NAWSA SUBJECT FILE Lenroot, Katharine F. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR CHILDREN'S BUREAU WASHINGTON May 13, 1943. Mrs. Maud Wood Park 14 Surf Road, Cape Cottage, Maine. My dear Mrs. Park: As Miss Lenroot is just starting for South America she has asked me to reply to your letter of May 8. We will be very glad to supply the information about the Children's Bureau and about the three chiefs for the historical file at Radcliffe College of the Women's Rights Movement. It will take a little time to assemble this. When it is ready we will send it to Mrs. Guy Stantial, 21 Ashmount Street, Melrose, Massachusetts, as you request. Cordially yours, Edith Rockwood Edith Rockwood Specialist in Child Welfare Office of the Chief ER*djq Katharine F. Lenroot Chief, Children's Bureau U. S. Department of Labor Washington, D. C. 6.29.43 EASTER AFFIRMATIONS By THEODORE GERALD SOARES The highest imaginable experience is to be a person. It would be presumptuous to say that no being with a more significant experience than man's could exist, for there may well be experiences unimaginable to us. But that would not make personality less than it is. We are fragile creatures, but we can think, purpose, repent, love; we can do what no mere thing can do. The contrast is an old one, but I remember how strikingly it came to me once. I had asked Professor Michelson, the noted Chicago physicist, to speak to the seniors at chapel. He described the interferometer, which he had just invented, by means of which he had measured the diameter of Betelguese. I watched him as he spoke. There stood a little man, five and a half feet high, 160 pounds of matter, and he had measured a star at a vast distance. I said to him afterwards, "Michelson, you are greater than Betelgeuse. He is three hundred million miles of gas, but he cannot measure himself, he cannot know that he is being measured, yet you have measured him." "Yes," he said, " "perhaps so; but in a few years I shall be gone and he will still be the mighty volume of gas." That, it may be, is the issue. If personality is just another chemical combination, very complex, but unstable, temporary, disappearing after a few years, perhaps we have been deceiving ourselves with the insistent sense of worth that has seemed to us to be resident in human nature. But if the self has in it the promise of unending growth, if we are just beginning to find what is good and shall learn better and better to pursue it, then our feeling of wonder at this experience of personality is justified. It is a strange fact that whatever may be our sense of individual unworthiness, we do not lay the blame on the possibilities of the human spirit, but on our own failure to be what we know we might be: "What I aspired to be, and was not, comforts me." I am a man, I am not a thing. I am not a concatenation of atoms, I am a self. I can think, choose, purpose; above all I can love. When I love, especially when I greatly love, most of all when I make sacrifice for love's sake, then am I most conscious of being a person and of living with persons. Out of personal companionships comes the sense of the Divine Person. We gain the feeling that we human folk are not alone; we are not orphans. The great Mystery that surrounds us, in many respects so impenetrable, so impersonal, so uncaring, has within it that which answers to our longing for fellowship. When our souls cry out for response, we are not left with a mere echo of that cry. We are answered--and we dare to say,"I am not alone, for the Father is with me." If there is such a fellowship of the human person and the Divine Person, there should be justifiable hope that the dissolution of the body does not end it. If God has designed us to be his children, why should he permit the event of death to end the relation? In the infinite resources of which we see glimpses in what we call Nature, there is surely a way for this corruptible to put on incorruption. We live our personal experiences in the conditions of the body. Personality and physical organism are so intimately united that in ordinary experience they are one. But with sickness and weakness comes a mysterious sense of separation; I am not this thing that is failing me. And not seldom in death there is an experience of escape--the shuffling off something that is alien. ". . . .thou at length art free, Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea." Why call these "Easter affirmations"? The Nature Festival of Spring speaks of life resurgent but not of individual life persistent. The lovely flowering peach in my garden is life coming back, but it is not the same life. The birdlings in the new nests are not the return of those who died before; bird life goes on but not the same birds. Nature's conservation is scarcely an argument in support of personal immortality. Rather, it would seem as if we were misled by the fascinating analogy of the springtime miracle. Nor do we make these Easter affirmations because of any literal interpretation of the strangely beautiful stories of the resurrection of Jesus. We do not found our faith on the blurred evidence of a re-animated body. There was something deeper in the belief that Jesus was living. The disciples phrased it in those words later written in the Fourth Gospel: "I go to the Father." This seemed inevitable to them; God was so manifestly present in Jesus' radiant, victorious, young life, in his faith, his hope, his vital spiritual strength --truly he would go back to God. He who had so intimately lived with the divine would not lose the Dr. Theodore Gerald Soares of Pasadena, California, is author of "The Growing Concept of God in the Bible," reviewed on page 133. blessed fellowship because men killed his body. They believed he said, "Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit." It was life going back to life. The richness of the personality of Jesus led those men and women who had lived with him, who never understood him but always loved him, feeling the beauty and power of his spirit - it was their experience of Jesus that led to the first Easter affirmation that he had passed through the ordeal of death into eternal life. Doubtless the mystic experiences of Peter and of Mary gave the form in which this affirmation was expressed - the empty tomb, the angels' message, the appearances. But it is significant that after the miracles had ceased, the Christian disciples were satisfied that their master was a living spiritual power, and that they could live with him in that quality of life which he called eternal, a life over which physical death has no power. Victory On The Children's Front By Katharine F. Lenroot Within the realm of the finite - and subject, in the philosophy of the theist, to the Grace and Providence of God - three factors determine the greatness of a nation: its people, its natural resources, and its strategic situation in time and place. Of these factors, the human is by far the most significant. Natural resources, historical timeliness, and strategic location are only the raw materials out of which a people may forge a noble or a corrupt society. A nation which desires to win and hold a place of leadership and usefulness in the society of nations must cherish and plan for its children as for no other group in the population. The health, the educational advantages, the family training and security of family life, and the religious nurture of today's children will determine the strength and quality of tomorrow's citizens. As we realize more sharply each day the effects of war upon every aspect of our life, it is imperative that we ask ourselves what war is doing to children. Indeed, we could not fail to ask this question, for the issues of war insistently confront us with problems affecting the homes, the food, the schooling, the work, and the play of the younger generation. Will it be possible to defer the induction of the married men with dependent children? Can families with dependent children provide the essentials for health and growth on our present scale of allotments and allowances? To what extent will mothers be drawn into war industry, perhaps in the same families from which fathers enter the armed forces? Do mothers with household responsibilities make dependable, efficient workers in war plants, or does absenteeism caused by home worries and home responsibilities impede production? What of the children left without home supervision; do they have enough food and rest? Do they roam the streets, form undesirable associations, become delinquent? Are we spending money and time on programs of social protection while at the same time we create larger and larger numbers of child delinquents, by our lack of forethought about the excitement and lure of war conditions, and the consequent need for home care and supervision? Are our high school boys and girls to form a large part of the labor force required to raise food for ourselves and our allies, and to provide for the starving people of Axis-occupied countries as soon as they can be safely reached? If youngsters are to do general farm work and harvest crops, what effect will such work have on their health and schooling? How important is education in a nation fighting for the four freedoms and a just and lasting peace? In the long run, can our nation hope to survive if children, all children, do not have a chance to grow up strong and healthy, prepared for the duties of citizenship in a free world? The Children's Charter in Wartime, adopted in March, 1942, by the Children's Bureau Commission on Children in Wartime (a representative body of about 60 members), called upon all citizens, even in the stress of war, to nourish, shelter, and protect children so that they may be strong and able to carry forward a just and lasting peace. It urged that health, school, and recreational facilities be improved in the over-crowded military and war-production zones; that measures be taken to strengthen the home life of children whose parents are mobilized for war or war production; that children all over this country shall not suffer as a result of wartime food shortages; that they shall be helped to meed the emotional strain and excitement of war without prejudice to their development, and that ways shall be found for them to participate in the nation's war effort through activities suited to their ages and ability. To achieve these objectives, the Charter urged State and local review of the needs children and youth, and activities designed to meet these needs through the co-operation of Federal, State, and local governments and private agencies. The necessity of having a wide variety of non-governmental association and organizations participate was fully recognized. Since last March, considerable progress has been made. The Office of Civilian Defense, in co-operation with other federal agencies, has been encouraging the development of committees on Children in Wartime, affiliated with State and local defense councils. As of February 1, 1943, State committees were in existence in 20 States and the District of Columbia, and in at least 8 other States there were indications that existing committees concerned primarily with day care will soon sponsor additional activities. Last August 120 the Children's Bureau Commission on Children in Wartime adopted a Program of State Action, describing the measures needed to safeguard the health and welfare of children under war conditions. It is now preparing suggestions for local programs in certain fields which appear to be of primary importance. As our confidence in winning the war becomes strengthened, our thoughts turn to the plans which must be in the making if we are not to be unprepared for the cessation of hostilities. Postwar planning for the children of our own nation will not achieve its objectives unless, at the same time, steps are taken to extend relief to the millions of children war-torn countries. The first concern of the church, in war as in peace, is to give to those within the reach of its influence that foundation of security which Jesus illustrated by the parable of the house built upon a rock. The key to the emotional security of children facing dangers and uncertainties is the security and courage of their parents. The church, too, has the duty of bearing constant witness to the importance of these policies and services which are directed toward strengthening the ability of families to withstand wartime pressure - to assure to the child opportunities for love, health, growth, education, wholesome fun, and a chance to share in the war effort in ways commensurate with his age and strength. Many churches can contribute directly to community programs for children, through leadership and personal service and through the use of buildings and equipment; they can help to bridge the gap between soldiers or newly arrived war workers and their families; they can adapt their schedules of worship, study, recreation and fellowship to the time schedules and necessities of young people in the armed forces and in industry. In these and other ways, many churches are now rendering notable services. To serve the needs of children in wartime adequately and to make plans for the postwar period demand co-ordination of effort, and recognition of the fact that the interests of childhood cannot be met by individual or departmentalized action, but require a network of well integrated service in which many professions, public and private agencies, and individual citizens co-operate. Victory must be won on the children's front as well as the other fronts of this war, for children are the strength of the nation. The greatness of a people is determined by its attitudes toward children and youth, and by the effectiveness with which it acts to meet their needs. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Executive Department State House, Boston Marc 24, 1943 The Reverend Stephen H. Fritchman, Editor The Christian Register 25 Beacon Street Boston, Massachusetts Dear Mr. Fritchman: Children are our nation's greatest asset. Yet present conditions make their cares and bringing up one of our greatest problems. The Commonwealth has already taken steps to develop a program for the day care of children whose mothers are busy in war work. No such program, however, can be complete. The very best results can be obtained by private organizations which take the initiative themselves. I heartily approve any steps in this direction. Establishment of child care centers in every community can be one of the biggest contributions to the war on the home front. Sincerely yours, Leverett Saltonstall Governor of the Commonwealth 121 HOW CAN GERMAN YOUTH BE RE-EDUCATED? By F.C. Weiskopf The answer to this question can be given in ten words, at the same time, it requires ten volumes of ten times ten pages each. I believe that people can be educated and re-educated. It would mean renouncing every thought of the possibility for human progress if one assumed that young people educated in a certain way could not be changed by altered circumstances of life, altered methods of teaching, altered standards of public esteem, and altered commanding powers, let alone by the persuasive strength of the historical events they have lived through, that demonstrate by experience the defeat of clay-feet giants and idols. German youth can certainly be re-educated after a defeat of fascism and the establishment of an order of human dignity, freedom and peace. But the work of re-education can succeed only if fascism is defeated not merely in the persons of Hitler, Mussolini, Horthy, Quisling, Franco and their like, but also as a system of thought and of power. This implies the restitution of full freedom to all oppressed nations, and the barring of deals with all sorts of spectres, from the Hapsburgs to the Savoias, and from the Rauschnigs to the poor little Finish Field Marshals with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. In order to start a real re-education of the German youth, there must be, first of all, a firmly established, truly democratic regime in Germany. All those responsible for the barbarism of Nazism must be punished; the leaders of the Nazi party from Hitler down to the Scharfuehrers of the Elie Guard must be publicly exposed in trials before People's Courts, sentenced without false clemency, and brought to bear the consequences of their crimes. The Nazi organizations must be destroyed to the root. The generals of the Nazi army must not be allowed to keep their uniforms, insignia, pensions and glory. Defeat must be made visible to the hinterland; there ought not to be a repetition of 1918 with the troops parading under their old officers as "unvanquished heroes struck down by the treacherous attack of pacifists." Libraries must be cleansed of all Nazi literature and semi-Nazi books. Schools and universities must be purified by the dismissal and punishment of all Nazi teachers and professors, and all their sympathizers who preach race hatred, death mysticism, and fuehrer ideology. The barbaric deeds of the Elite Guard and the Wehrmacht in all occupied countries must be made known to the German people by means of documentary films, books, excursions, lectures, radio speeches. All means of public education must be put under the control of proven anti-Nazis. There are almost one million German anti-fascists who have suffered in concentration camps, or fought against fascism on various battlefields, or were forced to flee into exile; here is an army to be used in the job of cleaning out Nazis and establishing a clean, anti-Nazi administration of German public affairs. To dismember Germany, or to as a sort of colony, with foreign commissars and teachers, seems to me the wrongest of all ways. There is no nation with unalterable wicket qualities; only the racists speak of entire nations as superior or inferior. Germany had a tragic history. The German people was at several decisive turns of its history cheated and defeated by its own reactionary elements. There is a new chance for the German people right now to help liberate itself, and thereby to help free the world of a hideous and barbaric regime. It is one of our noblest tasks to encourage and to help every such effort the German people will make in the next phase of the war. The overthrow of the Nazi regime is the first step toward the re-education of German youth. F.C. Weiskopf, distinguished Czecho-Slovakian novelist now in the United States, author of "Dawn Breaks," has written a new novel to be published soon. 122 ALICE STONE BLACKWELL Introductory Notes (From Who's Who, Edition of 1942) Alice Stone Blackwell, born East Orange, N.J. September 14, 1857; daughter Henry B. Blackwell and Lucy Stone; A.B. Boston University 1881; unmarried. Assisted father and mother on Woman's Journal, Boston 1881-1893; after their death was Editor-in-chief until 1917 when the Woman's Journal, the Woman Voter, and the Headquarters News Letter were consolidated as The Woman Citizen,of which was contributing editor; editor of paper called the Woman's Column, 1886-1905. Extensive writer on women's suffrage; served as Secretary, National American Woman Suffrage Association about 20 years; also served as President New England and Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association; Honorary President Massachusetts League of Women Voters; a presidential elector for LaFolette in 1924. Has taken deep interest in the Armenians and received Order of Melusine from Prince Guy de Lusigman; also deeply interested in the Jewish people and received Jewish Rose from the Jewish Advocate; awarded medal by Ford Hall forum "for humanitarian service". Active in Friends of Russian Freedom; Honorary Trustee of Boston University; member American Association of University Women, (past Pres. Mass.); Phi Beta Kappa; author Lucy Stone, Pioneer of Woman's Rights, 1930; Editor: The Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution - Catherine Breshkovsky's Own Story, 1917. Translator and compiler: Armenian Poems, 1896, 1916; Songs of Russia, 1906; Songs of Grief and Gladness (from the Yiddish) 1908; Some Spanish-American Poets - 1929. Co-compiler - The Yellow Ribbon Speaker, 1911. Home, 1910 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Mass. For the Child Miss Lenroot tells what we have done for our children and what we must do. By KATHERINE F. LENROOT On April 9, 1912, William Howard Taft, then President, signed the bill creating the Children's Bureau, the first governmental agency of its kind anywhere in the world. It received a small appropriation--$25,640 for salaries and expenses--and a large mandate. It was to do no less than investigate and report upon "all matters pertaining to the welfare of children among all classes of our people." That it has been endeavoring to do ever since. Now, with the transfer of the bureau from its first home in the Department of Labor to its new home in the Federal Security Agency, a report on the children--the children then and the children now--is in order. For many who were children then the prospect was bright and progress was the word. The world had met in St. Louis in 1904 at the fair, and it was a good world--for them. They still remember, like the girls in "Meet Me in St. Louis," a way of life, a security they find hard to provide for their own children. Others who were children then have no such memories. Their story is told in a nineteen-volume Government report, made in 1907, of the condition of women and child wage-earners. It is told, too, in reports of the National Child Labor Committee and in those of the Society for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality. To that bleak record the Children's Bureau soon added its own chapters. The world so described has little or no likeness to the one so delightfully recalled by those who lived in big houses set back on wide lawns. It was, indeed, far nearer to the world Charles Dickens knew than to our own, as far as the children fared. Then at least one out of every ten babies died and in many cases their mothers died with them. A doctor was called in only when the baby was ready to be born, and sometimes not even then. Relatives or neighbors helped out, or the midwife. Only a few babies were born in hospitals. Women were not a stronger breed then than now, as the thoughtless say when they remember how many women had their babies and were up and around taking care of their families in a few days. The fact is that many women died in childbirth, and many others dragged dispiritedly through the rest of their days. Their babies were not the generally healthy lot that babies are today. Women then did not have the knowledge of child care that is now widespread. They lacked, too, the equipment that is fairly common today-- refrigerators, for one thing--and they often lived in communities that provided few health safeguards. In many cases water came from a well in the back yard or from a pump a block or more away. An outdoor privy was common, even in the towns and cities. Health authorities in those days concentrated on swat-the-fly campaigns, and with reason. They fought, too, for good and drug laws. Many cows had tuberculosis and milk carried the germs of this and other infectious diseases. Pasteurization of milk was just beginning. A family that "raised" all its children was lucky. Children had to be got through their "second summer"--a perilous time for newly weaned babies subjected to the diet of those days. Epidemic diseases then had to be feared. Typhoid signs were scarcely down from the doors in summer before diphtheria signs went up for the winter. Often a white wreath hung below the Health Department placard. Sickness for many children was the accepted lot. They were "sickly"--a vague term that covered rickets, scurvy, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, diabetes or a "weak" heart. Their eyes were inflamed, their ears "gathered." They "had" tonsils and adenoids. They were "doctored" with cough syrup, goose grease, sulphur, soap and sugar poultices, mustard plaster and--paregoric. Seldom, though, did they have cod liver oil. Orphans were frequently indentured; that is, bound out for a period of years and given board and keep in exchange for their work. As late as 1930 six States were still indenturing children and in at least one State they are still being "deeded" today. Others of the orphans were self-supporting, and it was considered right and proper that they should be. The child-labor laws of those days expressly exempted orphans-- orphans and those who would otherwise be dependent. For other children the legal working age was commonly 12 years. Many of them, though (Continued on Page 51) [*KATHERINE F. LENROOT, chief of the United States Children's Bureau, first joined the bureau in 1915. Since 1934 she has been in charge of a broad Federal program to promote the health, social welfare and educational opportunities of the children of the nation.*] MAGAZINE, APRIL 6, 1947. 17 Taste--not money--counts in choosing Marlboro Cigarettes! so little more... brings so much more distinction... richness... conscious smoking pleasure! Plain Ends Ivory Tipes Beauty Tips red MARLBORO Merely an extra Penny or Two! The Face of the Nation There is much talk of a forty-ninth State being added to the Union--perhaps Alaska, perhaps Hawaii. How much do you know about the present forty-eight States? Below is a set of questions designed to test your eye for shapes and locations on the map of continental United States. 1. These two States are identical in shape--the only two perfect rectangles on a Mercator projection of the United States. 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GET PROMPT RELIEF WITH EFFICIENT, SOOTHING JOHNSON'S FOOT SOAP, SOFTENS CORNS AND CALLOUSES. * AT ALL DRUGGISTS SINCE 1870 JOHNSON'S FOOT SOAP BORAX, IODIDE AND BRAN A Program For the Child (Continued from Page 17) went to work much younger, some as young as 3. Baby hands could be trained for some of the intricate tasks in the making of artificial flowers. Children who were 6, 7 and 8 years old were commonly employed on similar work--carding buttons, pulling lace, stuffing doll bodies, and all the other odds and ends of jobs that people took from the factories into their homes for finishing. The children worked long and they worked hard, for pennies, and the pennies went into the family sugar bowl. OTHER children, at "kid's wages," did all kinds of work around the mines and in the mills and factories. Much of it was hazardous. The labor of children was contracted for along with that of their parents. A man signed up for all in his family over 12 years old and they worked unless excused by their employer. In 1921 the Maternity and Infancy Act was passed; it was in force eight years. For the first time Federal money was granted to the States to meet the health needs of mothers and children. That act, which reflected the demand from the people for action to reduce the high maternal and infant mortality rate, gave the States the chance to show how facts could be put to work to save lives. Work thus begun was taken up anew when the Social Security Act was passed in 1935. The resources of the Federal Government were drawn upon again and more generously to help the States bring health services within reach of thousands of mothers and children who otherwise would have lacked care. Federal money, too, was made available to get care to crippled children and to develop child welfare services. ONE of the greatest changes that has been brought about on behalf of children has been getting them out of the factories, the mills and the mines and into the classrooms. It has been a hard fight, won and lost again in successive attempts to get a child labor law on the Federal statutes. In 1916 and in 1919 such laws were written in Congress and thrown out in the courts. A "Children's Amendment" to the Constitution, passed in 1924, giving Congress the clear right to legislate on the matter for all children, has still failed of ratification; so far it has been ratified by only twenty-eight of the necessary thirty-six States. Those earlier efforts, though, prepared the way for the protection given children under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. State child labor laws and school (Continued on Page 53) THE NICEST THING YOU CAN DO FOR YOUR WIFE ...is to bring your dancing up-to-date! 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THOUSANDS SAVE MAGAZINE, APRIL 6, 1947. 51 COHAMA Fabrics RESLOOM gives Cohama Frost-Point CRUSH-RESISTANCE that won't wear away, wash away, or dry clean away Yes, pack it, punish it, wear it hard and long without constant pressing or pampering ...because Frost-Point, famous Cohama Rayon, is now happily treated with that new product, Resloom...unique because it's the first and only one to assure lasting crush-resistance...won't wear away, wash away, or dry clean away! For full Resloom information, address: MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, Textile Chemicals Department, 140 Federal St., Boston 10, Massachusetts. Resloom: Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. MONSANTO CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS SERVING INDUSTRY . . . WHICH SERVES MANKIND 52 THE NEW YORK TIMES For Easter Giving... Luscious Fruit Encased In Rich Chocolate Here's all the tempting flavor of scarlet sun-ripened Raspberries, the tangy zest of Apricots and mellow sweetness of golden Oranges deliciously encased in tempting chocolate! Special treat assortment also includes choice Marzipan, creamy-smooth Caramels and honey-rich Nougats. A glorious pink and gold box of La Reine Chocolate is the Easter gift supreme. ½ lb $1, 1 lb, $1.85, and 2 lbs. $3.70, Postpaid. Especially gift-wrapped for Easter Visit our store, order by mail or phone. La Reine Chocolate Co., Inc. 601 Madison Ave., New York Plaza 9-5590 ------------------------------------------------------- A GIFT A FRIEND WILL WEAR AND TREASURE GOWNS PULPIT CHOIR JUDICIAL Academic Caps, Gowns and Hoods. Est. 1912 BENTLEY & SIMON 7 West 36 ST. New York 18, N.Y. ------------------------------------------------------- A Program for the Child --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Continued from Page 51) attendance laws complement the Federal law. Great headway has thus been made in ending the exploitation of the labor of children, although large exceptions must be taken to the general picture. What of today's children? What are they like and how are they faring? The answer now, like the answer thirty-five years ago, depends upon what children you are talking about and where they are living. The difference is one of proportion: more of them, broadly speaking, get off to a good start in life than was true a generation or so ago, for not only has the standard of living been raised, but more is known about what children need, and by and large as people know better, they do better by their children. We see the beneficiaries of this new knowledge and this new wealth all around us. Bright-eyed, rosy-cheeked babies abound, babies who have had their cod liver oil, their orange juice and their quart of milk a day. They are not only in the homes of the well-to-do but also in those of the very modest income, for a knowledge of child care has been spread among most groups of the population. These are babies who have been brought up by the book—a million copies of "Infant Care" are distributed annually by the Children's Bureau and it is but one of the many good books on child care that get into the hands of today's mothers. The babies become straight-legged, sturdily built toddlers, and in no time an alert lot of school-age boys and girls. Then before one knows it they are teen-agers and how very fit they seem to be! Statistics bear out one's impression that they are, by and large, a better physical lot than their parents were. They are both taller and better built. Most of these young people have at least some high school back of them—only one out of three of their parents had any education beyond the grades. One out of ten will go on to college. They know more— despite in-the-family comparisons to their disadvantage— for they have been exposed to much more. Their parents at their age had never even heard a radio, and books and magazines had not yet attained mass circulation. Today's younger generation has had many other cultural advantages their parents lacked, in art, in music and in literature. They have seen more of the world. A "trip," when their parents were children, was still an event, not merely a matter of loading up the car and taking off. Their parents, it is difficult to remember, were only a little removed from the horse-and-buggy era. What today's boys and girls have not seen "on the spot" they have seen in the movies. This exposure, in its many forms, has produced and is producing a very grown-up generation, with many experiences behind it that did not fall to their parents' lot until a much later age, despite the fact that they, in their day, were young "sophisticates." Work prospects for these young people are much better than was the job outlook in their parents' day. Many more of them, because of their better education and training, have something better ahead of them than the blind-alley job that fell to the lot of so many of their forebears. A far greater choice of occupation and profession is open to them, especially to the girls. They are, moreover, young people who show the effects of a changed family relationship. Fathers, released from the pressure of the long work day, and mothers, relieved from much of the drudgery of housekeeping, have more time for their children. These are the young people commonly thought of as today's younger generation, and they are all around us. They so dominate the scene that we tend to lose sight of those great numbers who, despite our greater knowledge of child care and or higher standard of living, are growing up under grave disadvantages. These other children, moreover are living just around the corner and just down the road a piece from those who have such great advantages. Besides those babies who are being brought up by the book, we need to remember the 200,000 others born each year, who do not even have a doctor in attendance at their birth. They come into a world of ignorance and superstition and poverty. Others start out in life only a little better off, and many of them die because they do not have the care we know so well how to give. Many grow up lacking medical attention and care. There are still a thousand counties with no public health nurse. There are hundreds of rural counties and smaller communities that have no organized child health or maternity clinics and no readily accessible general hospital facilities or consultation service of children's or maternity specialists. Preventative mental health programs for children are all too few even in our largest cities; they are rare in the rural areas. 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For girls: wool bathing suits and sweaters. For your nearest store featuring Miami camp togs write to MIAMI KNITTING MILLS Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. 6 WEST 18th ST., NEW YORK CITY AT BETTER STORES MANUFACTURERS OF SWEATERS AND SWIM SUITS MAGAZINE APRIL 6, 1947. 53 GRACE DOWNS HAS GROWN UP: . . . from desk room to entire building! ↑FROM DESK ROOM ↑TO OFFICE ↑TO PENTHOUSE TO AN ENTIRE BUILDING IN THE HEART OF FIFTH AVENUE'S FASHION CENTER Such progress must be founded on performance. It's plain that Hollywood is the school for you! MODELING is more than a way to earn a living. To thousands of Hollywood graduates it has been the stepping stone to personal happiness which comes with success. Hollywood trains you for fine positions in FASHION SHOW ROOMS, ADVERTISING, PHOTOGRAPHY, MOTION PICTURE SHORTS and helps develop your instincts for merchandising and designing. (Personal perfection courses are available for those not interested in modeling as a career.) Come in for FREE STYLE TEST. Inquire about our low Budget Plan - special employment service to graduates. Get free book E. Grace Downs is associate-owner of N.Y. franchise for MISS AMERICA PAGEANT. GRACE DOWNS HOLLYWOOD MODEL SCHOOL 16 W. 58 ST. (5th AV.) PL9-1350 New York's Oldest Model School Licensed by State of New York Courses Available Under G.I. Bill ------------------------------------------ Table Setting by Plummer "A Tausend CREATION" Woven entirely of silvery-white Celanese" yarn, these rayon damask tablecloths and napkins launder beautifully . . . are always in good taste. Presented by leading stores in dinette to dinner sizes. LOOMED BY FIELDCREST Cel-o-sheen* Loomed by Fieldcrest A RAYON DAMASK OF ALL CELANESE YARN *Reg U S Pat Off FELIX TAUSEND & SONS 114 FRANKLIN STREET, NEW YORK 13 54 THE NEW YORK TIMES A Program For the Child ———————— (Continued From Preceding Page) reason that that money is lacking to pay for it or to provide the hospitals and convalescent facilities needed. At one recent count, 20,000 crippled children were on the waiting lists of the crippled children's agencies. Thousands of school-age children known to have defects and conditions that hamper growth and interfere with their education must go without treatment because there is no coordinated plan on the part of health and education authorities and because funds are lacking to pay for the care needed. NEGLECT in fields other than health is just as great. True, great gains have been made in taking care of neglected and dependent children, but not everywhere. Children are still being placed in institutions, although if help were given they could receive good care in their own homes, and along with it that affection which is so priceless a part of their heritage. At the same time many children who should be in institutions, among them feeble-minded children, are being left at home because no other provision is made for their care or because waiting lists for the State schools for mental defectives are so long. Other children need foster homes, but are denied that care because it costs money and States and communities often do not have enough to spend for this purpose. Thousands of children are in jails, where filth and depravity prevail, because no better provision is made for dealing with those who are in trouble. Many boys and girls in training school for juvenile delinquents are not receiving adequate care and training because of staff shortages and poor equipment. THOUSANDS are in broken homes or in homes at the breaking point— the accumulative disruption of two wars and a depression within a generation's span. Little or no help is available to the children or to their parents, yet skilled family counseling in time might ease the tension and hold the family together. We wait, instead, until the blow-up comes and the children come to court as juvenile delinquents. Despite the gains made in wiping out oppressive child labor, large numbers of children are at work who ought to be in school, and many are not reached by either State or Federal child-labor laws. And, perhaps the most serious indictment of all, boys and girls are still growing up in this country to whom even an elementary school education is (Continued on Following Page) Tom Toms sparkling colorful only $4.95 POSTPAID hand laced moccasins as advertised in Seventeen and Glamour. Sold only by mail. Smooth, genuine leather, hand laced with Indian-tanned rawhide. Rubber sole. Colors: Red; red with white; maple stick; brown; brown with white; black; white. Sizes 4-9. Give regular shoe size. Be first in your crowd to wear Tom Toms. Mail your order now. DALTON REED, Boston 1, Massachusetts. Send me____pairs Tom Toms of $4.95 a pair. Size____Color_________, Check___ Money Order____ enclosed. Send postpaid. Send C.O.D. plus charges___ Name (print)___ Address ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BALANCED CONTOUR LINE TECHNIQUE With their exclusive line technique for figure flattery, Roth Creations assure the Balanced Contour that spells figure success for fashion-wise women at their favorite stores. ROTH CREATIONS ROYAL WORCESTER CORSET CO. 39 West 34th Street, New York 1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VAPOO THE UPHOLSTERY AND RUG SHAMPOO FOR FURNITURE DRAPERIES, LAMPSHADES, AUTOS SOAPLESS—NON ALKALINENON INFLAMMABLE VAPOO CLEANS Upholstered Furniture to Original Freshness. Send 10c for trial package of wonder-working VAPOO. Cleanses 1 upholstered chair to fresh, dry-cleaned look. Larger sizes on sale at good hardware and department stores. VAPOO shampoos (NO RINSING) rugs, draperies, lampshades. Non-flammable. Economical. Vapoo Products Co., Inc., Dept. T6, 103 E.125St., New York 35, N.Y. Yesterday's children—Making paper flowers in a home "factory." (Continued from Preceding Page) denied. All that is open to them is a poor school, poorly taught, of no value except that it helps them to read, write and "figure" a little. On these many scores we are at least aware of our failure to meet the needs of children. There must be added the fact that most of the 5,000,000 Negro children now meet many kinds of barriers against full participation in our common life. They, along with other children in the minority groups, meet humiliating discrimination all along the way. Not only they, but other children, too, are made to feel inferior because of their families' circumstances. Pity still needs to be evoked for many, pity first, if that is the only way we can get justice for these many children who today have so much less than their fair chance. THIS article, which started out to be an account of things accomplished, has turned into a report of things undone that need doing for the children. Children's Bureau reports always end that way, and necessarily so, the Congressional mandate being what it is. Now, though, there is an added urgency about the matter, for we find ourselves in war's aftermath trying to get our bearings in a new world. Our children when they grow up are going to have to live in that world with other people. Those others are children now, living in countries that have suffered war's catastrophe. They will not have had the opportunity that is so generally the lot of our own. Ours, then men and women, will have a heavy share of responsibility in determining whether the coming period of world history is to be one of increasing freedom and security for all or a return to the dark ages. How well they will acquit themselves depends upon how well we acquit ourselves now in meeting our responsibilities to them, not only in the larger field of international relations, but here on the home ground. The first job before us is to see that all families have access to proper housing, adequate food and good medical care. This means that a high level of employment at adequate wages must be maintained; that an extensive housing program must be pushed forward; that social security must be extended against the common hazards of life, and that an adequate maternal and child welfare program must be provided. THE second job before us is to get all our children in good schools, ably taught, with only their own ability setting the limitations on how far they shall go. This means that the teachers must receive adequate salaries and that good school facilities must be provided and a curriculum planned to serve the modern age. Thirdly, we must place new social safeguards around the home to prevent delinquency, neglect and dependency. At the same time, greater protection and care must be available to those children who are suffering from serious home or community problems or from physical or emotional handicaps. To reach this goal means that both public and private social welfare and child guidance programs must be expanded and strengthened. At the same time that three-fold task is undertaken for the children, a place of importance in community life must be assured to youth, with the prospect of a job or a career and marriage held open to them. Youth must not again be left to flounder as was done in the depression years. One further thing we must do, if our children are to acquit themselves well in the new world of which the United Nations is the present symbol. They must be taught a fundamental respect for an appreciation of all people, no matter what their race, their creed, or color. That, as I see it, is the job before us today on behalf of the nation's children. MAGAZINE, APRIL 6, 1947. 55 Eventually Yours, Corette SLIP ILLUSTRATED NOT OVER $4 CORETTE SLIPS, 148 MADISON AVE. N.Y. Very Truly Yours EK Forstner INITIAL KEY CHAIN Just the thing for auto, luggage or personal keys . . . any two initials inserted into genuine leather tag, choice of black or red morocco. Also natural pigskin. $2.50 at Leading Stores Federal Tax Not Included FORSTNER CHAIN CORPORATION, Irvington 11, New Jersey. ———— The Uplift that stays Up! 5 Lengths "Surprise!" Bra CUSTOM-STYLED All Better Stores SEND FOR FREE BOOKLET GUARANTEED BY GOOD HOUSEKEEPING NUZAN BRASSIERE CO., INC. Dept. R. NEW YORK 16, N. 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Jamaica Plain 30, Mass. NAME_____________ ADDRESS_______________ CITY___________STATE_________ SIZE________WIDTH________ ———— Low © All Countries "Mutual Inflammation." Russian Fallacies About Us. (Continued from Page 13) [?munal"] — by necessity, owing to war losses. But he would note that rebuilding plans call for private homes and private apartments. Finally, he would point out that "Russian" and "Communist" are not synonymous, since there are only about 6,000,000 Communists among 200,000,000 Russians. But he doubtless would grant that the six million run the country. (2) That Russia's major pre-occupation is "world revolution." JUST as Mihail thinks of the United States as busily engaged in "encircling" Russia, so we think of Russia as devoting her major thought and energy to the promotion of revolution in the United States and throughout the world. From the moment the Bolsheviks seized power in 1917 we have heard the tocsin sound time and again from Moscow: "Workers of the World Unite, You Have Nothing to Lose but Your Chains." Countless revolutionary pronunciamentos have issued from the Kremlin. In every country of the world Communist parties have echoed the doctrine of revolt and proclaimed their intention of overthrowing the capitalist system. Exposés of espionage, plots and counter-plots have followed one after another, leaving most Americans to feel that as the leading capitalist nation our country is the No. 1 target of the Kremlin plotters. The Russian would offer a rebuttal somewhat along these lines. This, remember, is how he sees himself and his country in contrast to how we view him. He would say: the Kremlin believes that eventually capitalism everywhere will crumble away and be supplanted by socialism and communism. That is the teaching of Marx, Lenin and Stalin. They also teach that revolutions cannot be "made" from outside a country; these must arise from irreconcilable social and economic factors within the state. When the time comes this will happen; it is inevitable. How, then, you ask your Russian, do you explain the constant intrigues and manipulations of the foreign Communist parties? If he is frank he probably will tell you that they are designed to support Russia's foreign policy. As for the future, the Russian will tell you that his country has fifty or sixty years of domestic problems ahead of her—reconstruction, building basic industry, exploiting her resources, raising her living standards. He will admit that as the only "Communist state" in the world Russia hardly would frown at more company but he will insist that in the foreseeable future problems at home are more important than revolutions abroad. (3) That Russia is a strong, really aggressive state. OUR picture is based on the Red Army's actions and bulwarked by our view of Soviet foreign policy. We have seen Red Army troops refuse to evacuate Iran for months past the treaty deadline. We have seen the same thing in Manchuria. Clashes between Soviet troops and American troops bitter disputes between American and Soviet commanders have been commonplace wherever there has been a common meeting ground - Berlin, Korea, Vienna. Soviet troops still garrison a quarter of Europe and there is no indication when they will get out. The Russians have been moving into the Middle East, putting pressure on Turkey (Continued on Page 58) Expecting a little stranger? NEW YORK "Blessed Event" Dress Reg U.S. Pat. Off. SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT MATERNITY DRESSES Sold at all Department and Specialty Stores. Retails from $10.95 to $24.95. Sizes 9 to 17 and 10 to 20. Ask for your FREE copy of "Baby Days" Diary when you purchase your "Blessed Event" Dress. 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Beautiful "two-tone" and natural finishes. All wood thoroughly aged and seasoned. 10" bowl, $8.95 (postage 25c). Other bowls 9" to 15" in diameter, variety of shapes, from $6.95. 6" individual serving bowls $1.95 each. Matching fork and spoon servers, $1.95 per pair (postage 15c). Sorry no C.O.D. Write for FREE booklet. ©1947. THE POST MART Dept. 9, 230 E. 78th St., New York 21, N.Y. REgent 7-0787. 56 THE NEW YORK TIMES Gown – Jone Derby Decor – Alovoine Lovely, socially prominent Mrs. Bertrand L. Taylor III, of New York and Vineyard Haven, complements her gown with beautiful Coro jewelry. America's best dressed women wear Coro jewelry... Coro Copyright 1947 by Coro, Inc., New York 1, N. Y. MAGAZINE, APRIL 6, 1947. 19 Two versions of the American clubwoman —Mrs. Banning's and the caricaturists'. Drawing by Mary Gibson. Inquiry Into Women's Clubs The charge that 'they don't do anything' is denied, but a lag between purpose and attainment is found. By MARGARET CULKIN BANNING There are more than twelve million clubwomen in the United States and, considering their vast numbers and their avowed purposes, they are not sufficiently effective. It is possible that, in spite of their increasing activity, their influence is really diminishing. The signs point that way. City fathers are less afraid of the women's clubs than they used to be. Political parties show a decided tendency to keep women off by themselves in separate female organizations. Men are rarely proud of the fact that their wives are clubwomen. Children do not boast to their friends that their mothers are clubwomen. Young girls and many attractive women shy away from joining women's clubs for fear it may type them, or make them less interesting to men— this in spite ——————————— MARGARET CULKIN BANNING, though best known for her fiction, has produced many books and articles on American life and American women. An active clubwoman, her memberships range from the American Association of University Women to the Tryon Riding and Hunt Club. 20 THE NEW YORK TIMES of the torrent of good information which is poured out at club meetings, and which should make a woman's conversation fascinating. Even a clubwoman herself usually likes to think that she is rather different from most of her fellow members, as if all the rest were a little queer. YET women's clubs in America are extremely important, both as an economic factor and as an educational influence. They supply a good deal of the bread and butter for hundreds of lectures, among whom are some of the most intelligent and informed men and women in the world. They pay enormous sums in rental for the use of auditoriums. They own large chunks of real estate in cities and towns, and a good deal of valuable furniture has been bought for the bequeathed to some of their many headquarters. Chickens by the millions are cut up for their salads and their patties. Financially they seem to be doing all right So much so that several leading magazines for women and even general magazines employ special editors to suggest and organize program material for them, and to make the work of many a club president about as arduous as feeding her family out of tin cans. The press and the radio offer facilities for women's club conferences and panel discussions. As customers they are also important. The fashion editors devote much space to what are called "platform clothes." Some of these are very handsome and some of the women who wear them are really beautiful. And yet a caricature has swept this country and is firmly fixed in many a mind, especially in men's minds. It is the figure of a woman tottering on ankles which are too small to bear her body with ease, wearing a pretentious or absurd hat, and talking about matters which are unrelated to her setting, or on which her opinion will have no possible effect. What young girls, and women with major jobs, and most men believe, as they grin at the sight of that caricature, is that being a clubwoman is a compensation, something a woman goes in for when she has nothing else to do, or when she has ceased to attract men. IT is interesting to note that the housewife is not so subject to caricature. She may look ridiculous at times, but no one wants—or dares—to make fun of her. The working girl or woman is not mocked, even when her capacities are challenged. Of course housewives and working girls are often members of women's clubs. The odd thing is that a woman may seem more admirable — and desirable — in a smock or a kitchen apron or overalls than the same woman will when she attends a club meeting. THE reason for stating this and drawing down inevitable fire is that the matter seems serious. We have developed in this country almost innumerable organized groups of women, who band together ostensibly for the most useful and noble purposes. They are good women. They are smart women. They are informed women. Their clubs run smoothly. Why, then, are they mocked and so often discounted? The whole machinery of these clubs costs too much and the women, taken singly, are too valuable as citizens for this to be tolerated. Further, enormous effort goes into the management of these clubs and we should not waste woman-power in this period of American history. Yet much power is being wasted. Otherwise, why, in spite of all the lectures on foreign policy which are given to women, and despite the large number of women's groups which study international relations, is it true that an influential woman in American diplomatic circles is a curiosity? Why, after women have had organizations for twenty-five years which have made it their concern to give women political education, is a woman mayor in some remote small town still national news? Why, though endless woman-hours have been devoted to the consideration of juvenile delinquency and committees have been set up in thousands of clubs to work against it, were American children terrorists all over the country on last Halloween, and why do judges finally indict parents for the bad conduct of the children? Perhaps they should indict the women's clubs too, which stated they would do something to check delinquency. APOLOGISTS have said that the span of women's clubs existence is not yet long enough for much accomplishment, and that it is only a short period in comparison with the centuries in which women had few rights and little personal freedom. That sounds well, and up to a point it is true. But when one looks at what other organizations have done in the past quarter century, it doesn't stand up as a sufficient excuse. The clubs ask for more time, for a few more decades or generations to accomplish their purposes. but can they have it, as things are going? Is the request a cover-up for lack of achievement? One of the most sharply critical literary men in this country said that he found more intelligent persons in women's clubs than in any other group. The woman material is good. The fault seems to be in what the clubs do with that material. Women's clubs consume time and energy in prodigious quantities. In committee meetings which must be counted by millions, in listening to lectures, also in inner maneuvers for personal place and advancement within organizations, one cannot possibly measure the time which is absorbed by club work. From all this effort there is distilled much parliamentary knowledge, considerable technique in group management and a vast assortment of information about many subjects, particularly those related to human welfare. There is also a measure of prestige (Continued on Page 48) By VIRGINIA POPE Here are suggestions by four leading designers on what to wear in leisure hours. The designers have given the hostess gown or pajama a variety of expressions. Clare Potter has long been famed for at-home fashions, in addition to sports and casual clothes. Hers are styles that are easy to wear, without frills and chichi. Joseph Whitehead finds it easy to make glamorous hostess gowns. One of the most attractive in his collection combines sheer chiffon in a coat with a pajama of satin or crepe. Dorine Leibert dramatizes with color or, in a more feminine mood, she places a sheer capelet over the shoulders of beautiful printed crepe. Madame Tewi, who specializes in gracious at-home fashions, visualizes the woman in Victorian softness, the simplicity of a Chinese pajama or, as shown here, the drama of a Bedouin coat. Tewi's Bedouin robe (about $130) of white rayon crepe. A shirred band edges hood and scarf. Worn over a shirred gown of rayon sheer. About $45. From Nat Lewis. For hours of relaxation, trousers of black taffeta with a tunic of shocking-pink sharkskin, banded in black. By Clare Potter. About $50. Bergdorf Goodman. Chessmen, hand-painted on the white crepe blouse in a checkerboard weave, give the keynote of color to this costume with its cherry-red coat and mignonette-green trousers. About $95. At Bonwit Teller. Photographs taken in Prince Matchabelli's Crown Room. Pearls courtesy of Richelieu. 47 MAGAZINE APRIL 6, 1947. Inquiry Into Women's Clubs (Continued from Page 20) resulting from the endless procedure of women's clubdom. Or is it nuisance value? The Congressman will not refuse to see a delegation from a large women's club in his district, but he may be derisive before they arrive and refer to them as "old girls" and "dogooders" after they have left. A certain amount of derision often has to be endured to put over a good cause, and it does not hurt the cause. The first suffragists and the pioneer clubwoman knew that. They braved criticism as well as mockery when they first went out of their homes to hold female-attended meetings, bore down hard on corrupt legislative bodies, demanding a vote, got a vote, established garbage collections, put the bite in a pure-food law, insisted - because they knew it was wicked to do otherwise - that children stay in school until they were 14. They drove the panderers to vice out of many a town and in certain temperance societies they marched on saloons and broke bottles. They were mocked. The thing that may be wrong today is that nobody is afraid of a clubwoman any more! Somehow, down through the years of perfecting her organization, getting the clubhouse and raising the dues, she has lost authority. The more women spend on themselves and platform dues, on modernizing clubhouses and cultural programs, the less they seem to count as an active force in this country. "These women's clubs don't do anything" is a statement often made. It is not true. But it is true that there is a great lag between purpose and accomplishment in many women's clubs. Not in all of them. but often the formal program, or the social life attendant on the meetings, bogs down the purpose of the organization. The members forget the purpose of the occasion or of the food. they have neither the clarity nor the wit to admit and remedy that, and in (Continued on following page) EMANCIPATION "Sorosis," the first American women's club, was founded in 1869 "to bring together women engaged in literary, artistic, scientific and philanthropic pursuits." 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BEN FLIGEL CO., INC. 1150 Broadway, New York 1, N.Y. _____ 48 THE NEW YORK TIMES Inquiry Into Women's Clubs (Continued from Preceding Page) carrying the banner of a social purpose which they do not achieve, they falsify themselves. That soon becomes obvious and mockery sets in. Much of it exists even within the clubs, eating cynically away at the structure. If it increases, sooner or later many clubs will collapse or shrivel away. Certainly they will not be able to seed themselves in a new, practical and busy generation. The thing that clubs should do - though they probably will leave it to be done for them - is to inspect their purposes and achievements and take honest stock of themselves. Why do they exist? For the purpose which brought them into being? Or has that purpose been changed by the times? Have they functions? Should they fold up and save time and woman-power? Can and will they achieve their purposes and let the chips fall where they may? E.L. Waldo divided women's organizations into seven categories. They are the patriotic, educational, business, political, religious, reform, rural and general. There is very little criticism of the rural clubs. Those county clubs of farm women, working for State fair exhibits, breaking up the loneliness of farm life, tasting the delight of a city banquet once a year, are worth every grain of energy that goes into them. The League of Women Voters made a superb start in educating women in the proper use of the ballot and in methods of political criticism. In places and on occasions it is powerful as a critic of government, but almost certainly it is not wielding the full influence it could have. The National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs does fine work among its own groups in many communities, but it has a very guilty conscience because its hundred thousand members are only a small percentage of its potential membership and for this there is a reason. It does not attract enough young women, nor do city business women in small places. Religious and reform groups, unless parochial, when they do local tasks with diligence and devotion, have also diminished in influence. The General Federation, with all its technical members, counted in job lots, and with all its excellent paper and organization work, suffers from lack of efficacy and is often discounted. If every women's club were to go out of existence tomorrow, would it make much difference and would this country be worse off? The answer is definitely yes. There (Continued on Following Page) Completely Dependable Crawford Watches The ultimate achievement in superb timepieces. At Better Shops Everywhere Beauty, Accuracy - Crawford Watch Corp. Manufacturers & Importers * New York, N.Y. JOAN LORD Won't you look lovely in this new teen fashion At Better Stores Everywhere Silverware Repaired and Replated like NEW! Add new life, new glamour, to your old silverware, tableware, trays. 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Mail Coupon for Free Booklet Today. THE SARATOGA SPA owned and operated by the STATE of NEW YORK Home of the famous GEYSER, HATHORN AND COESA bottled mineral waters. Open All Year The SARATOGA SPA 118 SARATOGA SPRINGS,, NEW YORK Please send illustrated booklet and rates: also information on hotels and Cure-Plan guest houses. Name Address MAGAZINE APRIL 6, 1947 49 Inquiry Into Wo men's Clubs (Continued from Preceding Page) are deep human reasons why women's clubs are necessary, and why, if they were abolished at a stroke, they would soon sprout again. It is not only on farms that women lead lonely lives. Women who work at office jobs also seek companionship in clubs. They seek the sense of security that comes from being an acknowledged and enrolled member of a group, and not just a human stray. Also, women, more than men, are bothered by their consciences. The woman of middle age, whose housekeeping job has lightened, whose children are not so demanding as they were, feels guilty if she isn't doing something useful. So she wants her club to have a purpose, and if she must fool herself into thinking she is performing a social service when she listens to a lecture on world affairs, she is not dishonest in intention. The unfortunate thing is that she doesn't fool herself very long and usually never deceives anyone else. To the caricaturists she is absurd. They see her laziness, her avoidance of extra work and trouble, her delight in the salad and pink ice cream, her vanity in the new hat, which keeps her mind from dwelling on the problems of the world. The caricaturists do not see the brains for the hats. Nor the actual loneliness behind the smugness. Nor the haunting desire for a better world behind the vapid resolution to support something. Caricatured or not, these are good women for the most part, and of good intention. To defeat the caricature and to make it absurd in its turn clubwomen must analyze their purposes and honestly follow through on them. If they want a social club, for companionship, let it be one without pretense. If some women want a club, as men often do, to meet semi-strangers, rest their feet, play a game of bridge, have a smoke or a drink, let their club be that and only that. But if, as is usually true, women feel that in order to live with their consciences they must belong to organizations which work for improvement and betterment, let them work at it. This was the tradition which established early women's clubs in America. It is a heritage which is being dissipated as clubwomen do not follow through to the ultimate ends of their avowed purposes. That is the way and the only way to gain public respect. The comic woman is functionless and futile. The American clubwoman never intended to let herself become such a person and she should not let it come to pass. 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As for them by name at your favorite Variety, 5 & 10, Department and Drug Stores. WEBER FOUNDATIONS CO. 1333 BROADWAY, NEW YORK N.Y. Double Dividends with Salvation Army Guaranteed ANNUITIES A life income with safety. A share in Religious and Charitable Work Learn how you may receive a life income that is safe, dependable and regular and how your money will help the Salvation Army minister to the physical and spiritual needs of those less fortunate. Annuities are issued under the supervision of the New York State Insurance Dept. Annual incomes up to 7%, depending upon age. Write for booklet II THE SALVATION ARMY, 130 W. 14TH ST., NEW YORK 11, N.Y. 50 THE NEW YORK TIMES Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.