolutely essential to the moral development of the race." Ignota in Westminster Review Nov. 1905 "In Italy the man considers himself to have the right of life or death over the woman, not only as husband, but as father and brother." "So long as injustice reigns at the domestic hearth, so long will it spread over the outer world a mysterious and baneful light radiating from the home life" "No one has yet objected to the toil of women; [but] the objection is to the payment of women." "Men are gradually discovering that they cannot deprive women of equal rights without suffering themselves. They pay the penalty of occupying a lower grade of civilization. Woman has precisely the same rights and title to independence [that] and equality before the law that man has. She has just as much right to sit in judgment on man, and limit his sphere [of] and his actions, as he has to limit hers. Therefore any attempt by man to deny woman independence or equality of rights is simply the assertion of brute force. The story of the wrongs done to woman is as old as time, and the blight and curse of it has followed men through centuries." Gov. Altgeld In ancient India, still under the benign influence of the prehistoric mother night, the position of women was very high. They were free responsible, highly educated, full of dignity and courage, independent, self-controlled, self reverent with the power of [?ll?ctins], vested with authority, unhampered by base restrictions, uncrushed by natural laws. And what were the fruits? Then were the days of India's glory. There were giants in those days, men of supreme intellectuality, philosophers, sages, seers, such as the world has never seen again; warrior chiefs, mighty men of valor, kings of the fore-time, rulers of a royal race, holy priests and priestesses of the Deity, inventors and builders, artisans and artificers whose works stand to this day, grand monuments of a great people, splendid remnants of a departed splendor. And what has the succeeding subjection of women, her degradation and enslavement, her compulsory marriage, her crabbed and cribbed education achieved for the race? Is the man of modern India content with his status; with his physical and mental capabilities? By the irrevocable law of cause and effect he can trace in himself the outcome of enforced bondage and suppression of the maternal factor. The son is the manifestor of the development of the mother. Some one gave the poor old woman a stalk of Easter lilies and she set them in a glass pitcher on the kitchen table. After looking at them for a few minutes she got up from her chair and washed the pitcher until the glass shone. Sitting down again she glanced at the window. It would never do; she had forgotten how dirty and blurred it was, and she took her cloth and burnished the panes. Then she scoured the table, next the floor, then blackened the stove before she sat down to her knitting. And of course, the lily had done it all; just by shining, in its whiteness, how black and grimy were the surroundings. Oregon statutes. The qualifications of voters applies to general elections provided for by the Constitution, but does not apply to elections for school directors. A law allowing women to vote at school elections is therefore not prohibited. The office of county school superintendent is a county office requiring of the incumbent the qualifications of a county elector; a woman not being within these qualifications is not entitled to hold such office. Idiots, Insane and convicts women (Negroes, chinamen + mulattoes formerly included) When a bill was introduced a year or two ago to take municipal suffrage away from the women of Kansas, it was voted down almost unanimously and amid a ripple of amusement. Of the 105 counties in Kansas, 85 are without a pauper, 25 have no poorhouses, and 37 have not a criminal case on the docket. In Kansas women have had full municipal suffrage since 1887. If during these 18 years women had neglected their homes for politics as the opponents of equal rights prophesy, that they will, half the men in Kansas would have been brought to the poorhouse by the lack of thrift and domestic industry on the part of their wives, and the rising generation would have gone astray, and filled the prisons with overflowing, for want of motherly care. "It is idle to argue from prophecy, when we can argue from history." Grange. Indorsement of amendment has been asked of numerous local and county granges and in not a single instance has it been refused. The work of securing hearings and asking endorsement of granges is being extended all over the State, and this organization with its 5000 members will form a tower of strength in the campaign. As women are forced more and more into industry, legislation relative to length of hours, conditions &c affects them just as it does men. [*Ribbon Chart. annual Bills for the U.S Red - Alcoholic Liquors: 120 ins. 1,200,000,000 Brown - Tobacco - 70 inches - 700,000,000 Pale Yellow - Bread- 37 inches, 370,000,000 Blue - Education - 17 1/2 ins. 175,000,000 Pink - all church expenses 15 ins. 150,000,000 Lavender - all Home & Foreign Missions 1 8/10 ins. 18.000.000 White - 1/10 inch all organized temperance work 1/10 in = 1.000.000 White -1 thread 1/50 inch - WCTU. 200,000*] [*Economic conditions which force women into industrial competition are increasing instead of decreasing. The woman who has a son 21 years of age should know just as well how to cast a ballot as does he.*] The eighteenth century will stand in history as the age in which the docrine of the rights of man developed commanding strength and popular sway. The French Revolution in Europe, and the American Revolution in this country, spread democratic ideas broadcast. The nineteenth century did very much to confirm and establish these principles, but it did much more to secure the rights of women. At the close of the preceding century, housekeeping and serving were about the only occupations open to women. To-day there is hardly any occupation which she is not free to enter. It is quite generally acknowledged that she has the right to do anything that she can do well, and that, too, without any surrender of her womanhood. Whatever other great things the twentieth century shall achieve, we feel quite sure that it will be characterized by a more intelligent appreciation of the rights of children, and better agencies and methods for their training and development. It will be the reminiscence of childhood. points out, have always worked. The change in recent years is only in the nature of their work. What effect this change has had on society in general, and on womankind in particuluar is the real focus of interest in the situation, and this any congressional inquiry, such as is proposed, would undoubtedly seek to determine. so. She stated that a large per cent. of the women of this country take an active part in its industrial progress; they gain their livelihood by actual employment. This is due, she explained, to the fact that they do not get married, or if they do, their husbands are scarcely able to support them, in which case they are forced to become wage earners, owing to the ever increasing economical conditions. Since, argued Dr. Konikow, the women are thus forced to furnish their own means of subsistence, why should they not enjoy the rights of suffrage, why should not the woman vote? WORKING WOMEN. A writier in the New York Evening Post quotes from the Journal of Political Economy some significant figures dealing with women engaged in gainful occupations. Over 5,000,000 women were working for money in 1900, and this number was increasing far faster proportionately than the number of wage-earning men. Out of 303 scheduled occupations, women were engaged in 295. The eight occupations in which no women appeared were the United States army and navy, the fire departments and "helpers to roofers, slaters, steam boilermakers and brassworkers." From the first class of these women are debarred by regulation; from the second by the qualification of physical strength. Yet women blacksmiths and stevedores, for example, are not wanting. Almost literally, women are doing all the work that men are doing, and in increasing numbers in all directions. Only four leading businesses show a decrease in the number of women engaged in them, and these, curiously enough, are all occupations which they once had almost wholly to themselves. Women dressmakers, for example, "increased only 17.8 per cent between 1890 and 1900; men dressmakers increased 150 percent. Women milliners increased 40.5 per cent, men milliners 340 per cent." But these facts make but small offset to the stream of figures, all pointing in the other direction. The working of women is, of course, no new thing. Women, as the Post Most of the adulterated foods were made outside of Kentucky, and if the State courts could reach the manufacturers, the juries before whom these cases will be tried would very likely send a large number of the food tricksters to jail. The saccharin in each case was used as a substitute for sugar. It is a coal tar product. The coal tar dye is only part of the glucose, starch and other imitations and frauds which the dye disguised The Kentucky pure food work figured in the discussions of the National Pure Food bill before the United States Senate last week. Senator McCumber said in discussing the bill on Tuesday last: "Now, let me give an illustration of why we need national legislation. To do that I borrow from statement made by R. M. Allen, the secretry of the State Food Commission of Kentucky. He states that in March, 1901, while standing in front of a grocery store in Morgansfield, Ky., a woman and her little child came in with a basket and purchased a number of articles of food for their table, consisting of lard, of syrup, of jelly and sausages. The price amounted to $1.80. She gave the grocer all she had---$1.57---and went away indebted to him 23 cents, Mr. Allen immediately purchased a quantity of each of those articles and had them analyzed. The syrup was 70 per cent glucose, the jelly contained nearly everything but fruit juice and was colored with coal tar dye, the sausage contained an antiseptic and the lard consisted of beef stearin and cotton seed oil mixed. "Had she gone into the market and bought these articles for what they were, at the very highest retail prices they would not have cost her over 90 cents, and she would have gone away with 67 cents in her pocket, instead of being indebted to the grocer 23 cents; and this, Mr. President, independent of the fraud that was perpetrated upon her, independent of the coal tar dyes, which her children were compelled unconsciously to consume. The Question, "Why"? "I know our opponents say, 'You have got pure food laws in about two-thirds of the States and you have got commissioners to enforce them; why, then, do they not exterminate these evils?" That can be easily explained by taking the very case which has been mentioned. The lard which was purchased from the retailer in Kentucky was manufactured in St. Louis, the jelly was manufactured in Indiana, the syrup was manufactured in Ohio and the sausage was manufactured in Chicago. Every one of these articles was manufactured in a State outside of the State of their consumption. So, if you got after any man in the State of Kentucky, you would get after the innocent retailer. So it is the manufacturer that must be reached." The following list of adulto The wages of women elementary teachers, from New York to California, are lower than those of the city street-cleaner everywhere. There is no blinking the statistics. In New York, the wage of the elementary teacher is $540 yearly; the street-cleaner makes $631. In Boston, the home of education, the teacher gets $552, and the man who sweeps the street and flushes the sewer receives $603. In Philadelphia economy is the order of the day; the teacher gets but $470, and the street-cleaner $503. San Francisco is a liberal community; the teacher gets almost as much as the Boston street-cleaner-$600; but the street-cleaner still comes out ahead, for his wages amount to $750. In Seattle teachers are quoted at $550, and street-cleaners at $697.50; while in Buffalo the teacher's stipend is but $400 to the street laborer's $450. In New Haven, a college town, the elementary teacher is paid only $300, and the street-cleaner $534, and in Burlington, Vt., also with a university, the teacher begins at $216, and the street-cleaner at $450. In only four cities do the teachers lead the "White Wings." One of these is Chicago, where the school mistress is $75 ahead of the street-cleaner; Washington, Columbus (Ga.), and Meridian (Miss.) are the other three, and in the latter two, and perhaps the first also, the teachers are white and the street-cleaners colored, which explains the higher salaries of the educators. These are parlous facts. They cannot be welcome to the minds either of teachers or of the parents who believe in education and its advantages. It is quite true that the street-cleaner works fifty weeks a year to the teacher's thirty-eight or forty. But it is also true that any untrained laborers can get work at street-cleaning, while education and training are necessary for a teacher. In various books on socialistic Utopias, the suggestion has been made that to induce all to labor, and to make the Utopian worker willing to undertake the menial and unpleasant jobs, the work of the scavenger and the street-cleaner shall be high in price and short in hours. This educational report looks as if we were getting to that plane, in prices at least, to some degree. Meanwhile the street-cleaner will keep ahead, serenely refusing to work except for sufficient to live on. He doesn't know enough to teach school—but he knows enough for that.—Harper's Bazaar. WOMEN IN POLITICS. Members of the National Women's Suffrage Association who have come to Baltimore for their annual convention stand ready to answer all the arguments of their opponents. No matter how many flaws a man may find in their reasoning, he must admit that they put their case well and add to its force by many remarkable facts and figures. In some faraway lands, notably in Australia, this movement has made even greater progress than in the United States, for there women, whether married or single, enjoy national suffrage. Great Britain has also been very liberal in dealing with the question, and on the continent of Europe women have been making steady progress toward a more general enjoyment of equal rights with men before the law. That women can play an important and effective part in public affairs of the community in which they live all must admit. Be her home in a town, village or city, an intelligent woman can exercise a valuable influence in more than one direction, and can, if she be wise and careful, do this without serious interference with her home duties, be she wife and mother. Miss Kate M. Gordon, who comes to the Baltimore convention as the South's leading representative, made to an American reporter a very strong argument when she declared that a woman who takes an interest in municipal politics works for the betterment of her own home and for all that it contains. Miss Gordon argued: "Has a woman babies, surely the milk supply, which is part of politics, is of vital interest to her. The water supply must needs be pure to keep her family in good health, and the water supply is a part of the city's politics. Then, the child must be educated, and the school board is a part of municipal politics. When it grows older its morals must be cared for, it must be kept from undesirable influences, and, surely, the police force is a part of municipal politics. The health board is a part of politics, and, surely, the woman is interested in the health of her dear ones. The tax rate, the rent rate, both concern her as bearing upon her home life, and they are a part of politics. So, when a women interests herself in politics she interests herself in her own home." Miss Gordon presents the case well, and Baltimore stands ready to confess that its women have done not a little for improved methods in more than one branch of public service. They have contributed liberally of their time, labor and money to make the city more attractive, more healthful, cleaner and better in many ways. They have been given no ballot at any municipal election, but they have served on more than one commission by appointment of the city's mayor. They have here at least a dozen societies and organizations which do not hesitate to give their aid to public improvement plans they consider worthy of encouragement and to condemn schemes they count unworthy. If this be taking part in politics, Baltimore would rejoice to see more of it and would welcome the day when its women make full use of the good influences they possess for such municipal advancement. But is the ballot needed for such work? That is the question Baltimore will hear discussed this week and will listen cheerfully and without prejudice to all the arguments its welcome guests of the Suffrage Association have to present. National Children's Day. [Milwaukee Sentinel.] The agitation for the designation of a special national children's day for a common protest from all the pulpits against the child labor iniquity is worthily actuated, and there is abundant evidence that public sentiment periodically needs rousing on this subject. It is authoritatively stated that this piteous army of child laborers -- God's little ones robbed of the light and the free play of the natural tendencies of childhood by the greed of parents and employers -- is steadily increasing, and "now numbers 2,000,000." A committee of clergymen is at work in the East to secure concentrated action by executive bodies of the various denominations, and an impetus will be given to this most righteous movement that promises to bear good fruit. Enactment of child labor laws is not enough. Powerful interests and elemental human motives are constantly operative against the spirit of such legislation, and evasions officially winked at will become the rule. Eternal vigilance and a constantly alert and sensitive public sentiment is the price of safety to our citizenship and security of the sacred birthrights of childhood against the greed of unscrupulous and fiercely competing commercialism in this matter of deepest national concern. [*Portland. Me.*] The Portland Equal Suffrage Club held an interesting meeting at the Columbia yesterday afternoon, when Mr. A. M. Smith, City Assessor, gave an instructive talk on Taxes and Mortgages, an interesting discussion following, in which many of the ladies took part. Mr. Smith said in part: The topic upon which I am particularly invited to speak this afternoon is taxation of mortgages; but before entering into the discussion of that especial feature of taxation perhaps it may be profitable as well as interesting to look for a moment into the general question of taxation, its past and present history, and it relation to the welfare of the people. It would not be profitable to discuss the different definitions given by expert writers as to what taxation is, for it does not much concern us. We all know what it means to us when the annually occurring tax bill is presented to us with its imperative demand for immehiate attention. The popular notion in regard to taxation is that taxes are paid for protection to life and property, but while this condition insures us this result yet it is not the prime motive. Taxes are a necessary condition of having roads, bridges, public justice, sewers, boards of health, police, public education, and the thousand privileges and conveniences of modern civilization. The ethical view of the situation then is this; the general public through the agencies of organized government is a partner in production and in this capacity government is entitled to its share in the production. If any one doubts this view of the case, let us ask him how great would be the production of wealth did no government exist? Now if government is a factor in the production of wealth it should have its share and what that share shall be is determined by its sovereignty and not on the principle of "quid pro quo." No such thing as strictly individual wealth exists in any modern community. The subject of taxation in any of its various phases is one of the most complicated of all economic questions that absorb the attention of statesmen, judges and college professors in that it is so intricate in its bearings upon all classes of society -- its complexity in its application to all forms of business -- its power to facilitate or retard the currents of trade, and its power to add or subtract from the sum total to human happiness -- for it bears not only upon the material welfare of mankind but upon its moral well-being as well, and I firmly believe that there is no economic question now before the people of this Country so closely allied to the welfare of the body politic either financially or morally as this same question of taxation. So important is it that it has engrossed the attention of many of the ablest exponents of economic laws not only in the past but it is now bringing into the arena of discussion some of the brightest minds among our statesmen and college professors not only in our own but in all the foremost nations in the world. Taxation of a people by their own sovereignty is one of the foundation stones of our liberties, and if this be the fact we need have no fear that our liberties will ever be in peril because of no taxation, for with the advancement of civilization the demands of the body politic will increase and the inevitable burden of taxation will ever remain with us, limited only by the self denial of the people who vote the conveniences and privileges for which they are taxed. There are three forms of taxation extant in our Country. Indirect taxation in the form of import duties which we pay to the National Government, direct taxation which we pay for the maintenance of state, county and municipal governments and excise which Government collects of such manufactured product. The laws of Maine require a tax on all property, both real and personal, at a fair cash value, except that owned by religious, charitable and historical institutions when used for the purposes named, State and National property and parsonages to the value of $6,000. Real estate consists of land and all improvements on the same, including buildings and in some cases machinery in buildings. Personal property consists of stocks, bonds, mortgages, merchandise, money, furniture, above the value of $200, musical instruments above the value of $50, horses, cows, sheep, swine, bank stock and shipping. Savings banks steam and electric railroads telegraphs, telephones and shipping are taxed under special laws and pay their tax directly to the State, (except in the case of real estate and shipping.) Now it may seem a very simple matter for an assessor to get a proper assessment and tax on real and personal property and as far as real estate is concerned it is comparatively easy, although there is a great divergence of opinion as to the true value of real estate, even among experts, but when it come to personal property the trouble comes in not being able to find the property, and here comes in the injustice and futility of our tax laws, and the rocks upon which all modern tax laws are wrecked. FOR LITTLE LABORERS Meeting At McCoy Hall Unanimously Indorses Dorton Bill. MISS JANE ADDAMS SPEAKS Answers Argument Which She Says Is Frequently Advanced -- Mrs. Kelley Tells of Conditions. Legislators at Annapolis may prepare for trouble if they do not act in accord with the unanimous sentiment expressed at the meeting last night at McCoy Hall, which was held under the auspices of the committee which is interesting itself in the labor of children. The purpose was to arouse public sentiment in favor of the Dorton bill, which is intended to fix the minimum age at which children shall work at 14 years. If the enthusiasm which marked the meeting can be a guide to the sentiments of the audience, the purpose of the meeting was fulfilled. About 1,000 persons were present, mostly ladies. At the close of the addresses two resolutions were introduced, one indorsing the Dorton bill and the other indorsing a similar bill now before Congress and which is intended to apply to the District of Columbia. A standing vote was taken on the resolutions and every person in the audience stood up. The meeting was addressed by Miss Jane Addams, of the Hull House, Chicago; Mrs. Florence Kelley, secretary of the National Consumers' League; Dr. Samuel McCune Lindsay, secretary of the National Ch[?] Labor Committee and professor of economy at the University of Pennsylvania, and Hon. Frederick T. Dorton, framer of the Dorton bill. Mr. Blanchard Randall, one of the trustees of the Johns Hopkins University, presided. Among those on the platform were President Ira Remsen, Mr. Eugene Levering, one of the trustees of the university; Dr. Jacob H. Hollander and Mr. Edward Hirsch, president of the Baltimore Federation of Labor. Rev. Edwin B. Niver, rector of Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, opened the meeting with an invocation and the Lord's Prayer. Mr. Dorton explained the purpose of his bill and outlined its clauses. "There are," he said, "two general laws in Maryland which deal with the question of child labor and compulsory education, but there is no provision in either for enforcement. The Judiciary Committee has set next Wednesday morning to hear the arguments in favor of the bill. Miss Adams moved the audience by details of the conditions existing in factories where children under 14 are employed throughout the country, and quoted the results of child labor legislation in Illinois. "The argument of the self-made man," she said, "is often put before us when we attempt to arouse sympathy for the factory children. 'Look at me,' says the complacent self-made man, 'I went to work at the age of 12. See what a success I have made.' He forgets, however, in his conceit that in the last 20 or 30 years conditions confronting the child wage-earner are vastly different. Formerly the boy starting out was given opportunity to learn the business at which he worked. Now he stands at a machine all day and works at an occupation where speed, and not skill, is demanded." Mrs. Kelley pictured in pitiful colors the conditions under which children under 14 years work in glass factories. "In those I have inspected in California, New Jersey and other States." she said, "I have found children working by furnaces so hot that I have never been able to stand long enough with the little ones to ascertain their names and ages. Indeed, it is not often that the foreman in these glass factories care to go into this heat which surrounds these children for nine hours every day. I have found that large orphan asylums of New York State yearly transport thousands of children between 10 and 16 years of age to towns where employment awaits them in glass factories. Professor Lindsay presented statistics showing the ill effects, physical and mental, of premature labor and cited that in 1900 there were 1,700,000 children employed throughout the United States ranging in age from 10 to 15 years. After the meeting Mr. Hirsch said a delegation from the Federation of Labor will attend the hearing at Annapolis. Mrs. Shaw closed the presentation of the case with an argument of the passage of the bill giving women the right to vote for members of the house of representatives. She said that the cause of equal suffrage is making rapid progress abroad, and that in no other country are the women required to run the gamut as in the United States. If compelled to go to each of the states, a long time would be necessary to secure results. She said that foreigners in the United States are far more prejudiced than natives, and expressed the opinion that the end sought would soon be attained if only native Americans were to be dealt with. As going to show that women are intellectually equal to men, she said that 85 per cent of the prizes offered by 22 coeducational institutions last year had been awarded to female students, despite the fact that only 33 per cent of the total attendants were women. She therefore contended that never had the ballot been extended to any class who were at the time so well fitted to exercise the right as are the women today. The taxation of intangible property is a subject that has engaged the attention of statesmen and professional men all over the world for more than a century and such taxation has been found to be a monstrous failure so much so that all foreign nations have abandoned the plan on the hypothesis of equity and public policy for the conditions and difficulties in the premises are the same the world over. It has been found and that without remedy that in taxing intangible property the few always bear the burdens of the many. Do our citizens realize how much of the hard earnings of the people of Maine go to help the development of the West? I am glad to state we have one monied institution in Portland that is public spirited and is aiding very materially in the development of our City and State but there is one in our midst with assets amounting to $11,000,000 and how much of it is loaned in Portland on mortgages? The paltry sum of $248,000, (2 1/4 per cent) and out of those assests of $11,000,000 all but $1,500,000 is invested outside of the State of Maine. Now if there was no tax on mortgages would not that same money remain for investment in our own midst where 5 per cent could be obtained and so help our own industries rather than some foreign state in which we have no special interest? There is much more that I could and would say did time permit for it is a prolific theme but what more need I say to arouse our people to a just appreciation of our needs? Shall the good old State of Maine lag behind her sister states in the march of progress and allow other states to point out to her the way to prosperity and to preempt all the business advantages that come from an intelligent code of tax laws and allow our surplus earnings to be driven away from its legitimate belongings to build up other cities and towns because of unwise and unjust laws? Now, ladies, what will your verdict be when you receive the franchise? Shall mortgages and intangible property be exempt from double taxation and thereby bring prosperity and help to men who need it and to the community at large, to the wage earner of every avocation or shall the law continue on our Statute Book to continue a dead letter through the manipulations of dishonest men and a stigma upon the intelligence of our people and the cities and towns of our State not only continue to lose the tax on that sort of investment but what is far worse all the advantages that accrue to our people by the elimination of tax. The Army of Educators. The army of educators in the United States is made up of 450,000 teacher, of whom 120,000 are men and 330,000 women. The overwhelming majority of the teachers are natives of the United States, less than 30,000 having been born abroad-one in fifteen. Most of the men teachers are between the years of 25 and 35. The majority of the women teachers are between 15 and 25. There are 2,300 men teachers over 65. There are less than 1,500 women teachers over 65. Three times as many women as men teachers are put down as "age unknown." There are 21,000 colored teachers in the United States, thus divided between the two sexes: 7,700 men and 13,300 women. There are 500 Indian teachers in the Indian schools of the United States-240 men and 260 women. The average age of teachers in the United States is higher than in England and lower than in Germany. The proportion of very youthful teachers is much greater in the country than in the city districts. The largest proportion of men teachers is to be found in West Virginia, where they number 50 per cent of the total. The largest proportion of women is to be found in Vermont, where they form 90 per cent of the whole number. The standard of education is much higher in Vermont than it is in West Virginia. The number of teachers in the United States has increased greatly in recent years. In 1871 there were 125,000; in 1880, 225,000; in 1890, 340,000, and it is at present 450,000. Postmaster-General Cortelyou, who spoke on "Lincolns influence on American Public Life," began his address with a graceful tribute to the memory of McKinley. He said in part: Lessons of Lincoln's Life. What an illustration his life afforded of the truths that early privations need be no bar to ultimate success; that obstacles overcome are the greatest of educators; that integrity and honor and fair dealing are living factors in every real triumph in every abiding family; that faith in the people and devotion to their interests are essentials to lasting honor in public life. For the greater part of the past three-quarters of a century, Lincoln's influence on American public life has been felt in everincreaing measure. It was reflected in his contemporaries and those who have followed him in the presidency make no concealment of their lasting obligation to him. In government of the people, by the people and for the people rests our salvation. Dangers beset us on every hand when we stray from that ideal. Every condition that disturbs us can be tested by it. Mr. Cortelyou continued: The founders of the republic builded wisely when they created as co-ordinate branches of government, the legislative, the executive and the judicial. They have stood the test for years. But we need a stricter adherence to the boundaries between them; that one shall not encroach upon another. We must approach every public question with determination to be fair and just in its discussion. Reforms, to be practical, must be reasonable. They must begin among the people. The ballot is their safeguard and through it they can ultimately reach every offender. There is no warrant for the wholesale denunciation of officials. The people must not forget that they themselves are largely responsible if not improper men reach positions in the public service, and too frequently the sternest critic is the one who gives the least attention to his civic duties. In the main, government is honestly administered. It is the legislator that is usually the legitimate subject of criticism, not the Legislature, and the judiciary, weak as it may be in some instances, has but its proportion of the unworthy. Abraham Lincoln did not live to old age. But that life is long which answers life's great end. UNUSUED POWER EXTRACTS FROM ONE OF THE CHAPTERS OF MRS. KELLY'S RECENT BOOK. Mrs. Kelly in her chapter on "The Right of Woman to the Ballot" calls attention to the fact that the change of public opinion reflected in legislation , that has in the past fifty years given to women their wide opportunity for education, is now generally accepted as wholly beneficent. It is almost impossible for us to now question the advisability of opening to women opportunities of education; yet that privilege was as vigorously questioned , as severely fought formerly, as is now the privilege of suffrage. Mrs. Kelly points out that as a result of these educational opportunities there is now among women a large amount of trained intelligence, finding no outlet in public service to the community, and to a large extent wasted. Such opportunities for public service as are granted on chance boards and committes have a lack of permanence. A striking illustration of this is shown in an Illinois experience. During Governor Altgeld's term as Governor fifteen women of such prominence as Miss Julia Lathrop and Mrs. Alzina Stevens and others, were appointed to State boards of education, health, charities, factory inspection and the management of penal and reformatory institutions. The succeeding governor, however, continued the appointment of but two of these women, the other thirteen places being given to men who were voters. Many other instances of the casual character of women's servoce could be given. And even if tenure of office by a women of exceptional fitness and capacity was certain, it is impossible that any small number of women in such capacities can possibly be as serviceable to their State as would the whole body of intelligent women if admitted to a share in public affairs. The women who think otherwise, says Mrs. Kelly, who argue that the influence of women on boards and commissions is greater because of the fact that they are non-voters and that this gain compensates for the loss of women in general being deprived of the franchise, simply have their sense of proportion obscured by the importance of the work which they themselves are doing. Even that work could be much more effective, on a board of education-to illustrate-if those women were elected to the offices they hold by a constituency including the teachers of the public schools and the mothers of the pupils. Mrs. Kelly points out some striking instances: First, of the ineffectiveness of school boards in cities where women neither vote for the members nor are eligible; and, second, of what has been accomplished in cities where women have their proper share in the management of the schools. "It is not an accident, but a fact of the highest significance," she says, "that the two important cities of the Union which afford school accommodation for all the children throughout the period of compulsory attendance at school are Boston, where women vote for the members of the Board of Education, and Denver, where women vote for all officials." Other communities pass laws compelling every child of a certain age to be in school, and by their own failure to provide accommodations for every child of that age compel children and parents to be law-breakers. New York's shortcomings in this respect are so great that her public officials dare not have made a school census of the children by which the great discrepancy already suspected would be proven. Colorado, where women have full suffrage, shows the effects in the protection of children not only by its provision of schools, but in many other ways. There are excellent child labor laws, as well as compulsory school attendance laws. Their Juvenile Court system has become a model for other States. Judge Lindsay, to whom this system is practically due, gives an interesting account of his last election when the politicians whom he had failed to please by a number of just acts were bent on destroying him. His own party especially disliked to nominate him, but at a caucus the question was finally fairly stated by one of the political bosses. "I hate him," he said, rising to his feet, "I hate him as much as any of you, and I have good reason to. But I tell you we have got to nominate him; we can't afford to leave him off. If we do, the women will knife our ticket." So potent was the force of the women and the men who represented the best element of Denver that Judge Lindsay, disliked by the political bosses of all parties, was eventually named as the candidate on the seven tickets put out in that lively city. His election was practically unanimous. In summing up the protection to children which the ballot in the hands of women means, Mrs. Kelley cites the position of girls in South Carolina, "where women have no political power and the age of consent is ten years"-- she might add Kentucky, where it is twelve-- "with the careful safeguarding of girls in Colorado." "It is not accidental," she says, "that one of the first measures introduced into the legislature of Colorado after women were elected to that body, was the bill successfully carried by a woman senator, raising the age of consent to eighteen years, at that time higher than the corresponding law of any other State. Such a law," she adds, "affords protection to the boys and youths of the community which they are wholly unable to estimate. . . . When the age of consent is raised to eighteen years, this is a protection not only to all the young girls and boys in the community; it is a protection to the community itself against the children of ruined girls. Denver needs no foundling asylum like that institution which confesses the disgrace of New York City." Instances may be multiplied not only of what the ballot in the hands of women might do, but of what it actually has done in the few States where it is granted, for the better protection of women and children and the uplift of the whole community. We believe it will be difficult for any one to read even this one chapter of Mrs. Kelley's recent book without coming to her view of the question. PROPOSED ARIZONA EMPIRE IN EXTENT Vast Area of Territory When Coupled with New Mexico Creates a State Second Only to Texas in Almost Boundless Acres. Special Despatch to "The Press." Washington. Jan. 28.––If the Senate adopts the report of its Committee on Territories and passes the statehood bill as it came from the House, a commonwealth will be erected in the Southwest that will be an empire in extent. The new State of Arizona provided for in this bill will be a close second to Texas, the "Lone Star" in area. The combination of Oklahoma and Indian Territory into the new State of Oklahoma will add a big commonwealth to the United States, but no larger than several others west of the Mississippi River. The joining of Arizona and New Mexico, however, will put on guard along our southwestern frontier a star of the first magnitude. The new State will have within its boundaries only 26,000 square miles less than Texas. It will have about 80,000 square miles more than California and 90,000 square miles more than Montana, the two States that will stand next to it in area. Land of Romance and Wealth. The creation of this new State in the great Southwest will bring into the sisterhood a land of romance, wealth and adventure. The settlement of New Mexico was one of the first made in this country. Portions of that Territory were settled by the Spanish nearly three hundred years ago, and these settlements have been maintained to the present day. It cannot be said that they have kept pace with the progress of the rest of the country for those three centuries. In the old days, when Spanish grandees and hidalgos lived in the few fertile spots of that land and wrested some of its wealth from its mountains, the romance of Lower California and of Spanish life in Mexico extended over the region. In later years after this territory was added to the United States began a long history of adventure and conflict with Indians. These were the wild Apaches, and the border wars conducted by Generals Crook and Miles and other brave American soldiers filled many chapters in American history of hardships endured and bravery shown in acquiring control of the Territory. This region also is and was the home for centuries of the most peaceable, orderly and progressive of all the Indians within the borders of the United States. Most of the Indians are known as Pueblo Indians, who live in their little pueblos in the canyons and valleys. It is the land of the interesting "Cliff Dwellers," whose civilization is the wonder and study of ethnologists. Volumes have been written of the strange customs, the mysterious religions and the habits of the Zunis, who have had their home there for centuries. Day of Progress Dawns. In acquiring this Territory the United States brought within her borders a Spanish element that still constitutes about one-half of the population. Under a territorial form of government this Spanish-American population has not made any great advance, but the advantages of statehood, the self-government it provides and the consequent encouragement of immigration and investment of capital will within a reasonable time Americanize the whole big State of Arizona. It is fully anticipated that the history of Southern California will be repeated in this State. Neither Arizona nor New Mexico has kept pace with the other states and Territories in the matter of agriculture and grazing. In Arizona, out of a total area of 72,792,320 acres, less than 6,000,000 acres have been purchased and acquired from the Government. In New Mexico, with a total area of over 78,000,000 acres, only a little over 18,000,000 acres have been purchased. The hope of this new State, when created, so far as agriculture is concerned, will lie in irrigation. The amount of irrigable land within its borders is estimated at about 2,000,000 acres. Wealth Lies in Minerals. The wealth of the new State of Arizona will for generations to come lie in the minerals hidden in its great mountains. This wealth cannot be estimated. Only in the last few years have the possibilities of mining been shown. There the greatest copper deposits in the United States are being uncovered, while gold, silver, lead, coal and valuable stone are showing increased production year by year. In Arizona are the United Verde Copper Mines, in which Senator Clark, of Montana, is so largely interested. The Senator appeared before the House Committee on Territories and denied some of the stories of the fabulous wealth of these mines. It had been reported that $150,000,000 worth of ore was in sight in these holdings, but the Senator would not admit that. He would not admit either that he had been offered $25,000,000 for his interests. It has been currently reported that the income from these mines is $10,000,000 a year, but that is probably an exaggeration and half that amount would be nearer the mark. This is but one of many big mining corporations in that Territory, another being the Tombstone Consolidated Mining Company, with a capital of $15,000,000 and $6,000,000 worth of its bonds already sold. Senator Alger, of Michigan, and other big capitalists are interested in this company and their faith in the mineral wealth of Arizona is demonstrated by their investments. Under its own State administration this new Commonwealth is expected to develop a wealth of resources that will put it in the front rank of mineral producing States of the Union. Desirable Political Plums. The creation of a new State is a political event, and already ambitious statesmen are laying plans to further their interests in Arizona. The two senatorships from the big new State are desirable plums, and there will be no lack of candidates. Mr. Rodey, for a number of years a delegate from New Mexico, and whose friends claim that he was euchred out of the nomination for the present Congress by "Bull" Andrews, the former Pennsylvania politician and the present delegate, will be urged strongly for one of the Senatorships. It is no secret that Andrews went to New Mexico with the intention of becoming a candidate for the United States Senate as soon as the Territory came in as a State, either singly or jointly with Arizona. Ex-Governor Murphy, of Arizona, will probably be a candidate, as will also B. A. Fowler, who was defeated by Mr. Smith, the Democratic delegate from that Territory. The Democrats are casting longing eyes at this new State and will use their best endeavor to capture the Senatorship. Marcus Aurelius Smith, who has represented the Territory of Arizona for more than twelve years, will be in line with a large number of other Democrats. In his speech last Congress on joint statehood for Arizona and New Mexico, Senator Beveridge delivered this apostrophe to Arizona:–– "Arizona second in size and eminent in wealth among the States the greatest of nations, Arizona, standing midway between California and Texas, three giant Commonwealths guarding the Republic's southwestern border; Arizona, scattering with one hand the fruits of the tropics and with the other hand the products of the temperate zone; Arizona, youngest of the Union and the fairest; how proud of her her citizens would be; how proud of her the American people would be; how just a place she would hold in the nation's Councils!" Even the opponents of joint statehood burst into applause at this attractive description. The Congo Free State has only one white citizen. More than 2,500 other white men are living in the State, but they are only sojourners in the land. They cannot vote at the elections and have no reason to complain if the millions of natives who are citizens by birth regard them merely as aliens. One white man, however, who thinks that the Congo State is good enough for him and whose physical system is proof against insidious tropical diseases, has taken out his naturalization papers in due course, and is now a full fledged citizen entitled to regard himself as forming a distinct element of the body politic. Not a few white men have desired to become citizens of the Republic of Liberia, but under the beneficent Constitution of that country a white skin debars its processor from the high privilege of citizenship. On the other hand, the Congo Free State opens its gates wide to the white race, but up to the present time this single individual constitutes the entire push in the direction of the naturalization office. Thus does citizenship in tropical Africa illustrate some of the oddities of life. WOMEN WORTH 60 PER CENT OF THE VALUE OF MEN Deductions Made by Inspectors in Chicago Who Are Examining Female Labor. (Journal Special Service.) Chicago, March 1.––Women are more dexterous than men in doing light work for which they are adapted. Women are hired for the reason that they labor more cheaply than men, in work for which they have the capability. Under ordinary conditions a woman who works at the same task as a man is worth about 60 per cent as much to her employer as a man. These three deductions have already been made by inspectors working under the direction of David Ross, secretary of the Illinois state bureau of labor, who has undertaken one of the most exhaustive inquiries into the conditions under which women work, ever attempted in the United States. Of 100,000 working women in Chicago 25,000 are to be interviewed by the state inspectors and comprehensive statistics gathered. The investigation is not confined to Chicago alone, but will include the entire state. The investigation was started at the instance of several social settlements and women's clubs, which have become interested in the movement for a betterment of conditions under which women work in factories and other industries. Sunday Oregonian, Portland, March 4, 1906. Citizen Capet. It was once a common belief that on a certain day, unknown even to the angels, but sure to come, Gabriel's trumpet would sound early in the morning and waken the dead from their graves. All men would then rise into the air and face the judge who would doom them to eternal misery or happiness, probably the former. Perhaps the belief still survives, but it is no longer common. Most people now think that a day of judgment comes to every man before he dies. Of what will happen after he dies they are not so certain as they once were. Whether a day of judgment comes to every man or not may be debatable; that to some men it actually does come, we cannot doubt. It came to Charles I, for example, when he had to lay his head down on the block, and to Louis XIV, when the keen knife of the guillotine hung over him ready to fall. It is dawning for some of the great men of our own day and country who expect it as little as Louis did when he tripped off the first dance with that gay and giddy Austrian girl who was to perish as the "Widow Capet". Not that our aristocats will be guillotined. Their lives are safe enough and so, probably, is the plunder they have gathered in their piratical careers; but they will lose that public adulation and those special privileges of extortion which are a great deal dearer to them than their lives. It was a sad day for Louis XVI when he had to lay aside his title of "Majesty" and answer like any common human clay to "Citizen Capet." It was disgusting to him to rub shoulders with men who had to sweat for their bread instead of getting it by other people's sweat. His soul was terribly shocked to stand as a criminal and face as judges the people he thought he was born to rob. It was scandalous; it was pitiful; but he had to do it. "When Carolina boy whistle, nigger got to run." When the voice of the people commands, kings must bow their heads and so must plutocrats. What we have least claim to it is hardest for us to give up. Hence it is a tougher ordeal for the plutocrat to come down from his majestic isolation and answer for his misdeeds than it was for "Citizen Capet." Capet was born there, the plutocrat has had to climb. But down he must come, bag and baggage, stolen franchise, watered stock, special privilege and all, and account to the despised and sweaty citizens for the deeds done in the body. Verily the plutocrat has fallen on evil days. There be sad, sad times for the franchise grabber and the gas duke. He may gather his parasites in the judgment halls to overawe the greasy multitude, but it won't work. The game is up. Historians weep over "Citizen Capet"; let us shed a tear for the fallen plutocrat. To be subject to the effrontery of the mob; to be questioned and made to answer; to be forced to tell how much he has stolen and when he stole it; above all to be made to quit stealing—all this is most heart-rending. Weep for the calamity-smitten plutocrat; bewail his misfortunes; but never forget to keep hold of your pocket book while he is near. Under the feudal system the means of subsistence was the land. Manufactures were trivial. Commerce was a mere matter of importing luxuries. The feudal lords owned the land. They were also the governing class throughout Europe. As trade developed, merchants grew wealthy in the cities and political power accrued to them with their wealth. In those countries where commerce became the principal means of subsistence the feudal system broke down very early and a mercantile aristocracy replaced it. This happened in Holland and, to a less extent, in England. The English revolution of 1688 was a partial triumph of the mercantile aristocracy over the landlords; but reaction followed and feudalism, called the Tory party, regained its power and has maintained it, except for short intervals, to the present day. The feudal aristocracy owes its vitality in England to the custom it has of obsorbing new blood from the mercantile class. French feudalism was too vain and foolish to do this; therefore it perished utterly. The rise of manufactures in the modern world and the exploitation of natural resources have introduced two new means of acquiring wealth while the carrying trade upon the ocean has been dwarfed by the importance of internal transportation. The old fight against feudalism in England was taken up by the manufacturers as their wealth brought political power, and their great victory was the adoption of free trade. In America up to the date of the Civil War the principal source of wealth was the land both North and South. In the North the land was well distributed among the people in small holdings; hence the people also held the political power. The state of Legislatures and the Members of Congress represented the men who owned the Nation's wealth. The United States was then, and is now, no exception to the invariable rule that those who control the means of subsistence control the Government. But since the Civil War manufactures and transportation, as a means of acquiring, we do not say producing, wealth have outrivaled agriculture. Moreover, the growth of population has made public utilities such as coal mines and gas and street railway franchises, enormously valuable. Political power has tended to follow wealth, as it always does, and has therefore slipped away from the common people to the privileged classes. In states like Rhode Island, the transition is complete. In every state it is under way. Since corporate wealth by its nature tends to fall into a few hands, political power shows the same tendency. The result is that our Government from that of the Nation down to that of the city is passing under the control of oligarchies, which are constantly merging into smaller and smaller groups. Taken together, we call them the plutocracy. The common people have awakened to this tendency and have begun to fight it. President Roosevelt is their leader. The fight is has split both political parties. In each there is an aristocratic and popular element; but the aristocratic element does not properly dominate the Republican party which originated the struggle against plutocracy. Should the party follow the President it may possibly lose this element. There are signs that it will. But in compensation it will gain the great mass of the common people whose interests, and even their political liberty, are seriously threatened by the aristocratic tendencies of confederated special privileges. The choice of Hercules is offered by the genius of the Nation to the Republican party. Can we doubt what decision it will be? Interdependence. The doctrine or principle of the brotherhood of man has always been placed upon high moral or ethical ground. Respect has been given to the opinions of Emerson, of John Stuart Mill, of Peabody and the others, and the world looked on leniently while Thoreau and Alcott and Margaret Fuller expounded transcendentalism and attempted to make practical demonstration of its theories. But it remained for the material forces of a later day—the present day—to reveal, not only to the elect, but to the thoughtless, how the science of industry, as expressed in concentration of capital and labor, has made the theoretical brotherhood of man—that is to say, the interdependence of all men—a prosaic fact, a central necessity of life and living. Specifically, we must have the railway, with its multitude of combined interests; the telegraph and telephone, with their operators and operatives working in harmony; the great newspaper, with its manifold activities all working to the same end; the streetcar, blending urban and suburban interests, and numerous smaller combinations of labor and capital, in order that civilized life may be a reality, and not merely a name. We are dependent upon them, dependent upon these utilities, and back of that upon the brotherhood of interests that alone make them possible. Each man is a cog in the great wheel of modern life, and no man may disregard for long the rights of his brother-man in the great interchange of effort necessary to keep the wheel in motion. The lesson of this interdependence is taught every time a strike ties up a great industry or utility. Its acceptance is recorded in concessions made on both sides to the general fact of interdependence. Science may, to be sure, release us from the obligation of industrial brotherhood any day, by showing each man how he may control the forces of Nature in his own behalf. Wireless telegraphy, the automobile, the portable electric light, may be regarded as faint indications in this direction, but back of them still is the co-operative energy necessary to supply these mediums of independent service, and mutual dependence is the law of today. It is absolutely true that no man lives to himself alone in a material sense, any more than it is possible for him to live in a spiritual or social atmosphere entirely of his own. Interdependence is an iron law—a prosaic as well as an ethical fact—and the wise community, corporation and labor union accepts it with no more protest or struggle than that which becomes necessary from time to time to maintain its place in the great system of industrial brotherhood. WOMEN WAGE-EARNERS. Two young Boston women, students at the University of Chicago, have set before themselves the difficult task of investigating the problems presented by the gainful employment of women in the United States. So far as the results of their inquiry have been made available in the pages of the Journal of Political Economy, they are confined to an analysis of the facts to be deduced from the census reports; but some of those results are so interesting that the student of social economics will await the completion of the study with impatience. Feminine competition with men is a subject on which it has been the fashion to dogmatize freely, but the actual material on which to base exact conclusions is surprisingly scanty, and any labor which furnishes the needed data is labor well applied. It has been often said, for instance, that women's invasion of fields of industrial activity hitherto restricted to the male worker has increased the keenness of the competition for a livelihood, and whatever progress has been made by women in enlarging the number of gainful occupations open to them has been at the expense of and in the face of the opposition of the men. Nevertheless, it has not been demonstrated that women's work has essentially altered in amount or intensity, and there is reason to believe that even the changes in the character of that work have not been so great as is commonly believed. Miss Breckinridge and Miss Abbott. [*Press Feb 4-*] PHIA. SUNDAY in their study of the statistics bearing on the question, have brought out certain broad facts which are worthy of attention. In the ten years between the eleventh and twelfth censuses they find that the number of women gainfully employed increased in greater proportion than the increase of population, and that groups of labor requiring the services of what may be termed the "middle-class" women show a greater percentage of increase than those which represent the employment of working class women. Strangely enough the occupations which are shown to be declining - in the matter of women employes - are the traditionally feminine ones, dressmaking and domestic service. Furthermore, in one of the larger groups - garment making - there is a falling off of both men and women workers and an increase in the number of children employed. In the decade from 1890 to 1990 the proportion of the population over 10 years of age gainfully employed increased 24.6 per cent., but the increase for the women was 32.8 per cent., as against 22.9 for the men. On the other hand, the working women of the country in 1890 formed only 17.4 per cent. of the total population, and in 1900 18.8 per cent., while for the men the figures were respectively 79.3 and 80, a smaller increase than that made by the women. While there were only eight of the 303 classified occupations which women have not invaded, it must not be assumed too hastily that in most of these vocations men and women are found doing the same task. The classification does not reveal the distinctions which are made in actual practice ; the lighter duties fall on the feminine workers in most cases, but in many other women and men are performing the same tasks, though not necessarily side by side in direct competition. The uncertainly of the data as to the nature of the employment of women makes the real question of women’s competition with men a matter of fundamental importance. With it is involved the question of women's wages and the equally important ones of the nature of women's work and the effect upon them of the work they do. In the absence of a rational division of employments “which would allot to women tasks peculiarly fitted to them and reward their performance in adequate wages, " the authors of this study suggest free competition, an essential element of which shall be that the women "must enter upon industrial life in a workmanlike spirit, have opportunity to acquire necessary skill and overcome the obstacles to practice of a craft after it has been acquired." TRANSITION IN POLITICS Whether history is a mere branch of science or a department of literature professors and writers may always debate, but every reader knows that it is a very different thing now from what was called history when Gibbon wrote his immortal epic of failing Rome. The or consummate master of English narrative style does not ignore those activities of the human spirit which belong neither to statesmanship nor war, but he does not rate them of the first importance. He has a great chapter on the civil law and another, of profound insight, upon the origin and early growth of Christianity. He discourses upon the nine husbands of the holy Procidia ; recounts in a note the cruel calamity of the fifty bishops who were treated by a Gothic captor as his father-in-law treated Abelard; and dwells at some length upon the enormous fortunes of the degenerate Romans, a few of whom were as wealthy as Rockefeller and quite as lavish in pIous gifts. But these social topics are merely incidental in his great work. War and statesmanship are his theme. To the historian of the present day social topics are the principal theme ; war and statesmanship are subsidiary, It has been maintained that the political and religious movements of the human race grow out of economic conditions. We are told that the way men have made their living in one age of the world after another is the key to history. The origin of the Christian religion must be sought in the economic misery of the Roman Empire, where absentee landlordism had impoverished the whole world then as it has Ireland in our time. The founder of Christianity was the arch rebel against plutocracy. the Apostles were the first socialists. The line art of the Renaissance had its roots in the commercial prosperity of the Italian republics. The trade of the world went east and west by way of Florence and Venice. Michelangelo was a commission for handling spices. Leonardo represented the toll on ivory and silk. Medieval nations fought for the carrying trade of the world as modern nations fight for markets. Italy had it, then the Hanse towns, then Spain, Holland, England in succession, and with the possession of the carrying trade political supremacy passed from nation to nation. It built the palaces and the flats of Venice. It erected the cities of the Netherlands, fought the battles of religious liberty and laid the foundations of democratic government upon the ruins of the inquisition and the feudal system. In every nation of the world and in all ages control of the political power has belonged to those who controlled the means whereby men earn their daily bread. No one who has read Fiaubert's Salammbo, perhaps the most powerful of historical novels, can forget the sumptuous stores of varied wealth possessed by the ruling class in Carthage. They owned the land, the buildings and the ships. Carthage was then mistress of the carrying trade of the world, which gave her command of the riches of the world and the ruling families of the city, who would now be called the "first" or " best" families, held every means of creating or acquiring wealth, and therefore also absolute political power. The genial author conducts his reader through the palace of Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, the boss of Carthage precisely as Croker was of New York, but to better purpose, and displays to the imagination the enormous riches in slaves, grain, fleets and gold which the political power of the invetenate foe of Rome was founded upon. In ancient Greece the sources of wealth were the land, the mines and foreign trade. The land and mines were owned by the first families, who called themselves "the good, " and were worked by slaves, whom they also owned. Ownership of the means whereby the nation subsisted gave them, as it always does, political control. Oligarchic rule has never been more absolute than it was in our Southern States under the system of slavery. The small band of men who owned the land and slaves governed those states until slavery was abolished. Booker Washington is justified by all history in his belief that political power will come to the negroes in proportion as they acquire economic power and no faster. On the other hand, those Southern whites who hold that the economic development of the negroes threatens the domination of their old masters and must ultimately bring about social equality, are also right. Pasadena, Cal. NEWS MAR 2 1906 THE PASADENA DAILY VIGOROUS BUT INCONCLUSIVE -------- We may be mistaken, but it seems to the News as though the country is undergoing something of a reaction against the doctrines of the equal suffragists It is true that the national association recently held an enthusiastic convention in Baltimore--one of the very strongholds of Southern conservatism as to woman's sphere of influence. And it would perhaps be more correct to say that the equal suffragists are not making the headway they did some years ago, rather than that they are actually losing ground. For a large part of the public, it regards the issue with tolerance. In response to a general demand for the ballot on the part of the women themselves, it would probably be disposed to register no veto. But it must be convinced, before overturning the elective system, that the equal suffragists have converted their own sex to the need and the desirability of exercising the franchise. These remarks are based upon an article from the Overland Monthly seat the News by Eleanor Monroe Babcock. of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. This newspaper is a great believer in free discussion and it makes place for the article with pleasure. The answer to the vigorous defense of woman suffrage by the Overland Monthly is that suffrage is not an inherent right at all, but is constantly limited. By whom it shall be exercised is a matter of expediency. Perhaps it may be expedient for the race that it should be extended to women on the same terms as to men, perhaps it is not. If it shall come to be held that there is no difference in the sphere of the two sexes, as the tendency of education and employment for the last generation has seemed to indicate, why we shall presently no doubt be agreeing that having taken their place alongside men in other fields women may as well take her place beside him at the polls. Especially if she wants to—there's the rub. Anti-Suffrage Associations It has always passed our comprehension that women who do not want to vote should so violently oppose those who do. A difference of opinion concerning the proper sphere of women is legitimate; but the effort to coerce dissent into acquiescence is a refined form of intolerance with which we have no sympathy. We believe in freedom with a capital F—and we have little patience with those women who would deny to others a privilege or right simply because they do not wish to exercise it themselves. The associations opposed to the tension of suffrage to women occasionally send us their publications, with a request to notice them editorially. We comply with pleasure. These associations are, in our opinion, deserving of nothing but the disapproval of all liberal-minded people. They are anachronisms. They are unsuited to the progressive age in which we live, and opposed to the tendency of the times, which is in the direction of liberty and a recognition of human equality without distinction of sex. We believe that the exclusion of women from the polls is one of the causes of political corruption, but we contend that, whether it is or not, there is no natural right possessed by men which ought not be shared by women. The ethics of the question do not concern us any more than does the more debatable question of expedience. It is enough for us that all persons are born free and equal; and the fact that a few intolerant women deny the right of their sex to political equality with men, leaves us unconvinced so long as one solitary woman exists who is ready to claim her birthright. There is no argument used by these associations against female suffrage that has not done duty a thousand times to block the way of men to democracy. There has been no reason advanced for the denial to women of political rights which has not been vigorously debated on a hundred battle fields. The barons at Runnymede, the Roundheads of Cromwell, the tiersetat of the first French republic, the colonials under Washington, have all had to meet the stock objections which those who govern oppose to the demands of the governed. In Germany the sphere of women has recently been restricted by imperial fiat to kitchen, church, and children. The kindly command was given once before to check a rising tide; but neither kinds nor commoners can oppose the advancing wave of freedom which follows the sun of knowledge in its course around the earth.—Overland Monthly. FEMININE COMMONWEALTH ———— Possibility of Massachusetts—Her Steadily Increasing Legion of Women If every male person resident in Massachusetts in the year 1905 had taken a female person by the hand and led her out of the State, an immense army of 80,502 persons, all females, would have been left in the State, says the New York Mail. This represents the standing army of the "anxious and aimless" in the Old Bay State. It is a constantly growing army, this vast legion of superfluous, in Massachusetts. In 1900 it consisted, by the Federal census of 70,398 females. Ten thousand have joined the colors of compulsory spinsterhood in five years. In 1890 it consisted of only 63,521 persons. The surplus of female population in Massachusetts has gained by nearly 17,000 in fifteen years, which is far above the proportionate increase of the whole population. If the proportion should be maintained long enough, the population of Massachusetts would at length become exclusively female, all male persons having meantime either died or fled from the State. Let us hasten to explain that the words "anxious and aimless" are used above only in the current and canting sense. The women of Massachusetts are, in fact, far from being either anxious over their State, or aimless. They are not only the most ambitious but the most successful, all things considered, of their sex. There is no part of the world that has produced so many famous women as Massachusetts. No other State or country has among its natives or residents so large a proportion of women poets, authors, preachers and teachers. The most eminent women of letters or America have been natives or residents of Massachusetts. American poetry may be said to have sprung in Massachusetts from the Minerva brain of Mrs. Anne Bradstreet. The first American novel of estimation, "Charlotte Temple," was written by a Massachusetts woman, Susanna Haswell, and the banner of American fiction is still honorably held aloft by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and Miss Alice Brown. The State's history abounds with the names of women reformers of power, like Mrs. Livermore and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. Socially the women of the State wield an influence unrivaled anywhere. Surely there is no aimlessness in the condition of the Massachusetts women, redundant though the census may make them out to be. Is it not just possible that the superior position of women in Massachusetts is causing the sex to emigrate thither from other States, and that insensibly a feminine commonwealth is being produced? [?]TS [?] n the [?] would [?] after [?] Salt River. People have had their vote and are satisfied. The parties elected should be humble in view of new responsibilities. Demosthenes told the Athenians: "What is worst for the past is best for the future, since it happens, by neglect and misconduct, that your affairs are come to this low ebb. Had you indeed, acted your parts to the best, and yet matters should have gone thus backward, there would be no hopes of amendment; but as it has happened, principally through your own errors, if these are corrected all may be recovered." If a man erects a house and finds it imperfect he can alter it. Statesmanship is a science, as agriculture or commerce, and instead of using position for personal benefit the officeholder should hold it as a trust for public good. To do this he should study past ages, adapting their history to present needs. Bacon would not have quacks in politics any more than in medicine, and they should not refer everything to themselves and thrust their persons into the centre of the world, as if all lines should meet in them and their fortunes, without regarding in storms what becomes of the ship of the state if they can save themselves in the cockboat of their own fortune. Learning is like the harp, as the sage observes when in Orpheus's fable the beasts and birds listened to the harp, but on its ceasing tumult drowned the music and "confusion and anarchy" returned. Plato said states would be happy when "kings were philosophers, or philosophers kings." In a republic we need not purple without or within. A friend commended the tyrant Antipater to Alexander, saying he did not wear Persian purple but Macedonian clothing. Alexander answered," Antipater is all purple within." So Caesar played with the term Rex (King), but found the crown might burn his head. "To rule a willing people," again writes Bacon, "is more honorable than to compel." He commends historic study to teach one to govern, guided by ancient examples. As to the politician's influence the same wise writer affirms, "A political sows even his own thoughts." Our new officers, then, have a chance as wise teachers to sow good seed to raise a future glorious harvest. God bless their efforts. S.F. HOTCHKIN, Atlantic City, N.J., February 21. Pasadena, Cal. NEWS MAR 2 1906 THE PASADENA DAILY N VIGOROUS BUT INCONCLUSIVE We may be mistaken, but it seems to the News as though the country is undergoing something of a reaction against the doctrines of the equal suffragists It is true that the national association recently held an enthusiastic convention in Baltimore—one of the very strongholds of Southern conservatism as to women's sphere of influence. And it would perhaps be more correct to say that the equal suffragists are not making the headway they did some years ago, rather than that they are actually losing ground. For a large part of the public, it regards the issue with tolerance. In response to a general demand for the ballot on the part of the women themselves, it would probably be disposed to register no veto. But it must be convinced, before overturning the elective system, that the equal suffragists have converted their own sex to the need and the desirability of exercising the franchise. These remarks are based upon an article from the Overland Monthly seat the News by Eleanor Monroe Babcock, of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. This newspaper is a great believer in free discussion, and it makes place for the article with pleasure. The answer to the vigorous defense of woman suffrage by the Overland Monthly is that suffrage is not an inherent right at all, but is constantly limited. By whom it shall be exercised is a matter of expediency. Perhaps it may be expedient for the race that it should be extended to women on the same terms as to men Anti-Suffrage Associations It has always passed our comprehension that women who do not want to vote should so violently oppose those who do. A difference of opinion concerning the proper sphere of women is legitimate; but the effort to coerce dissent into acquiescence is a refined form of intolerance with which we have no sympathy. We believe in freedom with a capital F—and we have lit the patience with those women who would deny to others a privilege or right simply because they do not wish to exercise it themselves. The associations opposed to the extension of suffrage to women occasionally send us their publications, with a request to notice them editorially. We comply with pleasure. These associations are, in our opinion, deserving of nothing but the disapproval of all liberal-minded people. They are anachronisms. They are unsuited to the progressive age in which we live, and opposed to the tendency of the times, which is in the direction of liberty and a recognition of human equality brothers Wm. M. Speake, Alfred H. Woods, W. Fraser McLain, Daniel A. McLain, C. Skarsten, Prof. Paul E. Stewart and Thos. Cooney all of Pasadena. WOMAN’S RELIEF CORPS Corps opened their regular afternoon meeting, with a large membership present and several application were balloted for and one new one presented. There is a great deal of sickness among our membership, so that the relief committee and flower committee have their hands more than full. We had several visiting members and we we all enjoy having strangers meet with us and each visitor at this meeting was presented with a souvenir in the shape of a W.R.C. Cook Book which they all appreciated very much Learn Shorthand at Pasadena Business College. Help build the Presbyterian Church by attending the recital of songs and readings at Shakespeare Club house Tuesday, March 6. FEMININE COMMONWEALTH Possibility of Massachusetts—Her Steadily Increasing Legion of Women If every male person resident in Massachusetts in the year 1905 had taken a female person by the hand and led her out of the State, an immense army of 80,502 persons, all females, would have been left in the State, says the New York Mail. This represents the standing army of the "anxious and aimless" in the Old Bay State. It is a constantly growing army, this vast legion of superfluous in Massachusetts. In 1900 it consisted, by the Federal census of 70,398 females.Ten thousand have joined the colors of compulsory spinsterhood in five years. In 1890 it consisted of only 63,521 persons. The surplus of female population in Massachusetts has gained by nearly 17,000 in fifteen years, which is far above the proportionate increase of the whole population. If the proportion should be maintained long enough, the population of Massachusetts would at length become exclusively female, all male persons having meantime either died or fled from the State. Let us hasten to explain that the words "anxious and aimless" are used above only in the current and canting sense. The women of Massachusetts are, in fact, far from being either anxious over their State, or aimless. They are not only the most ambitious but the most successful, all things considered of their sex. There is no part of the world that has produced so many famous women as Massachusetts. No other State or country has among its natives or residents so large a proportion of women poets, authors, preachers and teachers. The most eminent women of letters of America have been natives or residents of Massachusetts. American poetry may be said to have sprung in Massachusetts from the Minerva brain of Mrs. Anne Bradstreet. The first American novel of estimation, "Charlotte Temple," was written by a Massachusetts woman, Susanna Haswell, and the banner of American fiction is still honorably held aloft by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and Miss Alice Brown. The State's history abounds with the names of women reformers of power, like Mrs. Livermore and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. Socially the women of the State wield an influence unrivaled anywhere. Surely there is no aimlessness in the condition of the Massachusetts women, redundant though the census many make them out to be. Is it not just posisble that the superior position of women in Massachusetts is causing the sex to emigrate thither from other States, and that insensibly a feminine commonwealth is being produced? AFTER-ELECTION THOUGHTS To the Editor of Public Ledger: Ward Beecher said that a foreigner in the United States the day before election would think a civil war imminent. The day after opposing parties jest about going up Salt River. People have had their vote and are satisfied. The parties elected should be humble in view of new responsibilities. Demosthenes told the Athenians: "What is worst for the past is best for the future, since it happens, by neglect and misconduct, that your affairs are come to this low ebb. Had you, indeed, acted your parts to the best, and yet matters should have gone thus backward, there would be no hopes of amendment; but as it has happened, principally through your own errors, if these are corrected all may be recovered." If a man erects a house and finds it imperfect he can alter it. Statesmanship is a science, as agriculture or commerce, and instead of using position for personal benefit the officeholder should hold it as a trust for public good. To do this he should study past ages, adapting their history to present needs. Bacon would not have quacks in politics any more than in medicine, and they should not refer everything to themselves and thrust their persons into the centre of the world, as if all lines should meet in them and their fortunes, without regarding in storms what becomes of the ship of the state is they can save themselves in the cockboat of their own fortune. Learning is like the harp, as the sage observes when in Orpheus's fable the beasts and birds listened to the harp, but on its ceasing tumult drowned the music and "confusion and anarchy" returned. Plato said states would be happy when "kings were philosophers, or philosophers kings." In a republic we need not purple without or within. A friend commended the tyrant Antipater to Alexander, saying he did not wear Persian purple but Macedonian clothing. Alexander answered, "Antipater is all purple within." So Caesar played with the term Rex (King), but found the crown might burn his head. "To rule a willing people," again writes Bacon, "is more honorable than to compel." He commends historic study to teach one to govern, guided by ancient examples. As to the politician's influence the same wise writer affirms, "A political sows even his own thoughts." Our new officers, then, have a chance as wise teachers to sow good seed to raise a future glorious harvest. God bless their efforts. S. F. Hotchkin. ,Atlantic City, N. J., February 21. [*Ballot*] Search Work in the Study of History By Francis B. Atkhinson, Editor Little Chronicle, Chicago. FIRST ARTICLE. AS THE third in the series of articles on the application of geography to life, I had planned to illustrate how any lesson in geography might be applied to the president's message; how it might be used to determine the response of the pupil-citizen to the recommendations of his president, and how, in turn, these recommendations could be used to illuminate the subject matter of the lesson. Some recitations in history at which I had the pleasure of being present recently, in the high school at Hommond, Ind., gave me the suggestion that I might, perhaps, accomplish this and the further and larger purpose illustrating the applications of history to current life, at one and the same time. The subject matter of the lessons was the struggle of the plebians with the patricians, which resulted in the granting to the latter of the rights of citizenship. In the previous assignment of the lesson of which I am now about to speak, the attention of pupils was called to several of the subjects dealth with in the message, and the probable relation of these subjects to the lesson, briefly discussed. The phases of the message selected largely followed the line of the pupil's voluntary interest. This was the first time the experiment of using current history as a means of teaching past, had been tried. While few of the pupils at first discovered, without suggestions, logical relations between the past and present, it is notable that some did; and that after the process of thinking by which logical relations were established, had been illustrated by in the case of a few pupils, the progress of others in the same direction was rapid. As an example of the kind of suggestion necessary to set the pupil on a profitable line of investigation, I may mention the case of one, who upon being asked what in the president's message had interested him the most, said the president's position that Chinese laborers should not be admitted to this country. He said it interested him but he could see no connection between that and the struggle of the plebians. He was asked what reason President Roosevelt gave for objecting to the admission of the Chinese. He said his reason was that the Chinese were not fitted to become American citizens; and that no immigrant should be admitted who would not, in the end, be fit to assume the duties of American citizenship. A final question as to the object of the struggle between the patricians and plebians brought the reply (together with a quick illumination of countenance) that it was a struggle for the rights of citizenship. He was then asked to turn to the index of his textbook under Citizenship, sub-division Roman, and see what he could tell the class next day about Roman citizenship as a part of the story of the struggle between the patricians and plebians, and its effects, direct and indirect, upon the national life. His contribution to the next day's recitation proved most interesting and valuable. It had been collected from seven sources, on as many different pages, but all within the textbook, thus bringing these things together and organizing them around the struggle between the patricians and the plebs. His report may be summarized as follows: Preceding the struggle of the plebs for equal rights (509 to 287 B. C.) the revolt of the Latin allies of the Romans had resulted in their defeat and the establishment among them of a graded system of citizenship, some having full citizenship, but most of them being allowed a voice only in home affairs. In 275, after the defeat of Pyrrhus, the inhabitants of all the Italian cities were divided into two classes, citizens and BRIDGE. Many thoughtful men have believed that the names of things express something of their inner nature. Plato thought so, and, therefore, much of his reasoning which seems to us like a chain of verbal quibbles had deep significance to himself and to his contemporaries, who believed that whatever was true of words was also true of the things which the words stood for. For 2000 years after Plato's time men tried to investigate Nature by studying words. Bacon did something toward dispelling their illusion, but it still persists. Teachers build theories about schools and courses of study upon the meaning of "educere," the Latin primitive of education. Since educere means "to lead out," therefore, we are told, education ought to be a gradual unfolding of inborn powers. If the names of things do express their nature, then, of course, changing the name changes the nature. Juliet was wrong in thinking Romeo would retain his dear perfection should he doff his name. Poor dog Tray, who was hanged because he had a bad name, is not to be pitied; he deserved his fate. What the world calls bad is bad, what it calls good is good. If we could take away the name altogether the corresponding thing would cease to exist. Hence the Christian Scientists go about it mistakenly to abolish evil by denying its existence; what they ought to do is drop the word "evil" out of the language. Then there would be nothing but good in the world. Sin, therefore, we may define as virtue gone out of fashion, and virtue as fashionable sin. Graft, for example, was for many years essential to one who wished to stand respectably in the church or in society. "How much have you stolen?" was not actually printed in the catechism, but it was asked of the neophyte by implication and the more ample he could make the figure of his answer, the higher his seat in the sanctuary. Society in New York and elsewhere reserved its conspicuous honors for thieves, and political advancement was out of the question for any but the light-fingered. Graft was the fashion, hence it was a virtue. To denounce it was like denouncing corsets or low-necked gowns. No one would listen; or, if they did listen, it was only to laugh at the folly of the eccentric pharisee who fancied he could see evil where all the rest of the world saw good. Then, like a cold wave in March, fashion changed. All at once graft ceased to be a mark of respectability. Ministers ceased to class it among the virtues. Some very advanced and courageous ones called it a sin. Magazines like Success grew suddenly chary of holding of thieves as shining examples of ambitious young men. Aspirants for social honors discarded mottoes such as "I steal" and "Ad astra per furtum" from their ancestral coat of arms. A grafting father became almost as much of a social impediment to a young man as one who sells soap. The leader of an elite Bible class need no longer be the son of a felon, though fashion changes slowly in this particular. The distinction between respectable and vulgar theft is vanishing. To be a pirate or a pickpocket is no longer a social requisite; it is, indeed, a disadvantage, like wearing a last year's hat or being a hero of the football field. But society always requires its members to exhibit some mark of distinction from the vulgar either in dress, manners or habits of amusement. At various times in the past gambling has been selected for this purpose, and it seems like to come in again to replace graft. Not low, vicious gambling in bedizened saloons; this the fashionable world calls bad, and therefore it is bad. It is the good kind only which high society will adopt, or has adopted, for its sign, grip and password—the kind that is carried in in refined drawing-rooms; where the bets are made with polite smiles instead of oaths, and where money is won and lost with aristocratic indifference instead of brutal wrangling. It is the kind which may be practiced in Lent as a semi-spiritual exercise. Readers of "The House of Mirth" remember that Lily Bart had to drop out of society when she could no longer find the money to pay her losses at bridge. This game was the sole occupation of her "set," apart from those private ones which were concerned with the divorce courts. It is becoming the principal occupation of every set in America which aspires to exclusiveness and fashion. It is even displacing the study of Browning as an intellectual dissipation. Bridge-playing has become the serious business of fashionable society. It is a difficult game, requiring much study to learn and close application to play. No simpleton can cut a figure at a bridge table; the successful gambler must have plenty of sense as well as money. One would suppose, therefore, that its vogue would tend to eliminate fools from high social circles. If this is true, what is to become of elite society? The graft reform excludes thieves, the rage for bridge may exclude fools. Who will be left? In 1830 there were only 30 women and children working in factories in the U.S. Today we now have over 5,000,000 wage earning women. Not one with a modicum of sense supposes that this vast army, these millions of women toil and wear out their lives in the struggle for existence from any motive save necessity or circumstuere It is about time we cease to discuss the wage-earning rumours as seen or usurpen unnecessary She is [as much a] economic product of evolution And in no sense a usurper These are in the U S today. 12291 male nurses 1781 milliners 2116 dressmakers 4837 seamstresses there generally accorded any special avocations of women, the “sphere” of women Nearly half of those surveilled in domestic service are men. If to them are added the laundrymen, bakers, waiters, cooks, etc. what is left of woman’s sphere. When women enter any field of activity, or professions, she must not only do her work as well, but better even than men, to receive recognition. If she fails her whole sex is discredited. Some years ago, not many, in Cleveland, Ohio, a man was supposed to have swallowed his false teeth while asleep. Physicians located them with the Xray and cut open his stomach. The man died, and afterward the teeth were found in a bureau drawer. About this same time a child in New York was supposed to have swallowed a tin toy. The doctors located it in the throat, cut into it; but there was nothing there. Then they cut into the stomach with same result. The child died and a postmortem disclosed the toy in the back part of the childs nose. We all recall the mistaken diagnosis of the location of the fatal bullet which caused the death of President Garfield and the torture of daily probing for a bullet 18 inches away from the diagnosis given by eminent surgeons. These are mistakes that have been made by men of highest professional standing, yet it does not prove that men are failures as physicians. But if women practitioners had been the participants in these errors of judgment or skill, the general verdict would be that women as a class are unfitted for the practice of medicine. In other words, men stand as individuals and rise or fall individually. Women are a part of a whole, and the failure of one woman draws down every woman. 1888 At. More than a century prior the sister of Robert Lee of Virginia, wrote to her brother, refusing to pay her taxes, on the ground that by our theory of government, taxation and representation went together! SEATTLE, WASH. Post-Intelligencer. MAR 11 1906 Woman's Work [*847*] The General Federation of Women's Clubs, the Women's Trade Union League, and the settlement workers, have started a movement to look into the wage question of women, and see "what's the matter with Hannah." President Roosevelt has interested himself in this condition of things, and has requested congress and the department of labor to make an appropriation which will further the investigation. The reason of this movement is the fact that women are pushing and elbowing their way more and more into the avenues of business which at one time were only open to men. There were no women doctors, lawyers or preachers fifty years ago. There were no real estate firms, no life or fire insurance companies and no book stores fifty years ago whose accredited representatives were women. Today, there are not only women doctors, lawyers, lecturers, real estate boomers, fire and life insurance agents, but a vast army of trained stenographers, typewriters, and store clerks as numerous as the stars in Heaven. There is not one avocation today to which a man can say, you belong to me alone, let no woman approach. Woman, lovely woman, has invaded the school house, has conquered the college, she has planted her foot firmly in the newspaper office, and she has tiptoed her way into the ward of every hospital or settlement building. She has abandoned the idea that home-rule is the flag under which she should recruit. Financial independence and the desire to loosen the shackles of sex have caused her, so say the elect, to do those things she should not have done, and not do things which her great-grandmother and President Roosevelt think alike about. A few of the terrible propositions which occur to the far-sighted are such things as the advance of divorce, the retreat of the marriage rate, race suicide, the organized march of men ostensibly looking for gold or North Poles, but in reality leaving a field where all is lost, save honor, and, calamity of calamities, the disappearance of the female cook! Women have never been accused of being an idle race. When Mr. Tennyson wrote the "Idyls of the King," it never occurred to him for a minute to add a codicil about the idles of a queen. There never has been a question as a woman's work, for, as the poet sang, "Man must work from sun to sun, but woman's work is never done." In days gone by, she brewed and baked, sewed and taught her children or other people's children the Lord's prayer. She has deserted her kingdom and has gone out into the big bleak world to fill a man's place and earn half his wages. The next question is this. Is she any happier for the change? Would the rose be any sweeter should Mr. Burbank inoculate it with a cabbage, to offer some epicure a novel dish of pink sprouts? Recent statistics show that in 1900 more than five million women were earning wage money. The census scheduled three hundred and three occupations, and two hundred and ninety-five of them were filled by women. The only occupations not invaded by women were the U. S. navy and army, fire departments and "helpers to roofers, slaters, steam boiler and brass workers." The avocations usually held to be womanly are steadily and rapidly decreasing such as dressmakers, seamstresses, servants, and waitresses, while men crowded out of the shops, have in a measure filled these positions. In a recent editorial in the Journal of Political Economy this statement appears: "With it is inextricably interwoven the vital question of woman's wages and the more vital question of the nature of the work to be done by women, the dignity and permanence of their position in the industrial world and the effect upon them of the work they do." Is she only accidental, or has she come to stay? Will she continue on her manly way, or will she, with the swing of the pendulum, return to sing "there's no place like home"? The Federation of Women's Clubs had better hasten the investigation, for two or three more lusters, and there will be no posterity to blush for their ancestresses. If, after this investigation, woman is found to be a serious element in the industrial situation, if her work is better and cheaper than man's, then as a business venture, she will be called a success. Men will increase in the domestic arts and become not only chefs, but that most desirable of objects a good plain cook. Ladies can choose pets from bird fanciers or dog trainers, and the coo of the infant will be a memory of the past. LUCE'S PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU 26 VESEY STREET, NEW YORK 68 DEVONSHIRE STREET, BOSTON 206 E. FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI RAILROAD BUILDING, DENVER CABLE ADDRESS: CLIPBURO CLIPPING FROM BOSTON TRANSCRIPT MAR 2 1906 Barra. OUR HARDY PERENNIAL A school teacher not far from Boston recently fell heir to a fortune of one hundred thousand dollars. There was great discussion in the law office in charge as to how she would receive the announcement, and some money changed hands in regard to the matter. One man predicted she would faint, another that she would scream, another she would have hysterics, and another that she would "burst into tears." However, when the messenger delivered the good news, the young woman answered quietly, "I shall correct these spelling papers, hear a delayed lesson, whip two boys, write out tomorrow's programme, and be at your office in forty minutes." There is no reason to think there would have been any change of poise had the announcement been one of disaster. There was this morning a similar air of calm self-respect pervading the room where three hundred women and several score of men were awaiting the beginning of the hearing in regard to granting suffrage to women in Massachusetts. Naturally those in favor drifted as last year to the right of the entrance door and in line with the presiding officer for the petitioners, Mrs. Park. While those in opposition were gathered as the left under the protection of Mr. Saunders. As far as personal appearance went the feminine portion of the listeners and speakers were on a par. Bright, handsome, intelligent women all of them, and all doubtless equally in earnest. But the petitioners had the unquestionable advantage of speaking for themselves with less of theory and more of fact than the objectors offered. Mrs. Park, in opening the hearing for the suffragists, offered her arguments with a dignity, charm and courtesy that made her the model "senior counsel" through the entire session. She gave the points about to be proved by the speakers for the petitioners as numbering five in all. First, that the amendment asked for is in the spirit of the constitution; second, no good reasons can be or ever have been shown why women should be included in the other classes excluded from suffrage and listed with unnaturalized immigrants, idiots, paupers, lunatics and criminals; third, that women need the ballot to protect their own interests; fourth, the objections usually offered are equally applicable to men; fifth, that where practised woman suffrage works well. Mrs. Park herself brought facts to prove that women would make desirable voters, first, because what is most needed today in the voting constituency is a lower percentage of foreign-born voters, a higher degree of intelligence, and greater moral unrightness. The foreign-born women arriving here are far less in number than foreign-born men and they are from countries whose language and traditions are most like our own. Also, the public schools here are graduating twice as many girls as boys, with a rapid increase in the number of college-educated women, and lastly, out of the total number of prisoners in Massachusetts last year, amounting to 29,694, only one-ninth were women. Adding to all this the fact that women are far in the majority in our churches, educational, philanthropic organizations, it seemed unquestionable that women would make desirable voters and were far removed from the dangerous class. This was in fact the body of the case from that side, though several good points were added such as that if Mr. Frank Foster, who pointed out that wage-earners in the industrial world are handicapped without suffrage; and that of Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead, who disputed the statement that Government rested upon force, in this country at least. The remonstrants were, as usual, led by Mr. Charles R. Saunders, the upholder of "man suffrage." Their arguments were largely based upon fears: First, that women would be ineligible as soldiers and policemen, and government is based upon force, therefore women ought not to have the ballot; that male citizens made most of the trouble in the world, and therefore were the only ones able to stop the trouble; that women enjoyed many privileges the ballot would take from them-among these privileges was mentioned cheap board. Newspaper clippings were used as proof of statements, but as the papers clipped from were not named it was impossible to judge of their finality. It was intended as a compliment, no doubt, the declaration of one remonstrant, that "woman's nature will never incline her to politics." The argument that the ant-suffragists have already so many public interests they cannot attend to the ballot was brought forward apparently in all seriousness. The personal conclusions of one woman who went to listen and ponder, and not to speak, are these: That if government rests upon force, then Finland, which has recently secured her independence, cannot understand government, for the first act of her Legislature has been to grant suffrage to women. It may not be unprofitable to watch the progress of events in that brave little country, and see, a year from now, at the next hearing, whether the petitioners or the remonstrants have the best of the argument. For, of course, there will be a hearing next year, and the next, and so on. The petition for suffrage is now fifty-nine years old, and the courage of those who present it is wonderful to contemplate and a lesson in itself. Of course the petitioners are tremendously handicapped, as it is equally of course impossible to get an unbiased hearing committee. The "Solons' " (!) lack of interest and dislike of the subject is ill concealed, and boredom is written all over them. That they fulfil the letter of the law is unquestioned. That to serve on this committee is regarded as in any way an honor is not thought for a moment. That they treat the matter as courteously as they do is a good deal to their credit, after all, for it it a well-known fact that this petition for suffrage is a mirth-provoking matter. John Oliver Hobbes (Mrs. Craigie) remarked recently when in this country, "It is said the American woman has no interest in politics, but I notice when they settle in England they are invariably our most active and useful as well as valuable workers in matters of public interest." There is no doubt but the American woman is always equal to the occasion (successful Mrs. Craigie is an American), and there is no doubt that when suffrage is granted to the women of these United States it will be accepted as the young woman accepted her comfortable fortune, with calmness, sobriety and meekness, neglecting no ordinary duty to attend to an extraordinary one. F.C.B. March 1. WOMEN IN THE PROFESSIONS The New York World says: "The admission of Miss Nora Stanton Blatch to membership in the American Society of Civil Engineers is from various points of view a notable event. Not that she is in any strict sense a pioneer in her profession-the census of 1900 took note of 84 women civil engineers and surveyors. But the rare nature of the compliment paid to this first woman to take the Cornell degree of civil engineer, and the fact that she had only to apply to be admitted, make the incident of interest. The ladies who first knocked at the doors of the bar and medical associations were not so chivalrously treated." The census of 1880 showed only 72 women architects and designers, 165 ministers, 61 dentists, no electricians or civil engineers, 288 journalists and 75 lawyers. The census of 1900 reported 409 women electricians, 1042 architects, designers and draughtsmen, 1010 lawyers, 3405 ministers, 2193 journalists, 7399 physicians and surgeons, and 808 dentists. Those engaged in "literature and scientific pursuits" numbered 5989. In 1900 there were in the United States, in all, 431,[?]74 women in the professions. Of these, 391,453, were employed as teachers, musicians and artists. He Defends Woman Suffrage. Prof. Harry E. Kelley, formerly of the Iowa State university, now engaged in the practice of law in Denver has recently addressed a long letter to State Senator A. H. Gale of Iowa, giving his observations and opinions on equal suffrage. When he went to Colorado seven years ago he said he had very little respect for woman suffrage, but since seeing its practical workings his opinions have undergone a complete change. Prof. Kelley says in part: "The great value in woman suffrage consists in this, that it gives dynamic force to a fresh and vital interest in the state. Women are not much concerned with mere partisan politics; and experience in the states where woman suffrage is in force clearly shows that their interest cannot be aroused in mere partisan strife. "Their interests center around questions affecting education, public cleanliness, public morality, civic beauty charities and correction, public health, public libraries- and such subjects a more intimately affect home life and conduce to the prosperity of the family. Men lose sight of these important considerations in the mad scramble [o?] partisan warfare for offices, but women will not see them obscured by anything. Therefore, when you permit women to vote, you bring into the service of the state a great part of the population with a primary interest in these vital subjects, which among men have always been obscured by other considerations and sacrificed in the turmoil of partisan strife. We get a more earnest attention to these great civilizing influences by permitting women to vote. "I think Colorado has exemplified the truth of this. They are not primarily interested in filling the offices with particular individuals, or with particular partisans as men are, and they are not office-seekers themselves; but they have shown here an increasing interest and a powerful influence in promoting the various kinds of social measures. Indeed, it has been charged that they show too little interest in the mere filling of offices; but I cannot see the force of such criticism, if they improve the state by their influence elsewhere exerted. Somebody will say that this sort of improvement may be accomplished by women without the suffrage; but this is not true. The Iowa politician ignores a delegation of women, whom he disregards with impunity; but the Colorado politician endeavors to satisfy their demands, be caused its own repeal. Among the inducements offered by the colonies to encourage immigration was the grant of land, to those who would cultivate it. Settlers were offered tempting acres to induce them to come to The great value in woman suffrage consists in this, that it gives dynamic force to a fresh and vital interest in the State. Women are not much concerned with mere partisan politics; and experience in the States where woman suffrage is in force clearly shows that their interest cannot be aroused in mere partisan strife. But they are interested in the questions which we may call more distinctly social. Their interests center around questions affecting education, public cleanliness, public morality, civic beauty, charities and correction, public health, public libraries-- and such subjects as more intimately affect home life, and conduce to the prosperity of the family. I do not say that men are not interested in such subjects, for that would be untrue; but I do say that such an interest is fundamental in the intellectual activity of women. Men lose sight of these important considerations in the mad scramble of partisan warfare for offices, but women will not see them obscured by anything. Therefore, when you permit women to vote, you bring into the service of the State a great part of the population with a primary interest in these vital subjects, which among men have always been obscured by other considerations and sacrificed in the turmoil of partisan strife. We get a more earnest attention to these great civilizing influences by permitting women to vote. RACE SUICIDE AND THE BALLOT. Some interesting facts are brought out in the bulletin just issued by the Census Bureau on "The Proportion of Children in the United States." The woman suffrage movement is sometimes accused of being responsible for the decline in the birthrate; but the suffrage movement has only been going on for about 50 years, while the decrease of children in proportion to the population has been going on since 1810. And where has the decrease gone farthest? In Colorado? In Wyoming? In any of the States where women have been voting for years? No. The two places showing the smallest number of children in proportion to the number of women of child bearing age are Massachusetts and the District of Columbia—Massachusetts, where women have not the ballot, and the District of Columbia, where neither men nor women can vote! Whatever may be the causes leading to race-suicide, it is clear that the ballot is not one of them. A. S. B. WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN THE GRANGE Last Saturday the writer addressed the Pomona Grange of South-eastern Massachusetts, on "The Relation of Women to International Peace." One hundred and fifty representatives of local Granges were entertained by the Stoughton Grange in an all day meeting. After an interesting and instructive address by Mr. Littlefield, a successful market gardener, I spoke by invitation, congratulating my hearers that in the Grange women suffrage is already an established fact, men and women being upon a footing of absolute equality. Indeed, the chivalry of the order has given women superiority for while they vote and are eligible to every official position, several of these positions can only be filled by women. Thirty years ago, Mr. Saunders of the Agricultural Department in Washington told me that when he organized the Patrons of Husbandry, he made this provision in order to ensure the presence and participation of farmers’ wives and daughters. He had been struck by the isolation and monotony of women's lives on the farms, especially in the West, where many of them dwell ten, twenty, thirty miles from railroad or town, with no neighbors within a mile, without domestic help-- wife , mother, housekeeper, cook, seamstress, laundress, and dairy-maid; with three meals to prepare every day, seven days a week, 52 week in every year, spring, summer, autumn and winter, without holiday or vacation. Is it any wonder that many die, or become insane from such excessive and endless drudgery? The conditions of farm life make wider outlook and varied interests especially important to women so situated. In the Grange such relief is to some extent afforded. Who can estimate the benefit thus conferred by this organization? Great changes have occurred within my recollection. Formerly the people of the United States were farming communities, freeholders, owning their own homes, raising their own food and clothing, little wealth, little poverty, a substantial equal- ity of moral and material conditions. That life has almost ceased to exist. Now our young people flock to the cities; fortunes are made by many, but the majority remain poor. They dwell in rented houses, more and more in flats, living from hand to mouth, depending on weekly wages. Why this growing inequality? Largely because special privileges have been conferred by unwise legislation creating monopolies and trusts; largely by excessive taxation wasted and misapplied. Think of fifteen hundred million dollars levied and spent by a single Congress — twenty dollars for every man, woman and child in America--two hundred million dollars for navy, one hundred million dollars for army, in time of peace; one-third of our national taxes squandered in war expenses. This, in addition to our real-estate taxes to State and municipality --all paid by labor, largely by the farmers and the farmers’ wives. No wonder they have to work hard with small returns! Surely women are equally interested with men in the preservation of peace. In everything that concerns the welfare of the community they share. As a class ther are preeminently peaceable, temperate, chaste, economical, and law-abiding. They ought to have a voice in all that concerns the prosperity and permanence of their homes; and the nation is only an aggregation of homes. Let the farmers and the farmers' wives demand for all American women, as citizens, the rights that women already exercise in the Grange. H.B.B. WHY TEACHERS ARE UNDERPAID ___ The Boston Courier discusses editorially the "Wages of Teachers," and says: Why teachers are not better paid for their work is a question that for the past forty years has agitated every American community--and it has done but little besides that. The hard working and poorly paid teacher probably will always be, even in the wealthiest communities. It is incomprehensible why this is so. In but few cases has a remedy for this state of affairs ever been forthcoming, though many needs of lesser value have been attended to. The teacher's work is a peerless one, more so in New England, we think, than anywhere else; the teacher's need is as great, as immediate as any; yet the teacher's pay is away below the emolument that her splendid services to the schools demand. We do not remember a time when there was not a cry against the low system of wages that has ever prevailed, upon which school-teachers in town and country have always been forced to live. The reason why women teachers are underpaid is that they are not voters. This is evidenced by the fact that male teachers receive in Massachusetts three times the compensation paid to women teachers. When it is remembered that the salaries of teachers are decided by a school committee elected in every town and city by the votes of men alone, it is apparent at a glance that the discrepancy grows directly out of the fact that a disfranchised class has no political pull. No such discrepancy in salaries exists in the four free states where universal suffrage prevails. One of the first laws enacted by the Legislature of Wyoming when women were enfranchised in 1869, was one equalizing the salaries of all office-holders doing similar work, irrespec- tive of sex. If the women of Massachusetts were voters, women teachers' salaries would soon be raised to an equality with those men doing similar work. Indeed it is historically true that in no country have workingmen ever received a fair day's wages far a fair day's work until after they have been made voters. H. B. B. ALIENS AND WOMEN. The Bureau of Naturalization, created by the new naturalization act, has issued a statement calling attention to the anomalous conditions prevailing in certain States with reference to the right of suffrage. The new law provides that no certificate of naturalization shall be issued by any court within 30 days preceding any general election. But Congress failed to take into account the fact that a number of States permit aliens who have declared their intention to become citizens, to vote equally with citizens of the United States. Consequently the Federal government cannot prosecute for accepting declaration of intention within 30 days of a general election, where such declaration is made for the purposes of acquiring the right to vote. Moreover, the new act provides that no alien who has made a declaration of intention under prior laws shall be required to take out a new declaration. Hence he will have a permanent right to vote in the States which grant such unnaturalized aliens the ballot. These States are Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, Texas, and Wisconsin. In these nine States an alien who has already declared or who this year declares his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States has a right to vote without being naturalized, and even though he may never become naturalized. But women born and bred in America are still excluded. One would think that the women of these nine States, who are governed in part by aliens not even American citizens, would feel the stigma thus placed upon them. If these women, in any considerable numbers, would go personally to their respective Legislatures and ask, as American citizens, to be placed on a footing of equality, that they too may make a declaration of their intention to vote, and thereupon be empowered to do so, - their appeal would be almost irresistible. In every State there are some elections regulated solely by the Legislature. The Bureau of Naturalization ought to issue an additional "statement," calling attention to the gross inconsistency which taxes and governs one-half of our citizens without their consent because they are women. H. B. B. The three K's in politics translated Children, Church & Cooking Restore Ancient Rights BY NELLIE ZEH. Ages and ages ago, before recorded history, women roamed free through the forests and over the prairies with man, his equal mentally and physically. We know this to be true because anthropologists in their search for information regarding the history of those ancient times have found skeletons of men and women which differ materially from those of historic times. The skeletons of these women are as large as those of the men, with a skull having a brain capacity as large or nearly as large. It is not reasonable, then, to suppose that woman was man's equal in those early days and took an active part in the government? Students of ancient society have found enough to confirm this supposition by studying the customs of such backward races as the Indians, Hawaiians and some tribes of Central Africa. Lewis Morgan, who has written a book called "Ancient Society," learned while living among the Iroquois Indians of New York that the women of that tribe sat at all councils and had a voice on all questions. All along the pathway of the ages were scattered the proofs of the exalted position women held in those early days. It was the advent of private property that degraded woman and robbed her of her independence. As private property developed and became the chief end and aim of man's life she sank lower and lower and at length became a mere chattel, a slave bought and sold for profit just as her master bought and sold any other commodity. Before her subjection the councils of the tribes were held in the homes. Government was therefore originally a home institution. So when we women clamor for the ballot we are simply asking that our ancient rights be restored. and were saved with difficulty from the rage of the angry crowd. The impulse swelled over Scotland and in every city and- hamlet the daring of work by it We make no extravagant claims, for the ballot. It will not bring the [millionaire?], nor destroy the home; it will not make angels of women, nor demons of husband; it hasn't for men. The ballot has not made men's hair curlier, their complexions fairer, nor their forms taller. It has given them better protection, and a better opportunity in life. This is what it will do for women, and indirectly better environments. Labor Day 37 States & District of Columbia make Labor Day a legal holiday. No other Country sets apart by law a similar festival. A recognition of the rights and dignity of labor. Agitation for the holiday began in New York in 1882. In September of that year the Knights of Labor and the Central Leader Union held a Convention and a great Parade in New York City. As the various organizations passed the reviewing stand in Union Square, Robert Price of Maryland said to the worthy foreman of the Knights of Labor, "This is Labor Day in earnest, Uncle Dick." The event was afterwards referred to as the Labor Day parade. Though the agitation for a Labor Day began in 1882 it was not recognized until May 6th 1887. Oregon was the first State to enact the law Feb 21, 1887 The demand for child workers, which came with the application of steam to machinery, during the last years of the 18th century, was too great to be supplied normally. Almshouses and orphan asylums were filled with children who were a burden and expense to the State, and managers took advantage of the chance to reduce the number of inmates. Tiny children were literally fed to the factories as to a heathen god. Babies not more than four or five years old were dragged from their beds before daylight and carried in arms to work. If they became drowsy during the working day of 18 hours, cold water was dashed in their faces to awaken them. The fearfully high death rate caused an inquiry to be made, which resulted in the first British Factory legislation in 1802, mainly for the protection of women and children. Miss Addams brings to light the attitude of the State toward women. Because our more or less unconscious definition of citizenship includes only the warrior who will defend the community on the battlefield woman is politically irresponsible; and yet the whole industrial nature of the community relates to her and her interests, as closely to the process of social control, as the man. Indeed the fields within which municipal inefficiency is most pronounced and corruption most rank, are those whose functions have been the province of woman from the beginning of society. The demand for child workers, which came with the application of steam to machinery, during the last years of the 18th century, was too great to be supplied normally. Almshouses and orphan asylums were filled with children who were a burden and expense to the State, and managers took advantage of the chance to reduce the number of inmates. Tiny children were literally fed to the factories as to a heathen god. Babies not more than four or five years old were dragged from their beds before daylight and carried in arms to work. If they became drowsy during the working day of 18 hours, cold water was dashed in their faces to awaken them. The fearfully high death rate caused an inquiry to be made which resulted in the first British Factory legislation in 1802, mainly for the protection of women and children. Miss Addams brings to light the attitude of the state toward women. Because our more or less unconscious definition of citizenship includes only the warrior who will defend the community on the battlefield woman is politically irresponsible; and yet the whole industrial nature of the community relates to her and her interests, as closely to the process of social control as the man. Indeed the fields within which municipal inefficiency is most pronounced and corruption most rank, are those whose functions have been the province of woman from the beginning of society. I wonder why it is that so many men see something antagonistic between the good and the successful mother, and the patriotic citizen. The best fathers are usually the best citizens. The man or woman true to one set of duties is usually true to others. The best women, the most successful mothers and wives are interested in municipal housekeeping. Don't you think women are interested in good water, pure milk, good sewerage, good schools and good teachers well paid? Do you know that after 30 years of pestilence and plague and tears, it was the women of New Orleans who at last carried the vote for bonds to sewer the City? In the face of so many needed reforms for the betterment of the home, the direct voting power becomes an important necessity. that contradicts our boasted prosperity and vaunted enlightenment. How far have we progressed in civilization when children four years of age are found at work in New York canning-factories; when little girls 5 and 6 years of age are found working at night in Southern cotton mills. Capital has neither morals nor ideals; its interests are everywhere expressed in terms of cash profits. And Capital calls loudly for cheap labor - that of women and children. In the New York legislature of 1903, the owners of the canning factories used their utmost power to have this industry exempt from the Child-labor laws. The Northern owners of Alabama cotton mills secured the repeal of the law passed in that state prohibiting the employment of children under 14 years of age for more than eight hours per day; and when later the Alabama Child Labor Committee sought to secure legislative protection for children up to 12 years of age, paid agents of the mill owners appeared before the State legislature and persistently opposed their efforts. The women of Mississippi tried in vain for 22 years to secure the passage of a Child Labor law. According to the Census of 1900 there were in the U. S. 1,752,187 children under 16 yrs of age employed in gainful occupations. U.S. [?] In the cotton trade 13.3 of all the persons employed are under 16 yrs of age. According to Mr McKelway, one of the most competent authorities in the country, there are at the present time not less than 60,000 children under 14 years of age at work in the cotton mills of the South. Mr Edward Gardner Murphy has photographed little children of 6 & 7 years who were at work for 12 & 13 hours of day in Alabama mills most of these being little girls. A pitiable child slavery! But the child-labor problem is not sectional, it is National. home-workers, such as dressmakers, finishers employed in clothing trades and many others. And the many thousands who are employed, away from their homes in cigar-making, laundries, cap-making and textile mills, and also domestic service. The proportion of married women having small children is probably larger among those employed in home industries than in those which are carried on outside the homes. Of the 748 female home finishers in New York, for instance, 658 were married and 557 had from one to seven children each. Of all causes low wages of husbands was the most common. Many of these women work at home from 12 to 14 or even 18 hours per day, for 1 1/2 to 10 c per hour. In most countries legislation has been enacted forbidding the employment of women within a certain given period from the birth of a child. In Switzerland the employment of mothers is prohibited for two months before and after confinement. At present, the English law forbids the employment of a mother within four weeks after she has given birth to a child, and the trend of public opinion seems to be in favor of extension of this period of exemption to the standard set by the Swiss law. So far as I am aware there exists no legislation of this kind in the U.S. in which respect we stand alone among the great nations, and behind the savages of all lands and ages. Wherever women are employed in large numbers as, for example, in the textile industries and in cigar-making, the need for such legislation has presented itself. Cases in which women endure the agonies of parturition amid the war and whirl of machinery, and the bed of childbirth is the factory floor, are by no means uncommon. From a large mill near New York City, four such cases were reported in less than three months. In one the women begged in vain of the foreman to be permitted to go home. In the other the poor woman confessed that she wanted to get one more day's pay so as to be able to have a doctor. The United States ha a child-labor problem Cheap Labor, - Women & Children. "The problem of the child is the problem of the race", and more and more emphatically science declares that almost all problems of physical, mental, and moral degeneracy originate with the child. The physician traces the weakness and disease of the adult to the defective nutrition in early childhood; the penologist traces moral perversion to the same cause; the pedagogue finds the same explanation for his failures. Hitherto we have not studied the great and pressing problems of pauperism and criminology from the child-end; we have concerned ourselves almost entirely with results, while ignoring causes. The new spirit aims at prevention. Children suffer terribly from neglect when, as too often happens the mothers are forced to abandon the most important functions of motherhood to become wage-earners. The cry of a child for food is the most terrible cry the ages have known. Nothing equals it in horror. Yet that cry goes up incessantly; in the world's richest cities the child's hunger-cry rises above the din of the mart. Practically all unskilled laborers and hundreds of thousands engaged in skilled labor are entirely dependent upon their weekly wages, so that as month's sickness or unemployment brings them to hunger or temporary dependence. In every large city there are hundreds of married women and mothers who must work to keep the family income up to the level of sufficiency for the maintenance of its members. According to the Census of 1900 there were 769,477 married women "gainfully employed" in the U.S. but there is every reason to suppose that the actual number is much greater - a million would be nearer the truth - since it is a well-known fact that many married women represent themselves as "single" for the reason that it is less of a disgrace to have to continue working after marriage. These working mothers may be conveniently divided into two classes; - the and joining hands, [?] everywhere life grows richer and more hopeful. The oft-repeated axiom, "The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world," may be a trite truism, but the psychologist, the sociologist, and all other "ologists" are agreed in granting its inviolability. This being true, what a wise, strange, and tender hand must needs be at the cradle-side today. Would you see a true woman-- she is here drawn at full length. What feature is wanting? What here is lacking? By this standard may women measure themselves. This is the ideal woman, there- Christ Manly Character Christ had a splendid courage. He spoke his convictions even when threatened with death. He had moral courage. He would not compromise with Nicodemus, or whitewash the lives of the Pharisees, or be fearful in driving out the money-changers by the threat of the lash. He was mindful of his reputation, and never accommodated this teaching to suit the times or the audience. He was as ready to set his face steadfastly toward Jerusalem, as if he were going to an entertainment of earthly glory. He was a patriot, but a patriot who loved his county better than his own life and he was willing to die for his country. Jesus revealed his tenderness in his quick thought for others; in his love for little children; in his kindly attitude toward the Samaritans; in his sympathy with widows; with the lowly; in his care for the poor; in his passion for healing the sick and the wretched; in his remembrance of his mother in his last agony. Test Christ by the best standards of manhood practiced by the noblest men, and taught by the wisen leaders, and Jesus will be found the supreme manly man. "Equal Suffrage has not taken Colorado out of the Union. She stands as an example of what a sovereign state should be - a model to those self-righteous States that preach equal rights in press, pulpit and forum and deny it in the law." Unfettered by [?] and prejudice Colorado has dared to do right. No child will go to factory, mill or mine in any state if women voted; only men and avarice gather profit from human lives. The anti who established the baby incubator factory in Colorado, has gone into bankruptcy". Let women vote generally and the day will come when a man will be ashamed to pay woman less wages than he pays a man for the same work. The low wages of the army of 6,000,000 women workers is far less than their brothers receive. The ballot represents most of the difference in wages. "By the accounts in your last letter it seems the women of Boston begin to think themselves able to serve their country. What a pity it is that our generals in the Northern districts had not [?] to their wives! I believe the two [Howes?] have not very great women for wives. If they had, we should suffer more from their exertions, than we do. This is our good fortune. A smart wife would have put Howe in possession of Philadelphia a long time ago." (Letter from John Adams to his wife Abigail Adams.) "Moralists agree that in the progress of society sentiments and opinions come first; then habits of action, and lastly codes and institutions. The newer heroism manifests itself in a universal determination to abolish poverty and disease, - a manifestation so wide-spread that it may justly be termed international. Witness the efforts to rid the earth of tuberculosis in which Germany, Italy, England, France and America are engaged with so much enthusiasm. The effort to relieve neglected old age which finds expression in the Old Age Pension Acts of Germany and Australia." From Newer Ideals of Peace Jane Addams "Some men, editors and preachers, have a notion that Uncle Sam's initials, U. S. are strictly masculine and stand for US." Gov. Adams. "It was Judas, not Mary, who weighed the ointment by its cash value." Gov. Adams. "The idea of some men is that the woman voter will be self-willed and emotional, and that these qualities are not desirable. I would rather risk a vote dictated by the emotions than one controlled by cash or promise of a place or appointment. It is from the emotions that the Crusader springs, and that is what professional politicians fear. They realize that it is women who represent the morals of a country. Such men are perfectly willing to put religion in the wife's name, but prefer to run politics themselves. They are ready to trust their immortal souls to women, but not the selection of dog-catcher. "In the face of human stupidity, even the Gods are helpless." The steerage cargoes of a thousand steamships discharge at our gates and citizenship is the glittering reward lavished alike in the worthy and unworthy while American womanhood with its Clara Bartons, its Helen Goulds, its Jane Addams, its Susan B Anthonys and the host of others who labor to uplift humanity and insure the permanence of her Republic stand branded in the lists of disfranchised - idiots, pauper, lunatic and criminals." A woman shall put her heel on the serpent of political iniquity and bruise the head of crime & graft "In Colorado a woman does not have to marry to receive legal recognition as a human being." Women will introduce a conscience into public affairs, and the term "dirty politics" will be a relic of the past - heard no more forever. When a man tells you that equal suffrage is a failure in Colorado ask him what his business is, or what office he ran for. Governor Waite was an apostle and prophet of woman's suffrage. It was his high honor to sign the bill that gave women the ballot. His administration was so turbulent and spectacular that when he ran a second and a third time for women, the woman's vote defeated him. This defeated turned his vote to gall. "Once to every man and Nation Comes the moment to decide In the strife of Truth with Falsehood '[Twinth?] the good or evil side And the choice goes by forever [?] that darkness and this light." "He's true to God, who's true to man Whenever wrong is done To the humblest and the weakest Neath the all-beholding sun. That wrong is also done to us; And they are slaves most base Whose love of Right is for themselves And not for all to race." Lowell Behold the cry of the Laborers, who have reaped down your fields, which is of your kept down by fraud, [cuith?], and the cries of them which have reaped are entered into the ears of the Lord of [?]" - James V. H. A free country is one that guarantees to all citizens equal opportunities. Equal opportunities have long been regarded as the ideal of American citizenship, but [surely?] it is an ideal that has never been realized. [?]. The first company to reach Gen Washington at the beginning of the war of Independence, was a company of German Pennsylvanians. The first bible printed in Americas was from the [?] of Christopher Sauer and was printed in the German language Peter Miller was probably the most cultured man of the time. He translated the Declaration of Independence into 7 languages The Penna. Germans (Mennonites) were the first people in America to protest against slavery, and to suggest formally the abolition of negro slavery. In 1688 some of them living in Germantown sent a petition to the Quakers, urging them to join in the abolition of slavery Education: 1906. 85% of the prizes offered by educational institutions last year were awarded to female students, despite the fact that but 33% of the total attendance were women. non city-folk. The shepherd is far removed from the throng. The homemade wooden shoes, sandals and moccasins have been replaced by the factory-made shoe. [Spinning?] is no longer a fireside occupation. The stockings which were commonly knit by our grandmothers are now factory-made. The old ancestral home-loom does not compete with the child-labor running machines. Sweat-shop clothing and fashionable tailors have removed the disgrace, which until recently, attached to the woman, who could not make her own and her family's clothes. The cooking and even the washing are largely and often better and more cheaply done at the bakery, the cannery, the hotel and the laundry, than within the domicile. One by one the occupations of the house have been removed to the factory. Only in the rural districts do any of them remain. Theodore [Schroeder?] in Dec. 1905 Arena. Married Women and the Law. Joint earnings she has no right of disposal. She cannot protect her own children by willing any of the joint property to them. A husband can protect his children, but a wife cannot. "The sweetest lives are those to duty wed, Whose deeds both great and small, Are strands of one unbroken thread, Whose love ennobles all. Then shall be served thyself by ever sense OF service which thou renderest." Mrs [Browning?]. "They only the victory win, Who have fought the good fight and have vanquished the demon that [erupts?] us within; Who have held to their faith unseduced, by the prize which the world holds on high. Who have dared for a high cause to suffer, resist, fight, and if need be to die". W W Story. "For life is the mirror to king and slave 'Tis just what we are and do, There give to the world the best that you have And the best will come back to you." "New occasions teach new duties, Time makes ancient good uncouth. They must upward still, and onward Who would keep abreast of Truth. So before us gleam our campfires! We ourselves must Pilgrims be Launch our Mayflower and steer boldly Through the desperate Winter sea Nor attempt the Future's portal With the Past's bloodrusted key." Great. By the tenth century woman's subjection as a chattel slave was complete. Her husband could mortgage, sell, or kill her, just as he could any other live chattel. In England as late as 1814, a husband sold his wife at auction. Toward the close of the fourteenth century hardly a woman could be found in Europe who could read her native language. In 1085 Pope Hildebrand VII declared matrimony a sacrament, and the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century was the first Church Council to declare matrimony one of the seven sacraments of Catholicism. "Gradually those old legal discriminations against women and wives, which had their [?] when the wife was a chattel, are being supplanted by more enlightened statues. Gradually social customs are according a nearer approach to female equality. Gradually the more liberal churches are recognizing women's equal rights not only in the pews, but even as preachers. Gradually a few are seeing the injustice in the continued denial of political equality; and still later will come the insistence upon marriage ideals, which now seem new but are not, - in which the wife will be economically independent of her husband, politically with the opportunities of her husband, and and the recipient of an equal wage for the same labor." Theodore Schroeder in Dec. Arena 1905 During the latter part of the Middle Ages while the actual chattel character of woman's slavery was disappearing, all of its incidents remained. A "gentleman" could have no occupation save to fight and to love. The wife as a drudge. She could and did shear sheep, spin yarn, weave the cloth and make the clothes. While the quality of livelihood and "protection" which her lord and master furnished her in return, was never measured by the quantity or quality of her drudgery or progeny, there can be no doubt, that she never received from him as much as the market value of her labor. In one sense she was dependent, because her husband alone determined the compensation for her services; yet there can be little doubt that, except in race cases, the balance was so much in her favor, that more often it could be said that her husband was living upon her labor than that she was an idle dependent upon his. This has been changed in a larger measure by our industrial development. Where nearly all were peasant, millions are that he intended her to do it. Does not our sense of natural justice dictate that the being who is to suffer under laws shall first personally assent to them! That the being whose industry government is to burden shall have a voice in fixing the character and amount of that burden. Then while woman is admitted to the gallows, the jail, and the tax-list, we have no right to debar her from the ballot box. Never until you forget it can you decide what will be the ability of women (in politics). Deny statesmanship to women! It was Elizabeth Heyrich, who when the intellect of all England was at fault, and wandering in a desert of false philosophy, - when Brigham, and Romily, Clark and Wilberforce, and all the other great and philanthropic minds of England were at fault and at a dead-lock with the West Indian question, and negro slavery, - wrote out, with the statesmanlike intellect of a Quaker Woman, the simple yet potent [charm?] - Immediate, Unconditional, Emancipation; - which solved the problem and gave freedom to a race. How noble the conduct of those men! With an alacrity which does honor to their statesmanship, they sat down at the feet of that woman-statesman, and seven years under her instruction did more for the settlement of the greatest social question that had ever convulsed England, than had been done in a century, of more or less effort, before. Wendell Phillips At the Council of Macon (A D 585) fifty-nine bishops taking part, it was a matter of serious discussion whether or not women had souls. By a majority of one it was decided that they had. In the seventh century one Christian sect taught that females could not be resurrected, but that they would be transformed into men before their final exaltation. A thousand years afterward it was still a matter of ecclesiastical debate whether the Native American women possessed souls. In the Greek Christian Church of Russia women were not classified as human beings until the time of Peter the I do not think woman is identical with man. I think, if she was [?] [?] would be a very stupid state. God made the races and sexes the complement one of the other, and not the identical copy. I think woman is very different from man, and by that very difference she should be in legislative hill, and everywhere [?] to protect herself. The man who is not enough of an idiot to be excused from the gallows, has sanity enough to be entitled to a vote. That is the principle of Republicanism. Now I claim that as long as a woman has brains enough to be hung, she has brains enough to go to the ballot-box; and not until you strike her name off the tax list, and excuse her name from penal legislation, will you be justified in keeping her name off the list of voters. "Women, as individual citizens, liable to punishment for acts which the law calls criminal, or to be taxes in their labor and property for the support of the government, have a self-evident and indisputable right identically the same right that men have, to a direct voice in the enactment of those laws and the formation of that government." "That it is as absurd to deny all women their civil rights because the cares of household and family take up all the time of some, as it would be to exclude the whole male sex from Congress, because some men are sailors, or soldiers in active service, or merchants whose business requires all their attention and energies." "Government began in tyranny and force, began in the feudalism of the soldier and the bigotry of the priest; and the ideas of justice and humanity have been fighting their way, like a thunderstorm against the organized selfishness of human nature. The questions are. Has God made woman capable, - morally, intellectually and [propically?] - of taking part in business affairs? When what God made her able to do, it is a strong argument The social equality of the two sexes is implied in the history of the original creation of the woman as well as the name assigned her which differs from that of the man only in its feminine termination. This narrative (Gen. 11 18-23) is effective in supplying an argument of the duties of the husband toward the wife (Eph. V 28-31). Many usages of early times interfered with the presentation of this theoretical equality; the institution of polygamy. Woman played no inconsiderable part in public celebrations. Miriam headed a band of women who commemorated with song and dance the [?] of the Egyptians. [Jephthah's?] daughter gave her father a triumphal reception; the odes of Deborah (Judg. V) and Hannah (I Sam II 1) exhibit a degree of intelligence and culturation which is in itself a proof of the position of the sex in that period. Women held public offices, particularly that of prophetess or inspired teacher, as instanced in Miriam (Ex XV 20) [Huldah?] (2K. XXII 14) [Noadiah?] (Neh VI 14) Anna (Luke II 36) and above all Deborah who applied her prophetical gift to the administration of public affairs and was so entitled to be styled a judge (Judg. 18 4). The active part taken by Jezebel in the government of Israel (I K XVIII 13, XXI 25) and the usurpation of the throne of Judah by Athalia (2 K XI 3) further attest the latitude allowed to women in public life. Extracts from Wendell Phillips. "Then again men say "She is so different from man that God did not mean [?] vote. Is she? Then I do not know how to vote for her. One of two things is true: She is either exactly like man - and if she is, then a ballot-box bond upon brains belongs to her as well as to him. If she is like me, just like me so much like me, that I know just as well how to vote for her, as she knows how to vote for herself, then that very basis of the ballot box being capacity, she being the same as I has the same right to vote; and if she is so different that she has a different range of avocations and powers and capacities, then it is necessary she should go into the legislature, and with her own voice say what she wants, and write her own wishes into the statute books because nobody is able to interpret for her" proclaimed his Messiah [?]. Daughters of Jerusalem weep not for me but weep for yourselves & for your children. Anna was the first to speak of Him that are looked for redemption in Jerusalem. The four daughters of Philip prophesied Priscilla & Acquilla had a church in their home. Phoebe was a deaconess in [Ceuchea?] & the messenger who carried Paul's letter to Rome. There is neither Jew nor Greek, etc. Corinthian women. The church in its attitude toward woman adopts the assumption that all are Corinthians. "Behold the hire of the laborers who have reaped down your fields, which is of you kept back by fraud [?]; and the cries of them which have reaped an [entered?] unto the ears of the God of [?] - James V. 4 Bible and Woman's Equality "It is not good for man to be alone" "Male & female he created them and he gave them dominion" "Seed of the woman shall bruise the head of the serpent". (By man sin came into the world)? Miriam, Deborah, Lady bishops. "Mary has chosen the better part that shall not be taken away from her". Mary tell of a risen Lord - the first to preach the resurrection. The women with Paul. Esther. Pilate's wife. Her voice is heard in the gates. Huldah a prophetess. I will pour out my spirit, upon my servants and upon my handmaids Joanna, Susanna and many others [financiera?] To the woman of Samaria Christ first Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.