NAWSA SUBJECT FILE Irwin, Inez H. Inez Haynes Irwin, President o "The Story of the Woman's Part, a member of the National Counci. Mrs. Irwin is one of the judges sponsored by the Students Counc Five hundred dollars for the fi second, with trips to Washington by women college students on th 4,1912 141 The Women's March by Mrs. Inez Haynes Gillmore Of the large number. of women who will march in the Suffrage Parade this year, there will be many who marched last year and some who have marched in London who will know what the experience is like. But there will be as many more, perhaps, who have never marched, who are going to have a sensation that they will. talk about as long as they live. None of Flyer: 20 October 100 or 1.00 per/1000 Inez Haynes Irwin, President of "The Story of the Woman's Part a member of the National Council Mrs. Irwin is one of the judges sponsored by the Students Council Five hundred dollars for the first second, with trips to Washington by women college students on the Will Irwin author of Zcols "The Next War" Local Suffrage Supplies So great is the resourcefulness of suffragists in devising means of educating the public on suffrage that nearly every state association and local league have attractive supplies for sale which are useful mainly to the local association or league. Are you not looking for some of the articles advertised below for your local work? Pennsylvania Headquarters Blotters, buttons, flags, hatpins, napkins, rubber stamps, sashes, etc. Pa. Suffrage Ass'n, 208 Hale Bldg., Phila Let Ohio Women Vote Rubber stamp, "Let Ohio women vote this fall". 15c. Woman Suffrage Party, 1264 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, O. Suffrage Maps Same as printed in Woman's Journal, March 23. 5c each. Boston E. S. Ass'n for Good Govt., 585 Boylston St., Boston California Posters In colors, 50c each. Boston E. S. Ass'n for Good Govt., 585 Boylston St., Boston. Bushnell Cartoon Used in Journal March 16. On cardboard 10c each, 5c in quantities. Expressage C. O. D. Miss A. S. Hall, Mt. Auburn, Cincinnati, O. "Old Acquaintances And New" Book of reminiscences by Olympia Brown, co-worker of Susan B. Anthony. Order from Wis. W. S. Ass'n, 719 Majestic Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis. Iowa Postcards, blotters, place cards, 2 for 50 or $2.00 a hundred. Julia C. Hallam, Sioux City, Ia. Catholic Leaflets 20c per hundred postpaid; $1.50 per thousand. Illinois E. S. Ass'n, 938 Fine Arts Bldg., Chicago. Rhode Island Volunteer workers wanted at E. S. Head-quarters, 610 Butler Exchange, Providence. Massachusetts California poppies, 2 for 25c, $1.00 per dozen. Postals-portraits- Mrs. Philip Snowden. Henry Blackwell, "I Wish Mother Could Vote," 2 for 5c. State Head-quarters, 585 Boylston St., Boston. "Home And State" by Selma Lagerlof, winner of the $40,000 Nobel Prize. Only authorized English translation. Price $2.00 a hundred, 5c apiece. Woman Suffrage Party, 30 West 34th St., New York Michigan Relating to women and girls, price 10c. Mrs. G. W. Ganett, 141 Owens Ave., Detriot. Have you something to advertise under the heading "Local suffrage supplies?" Send for advertising rates. They are reasonable. ADDRESS BY DR. HOMER P. RAINEY Director of American Youth Commission To Centennial of Coeducation Convocation At Oberlin College, October 8, 1937 ROSALIND HAS COME TO STAY We are celebrating today one of the most significant events in American history — the beginning of higher education for women. On this occasion the interest of the educational world is focused upon Oberlin College, which bears the enviable distinction of being the first college in America to open its doors to women. To those sturdy and courageous pioneers who dared to set themselves against all the traditions and prejudices of the past centuries we pay our respect and acknowledge an eternal debt of gratitude. We are, therefore, celebrating a memorable milestone in American history and at the same time we are honoring one of the country’s finest collegiate institutions. Mrs. Inez Haynes Irwin, in her very excellent study of a hundred years of American women, suggests that “when Shakespeare had so many of his heroines don men’s attire he was doing more than repeating a situation which he found effective in the theatre. He was making them express in the symbolism of clothes an old suppressed desire,” the desire to have been born a boy. She says that even fifty years ago all girls were unanimous in believing that it were better to have been born a boy. But all that is changed today. Girls today can do almost everything boys do. They go to the same schools; take the same courses; play the same games; engage in many of the same vocations; and have surmounted almost every barrier that for so many centuries separated them from the world of men. In a word, Rosalind has arrived. This dramatic evolution of American women in the last century is one of the most remarkable and significant social revolutions in all human history. It is remarkable because the present position of woman is so different from that which she occupied for all the countless centuries prior to 1837. It is significant because of the tremendous changes which her emancipation has wrought in our social system, and specifically the changes which it has produced in woman herself. There are many in this audience who can remember much of the conflict which was waged in behalf of higher education for women; in gaining an equality before the law; in their struggle to gain entrance into the learned professions; and their right of suffrage. Some of my earliest childhood recollections are of vigorous community debates on “Women’s Rights”. Even I, as a young high school senior, participated in high school debates upon women suffrage. It is well that we remind ourselves of the reconciliation of this change which has taken place in the status of women lest young women today be too much inclined to take the whole situation for granted — to believe that the present situation has existed for a long time and forget the values that have been so recently won. Let us first of all recall the position which women held prior to the beginnings of her emancipation one hundred years ago. From time immemorial the social and intellectual position of woman had been inferior to that of man. Rainey address -2- (continued) Hers had been a state of subjection. Was she not inferior to man? Had it not been so ordained from the foundations of the world? Was not man created first, and was not woman in her very creation made inferior to man, and did she not in the Fall of Man condemn herself for all time to come to a place less honored than man whom she had degraded? Practically all the societies of the past had answered these questions with a positive affirmative. In primitive tribal groups the lot of women was one of drudgery and was most commonly confined to housewifery and agriculture. In ancient Chinese culture women's sphere was in the home, and her chief virtues were those of filial piety, humility, fidelity, obedience, and chastity. Her sattus under the Hindus and Mohammedans was little different. A traveler in India tells this significant story: "A woman was seen sitting half in the sun and half in the shade, while by her side were some broken bricks, a stick, and a rope, and some hot and cold water in different vessels. Someone asked her why she was sitting half in the sun and half in the shade. She answered that her husband was a grass-cutter and she could not tell whether in cutting grass he was at that time in the sun or in the shadow; but, whichever it was, she wanted to sympathize with him, and so felt both heat and cold at the same time. She added also in explanation that she did not know which he would prefer upon his return, hot or cold water, so she had both ready. Also, if he were in a bad temper and wished to beat her, he would choose between the stick and the rope, or throw the pieces of brick at her. The prophet hearing this replied that she was truly a good woman and deserved to go to heaven." Even under Christianity until the last century her position was subordinated to that of man. St. Paul condemned many generations of Christian women to an inferior status by his admonition that women keep silent in the churches. Let us hear from women themselves their own statement of their degraded position in this country as late as 1849. On July 19th of that year the women of America, under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, and Mary Ann McClintock, assembled in "Convention" in a little Wesleyan chapel at Seneca Falls, New York State, and adopted one of the most picturesque resolutions in all the annals of American history. On this occasion it would seem appropriate to quote the entire resolution. It reads as follows: "The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men -- both natives and foreigners. Rainey address -3- Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband. In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master -- the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and to administer chastisement. He has so framed the laws of divorce, as to what shall be the proper causes, and in cases of separation, to whom the guardianship of the children shall be given, as to be wholly regardless of the happiness of woman -- the law, in all cases, going upon a false suggestion of the supremacy of men, and giving all power into his hands. After depriving her of all rights as a married woman, if single, and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it. He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration. He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction which he considers most honorable to himself. As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known. He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education, all colleges being closed against her. He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic authority for her exclusion from the ministry, and, with some exceptions, from any participation in the affairs of the Church. He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women, by which moral delinquencies which exclude women from society, are not only tolerated, but deemed of little account in men. He has usurped the prerogative of Jehovah himself, claiming it as his right to assign for her a sphere of action, when that belongs to her conscience and to her God. He has endeavored in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life." Rainey address -4- (continued) Those men who were guilty of all these things should have been ashamed of themselves! Mrs. Irwin relates an interesting story that connects Oberlin College with this Seneca Falls meeting: "News of the Seneca Falls meeting reached a college town in Ohio, came to the attention of a grey-eyed, sweet-voiced Yankee girl who had just taken her degree at pioneer Oberlin -- late in her twenties, for she had worked to get an education. Life had been nudging her along the same road as Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott. As a young member of the Congregational Church at West Brookfield, Massachusetts, she had raised her hand in a vote on the expulsion of an elder. 'Don't count her,' said the pastor to the teller, 'she is a member but not a voting member.' But Lucy Stone continued to raise her hand while six votes were taken. An insignificant incident perhaps, but life and history often turn on such symbolic trifles and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell, in her life of her mother, records that Lucy Stone recalled that episode on her death-bed. When she was graduated from Oberlin, she wrote an essay which the faculty praised excessively. But the professor in charge announced that she might not read it at the graduation exercises because she was a woman; he would read it for her. This at Oberlin, the first college to grant women higher education! Lucy Stone refused to have it read at all. She secured a teacher's job, and learned that while they had paid her male predecessor $28.00 a month, she would receive only $16.00. She resigned-- 'although,' she said, 'I have not the money to buy myself a pair of cotton gloves.' " What a transformation has occurred in these one hundred years! Women are now free socially, intellectually, and economically. They are taking their places alongside men in nearly every area of life. All forms of education are now open to them. There is hardly a profession in which they are not occupying positions of leadership. Even in aviation the name of Amelia Earhart will rank among the chief of the pioneers. Their legal handicaps have been removed. Their property rights have been established, and in the suffrage they possess all the civil rights of men. Only a few weeks ago it was reported in the press that women are in possession of at least seventy per cent of the wealth of the nation. Upon this point some unregenerated male made the observation that women now own seventy per cent of the wealth of the nation and have only twenty per cent of the brains. It is no wonder, he said, that the country is in a sorry mess. A few facts relative to the vocational trends in the employment of women will indicate the far-reaching changes that have occurred in the status of women in the last sixty or seventy years. In 1870 there were less than two million women employed in gainful occupations. In 1930 there were nearly Rainey address (continued) -5- eleven million. In 1870 only five per cent of the women in gainful occupations were in the professions. In 1930 there were 14.2 per cent. In 1870 there were only five women listed as lawyers and judges. In 1930 there were three thousand, three hundred and eighty-five. In the face of the new freedoms which women have achieved, we cannot refrain from asking: Where is it all leading us? Clearly we have not even grasped the full import of this tremendous social revolution. It is time that we should begin to appraise what the modern world is doing to women; what effects it is having upon such social institutions as marriage, the home, child-bearing, employment and unemployment, and, most important of all, what it is doing psychologically and spiritually to women themselves. What have women gained as individuals by all this enormous social change? These and many other similar and related questions are pressing for answers. We know that some dynamic social changes are taking place. One of the most important of these is a steadily declining birth-rate. It is a well known fact that there is a close relationship between the amount of education which women receive and the number who marry, the age at which they marry, and the number of children which they bear. There can be little doubt that this is a causal relationship. There is also a definite positive relationship between the amount of education which women receive and their economic status. Thus one very definite result of the higher education of women has been to relieve them of much of their burden of child-bearing; of a great part of the slavery and drudgery of housewifery; and to free them for employment outside the home and for leisure-time and cultural pursuits. This failure of the better educated and more privileged groups to bear enough children to reproduce their numbers is viewed by some with considerable concern. There is only one city in the United States with a population of 100,000 or more which is now having an excess of births over deaths, or that is reproducing itself. Our excess of births over deaths is coming largely from the rural and non-urban areas, particularly from the States in the Appalachian Mountains, the Old Cotton Belt in the South and Southeast, and in the cut-over regions around the Great Lakes. It is a notable fact that these areas represent the largest degree of underprivilege in the nation. In fact, there is a direct inverse ratio between the number of children per family and their economic status. In other words, where there is most education and wealth, there are fewer children; and where there are most children, there is the greatest degree of under-privilege. These facts bear greatly upon the future of our country. Dr. Munsterberg, commenting upon this situation a number of years ago, said: "From whatever side we look at it, the self-assertion of woman exalts her at the expense of the family, perfects the individual but injure society, makes the American woman perhaps the finest flower of civilization, but awakens serious fears for the propagation of the American Race." Rainey address -6- (continued) The coming of women into the professions and into the employment market generally is having a profound effect upon our social and economic life. Every few days I receive a letter from someone urging me that the way to solve the problem of unemployment is to remove women, and particularly married women, from employment. It is needless for me to say that these letters are all from men. It is very difficult to know what effect the employment of women is having upon salaries and wages. It is commonly believed, however, that the emplyoment of women definitely lowers wages, and often times results in the employmeeent of women in preference to men for that reason. We do know, however, that the employment of women is producing a serious mental conflict with their age-long and instinctive love life and the bearing of children. Some writers have called this "the intolerable choice", and urge that there is a pressing need of conscious, constructive control of this ever-imminent conflict. Dr. Louis Bisch, speaking as a specialist in nervous and mental disorders, says: "Say what you will, no woman has ever been or will be free at any time from the influence of her instinctivee maternity." If this be blocked, he states that mental conflict and disorder are inevitable. We need to find a way to resolve this conflict. It is complicated by the practical difficulty of being a mother, having a home, and pursuing a career. It is an inescapable fact that the physiological period for marriage and motherhood comes just at the time when women are at the zenith of their powers, and, under modern conditions, it does not seem possible for women to follow both paths with any measure of satisfaction. If this conflict is going to be resolved, we need to find a way by which women may participate in both professional and family life. This, of course, will require a transforming of the whole social setting and the inner attitudes of men and women. It will also require a great deal more time to work out this principle of integration. Some difficult problems of social ethics, partnership in marriage, the spacing of children, and fundamental changes in the conditions of employment are involved. We are also interested today in the program of education which will be adequate for women in the years that are ahead. There is much confusion in the minds of educators on this problem. In the battle to achieve educational equality with men, the effort was made to imitate the traditional classical education for men. In this they were successful. It has been proved that women can master the intellectual disciplines required of the professions. But a fundamental problem remains: Aside from vocational or professonal training, how shall we educate women for adjustment in the modern world? Do they require training that is different from that which men receive? Shall we educate women as women? It is extremely difficult to get an unanimity of opinion on this issue. Their education in the past has been directed toward freeing them from certain disabilities. Naturally, therefore, the movement has been primarily negative. They have been trying to escape from a former condition rather than the establishing of a positive concept or ideal of woman's nature and work. They have gained their Rainey address -7- (continued) equality -- now what? Someone has pointed out that there are two stages in the fight for freedom. The first is the achievement of it, and the second is the using of it. The time has come for the formulation of a positive program. What is it to be? If one knew the answer to this question, one would certainly be numbered among our public benefactors. We may be able, however, to suggest certain generalizations that may be helpful: 1. Women's freedom from the drudgery of the home is giving them an unprecedented amount of leisure which certainly suggests one of the central objectives in their education. There are some educators who now maintain that women are and will be the saving of liberal culture in this country. I can remember, too, that some educators thought that the granting of suffrage to women would produce a golden age in our political life. Too much leisure may easily lead to moral and spiritual decadence unless it is widely used. On this point, the social philosopher, Veblen, said: "To help women to use their leisure so that it will bear fruit, both socially and culturally, would seem to be one of the most important objectives in their higher education." Certainly women are active in leadership in the cultural life of our communities, and there is hope that their leadership will become increasingly more effective. If it is to be so, their liberal training should be definitely designed to equip them adequately for this new leadership. 2. I have already mentioned the need for education for personal adjustment. "Women are now facing the most complicated, baffling, and tempting array of opportunities ever spread before the human race," says one writer. He says further that "viewed from the subjective side, the most pressing need of women in the modern world is not for improved political, economic, or professional education, but for emotional self-understanding and re-education." The big problem is to integrate her education and work toward personal adjustment. 3. There can be no escape from the necessity of educating women for home and family life. It is an encouraging sign that youth themselves are now almost demanding such education of the high schools and universities. In this connection, it is significant to note that probably 70 per cent of women in the "professional services" are in professions dealing with children, such as teaching and social work. Dr. Little, former President of the University of Michigan, says that "to devise a curriculum which would familiarize women students with our present knowledge of childhood and its problems and of its development and adjustment to growth and education would do more to stabilize our civilization than would any other reform in education." A notable beginning is now being made in some of the colleges and universities to coordinate the vocational objective in education with that of home-making. Rainey address -8- (continued) 4. The community responsibility of college graduates and their active participation in civic life suggests the need for a sound training for intelligent and constructive citizenship. The charge is often made that college women graduates, as well as men, have at best only a feeble interest in community and national affairs. The need for intelligent citizenship cannot be overstressed, if we are going to preserve our democracy and make it function properly. My final thought is that we have set our hands to the plough. We have committed ourselves to the principle of equal rights and privileges for women. We are still not aware of the full implications, social, economic, and spiritual, of this commitment. There are still many problems to be worked out before we can reap the full benefits of the new status of women. We must set ourselves diligently to the task of solving these problems. We cannot turn back. Rosalind has come to stay. November, 1930 17 were to a proposed revision of the statute providing that the judges of the court must spend their whole time at the Hague, and to an increase in the judges' salaries. These objections received considerable press notice in the United States and were in many cases erroneously supposed to be objections on Cuba's part to the protocol which provides for the adhesion of the United States to the Permanent Court. The Cuban objection at least demonstrates that small as well as large countries may have their opinions considered at Geneva. Lynchings Two more lynchings are added to the number for this year. Already seventeen disgrace the record of the United States for the past ten months. A girl of nine years in Thomasville, Georgia, charged that a Negro had attacked her. Five Negroes from a chain gang were brought forward and the girl "identified" one Willie Kirkland. The warden maintained that Kirkland had not been out of the stockade the day she claimed she was attacked. A mob gathered; reason fled. The Negro was hanged to a tree. Later the body was cut down and dragged about the streets. In Cartersville, Georgia, a masked mob took from a jail in Negro held for murder, which he claimed was an accident, and hanged him. A New Kind of Dictator As government after government around the world has either passed under the heel of a dictator or been threatened with a dictatorship, it is refreshing to find one passing out from a dictatorship into broader fields. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the iron President of the Turkish Republic, has decided that the Turkish people are ready for the next step in their political development as a nation. He has decreed that the one-party system shall end and an opposition shall be allowed. Ali Fethi Bey, Turkish Ambassador at Paris, is leading the opposition and citizens of Turkey are enjoying the experience of their first real election. Among other things, the new party stands for the development of the country's resources through foreign loans, civil liberties, political rights for minorities and membership in the League of Nations. Tariff Talk in London Two powerful personalities lent color to the Imperial Conference in London when the Dominions and the mother country discussed preferential tariffs within the British Commonwealth of Nations as one step toward stemming the economic depression that all of them are facing. R.B. Bennett, representing Canada, -led the fight for high tariff- a policy to which Canada is committed. Philip Snowden, the financial brains of the Labor Party, stood his ground as a Socialist and took up the cudgels against such artificial barriers. Numbers of proposals were discussed for a compromise between the tariff policy to which all of the Dominions are committed and the free trade policy of Great Britain. A novel suggestion of a quota plan was brought forward by representatives of the Labor Party. Under this plan Britain, through a government purchasing board, would allocate her wheat purchases so that she would buy larger quantities from the Dominions and they in turn would give preference to British exports. In this manner the Dominions would be relieved of their surplus of wheat. As this goes to press, the plan is still under discussion. Crisis in Germany Results of the German elections of last month are being watched with grave concern throughout Europe. Will the Republic be able to withstand the onslaught of the Communists on the one side and the Fascisti on the other? Neither of these groups is hampered by a belief in majority rule. The Fascists, under the dramatic leadership of Adolph Hitler, have come through the recent elections with 107 seats in the Reichstag where they formerly held only 12, thus making them one of the powerful political parties in Germany. At first it was feared that they might use forceful and illegal means for gaining control of the government, but at a recent trial of three army officers for treason, Hitler testified that peaceful means would be used for bringing about the new form of government at which he and his followers are aiming. On Prime Minister Bruning's shoulders falls the responsibility of working out a coalition from the center parties and the Socialists. If he fails to get sufficient support to put across his program of financial reform, then a rule by executive decree is threatened. It is understood that he will have the support of President von Hindenburg if this happens. An International Marriage The marriage of Princess Giovanna, daughter of the King and Queen of Italy, to Boris, King of the Bulgarians, puts an end to a score of rumors engaging this sole remaining bachelor king in Europe to eligible princesses. This engagement has been reported for a long time, but religious differences have stood in the way. The Italian family, of course, is Roman Catholic. King Boris is Greek Orthodox, and the Bulgarian law requires that the heir to the throne be brought up in the faith of the state church. On this ground, the Pope opposed the marriage. But apparently some compromise has been worked out, for the Pope has granted a dispensation for the wedding. Of course, the question rises of whether there may not be a deeper significance in this alliance than merely the marriage of a long-time eligible bachelor, last of available kings. Up until now France has held the Balkan balance of power, through her alliances with Rumania and Jugo-Slavia, both members of the Little Entente. Is it possible that a counter- alliance between Italy and Bulgaria is budding? An End to War in China News reports that have kept one guessing as to the final outcome of the struggle in China during the past summer suddenly announced that the war was over and that Chiang Kai-shek, head of the forces centered at Nanking, had landed on top again. So the Nationalist Government still continues in power in China. Last spring a combination of forces under Yen Hsi-shan and Feng Yu-hsiang tried to re-establish Peking as (Continued on page 47) 18 THE WOMAN'S JOURNAL Inez Haynes Irwin Visits the Home of the Brontes I cannot calculate now how many years it has been that I have wanted to go to Haworth, the home of the Brontes. I wanted to see the milieu in which dwelt those three sibyls, half-Celt, half-Anglo-Saxon. And I wanted to see with both my author and my feminist eye that what all the biographers had very emphatically asserted was true-that that milieu explained perfectly their lives and their works. Always, however, when I thought of that literary pilgrimage, a certain sense of frustration dropped its chill into my thrilled anticipations. The place which, after all, I most wanted to see was Haworth Parsonage. And the Parsonage was kept rigorously closed to the public. However, when in 1928 I read that it had been turned into a Bronte Museum, I knew that the die was cast and as soon as I could make plans, I must go. Let me recapitulate as briefly as possible- and especially as it allies itself to the Parsonage of Haworth- the heartbreaking story- so rich, so barren; an empty shard, a fiery rainbow- of the Bronte family. Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Patrick Branwell, Emily and Anne, born within eight years, were the children of Maria Branwell, an English woman, and Patrick Bronte, an Irishman. Bronte, a clergyman of the Church of England, was appointed rector of Haworth in 1830. There, outliving every member of his family, he stayed until his death. MRS. BRONTE died when her oldest child was eight. Mr. Bronte immediately placed Maria and Elizabeth in a boarding school. It is the conviction of the circle of Bronte friends that these two little girls were so undernourished in this school that when a "low fever" broke out there, they contracted it immediately. They died within a few months of each other of consumption. Of Elizabeth we know little. But the consensus of opinion in the Bronte group seems to be that Maria was of the same genius timber as Charlotte, Emily, Anne and Branwell, the son, The four remaining children, except for brief absences at school and at various occupations, lived their lives out in the Parsonage. Within its gray walls they received most of their education. In its dining-room- subject, as in A Room of One's Own Virginia Woolf points out, to constant interruption- the girls produced their novels. The Yorkshire moors, which beat like a sea against it, were, in childhood, their playground; in maturity, their retreat against the tragedy of their lives. As they grew up the household at the Parsonage represented the very apotheosis of plain living and high thinking. All four possessed marvellous natural gifts; all four intellectual curiosity. Their father commanded an extremely limited income on which to develop the one or to gratify the other. But even as children, the Brones scribbled constantly, as they grew older their misty creations began to take definite form. Paper was so limited in that house that Charlotte made the tiniest of notebooks which- in a writing so minute that no eye, without the aid of a microscope, can translate it- they filled with creative compositions of various sorts; stories, essays, plays, poems. These tiny books are now the expensive treasures of bibliophiles. Candles, too, were among their economies. After dinner, every night, the three girls, arm in arm, walked in the dark, round and round the dining-room table, talking over their brilliant, inchoate, amateur literary enterprises. Just as they wrote easily, so they sketched and painted easily. Branwell was, however, the real painter. His portraits of his sisters are preserved in the National Portrait Gallery in London. All, especially that of Emily, distil an authenticity, magic but unanalyzable. In 1846, when Charlotte was twenty-nine, Emily twenty-eight and Anne twenty-six, they published together a book of poems under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. This made little literary stir. But when, in 1847, Jane Eyre appeared, Currer Bell became a household word both in Great Britain and America. Agnes Grey by Action Bell and Wuthering Heights by Ellis Bell both found publishers. But Jane Eyre completely eclipsed the other two. Anne's two novels (her second was The Tenant of Wildfell Hall) will never achieve the niche in English literature where stand the works of Charlotte and Emily. But it was more than twenty years before Wuthering Heights- in the opinion of many critics the greatest of all the books from these three sisters- came into its own. But now the Bronte stream had started. It flowed an increasing volume for a few years. It should have reached full, fecund flood if all four of this family of geniuses had not died untimely. Branwell was the first to go- in September, 1848. His is a tragic story. He had extraordinary gifts. But he belonged to that type of genius which seems bound to tear itself to pieces before fruition. He became a drunkard and a drug addict. Like his two little sisters, he died of consumption. When he felt the end coming, he stood on his feet and took death standing. Emily was the next go- in December of the same year. She was an extraordinary creature in that she was a woman, a genius and a stoic. She is one of the most lofty and mysterious of literary figures. In her final illness she refused all medical aid. She would not even let her sisters assist her upstairs. On the last day she arose as usual, dressed herself, her eyes glazing, her throat rattling. At noon she said, "If you will send for a doctor, I will see him." At two that afternoon she was gone. She, too, died of consumption. After Emily's death, Charlotte and Anne, arm in arm, continued to walk in the dark every night after dinner round and round the dining-room table, talking of... Ah, of what did those two bruised young things talk? Anne was the third to go- five months later in 1849. On May 24, Charlotte took her to Scarborough, hoping the sea air would help her. She died on the 28th. Almost her last words were, "Take courage, Charlotte; take courage". She also died of consumption. After Anne's death, alone Charlotte walked in the dark every night after dinner round and round the dining-room table-thinking of...Ah, of what did that tragic, broken creature think? Later for Charlotte came a brief-such a cruelly brief- period of happiness. (Continued on page 44) 20 THE WOMAN'S JOURNAL Women and Ticker Tape A Year After the Crash By Frances Drewry McMullen Decoration by Weldon Bailey Women in the stock market. Not just the meagre proportion of women of means who long have sought by this method to increase what they had. But women en masse, from all walks of life- sedate, elderly persons whose savings hitherto had gone into the stocking, and smart young things whose backs had borne the entire weight of their allowances. Women in the stock market, mostly with high hopes of getting rich, in any case with a mind to have their fling. This was the news of a couple of years ago. A boom feature it was, good for columns and pages. Then came the crash, and a year of slump with breaks toward the bottom. In that earlier period we had been among those who had gone forth to investigate and report on the woman customer. In brokerage suite after suite we found her, comfortably reclining in a luxuriously upholstered chair or fidgeting about, according to the tenor of the cabalistic symbols marching relentlessly across the illuminated glass before her. She watched the course of the market in a room especially set aside for her and decorated according to varying conceptions of feminine tastes. Sometimes she had just a little corner with a ticker and a few chairs scattered about. But in at least one case she had a board room, exactly like the men's except that it was attended by girls in smocks. To the brokerage office with a mighty surge had come the "ladies' department." As the first birthday of the current slump approached, we were moved to go back and see what the heavy hand of continued depression had done to the women in the market. "You'll find those places all shut up," an experienced Wall Streeter advanced the opinion. "That was just part of the boom." He was wrong. Only one of the firms visited before had dropped its "ladies' department," and the woman who had run it was found at another, established since the crash of last fall and going yet. The reason the first was abandoned, she explained, was a move to less spacious quarters and the advent of a new manager opposed on general principles to having women around. Some of the women's departments not only had survived but were in larger and even more luxurious quarters than before. Whatever the bear year had disclosed about the woman operator, this fact is evident: she has stuck. Not with unbroken ranks, of course. There are women, just as there are men, who, having burned their fingers, are through with the fire, at least until it brightens more than it has these many months. In some offices the woman business has fallen off drastically - at one place where it once represented one-fourth of the total it lately has amounted to no more than one-eighth; yet even in these offices it is held sufficient to justify its reserved space. Elsewhere it was reported as sustained beyond expectation, considering all that has happened. Of hundreds of women customers at one branch, for example, only ten had dropped off the books in the year. Many of the rest were holding by a thread, but they were there and in touch with the market. A series of severe jolts and a whole year's down pull have not been enough to shake loose to woman's grip. The inescapable conclusion is that enough of them to constitute a real factor are permanently in the game. We felt this forcibly as we reflected upon our previous researches. No one glanced at us uncertainly this time; no November, 1930 43 pioneer from the time she studied, the only woman among five thousand students, to the day she dared set up in business for herself as M.E. Pennington, Consulting Chemist. Democrat (Continued from page 22) corruption in government. This debauching of the ballot by excessive use of money is a sordid reality that challenges women to decisive action. In the states where it has intruded itself, the obligation rests upon them to rebuke it at the pools, thus saying to the world that with the suffrage of women the day has arrived with the rule of money shall be banished from the government. If they condone the evil and sanction it with their votes, they help justify the charge frequently made that woman's enfranchisement has had no appreciable effect upon ethical standards in politics. It matters not whether offenders are men or women, they stand upon the same basis in the political field. IF, from zeal to achieve office, any aspirant violates the written laws, the rules of ethics, or outrages the principles underlying this free government, he or she should suffer condemnation at the hands of the electorate. The voters should not be content to pass responsibility on to the Senate, to eject such aspirants for that office as are manifestly culpable. The strength of representative government lies in individual responsibility. How vastly more salutary the effect, from a moral standpoint, would it be if the electorate itself, particularly the woman half, declared its condemnation at the polls. College (Continued from page 24) women should have greater opportunity to try their hand at the development of a different curriculum and a different kind of university education in certain respects for women? Somehow they must get the executive authority and administrative chance to make the experiment. It is true that men control the money which builds colleges and so control also the executive, the more highly paid and more interesting positions in the colleges. Perhaps American women are themselves at fault in that they have not taken enough initiative and responsibility in the education of other women. It may be that through their own timidity or lack of energy and interest they have thrust upon men the executive leadership in education which women should take for women and men for men. However that may be, it would seem as if the time had come for women to direct their own college education to meet their own needs. Not long ago a young woman who has been out of college for two or three years said: "We were taught everything except how to live and work in this world as it is and to do our part as women in this twentieth century." Alice Duer Miller, in her new book, "Green Isle," writes: "Strangely enough, there is nowhere the average person can go to learn how to live his daily life. Children are taught Latin and astronomy, but no school or college tells them how to clear their minds for a decision, how to tell certain psychological, or even psychopathic, types, and how to deal with them; how, for any individual, to draw the line between idleness and serenity, between overwork and fullness of life, between sweet charity and being every man's dupe. Everybody needs such instruction, something halfway between religious precepts and practical talks to salesmen. Women need it particularly, for they do not get, as early as men do, the experience of the business world." Partners, Not Competitors There is a great struggle against women's entering the fields and positions long held entirely by men, but if women have the same curriculum and education for the same kinds of work, they are logically certain to seek to use that education. Many of us believe, however, that women have a different, though an equally important, contribution to make to society from that to be made by men, and that their education should therefore emphasize the fields in which preeminently they have the ability to serve. In this way we should get, instead of competition, cooperation and partnership between men and women in the complicated business of modern life. Surely any woman who has an urge within her to attain any knowledge , enter any field, realize any vision in any realm of life and work, should have the freedom and opportunity to follow her gleam and to get any kind of education she chooses, even though it be for engineering, international law, or diplomatic service. But the fact is that, though a few may follow such lures, seventy-five per cent or more of American college women graduates go into their own homes to be home-makers, child-makers, citizens of the community, nation and world today, and also usually become the leaders among the women of their cities. First in the Curriculum What, then are the special contributions, forms of work, and needs of most college women? What curriculum content will prepare them for life and leadership? First, I would place the use of the English language, a wide and discriminating vocabulary, a well-modulated and pleasing voice, a sense of words, and a knowledge of the greatest English and American literature. Such a possession from a college course is a tremendous asset for a hostess and a mother in a home, and for a citizen in all public relations and services. If colleges set this goal definitely before them in the curriculum and methods of teaching, the beautiful English speech of college graduates would affect their children, other people around them, and sooner or later all American speech. Then women need to know health in all its aspects, for themselves, their children, their family and their communities. Women even more than men Unlock the Door Of Financial Independence With Savings Out of Your Current Income Arrange Now with the Massachusetts Mutual To Pay You $100 a Month for Life Beginning at Age 50, 55, 60, or 65 All the trouble and risk incident to other forms of investment are eliminated MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Organized 1851 Springfield, Massachusetts More Than Two Billion Dollars of Insurance in Force 44 The Woman's Journal determine the health of family and nation. Therefore they should learn personal hygiene, and the principles and methods of public health. As a foundation, they should have enough physiology and biology to understand the human body. to know what, why, and how in food, clothing, exercise, sleep, and all care of the body is of the utmost importance to their children and to society. And since women largely train children in the years from one to five, when dispositions and attitudes are effectively determined, they should as child-makers learn all that can be taught in the curriculum about child psychology and child behavior. How to make a disposition, a mind, a spirit, is more important than geometry or Greek to the majority of college graduates. Women as homemakers for the most part create the atmosphere and so the happiness or unhappiness of the home. Hence, they need to understand how to guide the many human relationships of husband and father, children, guests, servants, tradespeople, and all who come in touch with the home. women make or mar, by their understanding or lack of it, the home centers and all human relationships. Psychology, mental hygiene, literature and other subjects may be directed to the teaching of the best adjustment of human relations. Again, women do most of the buying and spending of the family income. Looking Ahead Emily Newell Blair for eight years Vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee, author and lecturer, will tell why she is "disappointed in women in politics." We predict it will be interesting reading, maybe painful, and certainly constructive. Richard E. Strout Washington newspaper man, on the work of the Law Enforcement Commission, which he is studying closely: what it is trying to do, can do, and how. Stella Fisher Burgess whose name appears often in discriminating magazines, on "Handwoven Peace" - a thought for Christmas (or any other) time. Mildred Adams in the story of a startling study of women's wages made by The National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs in conjunction with the University of Michigan. Hence it is the economics of consumption rather than the economics of production that most women need to know. Yet nearly all economics taught in college courses for women as well as men has been the latter. If women know what money symbolizes, how it is created by work, and so respect it, if they know values in food, clothing, and all that goes into a house and home, they will conserve and use the nation's wealth for that nation's well-being and happiness. Women, as fully as men, need to be trained as economists, but chiefly economists in consumption. Creating Beauty in the Home Of all the contributions of women, one of the most vital is beauty. Its creation and conservation should be part of every college woman's education. She should leave college knowing and loving beauty in many forms. The ability to dress in good taste, with a sense of color and design, is something that can be learned. beauty in a house is by no means wholly a matter of expense, but equally a result of knowledge, taste, and judgment. A house may be simple, quieting to the eye, restful and pleasing to all who enter it, yet be very inexpensively furnished. As with dress, everything is in knowing how. A beautiful home is a joy and blessing to children, guests and the whole family life, but it requires that the home-maker shall know and love beauty in architecture, pictures, music, furnishings and decoration, and shall make an harmonious whole of the house. In the Community Not only is this sense of beauty needed within a home, but also within a city. Women, since they have become citizens, have already done much through their clubs to beautify school grounds, playgrounds, streets, parks and all public places. One of the greatest contributions of women citizens should be in bringing beauty to our towns and cities. American women of the twentieth century have all the responsibilities as well as privileges of citizens. Hence college graduates must know history and government, must be trained to think in terms of the community, the nation and the world, must know conditions, problems, needs, movements and organizations. They must be made to see political and economic aspects of national and international life at the present time. They need to think in circle beyond circle, home, community, nation, world, and to realize how each circle widens out into the next. The real job of most college women in American society covers the use of a beautiful English speech, health of body and mind, human relationships,, the economics of consumption, beauty in home and community, and citizenship. With these demands and goals of life as it is today for women, it seems sensible to make the curriculum first of all meet these demands and reach these goals. It is probably a question of refocusing, redirecting, re-emphasizing the content of the curriculum for women, rather than eliminating any of the fundamental departments of culture, whether these be languages, sciences or philosophy. Let us put first things first for the majority of college women who are going to live as home-makers, mothers and citizens. Let us, as women, be women to the utmost, live our women's lives, give our women's service, think out and make our own goals. Let a man be a man and a woman a woman, and let us no longer merely copy men in curriculum, athletics and college residence customs. As women accept themselves, respect their own womanhood, and develop their own powers and services as women, they will find greater happiness for themselves, win greater recognition from men, and meet more completely human needs. The Brontës (Continued from page 19) She married the Rev. A. B. Nicholls, her father's assistant, June 29, and continued to live on at the parsonage with her father. She died March 31, 1855-nine months after her marriage-of weakness connected with her pregnancy. In the pitifully prescribed period of their writing life the Brontë girls produced both poetry and fiction. As I have said, Anne's two novels lag far in the rear of the sister's, but her hymns have achieved a definite place in the long rich line of English religious verse. Charlotte's poetry is not so well known perhaps; but a knowledge of the four novels-Jane Eyre, Shirley, The Professor, Villette-must be in the equipment of every student of English literature. She gave a definite impulse toward a more poignant realism to English fiction. As for Emily-a few of Emily's poems are among the great English lyrics. And as for her one novel, Wuthering Heights, year by year it climbs higher in the opinion of critics-perhaps because it is compact of the most starry poetry of expression and the most brutal strength of characterization. Clement Shorter says that Emily Brontë is the greatest English woman since Elizabeth. Haworth situated in the West Riding of Yorkshire, was before the day of the motor fairly remote. Even in this day, in order to get there, the automobile does what it little likes to do-feels its way along roads of the second and third class. And when it reaches Haworth proper, it strikes, on its way November, 1930 45 to the Brontë Parsonage, a grade two miles long and extremely steep, even at low gear. This high hill-street broadens at the end of the village into an irregular area, too tiny to be called a square, yet definite enough to give the adjacent houses a setting. Here are the Black Bull, the inn where Branwell learned to carouse, two other inns and a bank building which, until the Parsonage was bought, served as the Brontë Museum. Passing up a little lane between tiny houses with tinier flowery yards, you come to a door which lets you into the Parsonage garden. Before we enter, let us look about. The Parsonage, itself set on a terrace, is an undistinguished two-story stone house, eight windows wide with a door in the centre. The church broods a little distance away and just in front. But the thing that strikes you at once is not a church, parsonage or garden-it is the graveyard. Most English graveyards are beautiful; theirs is so gentle an ancientness what with box and yews and lichened monuments. Louise Imogen Guiney calls them "tiny pools of ancestral sleep." The Haworth graveyard laps the Parsonage on three sides. The stones, big, flat, recumbent slabs, are set so close that they seem to carpet the ground with their cold solid gray, or else-"terribly erect" as Mrs. Gaskell puts it-accent that chill carpet with a chiller emphasis. The eye, perturbed and dejected, turns instantly from this sad necropolis. Is it possible that-outside-this strange dwelling-place offered no amelioration to the four young creatures beating the wing of hope against the daily connotation of death? Mount the terrace steps and turn! Ah . . . Lonely Heights and Depths In front, beyond the garden, beyond the church, beyond the engulfing gravestones, beyond that terrifyingly steep street up which you have just come, the land breaks into a valley or "bottom." Here is beauty-authentic beauty; wild wide beauty of the strange Yorkshire type; lonely heights, depths, sweeps. Now, two half-grown trees, planted by Charlotte's husband, try to put a feathery screen across that view. But although they winnow its winds, nothing could thicken its airiness. Let us go in. Except for a small addition at the back and side, the place is unchanged from the days of the Brontës. The house is of a simple architecture. Downstairs are four rooms; upstairs four rooms exactly corresponding to them. Downstairs is a front hall; upstairs a room, scarcely larger than a closet, corresponding to it. the rooms are labelled Mr. Brontë's Study, Charlotte's Room, etc., etc. I have space here to write of but one-that tiny chamber which lies over the hall. This was the nursery, and here, while their mother lay dying with cancer, the six pathetic little beings whispered about their play. It is not alone that which makes it the most poignant spot in the house. Nor is it that it is kept absolutely empty. It is that, on the plaster of the walls, now carefully preserved under glass, exist the extraordinary drawings which the fingers of that little covey of geniuses drew-heads, figures, winged things. You are reminded of all those artists who, by fancy, by fantasy, by fairy beauty, by elfin strangeness, by goblin horror, have opened vistas in your mind: Tenniel, Kate Greenaway, Burgess, Rackham, Dulac. Did Haworth Parsonage cast the light I had hoped it would cast on the lives and work of the Brontës? Let us consider what it did to their health. First of all, as I have said, the Parsonage was surrounded on three sides by a graveyard, part of it lying higher than the house. Next, its floors and stairways were of uncarpeted stone. Last, it was heated only by fireplaces. The Yorkshire winds launched, knife-like, across the bottom, slashed with icy blades at the house itself. And both at the back and side, the moor clutched it in its frozen talons. HERE OR THERE Wherever you are Your most comfortable companion Will be one of the two Venus shown here. And economical too For Venus Sanitary Napkins are made of real surgical cotton In a softly knitted covering that is gently form fitting. Additional hours of comfort are the result. Thus the economy Both the Venus Compressed (for traveling) And Venus Non-Compressed (for home) Have tapered ends to do away with all bulkiness. And the finest department stores in the country recommend them VENUS CORPORATION 1170 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, N. Y. 424 So. Broadway, Los Angeles, Calif. When writing to the Venus Corporation, please mention the Woman's Journal 46 THE WOMAN'S JOURNAL The caretaker, a one-handed veteran of the World War, carefully versed in the Brontë tradition, said to me: "In the winter we get fog, sleet, ice, snow, winds, blizzards. We have central heating in the house now. Often, even with the addition of the fireplaces, we cannot keep warm. What must it have been in their time?" We know what happened in their time. The Brontës were subject all of them to frequent devastating colds and to a recurrent "low fever"; Mr. Brontë suffered frequently with bronchitis; Charlotte with rheumatism, biliousness, prolonged nervous headaches; Tabby, their faithful old servant, with tic douloureux. They died, five of them, of consumption. I do not have to point out that all this - taken with their poverty and their sequestration - explains the tragic lives of the Brontës, their early deaths. The exigencies of space will not permit me to prove how precisely - how, indeed, with the mathematical accuracy of a solved geometrical theorem - the country explains their work. Bare moor succeeding bare moor into what must have seemed to that quartette of young pedestrians an infinity of distance. Bold hill outlines, grimly beautiful, shouldering away the light of the sun. Bare houses built of grey stone. Bare pastures walled in grey stone. Magnificent sweeps of sky. Stupendous wings of cloud. Wild flowers. Wild birds. Wild winds. Wild waters. Nature itself, not only wild but untameable. The collection of Brontë relics in the Parsonage is extremely rich. This is mainly due to the generosity of an American, H. H. Bonnell of Philadelphia, who presented his accumulation to the museum. The collection includes manuscripts, letters, paintings, furniture, personal possessions of all kinds. Here are three of the gowns that were in Charlotte's wedding outfit; delicately dainty of material, now of course quaint; slippers for the little feet of which, Mrs. Gaskell insinuates, she was proud; some of those hand-made, tiny paper books, filled with her microscopic handwriting; her work-basket. Here is Emily's painting of her great dog, Keeper, who, as the stricken family filed to the church the day of her funeral, took his place beside Mrs. Brontë, and who, for days thereafter, whined piteously in front of the closed door of his mistress's bedroom; a work more full of life than any other painting in the collection. Here is Emily's paint-box, open and a little disordered, exactly as she left it the last time she worked with brush and color. Here is the comb which, on the very morning of her death, fell from her dying fingers and was charred by the fire. Here are Branwell's paintings - strange symbolic things, uncertain in touch like the conceptions of an immature Blake. Here are Mr. Brontës spectacles. Here is the prospectus for a school at the Parsonage which the girls sent out to which no reply ever came. Here is some of the pretty china from which they ate. And here is that table about which, in the dark, the three girls, arm in arm, walked every night after dinner, talking over their brilliant, inchoate, amateur, literary enterprises. Before you leave you will want to go into the church a few steps away. Small and grey, it possesses none of the obvious evidences of age which make most English churches the mute repositories of so much history. But it needs none. A single mural tablet on one side of the communion-table presents evidence which will bring pilgrims to Haworth Old Church as long as English literature lasts. It bears an inscription which I present in abridged form. HERE LIE THE REMAINS OF MARIA BRONTË IN THE 39TH YEAR OF HER AGE HERE ALSO LIE THE REMAINS OF MARIA BRONTË, DAUGHTER OF THE AFORESAID , IN THE 12TH YEAR OF HER AGE AND OF ELIZABETH BRONTË, HER SISTER, IN THE 11TH YEAR OF HER AGE HERE ALSO LIE THE REMAINS OF PATRICK BRANWELL BRONTË, WHO DIED AGED 30 YEARS AND OF EMILY JANE BRONTË, WHO DIED AGED 29 YEARS THIS STONE IS ALSO DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF ANNE BRONTË, AGED 27 YEARS On another tablet below the first is the following: ADJOINING LIE THE REMAINS OF CHARLOTTE SHE DIED IN THE 39TH YEAR OF HER AGE When Inez Haynes, by that time Inez Haynes Gillmore, came to New York from Boston in 1908, she differed very little from the vivid young girl who used to help Maud Wood to organizing suffrage meetings and who used to act with Josephine Sherwood in Idler club plays a decade before- physically, the same vivid coloring, heritage from a remote Indian ancestor; mentally the same flashing imagination; spiritually the same warm responsiveness. Already she had served her apprenticeship as a writer by turning out four novels which never saw print and three plays which never looked across the footlights. Then she had met Gelett Burgess, who brought her down to earth by suggesting that she try her hand on short fiction, at the moment in great demand. She sat down to her typewriter and in a week wrote six short stories, four of which were accepted and published. So she brought a minor reputation to the metropolis; it began growing into a major one when in 1910 she published in the American Magazine the first of her Phoebe & Ernest stories. This series, which went on for several years, dealt with an average American family- father, mother, adolescent son and daughter living in a suburban town which was really Arlington. Of it Brander Matthews wrote that if he were teaching a foreigner what the United States was like, he would use two text books- "The American Commonwealth to show how we were governed" and "Phoebe and Ernest" to show what we were. 2 Most writers, having made a success in one genre, play the same tune for life. But a touch of divine discontent in Inez has kept her from resting on any laurels. While "Phoebe and Ernest" and other American genre stories were selling almost automatically, to the disgust of her publishers she spent nearly a year writing "Angel Island", a grown-up fairy tale which was an allegory of feminism. "I was against your doing this serial," said the editor of the American Magazine when she submitted it, "but now that I've read it, I've just got to print it!" Meantime, a chance episode put into her mind the idea of a children's book. In one industrious month she wrote "Maida's Little Shop" which- with sequels which she has turned out from time to time- is passing into its fourth generation of young readers. Then came her first serious and sustained novel, "The Lady of Kingdoms", a study of modern woman in the radical circles of New York, centering about a plot very daring for its time. What success it might have had, Heavens knows; for on the week before it appeared we declared war on Germany and interest in peaceful fiction died. She did not get the bad news until much later, however. On February first, 1916, she had married Will Irwin, who had taken a furlough from his job as war correspondent at the French front for this very purpose, and had crossed the Atlantic with him in time to have the battle of Verdun burst in their faces. She was 3 two years at the war, with her writing faculty paralyzed. "Fiction about anything else than the war seemed trivial," she said, "and the war itself --- it was too big for anybody but a holster." At holiday time, I9I6-I9I7 they came home for a vacation. All these years, she had been working, writing and agitating for votes for women. When, about I9I3 the suffrage forces split, she joined the "suffragette" or radical wing, represented by the Woman's Party. Alice Paul came to New York for a conference. "President Wilson is our chief problem," she said to Inez. "Can you think of any way of keeping the idea of equal rights before the American people every time he appears in public ?" "Why dont you picket him, labor union fashion ?" asked Inez. Which Alice Paul promptly did. The rest is history. In the meantime Inez was at the war, following her husband's fortunes and writing war correspondence for herself. For example, she was at the Italian front when the line broke at Caporetto, and fled with Will Irwin to Venice just ahead of the Austrians. Dowered with a New England conscience, she brooded over the fact that she had got the other girls into jail without going to jail herself. So when in I920 the fight was won and Will Irwin went back to Europe to write "aftermath" articles, by way of expiation she spent an unrenumerative winter writing "The Story of the Woman's Party." The war ended for the Irwins in I92I. They returned to New York, bought a century-old house in Greenwich Village --- already 4 Inez owned a summer house at Scituate --- and, comparatively speaking, settled down. The rest is twenty years of steady, productive writing, ranging from a pair of novels dealing with a family in Nineteenth Century Charlestown to set of detective mystery stories. She has published, in all, thirty-two books and hundreds of short stories, articles and casual essays. In I926 she won the O Henry prize for the best short story of the year; and from I93I to I933 she served as president of the Authors' League of America --- this being the only time in its history that the League has ever elected a woman to that office. And so far as her friends, her family and her husband can see, she has remained the same girl with the vivid imagination and the warmly generous spirit who used to act in Idler plays and address parlor meetings for equal suffrage back in the golden nineties. Will Irwin May 1943 INEZ HAYNES Supplementary Notes. Inez Haynes, who came to Radcliffe as a special student at the beginning of my second year there, had the most vivid personality that I ran across during my college course. She was small and dark, with so-called Spanish coloring which appeared to point to the environment of her Brazilian birthplace as having more influence than the New England heredity of her parents. Her liking for bright colors, particularly for neck ribbons of brilliant red, always seemed to me symbolic of her amazing zest for life. She had been teaching for several years in a grammar school in a tough district in Charlestown and one of her stories about that period was an illustration of her characteristic gay courage. As I remember the details, she had in her classroom one year a dull and surly boy, whom I will call Johnny Murphy. His father was a prize fighter of no distinction aside from his being a satellite of John L. Sullivan; but on that score the boy lorded it over his schoolmates and fairly dared his teacher to keep him in order. One day when his behaviour was specially bad she sent him home and wrote a note to his father to explain why she had dismissed him The next morning, as her pupils came in she was aware of subtle excitement and learned from one of the boys that "Johnny Murphy says his father's coming to knock your stuffins out." Undismayed, she called the class to order. Just as she was about to begin the usual brief reading from Scripture, there was a loud knock on the door. When she opened it a big and obviously irate man entered with the explanation that he was Johnny Murphy's father and that he wanted to know what she meant by sending his son home. Greeting him with a smile, she said, in her most dulcet tones, that she would be glad to talk with him as soon as the morning -2- exercises were over. Then she invited him to a seat on the platform and started to read, "The Lord is my Shepherd". After she finished the psalm, she addressed the pupils in a manner as pleasant as she could make it. "Now, boys and girls, you may sing for Mr. Murphy your favorite hymn, 'Onward Christian Soldiers'." Her voice and apparent freedom from fear transformed the excited watching of most of the pupils into enthusiastic singing. Meanwhile Johnny continued to slouch in his seat in the back row, whispering to those around him and throwing spitballs down the aisle. As the song ended, Mr. Murphy, who had been watching his son, stood up and, turning to Inex, demanded, "Have yez a strap?" There was an audible drawing in of breath among the pupils, but Inez caught his meaning and replied, "No, but I have a ruler." "Give me the ruler then", Murphy urged, and as soon as he had it in his hand he shouted, "You come here, Johnny." When the boy stumbled forward, his father seized him by the collar and marched him out to the hall, from which the sound of blows and screams was soon heard. When father and son returned Murphy announced in a loud voice, "Ma'am if you have any more trouble with that boy of mine jes you let me know and I'll tan the hide off of him". Then he departed and thereafter Johnny was tractable. Inez and I shared many enthusiams at Radcliffe; for Professor Kittredge and Chaucer, for Mr. Gardiner's course in English composition, for Mr. Copeland's reading, and, after Alice Stone Blackwell's speech at the college, for woman suffrage. After two years we took the English honors examination on the same afternoon. In my case the lack of sequence in the questions fired at me by a roomful of Harvard professors and instructors made me feel as if I were trying to drag to the tip of my tongue something deep inside me that just wouldn't come out. Inex, on the contrary, reported afterwards that the questioning -3- made facts and quotations that she didn't know she knew bubble to the surface. The following summer she married Rufus Gillmore and in the autumn returned to Radcliffe for Mr. Baker's first dramatic workshop. Though, so far as I know, she has never written plays since then, one that she wrote in that course I still remember as a striking achievement. While she was living near Boston, a period of about eight years, we met frequently in connection with our suffrage work and other mutual interests. At one time I tried to persuade her to become a paid worker for the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association, but she refused on the ground that she was determined to stick at writing. And stick she did, though several years went by before her work clicked into success that brought large remuneration. In the interval she gave a series of radio talks called "Bedtime Stories", and occasionally addressed women's clubs on "Story Telling for Children". Once when she was engaged by telephone to speak at a church meeting in a small city at some distance from Boston, she wrote down correctly all details about the meeting except the name of the city and therefore left the train at the wrong station. When she found that every church to which a cab took her was closed, except one in which a wedding was underway, she realized that something must be wrong and returned by the next train. Determined to make up for the wasted evening, she spent her time on the journey in planning a story using the facts of her misadventure as introduction to an imaginary romance connected with a wedding such as she had happened upon. The next day she was called up by an indignant committee chairman but after she explained what had happened another date was set for her address. When the meeting actually came she made her apologies by reading the story she had written about her previous attempt to reach the place, a story which was later accepted for publication by a well known magazine. -4- Nothing could have been more characteristic of Inez Haynes than that determination not/to be balked by circumstances. Maud Wood Park INEZ HAYNES IRWIN Introductory Notes. (From Who's Who, 1942) [*Radcliffe Collection New Back*] Inez Haynes Irwin, author. Born Rio Janeiro, Brazil, March 2nd 1873, daughter Gideon and Emma Jane (Hopkins) Haynes; Girls' High School and Normal School, Boston; special student Radcliffe College, 1897-1900; married Rufus Hamilton Gillmore, Aug. 30, 1897; m. 2nd, Will Irwin, Feb. 1, 1916. Corresponded for various magazines in France, England and Italy, 1916-1918; contributor to American and British magazines. Founder with Maud Wood Park of National College Equal Suffrage League; member national advisory council, National Women's party; president Author's League of America, 1931-33; Chairman Board of Directors for World Centre for Women's Archives, 1935-40; Vice-Pres. N.Y.P.E.N.; 1941-42. Clubs: Heterodoxy, Query (N.Y.) Author: June Jeopardy, 1908; Maida's Little Shop, 1910; Phoebe and Ernest, 1910; Janey, 1911; Phoebe, Ernest and Cupid, 1912; Angel Island, 1914; The Ollivant Orphans, 1915; The Californiacs, 1916; The Lady of Kingdoms, 1917; The Happy Years, 1919; The Native Son, 1919; The Story of the Woman's Party, 1921; Out of the Air, 1921; Maida's Little House, 1921; Gertrude Haviland's Divorce, 1925; Maida's Little School, 1926; Gideon, 1927; P.D.F.R. 1928; Family Circle, 1931; Confessions of a Business Man's Wife, 1931; Youth Must Laugh, 1932; Angels and Amazons, 1933; Strange Harvest, 1934; Murder Masquerade (in Great Britain, Murder in Fancy Dress); 1935; The Poison Cross, 1936; Good Manners for Girls, 1937; A Body Rolled Downstairs, 1938; Maida's Little Island, 1939; Maida's Little Cap, 1940; Many Murders, 1941. Winner of O.Henry Memorial Prize for Best Short Story of 1924. Home: (winter) 240 W. 11th Street, New York City; summer, Soituate, Massachusetts. Inez Haynes Irwin see for reference College Equal Suffrage League File Mar. 24, 1900 - organization (Mrs. Irwin was then a special student at Radcliffe and helped organized the first group. Her name then was Mrs. Rufus Hamilton GIllmore) [*World's Archives of Women's Activities*] [*Irwin*] You are cordially invited to serve as a Patron for a Dinner inaugurating The World Center for Women's Archives on Wednesday, December the fifteenth [*1936*] at seven-thirty o'clock at the Biltmore Hotel At which the log, charts and maps of the last flight of Amelia Earhart together with the manuscript of her book will be presented. Speakers: Bessie Beaty, Presiding Fannie Hurst Margaret Widdemer Colonel Harold E. Hartney Technical Advisor to the U.S. Senate Committee on aviation representing the Quiet Birdmen Colonel Charles Kirwood Representing Lafayette Esquadrille Dick Merrill Trans-Atlantic Flyer Louise Thaden Winner Bendix Trophy 1936 Presentation of gift Dr. Edward C. Elliot, President Purdue University Acceptance of gift Inez Haynes Irwin The favor of a reply is requested. CHAIRMAN MRS. INEZ HAYNES IRWIN VICE-CHAIRMAN EMMA HIRTH TREASURER ANNE HOUSTOUN SADLER SECRETARY RUTH SAVORD DIRECTORS MARY LOUISE ALEXANDER MRS. MARY R. BEARD BESSIE BEATTY MRS. SIDNEY C. BORG EDNA BREZEE MRS. ELINORE M. HERRICK MRS. ARTHUR C. HOLDEN IRENE LEWISOHN DR. KATHRYN McHALE MRS. EDWARD A. NORMAN MRS. CAROLINE O'DAY LENA MADESIN PHILLIPS DR. LORINE PRUETTE MRS. LIONEL SUTRO DR. CHARL O. WILLIAMS SPONSORS JUDGE FLORENCE ALLEN MRS. VINCENT ASTOR CHARLES A. BEARD ALICE STONE BLACKWELL MRS. EMILY NEWELL BLAIR MRS. HARRIET STANTON BLATCH MRS. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT AMELIA EARHART MRS. DOROTHY CANFIELD FISHER FANNIE HURST MRS. JAMES WELDON JOHNSON MRS. ALEXANDER KOHUT ROBERT D. LEIGH MRS. DOROTHY THOMPSON LEWIS ANNE MORGAN JEANNETTE P. NICHOLS ROY NICHOLS GEORGIA O'KEEFFE ALICE PAUL FRANCES PERKINS JOSEPHINE ROCHE MRS. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT DR. FLORENCE R. SABIN MARGARET SANGER PROF. RICHARD H. SHRYOCK MRS. RUTH HANNA McCORMICK SIMMS MRS. HANNA G. SOLOMON IDA M. TARBELL MARY VAN KLEECK LILLIAM D. WALD 450 1946 The President and Council of Radcliffe College cordially invite you to a meeting in honor of Maud Wood Park, '98 SUFFRAGE LEADER, FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS AND INITIAL DONOR OF THE WOMAN'S RIGHTS COLLECTION in Agassiz Theatre, Radcliffe Yard Wednesday, May First, at four o'clock PROGRAM PRESIDENT W. K. JORDAN PRESIDING "Women and the State of the Nation" "Before 1920"-Inez Haynes Irwin '98, suffragist, author "At Present"-Louise Leonard Wright, expert on international affairs UNITED STATES POSTAGE GEORGE WASHINGTON 1889-1797 1 CENT 1 Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.