NAWSA SUBJECT FILE Catholics And Woman Suffrage "I BEONG HERE" by MOST REV. RICHARD J. CUSHING, D.D., Archbishop of Boston [IMAGE] FOREWORD The following pages contain an address delivered at the Ninth Constitutional Convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations at Boston, Mass., October 13, 1947, by the Most Rev. Richard J. Cushing, D.D., Catholic Archbishop of Boston. Congress of Industrial Organizations Phillip Murray, President James B. Carey, Secretary-Treasurer I am very grateful to you for the invitation to speak at this convention. I interpret your invitation as a compliment. I intended to pay you honor as best I can by being here this morning. When first your invitation came I found myself already confronted by an ecclesiastical program which was difficult to break. Nonetheless I broke it. I broke it because your invitation is an invitation from the people whom I come, for whom I work, and to whom, personally and officially, I belong. I am doubly glad to be here this morning because the invitation to speak which I received bore the signature of a great American - of a very great American - of a great American who has proved times beyond number both his Americanism and his greatness. I refer, of course, to the President of the CIO, Mr. Philip Murray. I BELONG HERE I am glad to come this morning because Mr. Murray invited me. But I am also glad to come because I belong here. I am a priest, an Archbishop. As such, I am by office and should be by my every personal action the representation of One Whom twenty centuries have hailed as their High Priest. To the eyes of other men, the Saviour appeared as a trades-man - a worker- and all those who share His priestly office should be found present where men are gathered who share in the labor which was the earthly vocation of Jesus Christ. For this reason, priests have always belonged close to the ranks of labor, whether organized or not. In the Old World, as the late Pope once remarked, the tragedy of both religion and of labor for several generations has been that too many factors and forces came between some of the priests and many of the working people. It is not my place to condemn those, who, consciously or unconsciously, fell victims of social and political systems which too often alienated clergy as a class from workers as a class. Neither do I intend to apologize for such systems. I hope that they are forever dead, and that all Europe has learned the lesson which a great English Cardinal tried to teach over 3 a half century ago. Cardinal Manning said: "A new task is before us. The Church has no longer to deal with parliaments and princes, but with the masses and with the people!" THE WORKING PEOPLE The masses to whom he referred were the working people of Europe, the ranks of labor. Men like Cardinal Manning, Pope Leo XIII and other churchmen sounded like revolutionaries, even to the devout of their time, when they announced what should have been clear from the beginning: that priests and prelates, though dedicated to the service of all men equally, must have a special interest in the problems, the persons, and the prosperity of those who labor. Here in this country, in the New World, there has never been the cleavage between the working classes and the clergy against which Cardinal Manning raised his voice. Not long ago the present Pope speaking to a large gathering of Italian workers said: "Visit countries where the Church can live and act freely, even if its members are only a minority, as for instance in the United States of America. Penetrate there in the huge organizations of industrial life. You will not find any trace of conflict between the Church and working world." SONS OF WORKERS How could there be? In this country it has been working people who have built the seminaries in which our priests are trained. Our institutions have no princely patrons; they are monuments to human labor and to the generosity of hard-working men and women. Working men not merely built and paid for our seminaries, they sent them some of their best sons. I have said this before, but it is important to repeat it here: In all the American Hierarchy, the resident in the United States, there is not known to me one Bishop, Archbishop, or Cardinal whose father or mother was a college graduate. Every one of our Bishops and Archbishops is the son of a working man and a working man's wife. That is one further reason why I belong here this morning. I take it for granted that this convention, like all conventions of a like nature, is called primarily to check on your past 4 actions and to plan your future actions in the light of the aims and the purposes of your organization. The aims of the CIO are those of the trade movement and of organized labor generally. These are chiefly three: 1) the organization of working men and women of America, without reference to race, creed, color or nationality, for mutual aid and protection; 2) the establishment of sound collective bargaining and wage agreements; 3) the promotion of legislation to safeguard economic security and social welfare, and to extend democratic institutions, civil rights and liberties. UNIONS HERE TO STAY For my own part, I cannot see how any man in his right mind, certainly how any American with the slightest comprehension of Christianity, can complain about those objectives. Moreover, I consider that, when all is said and done, the trade union movement in the United States is fulfilling these aims entirely within its rights and within the letter and spirit of our laws. The trade union movement has long since established its reputation for Americanism and its right to be heard. Whatever mistakes it may have made - and they are no more than those of other groups - to whatever excesses it may have gone - and these are easily balanced by those of its critics - the trade union movement is now a permanent part of the American picture. Labor is organized and it is organized to stay. Any one who has the slightest desire or dream to the contrary betrays by the fact a hopeless ignorance both of American history and of the American working man. Organized labor may have to meet criticism and a measure of opposition, but, I repeat, organized labor is here to stay. I don't think that organized labor should be discouraged when it is criticized. Everything that organizes arouses some one's resentment and some opposition. Organized religion does. Organized efforts of every kind do. An organized movement worth its salt welcomes criticism and thrives on opposition. When the criticism is reasonable, an organized movement profits from it. When it is no, sometimes the movement 5 profits even more because it develops that special strength, stamina and power to endure that comes from the sheer necessity of learning and increasing your own strength. CRITICS OF LABOR I know criticisms which are made of organized labor and I know, as do most people, the "lines" currently used in the campaign against unionism. You know them even better than I do. Some of the current criticisms may have some foundation in facts. If they do, you are in a far better position than your critics to know what these facts are and how to remedy them yourselves. Many of the criticisms of organized labor, its power, its proposals, its principals, come from men who would stop at nothing to bring back days to them dear but to the rest of mankind happily dead. In any case there are no problems arising out of American organized labor, no problems internal to the labor movement or external to it in its relations with the rest of the community, which American labor cannot solve in an American way within the framework of American law and in the best interest of the American people. Here in America all groups, educational, industrial, management, labor, and, in a sense, religious, have a common monitor; the Law. Organized labor does not stand in any need of special monitors; there is no reason why the labor movement more than any other movement in the United States should be an object of suspicion, repression or special monitoring. Labor is perfectly able to set its own house in order and to run that house as well as any other house in the American community. LOYAL TO LEADERS When I hear the excited talk about this, that or the other problem allegedly created by organized labor, I remember a famous report Cardinal Gibbons filed with regard to one of the earliest efforts at labor organization in the United States. You know, in his day an effort was made to discredit labor organizations and even to bring about religious condemnation of 6 certain aspects of the labor movement. Men, professing to be the friends of law and order, when really they were the foes of both so far as working people were concerned, attempted to align the Church against the new labor organizations and the labor movement identified with them. The enemies of labor were powerful; they brought their case all the way to Rome. They knew then, as they would know now, that the great masses of American labor are loyal to their religious leaders and are inclined to hear with respect the voice of religion. The Roman authorities asked Cardinal Gibbons what he thought of the dangers said to be present in the labor movement as of that time; the alleged danger that the wrong people might take over, the possibility of the top-heavy power, the menace of political abuse and all the rest of it. The Cardinal was a calm man. He knew America and he knew Americans. He took a long range view of all questions involving the conflicts or competitions of the various groups which make up America and when that conflict was at its hottest he would point out that the lasting concord in a nation like ours can only come out of a conflict fairly faced and honorably settled. So when they asked him whether the labor movement should be condemned because a lot of people had become upset about certain aspects of it, the Cardinal replied: "The American people behold with perfect composure and confidence the progress of our social contest, and have not the least fear of not being able to protect themselves against any excesses or dangers that may occasionally arise." NO FEAR OF CRISES I suggest that those who are disturbed by any crises in the labor movement, past, present or future, make their own the attitude of the great Cardinal. Genuine Americans are not afraid of crises. They do not despair of an idea because it is challenged from without or hampered from within. Once they recognize that the essential idea of a movement is good--as the idea of the trade union movement is good-- they go along with it through fair days and foul, confident 7 that its goodness will prevail and that they can take care of any passing evil by due process of law. The genuine American does not seek condemnation by decree or by hostile legislation against contending forces. In the words of the Cardinal: "The American people behold with perfect composure the progress of our social contest, and have not the least fear of not being able to protect themselves against any excesses or dangers that may occasionally arise." Let us apply all that to some of the charges hurled against labor unions. Every one knows that there are racketeers eager to take over the labor organizations; there are in many other organizations. There are racketeers in the professions, in public life, in almost every human pursuit. CAN SOLVE OWN PROBLEMS Everyone knows that there are potential traitors to America and to our organizations in the labor movement; so there are in the universities, colleges, magazines, radio, movies, professions, and public life. There is nothing special to the labor movement about all of this--and to the extent that the labor movement has problem of this or any other kind, I reaffirm my conviction--which is yours--that there are none of its problems which American labor cannot itself solve in an American way within the framework of American law and in the best interests of the American people. Wherefore I express the confidence that this convention will proceed in a spirit of discipline and unity toward the statement and the pursuit of the positive aims of the trade union movement rather than wasting its time on negative or divisive matters. In this same spirit, while not presuming on my position as a guest here, I should like to refer to two matters: one domestic, the other concerned with our foreign relations. STEADY WORK NEEDED I have read with interest some of the deliberations of both management and labor concerning the so-called Guaranteed 8 Annual Wage. I know labor's position on the proposal. The worry of the working man has traditionally been this: jobs today--but what will happen tomorrow? Up to now many millions of Americans have been unable to answer that question for themselves. As a consequence they live in a fear which God never intended should be theirs. A wage earner must have steady work and pay this week, next week, and all the year round if he has security. Only an annual wage is an adequate wage. So runs the labor argument and it is a hard argument to answer. There can be no doubt that some economic solution must be found so that a man may intelligently plan his future and make provision to discharge those responsibilities which has been placed on him by God himself. It must be an intelligent and fair provision which does not make him the unnecessary beneficiary of charity or cause him to lose pride in his daily work. It may or may not be the so-called "Guaranteed Annual Wage," but it must be something close to it and I hope that a fair exchange of views on this subject between management, labor and the representatives of the public will lead to an answer consistent with the need and decent demands of labor. FIGHT WITH FOOD The other positive point toward which I would direct your attention is concerned with certain questions of foreign policy on which organized labor has already shown a willingness to declare itself. Unfortunately at the moment, attitudes toward foreign policy are complicated by what are called "conflicting ideologies." Now I do not know what an "ideology" is. I suspect the word of being a catch phrase, a "phoney" word which can't be defined and which is therefore used to describe someone not worth defining. Now-a-days we hear a lot about fighting "ideologies," and, here too, I am not sure how you go about fighting an "ideology." But I know what hunger is--and I know how to fight that. You fight it with food. I know what poverty is. You fight that money. I know what winter is. You fight that with coal and clothing. I 9 know what discouragement is. You fight that with friendship and friendly deeds. I know what fear is and defeatism. You fight them with faith. I repeat: I do not know what the word ideology means. I do not know what the ideologies of the people of Europe and Asia are. I know what the ideologies of some of the political regimes are- but these are not the people. I know that all over Europe there is going to be hunger, poverty, cold, discouragement and fear. I know what these are and I know to what extremes they can drive decent, democratic God-loving people. I suspect that the best way to outwit or overcome evil "ideologies," whatever they may be, is by positive action of a non-political kind- by providing the things that fight hunger, poverty, cold, discouragement and fear- by providing as efficiently and as much and as quickly as we can food, money, coal, clothing, friendship and faith to the workers, to all the needy of the world who turn to us. BACK WAR ON HUNGER I am too grateful for your invitation to presume any attempt at undue influence on your deliberations. But this hope I do express: that an organization as powerful as the CIO-an organization with such great far - reaching prestige - will give sincere and solid backing to such points and plans of American foreign policy as will put our resources- food, money, coal, clothing, friendship and faith- behind the democratic- the human war on hunger, poverty, cold, discouragement and fear in the war-breeding areas of the world. When we win that fight- a fight we can understand and can win- there will be less need for worry or talk or war about "ideologies." I have deliberately chosen two points to emphasize because one of them is concerned with your own interests and the other is concerned with the interests of other people, which interests, in the long run, are also yours. I have the same aspiration for organized labor in America that I have for my own Church in America, that I have for education in 10 America and for every other group activity in the United States. It is that these may be a blessing to ourselves and a beacon to others. We owe the Old Word much; we have depended on it for its sons and daughters to be our fathers and mothers, for its centuries of past experience to be the school wherein we learn to build a better future. We are indebted to the Old World alike for its triumphs and for its mistakes; both have taught us how to live better and more freely here in American. A CHANCE TO PAY Now we are in a position to pay something of our debt to the Old World. Sometimes we have to pay a bit of it with blood; may those times never be renewed! More often we are called upon to pay with resources, with the fruits of our labor and the good things of our earth. That we should do gladly. But most of all we have a chance to pay with our example- to show the devout of the Old World how the faith can be practiced by a free Church; to show the youth of the Old World how happy lives can be lived by a democratic people; to show the working people, the disorganized labor of the Old World, how organized labor here in American under the protection of sound laws can accomplish the magnificent aims which band together you of the CIO- the organization of working men and women, regardless of race, creed, color or nationality, for the mutual aid, protection, security and social welfare of all. May God bless your deliberations! May God the Father, Who gave you your strength, teach you how to use it! May God the Son, made man to work among us, be your model! May God the Holy Ghost, the spirit diffused through the hearts of us all, unite you with one another and with all others who love God! 11 Murray's Comment-- After hearing Archbishop Cushing speak, CIO President Philip Murray referred to his address as a "masterpiece of logic... a remarkable address, a great tribute to labor coming from the heart and soul of a great man--one of us." Additional Copies of Archbishop Cushing's Address May Be Obtained From-- CIO PUBLICITY DEPARTMENT 718 Jackson Place, N. W. Washington, D. C. 5c a copy; 100 for $4; 500 for $17.50; 1,000 for $30. Other Publications Which Can Be Ordered Through the CIO Publicity Department: The CIO News. Official national weekly newspaper of the CIO. Subscription, $1 a year ($1.50 in Canada). Special rates for bundle orders and group subscriptions. Economic Outlook (Monthly). Current economic problems discussed from labor's viewpoint. 8 pp., 10c a copy, $1 a year; up to 100, 5c each; 100 or more 4 1/2 each; 1,000 or more 3c each. No. 111. Labor and Religion. How they may cooperate. 20 pp., 5c a copy, 100 for $4, 500 for $15. No. 112. Union Hall Bookshelf. General labor bibliography. 28 pp., 10 c a copy, 100 for $8, 500 for $30. No. 114. A Society of Free Men. Speech of Bishop Bernard J. Sheil at 1944 CIO Convention. 8 pp., 100 for $1.50, 500 for $6, 1,000 for $10. No. 125. The Bible and the Working Man. Colored picture strip. 2c a copy, 100 for $1.50, 1,000 for $12.50. No. 132. The Truth About CIO. "Economic Outlook" reprint of "Ten Years of CIO" and "Finances and Government of CIO Unions." 16 pp., 10c a copy, 100 for $6, 1,000 $45, 5,000 for $200. No. 141. Anti-Discrimination Speech. By Rabbi Stephen S. Wise at 8th CIO Convention. 8 pp., 5c a copy, 100 for $2.50, 1,000 for $20, 5,000 for $75. No. 150. To Abolish Discrimination. CIO report submitted to the President's Committee on Civil Rights. 24 pp., 10c a copy, 100 for $8, 500 for $35. No. 151. The Closed Shop. Statement by Rev. Jerome L. Toner, OSB, Ph.D., before Senate Committee. 16 pp., 10c a copy, 100 for $7.50. No. 152. Unions and Co-ops. Concrete examples of and suggestions for a growing cooperation between both movements. 32 pp., 15c a copy, 100 for $12, 500 for $48. No. 153. Analysis of the Taft-Hartley Act. Preferred by CIO Legal Department. 52 pp., 15c a copy, 50 for $6.25, 100 for $10, 500 for $45. No. 154. What's Ahead? A survey of current economic trends. 36 pp., 10c a copy, 15 for $1, 100 for $5, 1,000 for $40. No. 155. Build a Better Life. Congress of Women's Auxiliary Manual. 40 pp., 15c a copy, 100 for $12, 500 for $45. 33 Catholics for Suffrage Catholic women vote in Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Washington, California, Oregon, Arizona, Kansas, Illinois, and Alaska. Why not in Massachusetts? FATHER SCULLY, whose memory is held in reverence by all, believed firmly in VOTES FOR WOMEN. This is what he said:-- "I know of no argument for refusing the suffrage to woman that is not equally applicable to men. We are way behind other countries in this. Educated men and women of the Catholic Laity are everywhere now to be found favorably disposed towards it." Catholic Women in California Won the Vote in 1911 FATHER GLEASON OF CALIFORNIA says:--"There is no danger to the dignity of womanhood or motherhood to be feared from the ballot. I am looking at the question AS A PRIEST OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. We need the women to hold back the forces of corruption." Catholic Women in Illinois Won the Vote in 1913 FATHER ROSS OF ILLINOIS says:--"Personally I am very much in favor of woman suffrage and that for three reasons. The first is that women need the suffrage as much for their own highest spiritual and intellectual development as for protection. The second is that men need women as helpmates in political as well as in domestic life. And my third reason for suffrage is that there is no reason against it" ARCHBISHOP SPALDING OF ILLINOIS said:--(of suffrage) "The experiment will be made, whatever our theories and prejudices may be. Women are the most religious, the most moral, and the most sober portion of the American people, and it is not easy to understand why their influence in public life is dreaded." How do Catholics Think the Vote Will Help the Working Woman? FATHER RYAN, author of "THE LIVING WAGE", says:--"Through the ballot women could protect themselves against many of the evils to which they are exposed by their new industrial tasks and surroundings. They could hasten the enactment of legislation for decent wages and for better conditions of employment generally." Where Catholic Women Have Voted for Many Years What Do Catholic Church Men Think About Votes for Women? CARDINAL MORAN OF AUSTRALIA said:--"The woman who thinks she is making herself unwomanly by voting is a silly creature." ARCHBISHOP REDWOOD OF NEW ZEALAND SAID:--"Women have had the vote in New Zealand for many years, and it has been proven that they use it wisely and judiciously, and for the greatest common good. I am heartily in sympathy with the movement in this country and believe that the tide of equal suffrage cannot be stemmed. The women of New Zealand have maintained the high standard of purity and womanhood, and, if anything, they are better wives and home conservers." The Massachusetts Legislature has passed a resolution providing for a Constitutional Amendment to give women votes. When approved by the next Legislature, this Amendment will go to the voters in 1915. VOTES FOR CATHOLIC WOMEN For further information apply to MASSACHUSETTS WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION Headquarters: 585 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. Massell Bros., Printers, 40 Hanover St., Boston Catholics Eliminate New Testament Footnote By Religious News Service WASHINGTON ( April 21)-- Chief of Chaplains William R. Arnold has announced that arrangements have been made with the Catholic Biblical Association of American and the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine to eliminate from copies of the Roman Catholic revised edition of the New Testament distributed to the Catholic personnel of the U. S. Army a footnote which States that ''the Jews are the synagogue of Satan." It was pointed out that the footnote might be misinterpreted by those not familiar with the history and background of New Testament times. The footnote was added to Chapter 2, Verse 9 of the Apocalypse of St. John the Apostle, which reads: "And that thou are slandered by those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan." The footnote read: "The Jews are the synagogue of Satan. The true synagogue is the Christian Church." During the month preceding the action taken by the Catholic Biblical Association and the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine there was an exchange of communications with the National Conference of Christians and Jews and a personal interview with Chief of Chaplains Arnold by Andrew W. Gottschall, national direc of the Conference's Program in Army Camps, Naval and Air Bases. The decision of the Catholic authorities was given to Mr. Gottschall, and also conveyed in a telegram from the Chief of Chaplain's office to Kenneth Leslie, chairman of the Protestant Textbook Commission to Eliminate Anti-Semitic Statements in American Textbooks, who had previously wired President Roosevelt on this matter. Chaplain Arnold repotted that he had conferred on the matter with Bishop John J. O'Hara, Military Delegate, and a number of other officials of the Church in the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine and that they had agreed to eliminate the footnote from all future editions of the New Testament to be put out by the Government for use of the military personnel. Commenting on the announcement by Chaplain Arnold, Dr. Everett R. Clinchy, president of the National Conference, said: "Misunderstandings of this type are bound to occur from time to time. It is imperative that lines of communication between religious groups be kept open, so that adjustments may be effected in ways which will contribute to, rather than impair, good will and mutual respect among Protestants, Catholics, and Jews." (Since the release of the above story, word has come from the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine to the National Conference that the footnote will be altered in all versions of the New Testament so that there will be on objection to it.) 8 THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JANUARY 16, 1913. SUFFRAGE DEFENDED BY CATHOLIC PRIEST ------ Father McMahon Says There Is No Moral or Religious Objection to Votes for Women ------ MAY BE POLITICAL REASONS ------ But History and Tradition of His Church, He Says, Cannot Be Used Against the Cause ------ Describing the attitude of the Catholic Church toward the feminist movement and woman suffrage before a conference of the Catholic Library Association at Delmonico's yesterday afternoon, the Rev. Father Joseph H. McMahon of the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, denounced attempts to make it appear that the Catholic Church was opposed to granting women the suffrage. Far from being in violation of the Catholic tradition, he said, woman suffrage was in accord with Catholic tradition as manifested all through the Middle Ages, so far as there was any Catholic tradition concerning suffrage. Father McMahon pointed out that mentally, morally, and spiritually men and women were considered alike by the Catholic Church, since they both had the same moral obligations. If women were considered as subjected in marriage in the Catholic Church he said, it was a subjection softened and ennobled by love and by protection of the stronger sex, a voluntary partnership accepted by women. The Catholic Church, he said, had not uttered one word of protest against recognition of the greatly altered position of woman due to the changed social, political, and industrial conditions which have been imposed on society, but it had protested against certain moral abuses that had sprung from them-the dangerous spirit of independence generated by the breaking up of home life, the craving for gay dresses and frivolous amusement and unwholesome conversation, the tendency toward gambling, and an enlarged freedom bordering on license. "There is nothing farther from the truth," he said, "than that the Catholic Church is opposed to granting the suffrage to women. There may have been strong individual pronouncements against woman suffrage, but no authoritative pronouncement has been made against it by the Church as such, nor is it easy to see how such authoritative pronouncement could well be made. For every Catholic ecclesiastic who has spoken against it you will find others in favor of it. "And why should women not have the right to vote? Who will claim that the woman of education or affairs is unfit to vote, when her furnace man or the drunken loafer on the corner or the vicious gunman is qualified to do so? If you must restrict the suffrage, restrict it, but not on the lines of sex alone. "The protest against woman suffrage on the ground of Catholic tradition is about as sensible as would be a protest against automobiles or the telephone, for universal suffrage is a product of recent times, even as has been the use of electricity. As a matter of fact, however, so far as there is any tradition at all in the Catholic Church regarding suffrage, it is in favor of woman suffrage rather than opposed to it. Women were not only not excluded from voting in matters affecting communal affairs throughout the Middle Ages, but in some Catholic countries in those Catholic times they also assisted in legislative councils, so that the appearance of a woman delegate in the Storthing of Norway is by no means an innovation. "As for the argument that woman suffrage would tend to break up homes, that the husband and wife might differ on politics, it must be remembered, in the first place, that all women are not married. Moreover, if you can prevent women from voting, you cannot prevent them from thinking. Husbands and wives, however, though divided to-day on subjects of far greater importance than politics, get along easily in harmony none the less, despite these differences. And as for the argument that woman's domestic duties would suffer if she were allowed to vote, it must be remembered that in European countries, whenever woman has been allowed to take part in intellectual concerns of the community, she has done the domestic duties also better than before. How much do men neglect their business because they are allowed to vote? "The Catholic Church as such has always been opposed to all movements such as free love and radical movements breaking down family life, and opposed to the fundamental principles of morality. But the feminist movement is only an attempt for economic betterment of women, and has no bearing on morality or religion. The Catholic woman who wouldn't vote because the Blessed Virgin did not vote ought not to ride in an automobile or use a telephone either. That is a carrying tradition and conservatism to a degree that is ridiculous. "To me there is a sense of the ridiculous in learned ecclesiastics in our Church denouncing the clamors of women for the vote because it is opposed to Catholic tradition. Why, the Catholic Church had nothing whatever to do with the development of the voting system as now in force. That system was the product of non-Catholic influences almost entirely. It was Napoleon I, who refused to let women vote. It was the influence of the infamous French Revolution. "The Catholic Church regards this and other questions only in so far as it touches on morals or faith. With economic or political conditions the Catholic Church has nothing whatever to do. Only when these bring danger of moral or religious degradation does the Catholic Church concern itself with them. There may be good political or economical reasons against suffrage for women, but that is not my province to discuss. I am not a politician or an economist." BOMB RIPS UP TENEMENT. ------ Detective Think It Was an "Inside Job" -- Passing Driver Hurt. The entrance and lower hall of the tenement at 402 East Eleventh Street were ripped and splintered at 6:20 o'clock yesterday morning by the explosion of a bomb that had been set off just inside the front doors. It blew the doors out into the street, tore a big hole in the floor, gouged away the plaster, and shattered the windows for the first two stories. Altogether, Henry Reinhardt, the owner of the building, thought he would have to pay out $1,000 in repairs. The tenants were all Italians. John Burroughs, a driver, on his way to work was passing by at the moment of the explosion, and was so cut and bruised by the flying wood that he was taken to Bellevue Hospital. Detective Corrao took charge of the case on behalf of the Fifth Street Station, but could not find one tenant who would admit having received any blackmail letters. The butcher on the ground floor protested ignorance, and the janitor, who has a grocery store on the other side of the hall, had nothing to tell the detectives. Yet there were indications which inclined Corrao to the belief that it was an "inside job," with the fuse lighted by some member of the sixteen families in the building just before he went off to work. Among all the detectives who work on bomb cases none could recall yesterday any previous case of an explosion at that time of day. Two or 3 o'clock in the morning is the favorite hour for the extortionists. The bomb, which was probably dynamite, was exploded about thirty-five feet from a far more serious explosions on Nov. 9. That was when the First Avenue moving-picture house, which backs into the same courtyard that serves the tenement damaged yesterday, was visited by a bomb explosion that injured half a dozen persons. Munzio Spadaforo was caught not long afterward, and is now in the Tombs waiting trial. The explosion of Nov. 9 shattered half the windows in the tenement next door. ------ ANOTHER MYTH OF SMART. ------ Titanic Victim Not Only Had No Children, but No Fortune. It was disclosed recently that the Smart children, heirs of a wealthy lawyer who perished on the Titanic, were a myth, and yesterday it was developed that the supposedly wealthy lawyer, John Montgomery Smart, who also was rated as a capitalist, had not only had no children, but no fortune. His estate was valued at $9,890 in an application made by Gilbert F. Gregory for letters of temporary administration. Surrogate Fowler granted them. Shortly after the Titanic disaster a rumor was circulated in this country and Europe that his two children, a son, George, aged 20, and a daughter, Annie, aged 18 years, had been lost sight of. They were sought far and wide to share a great estate. The first exposure of the myth was in the filing of Mr. Smart's will, exclusively reported in THE TIMES. The will made no mention of children, and close friends of Mr. Smart insisted that he was a bachelor. Mr. Smart was President of the American Cold Storage and Shipping Company and of a railway lubricant company. His stock in the former was worth only $6,090, according to the petition. His stock in the lubricating company, the petition stated, was worthless. He had $3,000 in banks at the time of his death and his holdings in the International Cold Storage and Ice Company were valued at $600. NO ANTI-SUFFRAGISTS IN FINLAND, SAYS SHE ------ Everybody Approves of the Woman Voter There, Mme. Malmberg Explains. ------ COEDUCATION WORKS WELL ------ Mrs. Brannan Pleads with Woman's Political Union Audience for 1915 Referendum Cash. ------ Mme. Aino Malmberg of Finland in telling the guests of the Woman's Political Union at the Colony Club yesterday afternoon how successful the woman voter had been in her country, discussed feminine activities from many interesting angles. Incidentally she said that the co-educational school, which at first had been thought to be of great danger to manners and morals, had been found to be the most satisfactory. "Co-education does not make the girls masculine or the boys effeminate," she said. "I don't think you can change the nature of the individual. Our girls are less sentimental, perhaps. They no longer faint or cry, and the boys are more gentlemanly than when they are educated with boys alone. We believe that it is better to bring the two sexes together in the educational period of their lives." There are no anti-suffragists in Finland, and antis from other countries become converted when they reach that country. "When the suffrage was given to every one over 24 years old, women as well as men," said Mme. Malmberg, "there was not one voice raised against us. No one would have been mean enough. And suffragists and anti-suffragists have come to see how it has worked to have the women vote, and none of them could say anything against it. There was an Englishman, I will tell you who he was, McCullum Shaw, who has opposed the women getting the vote in England, but he said he believed in it in Finland. 'I am still an anti-suffragist in England, he said. We had one French journalist sent over who was told to write against suffrage for women. He did not wish to, and what he did say was very funny. He said that our women elected to the Diet in Finland were old and not pretty. As we did not elect them for their attractions that may have been so." Mme. Malmberg told how the women raised money, and also how, when their newspapers were suppressed, the women had them printed on very thin paper outside the country and then smuggled them in themselves. "Men say that their dress is more sensible than ours," she said, with a smile, "but we found our skirts were useful then. It was dangerous, too, for any one who was caught was exiled to Siberia." "Were any of the women caught?" asked some one in the audience. "Only one woman," answered the speaker, "and she managed to get away." There was a large audience, every chair in the room and small balcony being filled. A handful of women from the gymnasium, following a game of basket ball, sat on the step back of the balcony wearing pink bathrobes. Mrs. Emanuel Einstein presided, and said that the size of the audience showed that suffrage was a burning question, and she hoped the anti-suffragists present would be converted. Either they were converted at an early period of the talk or the audience was largely suffragist, for there was general applause for everything favorable to votes for women. Mrs. John Winters Brannan made a short address, and asked for the "sinews of war" for the fight for the referendum in 1915. The Union needs $600 for an additional workroom at its headquarters; $800 for an additional stenographer, and, also, an experienced press woman to get suffrage news into the country papers. The salary for two organizers and $2,000 for general work are recent gifts. "One may be doubtful of the success of the referendum in New York City," said Mrs. Brannan, "but 25 miles north there is a different atmosphere. The farmers are for us, and our speakers are heard with enthusiasm at the meetings of the Grange." Mrs. Brannan explained a saloon bill which the women of California have voted against. She said the anti-suffragists had accused them of voting for the liquor interests in so doing. "I was not able to answer this," she said, "but I have no learned that the women votes examine the questions before they take action on them, and they found that this bill, while apparently against the saloon, gave the right for practically any number of them." ------ Benefit for the Mary Fisher Home. For the benefit of the Mary Fisher Association at Tenafly, N.J., an institution devoted to the care of destitute writers and actors, an "Authors' Matinee" will be held at the Waldorf-Astoria nest Tuesday afternoon at 2:15 o'clock. The entertainment is in charge of Mrs. Edward P. Terhune, known in literature as Marion Harland. The programme will include readings from hitherto unpublished works by William C. De Mille, Edwin Markham, Josephine Dodge Daskam, and a lecture by Dr. Talcott Williams on "The Making of a Journalist." At the end of the matinee books autographed by well-known authors will be sold at auction. At the Aut Madison Square Ga exhibit of PYREN It will pay every exhibit and see most efficient Brass and are the only lists of Ap Board of Weight 5 lbs. fille 3 in. in diameter 14 in. long. Always ready f RA Cra An the East in a of th N. J lectio one Amen in ma The riod cover Civil Colum in 149 West The voyag quain plates part, list o collec Henry "Voy eral mark Hakl feet e lished printe a fine tory of W 1934, date. The it will It wi events seaso W. Witn W An a Moore Aug. 567.27. mortg accord apprai Moore tracto had h the mo The at $72 large pin, ca York 000686 MAY BE POLITICAL REASONS ——————— But History and Tradition of His Church, He Says, Cannot Be Used Against the Cause. ——————— Describing the attitude of the Catholic Church toward the feminist movement and woman suffrage before a conference of the Catholic Library Association at Deimonico's yesterday afternoon, the Rev. Father Joseph H. McMahon of the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, denounced attempts to make it appear that the Catholic Church was opposed to granting women the suffrage. Far from being in violation of Catholic tradition, he said, woman suffrage was in accord with Catholic tradition as manifested all through the Middle Ages, so far as there was any Catholic tradition concerning suffrage. Father McMahon pointed out that mentally, morally, and spiritually men and women were considered alike by the Catholic Church, since they both had the same moral obligations. If women were considered as subjected in marriage in the Catholic Church, he said, it was a subjection softened and enabled by love and by protection of the stronger sex, a voluntary partnership accepted by woman. The Catholic Church, he said, had not uttered one word of protest against recognition of the greatly altered position of woman due to the changed social, political, and industrial conditions which have been imposed on society, but it had protested against certain moral abuses that had sprung from them--the dangerous spirit of independence generated by the breaking up of home life, the craving for gay dresses and frivolous amusement and unwholesome conversation, the tendency toward gambling, and an enlarged freedom bordering on license. "There is nothing farther from the truth," he said, "than that the Catholic Church is opposed to granting the suffrage to women. There may have been strong individual pronouncements against woman suffrage, but no authoritative pronouncement has been made against it by the Church as such, nor is it easy to see how such authoritative pronouncement could well be made. For every Catholic ecclesiastic who has spoken against it you will find others in favor of it. "And why should women not have the right to vote? Who will claim that the woman of education or affairs is unfit to vote, when her furnace man or the drunken loafer on the corner or the vicious gunman is qualified to do so? If you must restrict the suffrage, restrict it, but not on the lines of sex alone. "The protest against woman suffrage on the ground of Catholic tradition is about as sensible as would be a protest against automobiles or the telephone, for universal suffrage is a product of recent times , even as has been the use of electricity. As a matter of fact, however, so far as there is any tradition at all in the Catholic Church regarding suffrage, it is in favor of woman suffrage rather than opposed to it. Women were not only not excluded from voting in matters affecting communal affairs throughout the Middle Ages, but in some Catholic countries in those Catholic times they also assisted in legislative councils, so that the appearance of a woman delegate in the Storthing of Norway is by no means an innovation. "As for the argument that woman suffrage would tend to break up homes, that the husband and wife might differ on politics, it must be remembered, in the first place, that all women are not married. Moreover, if you can prevent women from voting, you cannot prevent them from thinking. Husbands and wives, however, though divided to-day on subjects of far greater importance than politics, get along easily in harmony none the less, despite these differences. And as for the argument that woman's domestic duties would suffer if she were allowed to vote, it must be remembered that in European countries, whenever woman has been allowed to take part in intellectual concerns of the community, she has done the domestic duties also better than before. How much do men neglect their business because they are allowed to vote? "The Catholic Church as such has always been opposed to all movements such as free love and radical movements breaking down family life, and opposed to the fundamental principles of mortality. But the feminist movement is only an attempt for economic betterment of women and has no bearing on mortality or religion. The Catholic woman who wouldn't vote because the Blessed Virgin did not vote ought not to ride in an automobile or use a telephone either. That is carrying tradition and conservatism to a degree that is ridiculous. "To me there is a sense of the ridiculous in learned ecclesiastics in our Church denouncing the clamors of women for the vote because it is opposed to Catholic tradition. Why, the Catholic Church had nothing whatever to do with the development of the voting system as now in force. That system was the product of non-Catholic influences almost entirely. It was Napoleon I. who refused to let women vote. It was the influence of the infamous French Revolution. "The Catholic Church regards this and other questions only in so far as it touches on morals or faith. With economic or political conditions the Catholic Church has nothing whatever to do. Only when these bring danger of moral or religious degradation does the Catholic Church concern itself with them. There may be good political or economical reasons against the suffrage for women, but that is not my province to discuss. I am not a politician or an economist." Father McMahon's lecture was one of a series that is being delivered before the Catholic Library Association. On Wednesday, Feb. 19, the topic discussed will be "Some Notable Catholic Feminists." Among those present at the gathering yesterday were Mrs. De Lancy Kane, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas T. Eckert, Miss Elisabeth Marbury, Mrs. John Pulleyn, Mrs. Thomas Cunningham, Mrs. Anna M. Ryan, and Miss Gertrude Murphy. Altogether, Henry Reinhardt, the owner of the building, thought he would have to pay out $1,000 in repairs. The tenants were all Italians. John Burroughs, a driver, on his way to work was passing by at the moment of the explosion, and was so cut and bruised by the flying wood that he was taken to Bellevue Hospital. Detective Corrao took charge of the case on behalf of the Fifth Street Station, but could not find one tenant who would admit having received any blackmail letters. The butcher on the ground floor protested ignorance, and the janitor, who has a grocery store on the other side of the hall, had nothing to tell the detectives. Yet there were indications which inclined Corrao to the belief that it was an "inside job," with the fuse lighted by some member of the sixteen families in the building just before he went off to work. Among all the detectives who work on bomb cases none could recall yesterday any previous case of an explosion at that time of day. Two or 3 o'clock in the morning is the favorite hour for the extortionists. The bomb, which was probably dynamite, was exploded about thirty-five feet from a far more serious explosion on Nov. 9. That was when the First Avenue moving-picture house, which backs into the same courtyard that serves the tenement damaged yesterday, was visited by a bomb explosion that injured half a dozen persons. Muzio Spadaforo was caught not long afterward, and is now in the Tombs waiting trial. The explosion of Nov. 9 shattered half the windows in the tenement next door. ——————— ANOTHER MYTH OF SMART. ———— Titanic Victim Not Only Had No Children, but No Fortune. It was disclosed recently that the Smart children, heirs of a wealthy lawyer who perished on the Titanic, were a myth and yesterday it was developed that the supposedly wealthy lawyer, John Montgomery Smart, who also rated as a capitalist, had not only had no children, but no fortune. His estate was valued at $9,890 in an application made by Gilbert F. Gregory for letters of temporary administration. Surrogate Fowler granted them. Shortly after the Titanic disaster a rumor was circulated in this country and Europe that his two children, a son, George, aged 20, and a daughter, Annie, aged 18 years, had been lost sight of. They were sought far and wide to share a great estate. The first exposure of the myth was in the filling of Mr. Smart's will, exclusively reported in THE TIMES, the will made no mention of children, and close friends of Mr. Smart insisted that he was a bachelor. Mr. Smart was President of the American Cold Storage and Shipping Company and of a railway lubricant company. His stock in the former was worth only $6,090, according to the petition. His stock in the lubricating company, the petition stated was worthless. He had $3,080 in banks at the time of his death and his holdings in the International Cold Storage and Ice Company were valued at $600. ——————— COEDUCATION WORKS WELL ——————— Mrs. Brannan Pleads with Woman's Political Union Audience for 1915 Referendum Cash. ——————— Mme. Aino Malmberg of Finland in telling the guests of the Woman's Political Union at the Colony Club yesterday afternoon how successful the woman voter had been in her country, discussed feminine activities from many interesting angles. Incidentally she said that the co-educational school, which at first had been thought to be of great danger to manners and morals, had been found to be the most satisfactory. "Co-education does not make the girls masculine or the boys effeminate," she said. "I don't think you can change the nature of the individual. Our girls are less sentimental, perhaps. They no longer faint or cry, and the boys are more gentlemanly than when they are educated with boys alone. We believe that it is better to bring the two sexes together in the educational period of their lives. There are no anti-suffragists in Finland, and antis from other countries become converted when they reach that country. "When the suffrage was given to every one over 24 years old, women as well as men," said Mme. Malmberg, "there was not one voice raised against us. No one would have been mean enough. And suffragists and anti-suffragists have come to see how it has worked to have the women vote, and none of them could say anything against it. There was an Englishman. I will tell you who he was McCullum Shaw, who was opposed the women getting the vote in England, but he said he believed in it in Finland. 'I am still an anti-suffragist in England,' he said. We had one French journalist sent over who was told to write against suffrage for women. He did not wish to, and what he did say was very funny. He said that our women elected to the Diet in Finland were old and not pretty. As we did not elect them for their attractions that may have been so." Mme. Malmberg told how the women raised money, and also how, when their newspapers were suppressed, the women had them printed on very thin paper outside the country and then smuggled them in themselves. "Men say that their dress is more sensible than ours," she said, with a smile, "but we found our skirts were useful then. It was dangerous, too, for any one who was caught was exiled to Siberia." "Were any of the women caught?" asked some one in the audience. "Only one woman," answered the [continued from another page] applause for everything favorable to votes for women. Mrs. John Winters Brannan made a short address, and asked for the "sinews of war" for the fight for the referendum in 1915. The Union needs $600 for an additional workroom at its headquarters; $800 for an additional stenographer, and, also, an experienced press woman to get suffrage news into the country papers. The salary for two organizers and $2,000 for general work are recent gifts. "One may be doubtful of the success of the referendum in New York City said Mrs. Brannan, "but 25 miles north there is a different atmosphere. The farmers are for us, and our speakers are heard with enthusiasm at the meetings of the Grange." Mrs. Brannan explained a saloon [?] which the women of California have voted against. She said the anti-suffragists had accused them of voting for the liquor interests in so doing. "I was not able to answer this," she said, "but I have now learned that the women voters examine the questions before they take action on them, and they found that this bill, while apparently against the saloon, gave the right for practically any number of them." ——————— Benefit for the Mary Fisher Home. For the benefit of the Mary Fisher Association at Tenafly, N. J., an institution devoted to the care of destitute writers and actors, an "Authors' Matinée" will be held at the Waldorf-Astoria next Tuesday afternoon at 2:15 o'clock. The entertainment is in charge of Mrs. Edward P. Terhune, known in literature as Marlon Harland. The programme will include readings from hitherto unpublished works by William C. De Mille, Edwin Markham, Josephine Dodge Daskam, and a lecture by Dr. Talcott Williams on "The Making of a Journalist." At the end of the matinée books autographed by well-known authors will be sold at auction. THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JANUARY 16, 1913. 7 ing on to the city. it is now taxed on an Street to Twenty-third Street. "If we can attract more capital from American cities and abroad we will get more values to tax, but the proposed increment tax will have just the opposite effect. With the exception of the upper Fifth Avenue district, Fory-second Street, the Pennsylvania Station section, Fourth Avenue, and a few other favorable sections, where exceptional business or residential changes have occasioned vastly increased values, nearly all the rest of the city has witnessed a gradual decline. The theory that New York real estate will steadily increase, no matter what the conditions are. is a mistake. Much of it's value depends on the enterprise of capital, and if this is checked by imposing an extra burden, it is simply bad business, and a shrinkage in taxable values in certain to occur. HEALTH BOARD RESIGNS. ------------- Offended at Mayor's Criticism of Trip to New York Convention. KANSAS CITY, Jan. 15. —After the receipt of a letter from Mayor Jost, stating his disapproval of the City Hospital and Health Board's sending a representative to the New York meeting of the National Associations for the Prevention of Infantile Mortality, the board resigned to-day. The Mayor's letter had taken the board to task on the ground of economy. "We differ with you very much," said the letter of resignation, signed by Charles W. Arnour, W. Perry Notley, and A. C. Stowell, who for four years have constituted the board. "We believe if the information secured by our representatives is the means of saving the life of only one child, the cost of the trip was money well spent." CHICAGO COUNTS PROFITS. ------------- Visitors to the Conventions of 1912 Spent $61,000,000 CHICAGO, Jan. 15.—According to an estimate made by the Chicago Association of Commerce persons who attended various conventions in this city in the past year expended about $61,000,000 here. Howard Elting, newly elected President of the organization, said that during the year 1,924,000 conventions visitors were in the city. Each visitor, it is estimated, expended about $32 while here. Plans have been made to hold 200 conventions here during the year 1913. Among our customers are 50 Savings Banks, 156 Charitable Institutions, 34 Trust Companies, 11 Insurance companies; also Trustees and Individuals, making a total of about 3,300 holders of our securities. LAWYERS MORTGAGE CO. RICHARD M. HURD, President Capital & Surplus, $8,500,000 59 Liberty Street, Manhattan 184 Montague Street, Brooklyn SKUNK SKINS BY POST. ------------- Parcel Will Be Returned to Sender on First Breezy Day. DECATUR, Ill., Jan. 15.—A trapper on a rural route placed a package of skunk skins in the parcel post to-day. Because fresh breezes were blowing in the country the rural route carrier was able to bring the parcel to Decatur, but as soon as he carried it into the building the clerks went out by another door. The parcel will be returned to the sender on the next breezy day. HIT TWICE BY LIGHTNING. --------------- Life Saving Station Wrecked During First Thunderstorm in Months. SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 15.—Two successive bolts of lightning wrecked the Point Bonita life-saving stations on the Marin County shore of the Golden Gate early this morning. A thunderstorm, the first since Jan. 26, 1912, was prevailing at the time. Soon after midnight the first bolt splintered the signal staff. A second bolt demolished the signal tower and burned out the office telephone. MEN'S FUR COATS [?] GREATLY REDUCED PRICES. [?] G. Gunther's Sons Established 1820 [?] FIFTH AVENUE, [?] Save $5.50 to $35 And Choose Among 15000 Fine Suits and Overcoats All Hackett-Carhart Stocks Must Go The Hackett-Carhart reorganization makes it imperative that the entire present stocks be sold at once. This, too, is the season for thorough clearance of counters. So there is a double reason for immediate disposal of all Hackett- Carhart stocks. And mark this: This is no fag-end sale—no offerings of "left overs." Every garment in each Hackett-Carhart stock is as fresh—newer of fabric and later of style—than most New York stores can show at the season's beginning. As a matter of fact, many of today's Hackett-Carhart clothes are of post-season creation. That is why this sale is such a sensation. It is without precedent in the entire fifty-six years of Hackett-Carhart history. And the future may never see its equal. it's your positive duty to prove this fact to yourself. You may choose here today among a thousand fabric designs in more than sixty different models. Including clothes for every service— for Dress, Business, Motor, College, School, Travel and Storm wear. In sizes for men, young men and boys. Hackett-Carhart Reorganization Clearance Sale Following are the lowest prices ever quoted on fine clothes in New York: More than 2000 Overcoats & Suits—Regular values $15, $18, $20, & $22.50. Are now................ $9.50 More than 3500 Overcoats & Suits—Regular values $20, $22.50, $25, & $28. Are now................ $12.50 More than 4000 Overcoats & Suits—Regular values $25, $28, $30, & $32.50. Are now................ $15.50 More than 3500 Overcoats & Suits—Regular Values $30, $35, $37.50, & $40. Are now................ $19 More than 2000 Overcoats & Suits—Regular values $40, $45, & $50. Now.... $25 [?] Now.. $30 [?] more values to tax, but the proposed increment tax will have just the opposite effect. With the exception of the upper Fifth Avenue district, Fory-second Street, the Pennsylvania Station section, Fourth Avenue, and a few other favorable sections, where exceptional business or residential changes have occasioned vastly increased values, nearly all the rest of the city has witnessed a gradual decline. The theory that New York real estate will steadily increase, no matter what the conditions are, is a mistake. Much of its value depends on the enterprise of capital, and if this is checked by imposing an extra burden, it is simply bad business, and a shrinkage in taxable values is certain to occur. HEALTH BOARD RESIGNS Offended at Mayor's Criticism of Trip to New York Convention. KANSAS CITY, Jan. 15-After the receipt of a letter from Mayor Jost, stating his disapproval of the City Hospital and Health Board's sending a representative to the New York meeting of the National Association for the Prevention of Infantile Mortality, the board resigned to-day. The Mayor's letter had taken the board to task on the ground of economy. "We differ with you very much," said the letter of resignation, signed by Charles W. Arnour, W. Perry Notley, and A. C. Stowell, who for four years have constituted the board. "We believe if the information secured by our representatives is the means of saving the life of only one child, the cost of the trip was money well spent." CHICAGO COUNTS PROFITS. Visitors to the Conventions of 1912 Spent $61,000,000. CHICAGO, Jan 15. -- According to an estimate made by the Chicago Association of Commerce persons who attended various conventions in this city in the past year expended about $61,000,000 here. Howard Elting, newly elected President of the organization, said that during the year 1,924,000 convention visitors were in the city. Each visitor, it is estimated, expended about $32 while here. Plans have been made to hold 200 conventions here during the year 1913. Savings Banks, 156 Charitable Institutions, 34 Trust Companies, 11 Insurance Companies; also Trustees and Individuals, making a total of about 3,300 holders of our securities. LAWYERS MORTGAGE CO. Richard M. Hurd, President Capital & Surplus, $8,500,000 59 Liberty Street, Manhattan 184 Montague Street, Brooklyn SKUNK SKINS BY POST. Parcel Will Be Returned to Sender on First Breezy Day. DECATUR, Ill. Jan. 15--a trapper on a rural route placed a package of skunk skins in the parcel post to-day. Because fresh breezes were blowing in the country the rural route carrier was able to bring the parcel to Decatur, but as soon as he carried it into the building the clerks went out by another door. The parcel will be returned to the sender on the next breezy day. HIT TWICE BY LIGHTNING Life Saving Station Wrecked During First Thunderstorm in Months. SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 15--Two successive bolts of lightning wrecked the Point Bonita live-saving station on the Marin County shore of the Golden Gate early this morning. A thunderstorm, the first since Jan. 26, 1912, was prevailing at the time. Soon after midnight the first bolt splintered the signal staff. A second bolt demolished the signal tower and burned out the office telephone. MEN'S FUR COATS GREATLY REDUCED PRICES. G. Gunther's Sons Established 1820 FIFTH AVENUE, Save $5.50 to $55 And Choose Among 15000 Fine Suits and Overcoats All Hackett-Carhart Stocks Must Go The Hackett-Carhart reorganization is imperative that the entire present stocks be sold at once. This, too, is the season for thorough clearance of counters. So there is a double reason for immediate disposal of all Hackett-Carhart stocks. And mark this: There is no fag-end sale--no offering of "left overs." Every garment in each Hackett-Carhart stock is as fresh--newer of fabric and later of style--than most New York stores can show at the season's beginning. As a matter of fact, many of today's Hackett-Carhart clothes are of post-season creation. That is why this sale is such a sensation. It is without precedent in the entire fifty-six years of Hackett-Carhart history. And the future may never see its equal. It's your positive duty to prove this fact to yourself. You may choose here today among a thousand fabric designs in more than sixty different models. Including clothes for every service-- for Dress, Business, Motor, College, School, Travel and Storm wear. In sizes for men, young men and boys. Hackett-Carhard Reorganization Clearance Sale Following are the lowest prices ever quoted on fine clothes in New York: More than 2000 Overcoats & Suits--Regular values $15, $18, $20 & $22.50. Are now . . . $9.50 More than 3500 Overcoats and Suits--Regular values $20, $22.50, $25 & $28. Are now . . . $12.50 More than 4000 Overcoats and Suits--Regular values $25, $28, $30 & $32.50. Are now . . . $15.50 More than 3500 Overcoats and Suits--Regular values $30, $35, $37.50 & $40. Are now . . . $19 More than 2000 Overcoats and Suits--Regular values $40, $45, & $50. Now . . . $25 000689 Hitler's War Against The Catholic Church A record of treaties broken, of men, women and children persecuted The pagan Maypole and swastika are religious symbols at a Nazi conference. EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the first of two articles on Hitler's treatment of Catholics in Europe. Both are based on a publication of the National Catholic Welfare Conference - "The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church." Nine days after Easter Sunday in the year 1923, a harsh voice made itself heard in Germany's ancient Catholic city of Munich. "If a people is to become free," it proclaimed, "it needs pride, self-will, defiance, hate, hate, and once again hate!" Since that Eastertide of less than 20 years ago, the voice of Adolf Hitler has grown louder in the world, while his will to evil has become infinitely more powerful. And none has suffered more at Hitler's ruthless and ruinous hands than the clergy and faithful of the Catholic Church. This assault on the Church has been no haphazard thing. It has been a calculated effort to root out and destroy the Christian religion, a shameless attempt to substitute a bloodthirsty paganism for the Sermon on the Mount. Hitler's impious disciples proclaim him a divinity - one of strife, hate and slavery, yet one greater than the Prince of Peace. "It is only in one or two exceptional points," says Julius Streicher, one of the Fuehrer's ardent champions, "that Christ and Hitler stand comparison, for Hitler is far too big to be compared with one so petty." A wall of censorship masks the crimes and profanations of the self-announced anti-Christ. But through that wall has come word of persecutions and martyrdoms which rank with the early trials of the Catholic faith. Hitler Sets the Stage On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich. The next day he issued a 'Proclamation to the German Nation.' He said: "It [the German government] regards Christianity as the foundation of our national morality." On March 23 of that year, addressing the Reichstag, the new Chancellor stated: "The government of the Reich, which regards Christianity as the unshakable foundation of the morals and moral code of the nation, attaches the greatest value to friendly relations with the Holy See, and is endeavoring to develop them." "These solemn guarantees from the head of the new German State naturally made a profoundly reassuring impression throughout the world. Yet, exactly two weeks later, Hitler was expressing himself privately in a diametrically opposite manner. At the very time when his government was requesting the Vatican to resume negotiations for a Concordat (agreement) between the Holy See and the Reich, Hitler said to a small group of his intimates: "The religions are all alike, no matter what they call themselves. They have no future-certainly none for the Germans. [Italian] Fascism, if it likes, may come to terms with the Church. So shall I; why not? That will not prevent me from tearing up Christianity root and branch, and annihilating it in Germany.... "I am willing to sign anything.... Anyone whose conscience is so tender that he will not sign a treaty unless he can be sure he can keep it in any and all circumstances is a fool." Behind the Nazi Mask Hitler's views on the real role of Christianity and the Church were thus revealed on the night of April 6, 1933. His hearers included Goebbels, Streicher and Hermann Rauschning. It was Rauschning who later broke with the Nazis and left Germany. In his book, 'The Voice of Destruction', he further reports Hitler's words as follows: "For our people it is decisive whether they acknowledge the Jewish Christ-creed with its effeminate pity-ethics, or a strong, heroic belief in God in Nature, God in our own folk, in our destiny, in our blood. "Do you really believe the masses will ever be Christian again? Nonsense. Never again. That tale is finished. No one will ever listen to it again. "But we can hasten matters. The parsons will be made to dig their own graves. They will betray their God to us...." These cynical and sinister statements to the little audience of Hitler's inner circle foreshadowed the Catholic "immorality" trials of two years later. "Catholic priests know where the shoe pinches," Hitler told Rauschning. "But their day is done, and they know it. They are far too intelligent not to see that, and to enter upon a hopeless battle. "But if they do, I shall certainly not make martyrs of them. We shall brand them as ordinary criminals.... And if that is not enough, we shall make them appear ridiculous and contemptible." Catholic Freedom is "Guaranteed" On July 20, 1933, the Concordat between Germany and the Vatican was signed at Vatican City. Hitler, not the Vatican, had sought it. Hitler, not the Vatican, at once began reducing it to nothing. The Concordat consisted of 34 Articles and a Supplementary Protocol. Article I read in part: "The Germany Reich guarantees freedom and public practice of the Catholic religion. It acknowledges the right of the Catholic Church, within the limits of those laws which are applicable to all, to manage and regulate her own affairs independently." Yet, within three months, Cardinal Bertram wrote in a pastoral letter of his 'grievous and gnawing anxiety" about Catholic organizations, the freedom of Catholic works of charity, Catholic youth, the freedom of the Catholic press-and the fate of many good Catholics who now had to suffer because of their former political views. The Pope in Not Deceived Another who sensed the trend in Germany was His Holiness, Pope Pius XI. Wiser than most other men of those days, the Holy Father did not suffer from many illusions about the value of Hitler's signature on any agreement. Anxiously the Pope watched. And soon the Nazi dictator openly showed his hand. In January, 1934-within six months of the signing of the Concordat-Hitler named Alfred Rosenberg as cultural and educational leader of the Reich. Rosenberg was famous even then as the so-called "mystic" or "philosopher" of National Socialism-and notorious for his enmity to the Christian religion in general and the Catholic Church in particular. The government went on to disband young people's organizations, sweeping them into the Hitler Youth. Then the Pope spoke. On April 2 he issued this message to the Catholic youth of Germany: "Despite all the hardships through which Providence is leading you, and in the face of propaganda...which points away from Christ and back to paganism, you have kept your pledge of love and loyalty to the Savior and His Church." On May 20, speaking in Rome to 5,000 German pilgrims, Pius XI again vigorously condemned the new paganism. Twice more that year he repeated his condemnations, with mounting emphasis. Ridicule of the Priests The next year, 1935, saw the start of planned ridicule of the Church in Germany. Liam O'Connor, in Hitler's 'War on the Church', quotes this song chanted by Hitler Youth on a Confirmation Day in a Wurttemberg village: "The blacks are all seducers, They fight not for their home; As ever they are liars; They fight for wealth and Rome. 'Tis clerics make Reaction And good-for-nothings-so Let's beat up all the traitors, Nor any mercy show!" This year was also marked by attacks on Catholic Youth organizations, which were solemnly accused of Communist plotting. Anti Christian slogans were chanted from trucks, which bore on their sides scurrilous cartoons of priests and nuns. Month by month, the record of Nazi persecution speaks: In January: Dr. Wilhelm Frick, Hitler's Minister of the Interior, urged "putting an end to Church influence over public life." In April: a decree prohibited publication of daily papers of a religious nature. Censorship of religious weeklies followed. An Archbishop is Spat Upon On May 12: the Archbishop of Paderborn, Msgr. Klein, was attacked by Hitler Youth as he arrived at Hamm. "They shouted insults at him," reports O'Connor, "tried to prevent him from entering his car, attempted to overturn it, spat inside and attacked with knives Catholics who protested." In July: a decree by Goering against "political Catholicism" placed arbitrary power in the hands of the Nazis. That same month, at the Reich Education Conference in Munich, Herr Roder of the Ministry Against the Church: Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi "mystic," and Adolf Hitler. of Education exulted, "I was delighted-I say it again, delighted-to wipe 20 monkish training colleges off the face of the earth with one stroke of the pen." On July 13: Minister of State Adolf Wagner declaimed, "In the days that lie immediately ahead of us the fight will not be against Communists or Marxists, but against Catholicism. Everyone will find himself faced with a serious question: 'German or Catholic?'" Hitler himself had set the year's general tone in an interview granted to the Reich Leader of the Students' League. He said: "We are not out against the hundred and one different kinds of Christianity, but against Christianity itself. All people who profess creeds are smugglers in foreign coin, and traitors to the people. Even those Christians who really want to serve the people-and there are such-will have to be suppressed." The Catholic "Immorality" Trials The so-called "immorality trials" of the Catholic clergy began in the summer of 1935. An eyewitness account of these trials appears in 'Skeleton of Justice', by Edit Roper, one of only nine newspaper correspondents allowed access to the Germany criminal courts. Part of Mrs. Roper's story reads: "The German press heralded the proceedings with these headlines: 'A Thousand Trials for Sex Crimes Brought against Catholic Priests, Monks, Nuns and Nurses!' "The propaganda machine, aiming to excite the lowest instincts of the people, was in full swing. Weeks ahead of time the newspapers promised sensational revelations and details...to make sure that everyone would read about the trials. "...Under the direction of 'Oberregierungsrat' Dr. Doerner and several propaganda advisors, reporters drove to West and South Germany to cover the trials. They had orders to attend every one... "Ordinarily the German courts exclude the public at the least hint of immoral or sexual matters, but these entire proceedings were open to all who cared to come. The Truth about the Trials "When the reporters returned to Berlin between sessions...they were disgusted. They showed me the instructions forbidding them to report the fact that feeble-minded children and other persons of unsound mind were the chief witnesses for the prosecution. "They said that not one healthy person or impartial witness was called to testify. We had all known the trials themselves had been instigated only for purposes of propaganda, but nobody had reckoned with such drastic methods or shamelessness... "The Freiburger Zeitung, for instance, carried this: 'A sequence of horrors.... All kinds of unnatural lechery.... Debauches of greatest magnitude.... Horrible homosexual crimes.... A criminal in a priest's cassock!' "Then one day the reports, and most of the trials as well, were suddenly stopped-long before the thousand specified cases had been completed.... The propaganda division thought it best not to overwork the occasion...the action against the Catholics had succeeded.... "The accused could do nothing beyond denying the charges. How could they supply practical proof that they had not committed the alleged act?... "The Propaganda Ministry refrained from taking action, at this point, against any politically suspect priest. Only those never heard of before were indicted, and this made the propaganda 'take' in the end. "The Germans asked why, if the priests had not proved refractory in either political or church matters, they were being condemned. They *must* have been guilty...." Where "Mercy Is for Cowards" The next two years were a repetition of what had gone before. One by one, the 34 Articles of the Concordat were systematically violated by the Nazis. The State strove particularly to inculcate in the children of Germany all the harsh cynicism of National Socialist ideology and the crush out of their hearts the words of Christ. One example of this-among many-comes from a textbook distributed in 1936 to all schools in Germany: "The teaching of mercy and love of one's neighbor is foreign to the German race, and the Sermon on the Mount is, according to Nordic sentiment, an ethic for cowards and idiots." Against such a background, on March 14, 1937, was issued the great Encyclical of Pope Pius XI, 'On the Situation of the Catholic Church in Germany', "Mit Brennender Sorge" ("With Burning Anxiety"). Some of it is herewith reprinted: "With deep anxiety...we have for a considerable time watched the Church treading the Way of the Cross...among that people to whom St. Boniface once brought the light of the Gospel of Christ.... "If the tree of peace planted by Us with pure intention in German soil has not borne the fruit We desired...the experience of the past years fixes the responsibility. It discloses intrigues which from the beginning had no other aim than a war of extermination.... There Is No "National God" "Only superficial minds can fall into the error of speaking of a National God of a national religion, and of making a mad attempt to imprison within the frontiers of a single people, within the pedigree of a single race, God, the creator of the world, the King and lawgiver of the peoples... "In your territories, Venerable Brethren, voices are raised in an ever-louder chorus, urging men to leave the Church... By disguised and by open methods...the loyalty of Catholics to their faith...is subjected to a violence which is as unlawful as it is inhuman. With the feelings of a father We are moved, and suffer profoundly with those who have paid such a price for their fidelity to Christ and to the Church. "...We direct especially fatherly words to youth. By a thousand tongues today there is preached in your ears a gospel which has not been revealed by the heavenly Father.... The printing press and the radio flood you daily with productions...hostile to faith and to Church, and unscrupulously and irreverently attack what, for you, must be sacred and holy. "Let Him Be Anathema" "And today when new perils and trials threaten, We say to this youth: 'If anyone preach to you a gospel besides that which you have received' at the knees of a pious mother, from the lips of a believing father, from the lessons of a teacher faithful to God and to His church, 'let him be anathema.'" This message from the Vicar of Christ speaks impressively for itself. It speaks, as well, for humanity. The German government's retaliation also speaks for itself, and for the Nazis. Twelve printing offices which produced the Encyclical were closed. Religious periodicals which had reproduced its text were banned for three months. All copies which the police could lay hands on were confiscated. Men and women who had transcribed or circulated the Encyclical were arrested. Further, Hitler put 1,000 more clerics on trial for alleged sexual crimes. Politics and the Church But the central contention of the Nazis was that the Pope, by protesting against bare-faced violations of the Concordat and wanton persecution of religion itself, had intruded in the political sphere of the German State. On May 1, in a speech at Berlin, Hitler said: "So long as they [the churches] concern themselves with their religious problems, the State does not concern itself with them. But so soon as they attempt by any means whatever...to arrogate to themselves rights which belong to the State alone, we shall force them back into their proper...activity." The Holy Father answered Hitler on Christmas Eve, 1937, in his message to the College of Cardinals. He said in part: For the Church: Archbishop Innitzer, Cardinal Faulhaber, Pope Pius XI. "In Germany, in fact, there is religious persecution. For some time people have been saying and trying to make other people believe there is no persecution, but we know there is.... "Indeed, rarely has there been persecution so grave, so terrible, so painful, so sad in its deep effects.... "Our protest, therefore, could not be more explicit or more resolute before the whole world. We are engaged in religion and not in politics. Everyone knows it, and all those can see it who wish to see." With this vain appeal to reason the Church made its stand clear. But worse trials lay ahead. Physical Violence Begins "We began our fight with political Catholicism in March, 1933," shouted Minister of State Adolf Wagner in March, 1938. "The time has now come to continue this fight. Away with political priests! Down with political Catholicism!" "I am absolutely clear in my own mind," Reich Leader Alfred Rosenberg echoed, "and I think I can speak for the Fuehrer as well, that both the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Confessional [Lutheran] Church, as they exist at present, must vanish from the life of our people." Speech was soon turned into action in a series of assaults upon the persons of churchmen of high position. Victims of physical violence, in the space of just a few months, were Bishop Sproll of Rothenburg (attached three times), Cardinal von Faulhaber of Munich (attached twice) and Archbishop Innitzer of Vienna (also attached twice). The assaults on Cardinal Innitzer were typical of Nazi methods. A description of one of these is quoted, in part, from the 'Osservatore Romano' of October 15, 1938: Nazi Toughs Wreck a Chapel "Friday, October 7, a service for Catholic youth took place in St. Stephen's Cathedral [Vienna].... The Hitler Youth and the SA had gathered there, too, and started counter-shouts and whistlings: 'Down with Innitzer! Our faith is Germany!'... The next day...at 8:15 in the evening, the demonstrations started again from all sides.... The [Cardinal's] residence was entirely surrounded. Stones came from all directions; all the windows were broken.... "The heavy door was broken a quarter of an hour later and a disorderly crowd poured in, destroying everything they came across in the antechambers and on the staircase. The inmates of the residence hurried towards the chapel to the Cardinal's protection. It was feared that the Blessed Sacrament would be the object of a sacrilege, and a priest consumed the Sacred Host.... "The intruders had reached the episcopal chapel, struck a secretary of the Cardinal unconscious, destroyed the statue of a saint and...[then they] stormed the study of the Cardinal, where they broke open a writing table and smashed a crucifix.... Everywhere the furniture was smashed, pictures slashed.... "A curate...was taken and thrown out of a window... It is said that both his legs were broken so that his life is in danger. "Outside on the square the Cardinal's purple mantle, some articles of personal use, furniture, carpets, etc., were burnt. The outrages were not reported in any of the Vienna newspapers." Still Hitler's Lies Go On At the close of that year, the Pope again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language comparing Hitler with Julian the Apostate. In particular, he decried German efforts to make it appear that, in the recent occurrences in Vienna, the assaulted Catholics had been almost the authors of the aggression. On January 30, 1939, Hitler celebrated his sixth anniversary as dictator of the Reich. In the course of one of his lengthier speeches, he blandly uttered this bald assertion: "No one in Germany has hitherto been persecuted for his religious views, nor will anybody be persecuted on that account." The Bishops Meet-and Protest While the Church within Germany lacked physical means to strike back at its oppres- sors, it was gradually marshaling a full measure of moral indignation against the Nazis. Protest burst out in June, 1941. On the 26th of that month the Archbishops and Bishops of Germany, assembled at Fulda-Fulda, the ancient Fortress of St. Boniface-issued their famous Pastoral Letter. Appointed to be read from all pulpits on July 6, this was a document evincing the highest courage. It reads in part: "The events we speak of are all well-known to you, and the object of your and our deepest concern. They are the restrictions and limitations which have been put upon the free preaching of our creed and upon our church life.... "The Church is and will be the guardian of moral laws given by God and it will never abide that which God has forbidden... [Yet] the Church has found great obstacles during the past few years and particularly during the last months.... "We Refuse to Choose" "There are no more religious Sunday papers and bulletins...which, up to now, preached the creed and strengthened the moral powers of the family. As long as they are not published, you parents must endeavor to replace what you and your children miss in printed religious instructions by regular attendance at church and by supporting the pastoral work in your community.... "The existence of Christianity in Germany is at stake. Quite lately a book has been distributed in Germany in hundreds of thousands of copies which contains the assertion that we Germans had to choose between Christ and the German people.... "With burning indignation we German Catholics refuse to make such a choice. We love our German people and we serve them, if necessary, with our lives, but at the same time we live and die for Jesus Christ.... We are convinced that we serve our beloved German people best when we preserve Christ and His Gospel for them. "It would mean a terrible impoverishment of our people if we relinquished those Christian principles which for more than a thousand years have been the foundation of its spiritual and moral culture." The Nazis Plan a State Church The spirit which produced this passionate protest was shortly recognized by the Nazis in their own way. Less than five months later, Alfred Rosenberg, the accredited anti-Christian prophet of National Socialism, issued a 30-point program setting up the framework of state religion in the New Germany. The outline of the proposed "National Reich Church" (Nationale Reichskirche) was devastating. Its main points follow: 1. The National Reich Church claims with all decisiveness the sole right and sole power over all churches within the German Reich's boundaries; declares them as National Reich Churches of Germany. 2. "National Reich Church forces no German to belong"-but "National Reich Church is ready to do all in its power to gain possession of the last German soul." Further, National Reich Church will tolerate no other churches or church-like organizations and clubs, especially those with international connections or government. Paganism-20th-Century Model 3. National Reich Church is determined unswervingly, and by all means, to annihilate Christian faith which, "though foreign to our being and character, was imported to Germany in the tragic year 800." 4. There will be no scribes, pastors, chaplains or clergy in National Reich Church, and only National Reich orators are to have the right to speak. 5. National Reich Church ceremonies will take place on Saturday evenings only, with festive illuminations. 'PAX CHRISTIANA' "VATIKAN STADT - MISSIO CANONICA! - SUSPENSIO-GENERALIS!-IN ACHT U. BANN! EXKOMMUNIKATION!" A Nazi cartoon mocks Vatican radio defense of "criminal" German priests. 6. In National Reich Church, German men, women, boys and girls will unitedly pledge themselves to the Nazi conception of god. 7. National Reich Church will unswervingly work toward inevitable unification with the State.... National Reich church demands the immediate transference of all property of all churches and confessions to the State. It also forbids future churches to obtain possession of the smallest dot of German land or that such be given them. 8. National Reich Church orators are to be State officials. 9. National Reich Church demands that printing and delivery of the Bible immediately be stopped in Germany. That Holy Book, "Mein Kampf" 10. National Reich Church declares that henceforth "our people's greatest document and book will be our Fuehrer's 'Mein Kampf'. National Reich Church is conscious that this book contains not only the greatest but, much more, the purest and truest ethics for the present and future life of our people." 11. National Reich Church removes from all altars the crucifix, the Bible and all holy pictures. 12. On the altars of National Reich Church "will be our all-holy book 'Mein Kampf' and on its left a sword consecrating our German people to the same token of God." 13. National Reich Church recognizes no forgiveness of sins. National Reich Church represents the viewpoint, and will repeatedly profess it, that sin is inexorably avenged by the iron laws of Nature. Nazi Pagan Baptism 14. National Reich Church rejects the baptism of German children with both water and the ritual of the Holy Ghost. 15. Parents of a newborn German child must go before the altar only to repeat a German vow in the following words: For the man, "I swear by God this holy oath that I, the father of this child, and my wife are probably of Aryan descent. As a father, I swear to rear the child in the German spirit for the German people." For the woman, "I swear by God this holy oath that I (NAME) bore my husband this child and that my husband, the father of this child, and I, the mother, are probably of Aryan descent. As a mother, I swear to raise this child in the German spirit for the German people." 16. National Reich Church abolishes confirmation, confirmation instruction, communion and communion instruction. 17. The marriage of German men and women is to take place with a repetition of the oath of loyalty with the right hand on the sword. In National Reich Church no act may take place in an undignified kneeling position. 18. National Reich Church will not tolerate the existence of religious symbols. 19. On the day of its foundation, all of the new National Reich Churches, cathedrals and chapels within the Reich and its colonial boundaries will remove the cross of Christ, which will be replaced by the Hakenkreuz [the Nazi swastika] as the "only unconquerable symbol of Germany." The Bishops Cry Out Again There is no need to dwell on how the almost incredible 'Nationale Reichskirche' program must have affected every Christian in Germany. It is enough to know that this barbaric proposal did not silence Church opposition to the Nazis. On March 22, 1942, the Catholic Bishops of Germany issued another pastoral letter, one even braver and more trenchant than that of the preceding summer. Excerpts follow: "For years a war has raged in our fatherland against Christianity and Church, and has never been conducted with such bitterness. Repeatedly the German Bishops have asked the Reich Government to discontinue this fatal struggle; but...our appeals and endeavors were without success.... "In the Concordat of July 20, 1933, the Reich Government granted the Catholic Church State protection for the free development of its functions. Actually, these grants have not been kept.... Broken Promises "1. Promised and pledged was 'the liberty of creed and worship of the Catholic religion.' "In truth, pressure is frequently used on those who depend on State or party positions to force them to conceal or deny their Catholic religion or to compel them to abandon the Church.... Open worship of the Catholic religion has been restricted to such a degree that it has disappeared almost entirely from public life.... "2. Catholic parents and the Church have the natural and divine right to educate their children religiously.... The influence of the Christian churches on school and education has been expressly granted. "Actually, however, the rights of parents and Church are being more and more restricted and have become ineffective. Juveniles... are being influenced in an anti-Christian manner and kept away from religious services.... How Priests Are Treated "3. The Catholic Church and its priests have the right and the duty to pronounce and defend...the creeds and doctrines of the Christian religion. The clergy, by agreement, has been granted State protection for the execution of its duties. "In reality, Catholic priests are watched constantly and suspiciously in their teaching and pastoral duties; priests, without proof of any guilt, are banned from their dioceses and homes, and even deprived of their freedom and punished for having fulfilled their priestly duties truthfully and scrupulously.... "We emphasize that before the authorities we stand up not only for religious...rights, but likewise for the human rights bestowed by God upon mankind. Every honest human being is interested in the...preservation of these rights; without them the entire western culture must break down. A Burning Plea for Fair Play: "1. Every man has the natural right for personal freedom within the boundaries designated by obedience to God, consideration for his fellow-man and the common good, and the just laws of the civil authorities. "We German Bishops protest against every disregard of personal freedom. We demand juridical proof of all sentences, and release of all fellow-citizens who have been deprived of their liberty without proof of an act punishable with imprisonment. "2. Every man has the natural right to life and the goods essential for living. The living God, the Creator of all life, is sole master over life and death. "With deep horror German Christians have learned that, by order of the State, numerous insane persons, entrusted to asylums and institutions were destroyed as so-called 'unproductive citizens.'... We German Bishops shall not cease to protest against the killing of innocent persons.... "3. Every man has the natural right to property and...to protection by the State of private property against willful interference. Nevertheless, in past years many Church possessions...have been taken away by force from their lawful owners and used for other purposes. Even places of worship have been confiscated and desecrated. "We Speak for All Citizens" "We Bishops...protest against this violation of natural property rights and demand the return of the unlawfully confiscated...property. We protest...for the sake of the common good...what happens today to Church property may tomorrow happen to any lawful property. "4. Every man has the natural right to the protection of his honor against lie and slander. On the front and in the homeland, "Wir dulden keine Sabotage am Aufbauwerk des Fuehrers" mural with 'bitte nicht sterilisieten', 'SAXO BURUSSIA' and 'EINTRITTSGELD ZUM HIMMEL'; "Enemies of the State" ridiculed here include priest (left) and rich nun. faithful Christians fulfill their patriotic duties like all their fellow-citizens. "Yet Catholic priests and laymen are suspiciously watched, secretly suspected-nay, publicly branded as traitors and national enemies-just because they stand up for the freedom of the Church and the truth of the Catholic faith... "We Bishops protest against such violations of truth and justice; we demand effective, honorable protection for all citizens, including faithful Catholics and members of Catholic orders.... Cardinal von Faulhaber Speaks Naturally, the pagan masters of Nazi Germany disregarded the "demands" so stoutly presented in this letter by the Bishops. Yet the fact that it was written at all shows two encouraging things: First, the Church in Germany is fully aware of its great peril. Second, there are still Church leaders able and willing to speak out against Adolf Hitler in his own domain. Last May 8, for example, Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber of Munich sent to the Vatican an 11-point indictment of the anti-Catholic attitude in the Reich. The brave Cardinal's fighting words were published in the uncensored press of the free world. His charges, in condensed form, follow: 1. That a "veritable war against Christianity" is being waged in Germany. 2. That the Church is the victim of an elaborate [and typically Nazi] system of "anti-Christian espionage." 3. That "moral blackmail" is being applied to faithful Catholics in an effort to lessen their church attendance-and to the Church itself in an attempt to extort greater "contributions" to the funds of the National Socialist party. What "Loyal Germans" Must Do 4. That intensified propaganda efforts are being made among the lower-paid workers to get them to disavow the Church. 5. That the Church is being accused of being a super-national organization"-and that "loyal Germans" are asked how they can reconcile their duties to the State with their duties to the Church. 6. That violence is often brought into play in the "catechism" of a "doubtful" German-one who is required to "develop a conscience of his nationality" or "suffer the consequences" 7. That "grave measures" have been taken in primary and secondary schools to prevent religious instruction. 8. That, under the pretext of lack of paper, publication of religious material has been forbidden-while, on the other hand, the number and size of German publications attacking the Church has "increased beyond measure" of late. 9. That young people have been forbidden to attend evening religious festivals on the ground that they "prevent their getting enough sleep"-yet "attendance at party functions, which often last well past midnight, is obligatory." the Church "Fights for Its Life" 10. That Church organizations have been prevented from acquiring land on which to build religious structures, and that in many cases land already in the possession of the Church has been sequestered without any indemnification. 11. That Church property, such as bronze bells and even ritual vessels of immense real or intrinsic value, has been sequestered without warning or indemnification. "Today," declared Cardinal von Faulhaber "it is a question of life or death for Christianity, for in its blind rage against religion the Nazi 'faith' does not or cannot distinguish between Protestantism and Catholicism." He closed his report to the Vatican with a prayer that "the Church stand together for the fight of its existence." In its next issue LOOK will publish the true story of how Adolf Hitler has carried this war against Catholicism and the Catholic Church into Poland, Holland, Belgium and other conquered countries. These tortured Yugoslav priests are typical Hitler victims. Kicked and beaten, they have to hop forward in squatting position until they collapse. Hitler's War on the Catholic Church Persecution has gone hand-in-hand with the Nazis' military conquests EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the second of two articles based on "The Nazi War against the Catholic Church," a publication of the National Catholic Welfare Conference. The first dealt with the situation inside Germany. This installment covers German- occupied areas in Europe. Pope Pius XI died on February 10, 1939. Three weeks later Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, Papal Secretary of State, was elected in his place as Pius XII. In the time of Pius XI, Adolf Hitler's bestial attack on Christianity was largely confined to the German Reich. His successor has seen that attack extend to the far corners of Europe, moving hand-in-hand with the Nazi military conquest of other peoples. IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA The four-power Munich pact, assuring "peace in our time," was signed September 29, 1938. Two days later Hitler's troops crossed the border of Czechoslovakia and occupied the Sudetenland. Persecution of Catholic clergy began almost at once. Priests who for years had ministered to both Czechs and Germans were robbed of their property and expelled. Those remaining were deprived of all financial support and set to manual labor. On March 15, 1939, Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakia. The provinces of Bohemia and Moravia became a protectorate of the Reich-and Nazi "protection" took its familiar form. Within a month, the German secret police arrested many representatives of the Catholic Church. Gestapo agents went into churches to supervise sermons. Hundreds of priests were denounced, taken forcibly to Gestapo headquarters and tortured. Later in the year, after war had begun, these persecutions increased. In September along, the Gestapo arrested 487 Czech priests. All were taken to prison. On October 28, 1940, it was reported that priests were being forced to show their sermons to the Gestapo for approval, and to deliver them with the Nazis' corrections - or go to jail. Meanwhile, religious instruction was stopped. The property of most monasteries and convents was confiscated. Monks and nuns had to leave secular hospitals. And physical violence was rampant. For example: Reliable eye-witnesses state that when the Canons of Brno Cathedral arrived at Spielberg fortress for internment, SS guards seized them and dragged them to the chapel. There one priest had to read aloud a sacrilegious address from the pulpit. The older priests were made to dance around the altar holding torn-down crucifixes. IN POLAND At dawn on September 1, 1939, Nazi Panzer divisions attacked Poland. The assault on the Catholic faithful of Poland followed quick upon invasion of their soil. Official reports on the inhuman persecutions here have been sent to the Vatican by Auguste Cardinal Hlond, Primate of Poland. Excerpts follow: "Archdiocese of Gniezno- The Archiepiscopal seminary of philosophy at Gniezno was taken over by the soldiers. A German general has taken the Archiepiscopal palace... "Many priests are imprisoned, suffering humiliations, blows, maltreatment. A certain number were deported to Germany.... "At Bydgoszez, in September [1939], about 5,000 men were imprisoned in a stable.... A corner ... was obliged, in company with a Jew, to carry away in his hands the human excrement.... "Those churches which still have the ministrations of priests are permitted to be open only on Sunday, and then only from nine to eleven in the morning.... "Sermons are allowed to be preached only in German, but since these serve often as a pretext for the Germans to carry off the priests to prison, there is scarcely any preaching.... "Marriages are not being celebrated, since it is severely forbidden to bless a marriage which has not already been contracted before an official of the civil government. The latter, as a matter of principle, does not admit marriages between Poles.... "The crucifixes were removed from the schools. No religious instruction is being imparted.... The priests are being compelled to pray publicly...for Hitler...." The Nazis Despoil Poland "Archdiocese of Poznan - The Cathedral of Poznan...parish church of 14,000 souls, was closed by the police under the pretest of being unsafe for use.... "The clergy is subjected to the same treatment as the priests of the Archdiocese of Gniezno. They are maltreated, arrested, held in prison or concentration camps, deported to Germany.... "Our boys and [some] of our girls over 14 years of age are being deported to Germany. After the Sunday services these young people are arrested at the church door and sent off; a transport leaves every week.... "Diocese of Chelmno - The ancient Cathedral, a veritable jewel of Gothic art, was closed, then made into a garage.... "The seminaries...are occupied by the German army....The seminary cellars...have been the scene of tortures inflicted on both priests and Catholic laymen. "Of the 650 priests...only some 20 are left. The others were imprisoned or deported, or forced to perform exhausting and humiliating labor, at which some died.... "Diocese of Katowice - The treatment inflicted on certain priests...has been outrageous. "For example, Fr. Kupilas, parish priest of Ledziny was shut up for three days in the confessional of the church at Bierun, where 300 men and women were imprisoned at the same time without anything to eat and without being allowed to go out.... "Fr. Wycislik, Vicar of Zyglin, was arrested and beaten in the streets...until the blood ran; then kicked and even trampled until he lost consciousness...." Cardinal Hlond's reports to the Vatican conclude: "...Hitlerism aims at the systemic and total destruction of the Catholic Church in the rich and fertile territories of Poland which have been incorporated in the Reich...." "The Cathedrals have been closed and their keys are kept by the invaders.... "[At least] 35 priests have been shot, but the real number of victims ...undoubtedly amounts to more than 100.... "In many districts the life of the Church has been completely crushed. ...Catholic worship hardly exists any more; the word of God is not preached; the Sacraments are not administered, even to the dying.... "The Catholic Action has been completely suppressed. The Catholic press has been destroyed.... Charitable associations and works have...been destroyed. "Monasteries and convents have been methodically suppressed ....Their houses and institutes have been occupied by the army of the Nazi party. Many monks have been imprisoned.... "The invaders have, further, confiscated or sequestered the patrimony of the Church....The Cathedrals, the bishops' palaces, the seminaries, the canons' residences ...the churches...the personal property of the priests, the archives, and the...museums - all have been pillaged...." The Pope Protests As Cardinal Hlond's reports poured in, Pope Pius XII protested unrelentingly. On October 28, 2939, the Holy Father issued his first Encyclical. In this he wrote: "Venerable Brethren, the hour...is in many respects a real 'hour of darkness'...in which the spirit of violence and of discord brings indescribable suffering to mankind.... "The blood of countless human beings, even non-combatants, raises a piteous mirage over ...Our dear Poland, which, for its fidelity to the Church, for its services in the defense of Christian civilization...has a right to the generous and brotherly sympathy of the whole world.... "[Poland] awaits...the hour of a resurrection in harmony with ...justice and true peace." And in a Christmas Eve message to the College of Cardinals, the Pope condemned Nazi "atrocities" and "illegal use of means of destruction, even against noncombatants, refugees, old persons, women and children..." as "acts that cry for the vengeance of God." IN HOLLAND Little Holland, invaded without warning on May 10, 1940, surrendered to Hitler just five days later. At once the Nazis began harsh anti-Catholic measures. Gestapo agents attended all church services. Stormtroopers marched through the streets on Sundays to keep Catholics from going to Mass. The Catholic Youth Movement was suppressed. Priests were arrested. Religious publications were suspended. But the sturdy Dutch have fought back. On September 2, 1940, Nazi Commissioner Arther Seyss-Inquart felt it necessary to order a purge of Catholic priests and monks who refused to advocate National Socialism. On January 26, 1941, the Dutch bishops issued a pastoral letter which moved the Essener National Zeitung, Hermann Goering's own newspaper, to dire threats. "We guarantee," blustered the National Zeitung, "that Hitler's party is strong enough to manage the Catholic Church in the Netherlands." Later(again quoting the Zeitung), Archbishop de Jongh was fined for refusing to call Hitler's invasion of Russia a "religious crusade" against Bolshevism. IN BELGIUM Hitler's treacherous blow at Holland coincided with an invasion of neighboring Belgium. Here resistance lasted 18 days; but even before the end, Nazi paganism was busy. The extent of Catholic persecution in Belgium is indicated by the repeated appeals of Joseph Ernest Cardinal van Roey that his people stand firm. This brave and honest Christian has written a most significant discussion of the viewpoint of good Catholics toward the Nazi tyranny. It speaks for the vast majority of the Cardinal's fellow- Belgians. Brief excerpts follow: "Q. After all, isn't it true that the Church can adapt herself to any regime? "A. No. Never can she adapt herself to governments that oppress the rights of conscience and persecute the Catholic Church. On the contrary, Catholics are obliged to [help] impede the imposition of such a regime. "Q. Aren't Catholics resigned to defeat and collaboration with the Nazis? "A. No. Reason and good sense will direct us in the way of confidence, of resistance, because we are certain that our country will be restored and will rise again." IN FRANCE As the largest Catholic country in Europe, France came in for special German attention after Hitler's conquest of May-June, 1940. A few examples: July 26, 1940: The palace of Cardinal Suhard, Archbishop of Paris, was searched by the Gestapo. Supposedly the police wanted "evidence of collusion between the late Cardinal Verdier and the Jews." September 9: The Bishop of Quimper was placed under house arrest. He had denounced Nazi plans to "remake" Brittany. October 11: Msgr. Ballard, Archbishop of Besancon, was sentenced to jail for "attempting to turn the people against the Germans." He had tried to collect food for 25,000 French war prisoners. Also on October 11: Vicar- General Galan was sentenced to nine days in jail for reading a message to raise the people's spirits. Such repressive measures were invoked wherever Nazi troops occupied French soil. Meanwhile, one part of France was being forcibly annexed to Hitler's Germany. This was Alsace-Lorraine, three-quarters of whose 2,000,000 inhabitants are Catholics. Nazi treatment of the Church here brought a denouncement, in German, from the Vatican radio. The National Socialist Party, the Vatican declared, was trying the penetrate Alsace-Lorraine ideologically. Schools were already reoriented; Catholic schools had been disbanded, and priests active in educational work had been dismissed. Further, the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were being established throughout Alsace-Lorraine, and children were being sent to Germany for Nazi training. Elsewhere in France, German persecution of Catholics has followed the familiar pattern. It has been less marked by bloodshed than in, say, Poland- but it has been nonetheless cynically cruel in its methods. One typical trick stands out, for it makes capital of the nation's physical hunger. In some areas, famished French Catholics have been swayed from the Church by the simple device of offering them their weekly ration cards only on Sundays- and at the time when Mass was celebrated. IN YUGOSLAVIA Yugoslavia was invaded by the Nazis in April, 1941, and fell in 12 days. The prostrate nation was then divided up. German, Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian soldiers each occupied certain portions of Yugoslav soil The Reverend John La Farge, S. J. Tells in America (a leading Catholic weekly) of the persecution of the Church in Slovenia (now Italian-occupied). His narrative reads in part: "An official report sent to the Holy See and to Mussolini by the Consulta established by the Italian government in Slovenia . . . covers the period from the [German] invasion . . . to May 18, [1941]. . . "It may be briefly described as hell for Catholics and Catholicism in Slovenia, a 98 per cent Catholic country-a hell deliberately planned by Adolf Hitler, out of his diabolical hatred from Christ and His Church. "In the very first days after their arrival . . . the Germans began to claim, and seize, the Slovenian church property . . . and to dissolve . . . religious houses . . . "The German officials, for the greater part, left the execution of the persecution of the Slovenes to young, often not even 20-year-old, members of the SS and SA divisions and the Gestapo. . . . "In house-searching, arrests and seizures . . . the attitude and conduct of these . . . were brutally sacrilegious. "So, for instance, in the parish church at Kranj . . . occurred the following: "The priest catechist Zuzek, who alone among the clergy of the city of Kranj had not been arrested up to this time, was celebrating Mass, At the Consecration, an officer of the Gestapo strode into the church with his cap on his head and a lighted cigaret in his mouth. "He walked through the church and up before the altar with his revolver raised, and threatened the priest. The faithful assembled in the church hastily dispersed. The officer sat down then . . . and yelled away at the priest. "In Begunje, near Lesce, over 500 Slovene prisoners, of whom 105 were priests, were lodged in the penal institute for women at that place. . . . "These prisoners had to clean the latrines, carry the fecal matter out on the fields and perform other such works. "By such labors and by the manner of their execution, the priests were to be humiliated and degraded to the utmost before the populace, and their priestly vocation made to seem ridiculous and . . . repulsive." "Obey God!" Such has been Adolf Hitler's bloody crusade against Christianity, waged wherever the Nazi tyranny holds sway over innocent and defenseless peoples. The record is not complete. It cannot be until the wall of Nazi censorship is torn down and the whole story of Catholic persecution stands revealed. Already, however, the civilized world is aghast at the crimes of Hitler, the new barbarian. Yet this evil apostle of darkness has not yet achieved his infamous ends. Everywhere the spiritual force of true faith is arrayed against him. Europe's Catholics still heed the call of Pope Pius XII, broadcast in November, 1941: "We must obey God rather than men!" And there is another force opposing the self - proclaimed anti-Christ- the righteous force of arms that have been taken up by nations united against him. When Hitler is finally broken on the field of battle, his spiteful will to evil will also end. Just two months ago the free press of America reported a prophetic phrase from the lips of that staunch and fearless anti-Nazi Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber, Archbishop of Munich. The Cardinal was speaking of the bombing of Cologne, in the heart of Hitler's Germany. That bombing, he said simply, was "a prelude to the last judgement." END REPRINTED THROUGH COURTESY OF LOOK MAGAZINE ISSUES OF DECEMBER 29, 1942 AND JANUARY 12, 1943 JUST OUT! LETTERS AND ADDRESSES ON WOMAN SUFFRAGE BY CATHOLIC ECCLESIASTICS COMPILED BY MARGARET HAYDEN RORKE 10c A COPY $1.00 A DOZ. $6.50 per 100 [APPLY] On Sale [Woman Suffrage Party Headquarters, 27 Lafayette Avenue] National Woman Suffrage Pub. Co. 505 Fifth Ave New York City A Catholic's View of Suffrage By the REV. J. ELLIOT ROSS, C. S. P. Perhaps I am expected to give you the Catholic view of woman suffrage. If that be all that you wish to know of, you may as well stop reading now. That can be stated in less than a dozen words. For the Catholic view of this question, to put it in an Irish way, is that there is no catholic view. You might just as well speak of the Catholic view of the tariff, or the weather, or the corn crop. There is no Catholic view of woman suffrage, because it is not a Catholic question. As was recently said editorially in the official organ of the Archdiocese of Chicago, the Church "has never taken any stand either for or against the proposal. True, individual members of the Church, and even members of the clergy and hierarchy, have expressed opinions pro and con in regard to it, but these are but individual opinions, and do not represent the attitude of the Church as a whole, There is no obligation placed upon Catholics by the Church binding them to oppose any more than to support the suffrage movement, simply because there is no intrinsic question of faith or morals involved in it." - (The New World, Oct. 18, 1913). Therefore, when I speak to you on woman suffrage, I am not giving you the Catholic view. I am giving you my own view. I am speaking to you as a citizen, not a priest. Personally, I am very much in favor of woman suffrage, and that for three reasons. The first is that woman need the suffrage as much for their own highest spiritual and intellectual development as for protection. The second is that men need woman as helpmates in political as well as in domestic life. And my third reason for suffrage is that there is no reason against it. Woman Need The Suffrage In the first place women need the suffrage. They need it for their own spiritual and intellectual growth. You heard it said, doubtless, that the suffrage is going to hurt woman spiritually. These objectors take the lofty ground of looking out for woman's best interests, and profess to believe that she will be degraded by the foulness men have created in political life. But such persons underrate woman's influence for good. If we could conceive the home without a mother, family life would be worse than political life. And to extend woman's influence from the hearth to the machinery of government is not going to injure her, but purify and ennoble our politics. How much a woman needs this life outside the home, this larger housekeeping for the State (as Miss McDowell calls it), is brought out very clearly in a recent book written by a Catholic and published by a Catholic firm. It is called "The Eighth Year (by Philip Gibbs, New York: Devin-Adair Co.), because it deals with that period of married life. The title is taken from the fact that the statistics of the English divorce court show that more proceedings for dissolution of marriage are begun in that year than any other. According to the author, it is because for the first two years the couple are so in love that they do not see each other's faults. They are supremely happy in each other's company, and count that time lost which they must spend in other ways. The husband hurries home from business, the wife is always ready to meet him. But after two years, they find each other out. They see that they have not married the ideal they thought they had, and make a working compromise to get the best out of a none too good bargain. In two more years, they find themselves out. It is driven home upon them that they are not ideal either. Having tired of each other's society, they now begin to tire of their own. And during the seventh and eighth years, her own narrowness and selfishness become especially insufferable to the wife. The husband is absorbed in business. He has interests outside the home, and imagines that his duties are fulfilled by providing money for matinees and teas and operas. All the while however, his wife is starving for something more really worth while. Morally and emotionally she is ready to snatch at anything that offers a few hours' excitement. The round of worthless, empty social functions cannot satisfy her. She is sick of the hollow selfishness of it all. At this psychological crisis, the inevitable temptation enters. The man professing to be her soulmate urges her to disregard conventions, to seek with him the satisfaction of that overpowering craving she feels for some strong tonic. In this particular case, the woman was saved by finding elsewhere an outlet for the pent-up emotions of her being - she was arrested for smashing windows as a militant suffragette. Her true self, however, had no sympathy for violence, and after this one outburst she settles down into a peaceful advocate of women's rights, an earnest worker for the good of others. Women Need Wider Outlook I believe there is a very real and important truth underlying this story. I believe that women, in order to fulfill their home duties, need to get out of the home into the wider life of the nation. To center all our interests in one family is selfishness, no matter how big the family, and all selfishness is narrowing. As has been said, the history of civilization is the history of the enlarging concept of neighbor. At first confined to immediate blood relations, then to a village or tribe, then a nation, we are gradually growing into a realization of that sublime intuition of St. Paul, when there will be neither Jew nor Greek, bond nor free, white nor black, but one brotherhood of man united through the fatherhood of God. Needs Vote for Protection Also, woman needs to vote to protect herself. It is a trite saying, but its triteness does not rob it of its truth, that the unmarried woman who is paying taxes is being taxed without representation. And the fact that this has been going on for so long does not make is less tyranny than what our fathers fought against, Women who are going to pay the tax should have some voice in fixing the rate; women who are going to pay the assessments should have some voice in deciding upon the improvements. And the married woman's rights in her own property and in that of her husband should be just the same as those of her husband in his own and in hers. There is absolutely no reason for any distinction favoring the man, except that men have made the laws. Yet in some states, the property relations between husband and wife are a virtual realization of the old joke: "What's yours is mine, and what's mine is my own." The wife has no control over her husband's property, real or personal. He may dispose of it without her consent and in any way; whereas, the management of her estate is entirely in his hands. Her personal property becomes his property; her real estate is managed by him. He can eject tenants (even his wife's own mother), collect rents and use the income in any way he pleases. He may give his wife a part, but he is not bound to. And when a man's wife dies intestate, in some States, he receives one-half her personal property, and a life interest in all her real estate. Indeed, in at least one State, unless I am mistaken, his wife cannot provide even by will for children by a previous marriage. The daughter of a re-married woman, if her mother die leaving only real property becomes dependant upon the generosity of a step-father. She owns her mother's estate, but can get none of the income until her step-father's death. In many States a man has a legal right to his own wages and they cannot be seized for any debt contracted by any debt contracted by his wife without his consent, yet his wife's wages can be seized for his debts, though she may have absolutely nothing to do with the making them, and may have been seriously injured by such expenditure. A mistress was once about to pay her cook, when she was handed a perfectly legal document requiring her instead to pat the money to a certain saloonkeeper, because the cook's husband had run a bill there. So this woman, besides taking the abuse and beating from her husband in his cups, actually had to pay by her hard work for the liquor that made a beast out of him. The property relations of man and woman should be recognized as an equal partnership, though even then probably most women would not be getting what they really contribute. Comparatively few women are supported by their husbands. The economic contribution of the woman is usually fairly equal to that of the man as is found out when the mother dies. His wages are seldom sufficient then to buy in the market the same services that his wife was giving gratis. Her contribution in cooking, sewing, washing, caring for the children, in forcing the income to go as far as possible, in making all that is meant by the word "home," in the vast majority of cases, worth more than the man's contribution of daily wages. Again, in the question of right over the children, there is a discrimination against the woman. In some States she may not recover damages for the death of a son, unless the child be actually with her at the time. This condition is not imposed upon the man. Therefore. a mother who has raised a boy deserted by his father and her husband, could not recover damages for his death; or if she could they would go into a fund to be kept for her absconding husband. When he returned, he could take the money legally and again desert her. Of course, this is not the law in all States, but it should not be the law even in one. Men Need Woman Suffrage I want equal suffrage for what it will do for men. We have halved society, as has been said, and the surgical operation has left the worse and weaker half to deal with political problems. Men have not been able to handle the increasing complexities of civilization. There may be no ultimate solution of these problems. I don't see any, but, then, I am a mere man. Perhaps when women get the political power that men have, they will be able to show us some remedy. But though there may be not ultimate and universal remedy, there are certain crudely evident things that ought to be done, and which will be done when women get a real chance. For instance, all monopoly of certain resources and products ought to cease. Ten per cent. of the people of the United States, ought not own 90 per cent. of the wealth. Half a million people, in a city like Chicago, ought not be forced to live in unsanitary tenements because a few others have monopolized the land; 30,000 men should not be killed and twenty times as many injured in mine and factory every year; our children should not be taken at four, six, eight years old to drudge unceasingly to make our finery; our meats should not be tainted, our bred mouldy, our fruits spoiled. All these things are unnecessary. Yet men have faced these conditions helplessly. They have made the laws under which such crimes have been perpetrated; under which our railroads and our express companies, our gas and electrical light companies, have consistently robbed us in order to pay dividends on watered stock; under which a small ring of money kings have throttled the nation and dictated their own terms. What women have done without the suffrage and where they have had the suffrage is a presage of what they will do when they get it universally. Woman has not only put her own house in order, she has put her town in order. Women are the only people who know what cleanliness means. Go into the house of a religious order of men - there are cobwebs on the ceiling and dust on the floor and you could write your name on the tables, because there are on women there to keep it clean. But a religious community of women will keep their house spotless, because there are no men to dirty it up. From coast to coast, women have put towns in order. They have gotten public parks and playgrounds, they have made war on billboards, ash heaps and garbage cans; they have gotten drinking fountains for man and beast; they have shortened hours for women and eliminated children from industry; they have put seats behind counters and started "shop early" campaigns; the Red Cross Society and the war on tuberculosis are the result of woman's efforts; she has established day nurseries and public feeding stations; she has obtained medical inspection in the schools. And where woman has the vote she is concentrating her attention upon such laws as those for a minimum wage, anti-child labor, mothers' pensions, equal co-guardianship of children, vocational training in public schools and other State institutions. Certainly man needs woman's help in governing this nation as in governing the home. As has been said, man has by long absorption in commerce been trained to think in terms of property; whereas women by immemorial custom has been trained to think in terms of humanity - the home, husband, children. We cannot afford to have our laws made by any narrow, one-sided class as men have been and will continue to be. It is not only just and proper to give women the vote - it is good policy. For we need the influx of their humanity in dealing with our problems. No Solid Argument Against Suffrage If you wish a third argument, it is that there is no argument against equal suffrage. when you carry the war into the enemy's country and demand an argument against votes for women that does not equally apply to votes for men, you get only inconclusive vaporings. It is sometimes said, for instance, that the exercise of the franchise will take a woman out of the home to the neglect of domestic duties. An advocate of votes for women was one addressing a Baltimore gathering and received this very objection when she offered to answer questions. Some mere man from the audience demanded with a delicious air of finality: "What's going to become of the babies when the women go out to vote?" "What becomes of them now when we go to the market?" was the ready and sufficient reply. In fact, one might just as reasonably urge that women should have no religion because church-going may interfere with their home obligations. Church-going does interfere with the domestic duties of some women. They spend entirely too much time in church and in learning the gossip of the parish. And why is it not a mother's place to prepare her boy for full rounded citizenship? Why should a lad take his religion from his mother, but his politics from his father? Why should not her influence extend into the political sphere, too? Why should she not train him in political as well as in other righteousness? But she cannot do this effectively unless she have a personal interest through the suffrage. And so her domestic duties, instead of militating against the suffrage, argue for it. For she cannot fulfill her duties towards her children in the largest, completest sense without taking some part in political affairs. No Fear of Family Quarrels It is said, too, that for a wife to be able to vote will mean a constant source of quarreling between her and her husband. You cannot expect them to agree in politics, and, therefore, they will soon be breaking up the furniture. But assume that we have reached that degree of civilization where two people even two who love one another and are united by one of God's sacraments, can differ without fighting about it. It is possible peaceably to agree or disagree. And if people can't do that on the question of politics, it will do little good to eliminate that particular question. They will find plenty of other things to quarrel over. Others will tell you that women are governed too much by sentiment to use the suffrage intelligently. They are not so rational as me, they guess instead of reasoning, they jump at conclusions. But what's the harm of jumping at conclusions provided you arrive at the right one? And men guess themselves. The difference between men and women in the matter is the difference between the North and the South, Northerners guess and Southerners reckon - but Southerners reckon better than Northerners guess. Men don't reason things out ordinarily. And fortunately so. For if our government was in the hands of educated men who reason to their conclusions, it would be the most egregious failure in the world. We who believe in democracy know that its success is based upon the fact - that the people, the great unwashed, uneducated people are, after all, better judges than a set of pedagogues. What do the men who talk about sentiment and guess work know about the effects of a tariff? The great majority of them didn't have enough information on the subject to vote intelligently according to their own standar. These self-constituted arbiters of what is practicable and impracticable, advisable and inadvisable, always damned every progressive movement since the world began. They told us locomotives were useless because a horse beat the first one; the told us steam transatlantic navigation was impossible, because they had figured out, on rational grounds, that a ship couldn't carry all the coal she would nee; they told Columbus he was a fool to try for a new route - and so on indefinitely. "Be sure you're right, then go ahead," would be a good motto if you, could ever be sure, But if you wait to be sure, you'll never be anywhere. You'll stay in the same place until doomsday. You will be like the scholastic donkey starving between two haystacks, because the reasons were equally good for eating either. A little recklessness, a little guessing, a little faith in Providence is necessary for progress. And because women have more faith that men they can use the suffrage better. For in some ways political faith is akin to divine faith - it is the substance of things hoped for, it is the evidence of things that appear not. (Hebr. 6-1). Women have more hope, more optimism, more idealism, and therefore, they have greater ability to realize the substance of things they hope for, greater power of creating the evidence of those things that appear not as yet to the more material vision of men. And so, where women have not the suffrage, I would give it to them for these three reasons: (1) That they need it for their own spiritual and intellectual development, as well as for protection; (2) that men need that women should vote; (3) and the third reason is, that there is no reason against giving them suffrage. Copyright by the Woman's Journal. Published by the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association and the Woman's Journal, 585 Boylston street, Boston, Mass. For news of the suffrage movement all over the world, read The Woman's Journal and Suffrage News, 585 Boylston street, Boston, Mass. $1.00 per year. Massell Bros., Printers 40 Hanover St., Boston Cathedral Rectory Union Park St. Boston August 14, 1914 Mr. S. S. Clark 585 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. Dear Mr. Clark: I desire to thank you for your cordial welcome home, and assure you that it was a real satisfaction to find oneself again on American soil after the experiences of the European Nations at war. I have not as yet had time to look over the work on the Cathedral and School, but my assistant reports that I will find every-thing satisfactory. Very sincerely yours, M J[?]plaire Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.