NAWSA Subject File Rhode Island Suffrage Assocs. Only Kind of Hour-Regulating Bill Fair to All "Sec. 22. No PERSON shall be employed or permitted or suffered to work in any factory, manufacturing, mechanical, business or mercantile establishment within this state, more than 48 hours in any one week, and in no case shall the hours of labor exceed nine hours in any period of consecutive hours. . . . " This bill was introduced in the 1922 session of the General Assembly by Senator Barry, but was killed in committee. DO NOT ALLOW ANY SUBSTITUTE BILL, such as the Lavender or Brown bills, now in your 1923 Legislature, TO BECOME LAW, as these bills link you with children and will cost you your jobs. Protest to your Senator and Representative against passing the Lavander and Brown bills UNLESS they are AMENDED to read PERSONS, as the bill of Senator Barry's last year. Equal Rights Association Providence Branch Sara Algeo ???? Feb 13 1929 BRIEF ON 48-HOUR BILLS submitted by Sara M. Algeo Chairman, Providence League of Women Voters. TEN POINTS FOR A 48-HOUR BILL FOR PERSONS By Sara M. Algeo, Chairman Providence League of Women Voters February 7, 1923 TEN POINTS 1--WE BELIEVE IN A 48-HOUR BILL: First we would make a clear statement of our position. We are not opposed to a 48-hour bill PROVIDED IT APPLIES TO ALL WORKERS WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION BASED UPON SEX. We believe in a 48-hour week in principle for mechanical labor in factories and workshops in spite of the many valid and serious objections arrayed against such limitation of the hours of work, BUT IT MUST BE FOR PERSONS. 2--THE BARRY BILL: Women approve of a 48-hour work week can endorse the Act introduced by Senator Barry in the January session, 1922, with a clear conscience. It applies to PERSONS. 3--48-HOUR BILLS FOR WOMEN AND MINORS ONLY ARE UNJUST: Positions in industry should be open to all on equal terms regardless of race, sex or color. DR. ANNA HOWARD SHAW spoke on this point before the War Labor Board when the Cleveland conductorettes were being ousted from positions on demand of the Amalgamated Associations of Street and Electrical Employees. She said: "Let women be judged by their ability. It is time that justice decides such questions as this. If we fail, let us fail, not by the behest of men, but by our own act. We have fought a great war to secure liberty and justice--not for men, but for people--for women people as well as for men people. If one group of workers may say another group of workers shall not have certain work, just because they are women, then we have neither liberty or justice." 2 CHIEF JUSTICE WILLIAM H. TAFT SAYS: "It is quite possible for men to masquerade as protectors of women in the advocacy of such laws, (Labor Laws for Women Only) when their purpose is rather to prevent the competition of women with male labor. . . . "As one of the joint chairmen of the National Labor Board . . . I BECAME CONVINCED THAT WOMEN NEEDED PROTECTION AGAINST SOME OF THEIR WOULD-BE PROTECTORS." 4--A 48-HOUR BILL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN IS NOT IN ACCORD WITH ECONOMIC OR INDUSTRIAL EQUALITY FOR WOMEN: "The framers of legislation intended to benefit women workers must not forget that women are now competing with men in many lines of business and industry, and that the only way in which they can compete successfully is to have a free hand. If a law binds them never to work overtime, and never to work before or after certain hours, no matter what the emergency, and imposes no such restrictions upon men, obviously men have the advantage over women in seeking employment, and what was meant for a kindness to women becomes a cruel handicap."--Boston Herald. 5--WOMEN ARE NOW CITIZENS AND SHOULD BE TREATED AS SUCH: Women are no longer wards of the State and refuse to be treated as such. To quote from the Common Sense Series, No. 13, 1923, of the Equal Rights Association: "These Arguments of Forty Years Ago Have Been Disproved. "There is another reason why I think the proposal . . . is all wrong . . . The office and duty which nature has devolved upon women during all the active and vigorous portions of her life would often render it impossible, AND STILL MORE OFTEN INDELICATE, for her to appear and act in caucuses, conventions or elections, or to ACT AS A MEMBER OF THE LEGISLATURE or as a JUROR or JUDGE."--From adverse majority report of the House Judiciary Committee, in 1884, on granting suffrage. "Despite the fact that women now act in all the capacities mentioned, without injuring their health or morals, or causing inconvenience to their male associates, the same moss-grown objections are being used to pass laws that will handicap us in earning our livelihood and, incidentally, thus control our political power. A 3 WORD TO THE WISE WOMAN POLITICIAN SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT!" 6--LEGISLATION FOR WOMEN AND MINORS SHOULD BE KEPT ENTIRELY SEPARATE: Mr. Owen Lovejoy of the National Child Labor Committee, Miss Abbott of the National Child Welfare Bureau and practically all leaders in welfare work for children are agreed in this. 7--WE BELIEVE IN EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK: Women cannot get equal pay unless they perform equal work and they cannot get equal work unless they have the same conditions as men. If the 48-hour bill for women and children alone becomes a law, women will be ousted from many classes of work where the wage is high enough to attract men, and owing to State regulations will be ineligible for certain work open to men unregulated by such laws. Hence they will be forced into undesired drudgery. 8--MANY WOMEN WILL LOSE THEIR POSITIONS BY THE PASSAGE OF A 48-HOUR BILL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN ONLY: It is difficult to give definite figures, but we find that many women would lose their jobs by the passage of such legislation. Such women would be quite justified in attacking such legislation as unconstitutional and bringing pressure to bear upon the Supreme Court to have it removed. Men workers who fear the adverse decision of the Supreme Court against laws regulating the hours of labor by such a law attempt to coerce women under the guise of health regulation to assume risks they are not willing to run themselves. To quote the American Bar Association Journal: P754, Dec., 1922: "In a recent address before the Cleveland Bar Association, former Secretary of War Baker has called attention to one of the causes of the unwillingness of labor leaders to submit wage controversies to judicial determination. He attributes it to the lack of any fixed standard for the determination of wage rates, so that each separate judge before whom such a question might come would be a law unto himself. Coupled with this is the state- 4 ment of Mr. Justice Brandeis in the Duplex Printing Press Company case that labor is dissatisfied with the courts because, by virtue of their environment, the social and economic ideas of judges are considered to be prejudiced to equality between working man and employer." 9--MEMBERS OF THE ASSEMBLY ARE NOT NECESSARILY PLEDGED TO A 48-HOUR BILL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN: Both kinds of bills were before the Legislature for consideration last year. The impression is widely broadcast that the 48-hour bills were for all workers. If a poll of the women of the State were taken I am assured that it would be in favor of a bill for all persons, if for any kind of workers. 10--BOTH FORMS OF A 48-HOUR BILL ARE EQUALLY CONSTITUTIONAL: Such is the opinion of Nathan W. Littlefield, prominent constitutional lawyer, and many other lawyers whom we have consulted. Thirty-two States have laws regulating persons now. Rhode Island is an example in connection with the law regulating carmen passed in 1902. (Chap. 218, Gen. Laws of R. I.) Possibly the best example is that of the State of Oregon which we present in full. This is the latest decision of the U. S. Supreme Court on the right of a State to legislate hours of work for PERSONS. Page 426, Vol. 243, U. S. Reports, Oct. Term, 1916 (to be found in State Law Library): In re Bunting v. Oregon (243 U. S. 426, 37 Sup. Ct. 435) FACTS: The Defendant was indicted for the violation of a statute of the State of Oregon (Laws of 1913, chap. 102, p. 169) section 2 of which provides as follows: "No person shall be employed in any mill, factory or manufacturing establishment in this State more than ten hours in any one day . . . . provided, however, employees may work overtime not to exceed three hours in any one day, conditioned that payment be made for such overtime at the rate of time and one-half of the regular wage." A violation of the act is made a misdemeanor. A demurrer was filed to the 5 indictment alleging against its sufficiency that the law upon which it was based is invalid because it violates the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of Oregon. The demurrer was overruled and a fine of $50 was imposed, the defendant having been found guilty after arraignment, plea of not guilty and trial. Judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Oregon and a writ of error was taken to the United States Supreme Court. DECISION: (3 Justices dissenting). Mr. Justice McKenna delivered opinion. Taking the law at its word, there can be no doubt as to its purpose, and the Supreme Court of the State has added the confirmation of its decision by declaring that "the aim of the statute is to fix the maximum hours of service in certain industries." (71 Ore. 275, 139 Pac. 731.) "We need not cast about for reasons for the legislative judgment . . . It is enough for our decision if the legislation under review was passed in the exercise of an admitted power of government. "But passing general consideration and coming back to our immediate concern, which is the validity of the particular exertion of power in the Oregon law, our judgment of it is that IT DOES NOT TRANSCEND CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS." THE QUESTION: The consonance of the Oregon law with the 14th Amendment is the question in the case, and this depends upon whether it is a proper exercise of the police power of the State, as the Supreme Court of the State decided that it is. Digest made by Miss Adelaide Stedman. 36 East 49th St. New York City. 6 SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT TO THE TEN POINTS By SARA M. ALGEO, Chairman, Providence League of Women Voters and Chairman, Rhode Island Woman's Party. The action of the National Woman's Party, the Equal Rights Association, and the Providence and Pawtucket League of Women Voters, in adopting a resolution on January 2nd, the opening day of the Legislature, advocating the substitution of the word "persons" for "women and children" in 48-hour bills was in no sense a hasty or ill-considered move on their part to bring their belief in industrial equality to the attention of the Rhode Island Legislature and the public. To each of these organizations equality before the law as in all other departments of life is fundamental in their constitution, is in fact their main excuse for being. We would indeed be negligent in our duty in carrying out our chief purpose for existence should we permit a bill or bills to pass without protest and unchallenged which would deprive women of any of their constitutional rights, rights which men are plainly loathe to be deprived of and the loss of which renders women far less desirable workers in the everwidening fields of industrial competition. Working women like working men see the physical and spiritual advantages of shorter working hours, but if these are to be procured by state regulation, we have resolved that it must be through the correlated efforts of all workers, who shall with the full cognizance and agreement of all concerned, realizing that for what seems to them the greater good to be derived from state control of the hours of service, waive their immediate contractual rights. Before women became voters they felt themselves powerless to stay the flood of so-called protective legislation which, while it has undoubtedly retarded the economic and industrial progress of women, has been by no means an unmitigated evil in that it has procured to a large percentage of men a "free ride" to shorter working hours, more over-time with time 7 and one-half pay, and many desirable jobs, of necessity vacated by women. It must not be forgotten, however, that women, now backed by votes, have ceased to be the helpless portion of the community of former times whose constitutional rights might be bartered and sold by cheap political hucksters for political jobs and political fame. They refuse longer to serve as the burnt offering on the altar of industrial competition. Plain and simple justice demands that the wishes of women workers be painstakingly considered and that they be consulted before any action prejudicial to their industrial welfare and progress be taken. They should have full and adequate representation upon any committee or commission for the consideration of industrial conditions and it is our duty as patriotic citizens to fight for such representative powers. Do not, we beg of you, gentlemen, because we still happen to be in the minority, exercise your power as the great majority too harshly. Our burden of responsibility is already sufficiently grievous to be borne and we crave your sympathetic interpretation of the golden rule to do unto others as you yourselves would be done by in a similar position. In principle we believe in a forty-eight hour week. We believe that the 8-hour day is not an abnormal requirement and should be the right of every worker, man or woman. Especially do we believe in such limitation of service for those who are engaged at the automatic machine and in work where variety does not counteract the deadening effect of monotony. If you wish to be convinced of the need and the ultimate shortening of hours of labor for all workers, I would ask you to read with open mind Arthur Pound's "Iron Man in Industry." Starting with the premise that, "Employers may fight the tendency toward a shorter working day, but theirs is a losing fight," he shows how, "If the present highly effective organizations are slowly enlarged, it is difficult to see how the market, under normal conditions, can absorb more than eight hours' produce from day to day." To offset the physical and moral depreciation and general unrest resulting from the effects of monotonous labor upon the nervous system, he states truly, "The welfare of our people and the preservation 8 vation of our institutions depend upon our educating youth to use reasonably and gloriously the growing leisure which the common use of automatic machinery has in store for humanity." We believe that the principle recommended by the Commission on International Labor Legislation for a "48-hour week as the standard to be aimed at where it has not already been attained" at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 was not only a shining ideal for future generations but a practical reality in the attainment of which, Rhode Island now and here can bear an important part. Again to quote the "Iron Man:" "The people of the earth look to governments to set up a moral control over machine use; and this instinctive turning to the State for relief is sound to the core, since States are the only groupings of humanity strong enough to harness the Iron Man to the chariot of well-being." Of even greater significance are the following words of Mr. Pound: "The automatic tool will be the force back of most of our legislation for the next fifty years, just as it will be the mainspring of our educational programme, once its significance is understood by educators still fumbling for the key to modern life. To lads who come as beardless boys into their greatest purchasing power, something must be taught, other than has been taught, if they are ever to use their leisure and their economic power aright. The army of homeless, wifeless men and foot-loose women is growing; the automatic tool has cut marriage-bands as well as steel bands. Let all who think in terms of public recreation, domestic relations, charity, religion, morals, child-welfare, and social science ponder those reactions of the automatic tool that daily proceed under their eyes." "America gave the automatic tool its chance. Its blessings are evident; but unless controlled by social conscience, it may develop curses equally potent. America's high duty is to guide the continuing evolution of the Iron Man intelligently." We can quote many authorities to prove our premise that a 48-hour law is necessary for men as for women if the race is to develop aright. Dr. George W. Webster in Bulletin 14, U. S. Department of Labor, in his treatise on the physiological basis for shorter hours of labor says, (Page 6): 9 "It is of paramount importance that the forward-looking among us go to work in a calm, orderly, large-minded, far-sighted, constructive manner to determine and establish a standard of working hours; but it is of infinitely greater importance that this standard shall be right, and that it be established on a strictly scientific foundation, a foundation, a standard, determined by the united efforts of the physiologist, the psychologist, the engineer. This standard should be for all who labor in industry, men and women alike." Professor Irving Fisher points out that, "Any successful life must satisfy six or seven of the great fundamental instincts-- self-preservation, self-expression, the instinct of workmanship, self-sacrifice, the home-making instinct, loyalty and the instinct of worship." He says: "In order that the laboring man may live his life he must satisfy more than the instinct of self preservation * * *. Their souls are hungry and thirsty to satisfy these great instincts * * * while their employers assume they are only interested in wages. To use the working man's arms and legs, and to ignore that he has a brain is to ruin him as a craftsman and to degrade him as a man!" Mr. Louis D. Brandeis recognizes that, "It is the development of manhood to which an industrial and social system must be directed." Dr. Webster sums up his argument on fatigue with the following trenchant paragraph: "Fatigue puts the worker in an abnormal frame of mind. The first striking effect of fatigue, whether of a muscle or of a man, is increased irritability. This leads him to attempt to deaden his fatigue by excesses of various kinds, such as tobacco, alcohol, exciting amusements; these again, in turn, lead to increased susceptibility to infection of all kinds, because his powers of resistance are diminished. "One of the powerful, important factors making directly for fatigue is the 'sense of economic insecurity.' This haunting fear is especially noticeable in the seasonable trades. What the worker needs is the stabilizing of employment rather than charity, and the shorter day is a step in this direction." All these arguments apply equally to men and women. Legislation, however, which might prove a blessing for both if applied equally might prove a serious detriment if applied but to one group. Women who are pushed into industry by the ever-present "sense of economic insecurity" should have no artificial handicaps placed upon them in the guise of protective legislation that are not placed upon their fellow workers as well. Again, I say, 10 gentlemen, that your right to limit the constitutional rights of women and not those of men will be challenged at the doors of the highest courts if need be. The time has come, we believe, when only general arguments relating to fatigue, character-building, and human welfare, arguments affecting all workers alike, will stand the testing process of court procedure. From surveys made under the Board of Health in our own State we learn the following interesting facts which personal observation verifies: that women in industry have more children than women not so engaged; that they have a smaller proportion of still-born babies and that a greater proportion of babies born to them survive the first month, the month marked by the largest percentage of infant mortality. The real problem facing us at this time, gentlemen, is raising motherhood to the dignity of an occupation on a par with other professions. This, we maintain, cannot be done by depriving her of her right to work unless some substitute equally lucrative and conducive to self-respect is provided. Are you prepared, gentlemen, who are in favor of a 48-hour bill for women and children, to provide such a substitute? If so, we would be glad to be assured of its nature. We are frank to admit that none occurs to us at present. Again I would remind you of the arguments so eloquently presented by Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch proving that legislation for women and children should be kept entirely separate. Such legislation is fair to neither and works a cruel injustice upon children, and is a base denial of the joint responsibility of parenthood. If women could have their way, they would keep children out of the industrial maelstrom altogether until their sixteenth year, at least. Amid all the conflicting testimony presented at this hearing may we not all unite upon the passage of a law in behalf of our boys and girls that will be inferior to none but a standard for all? I would also respectfully call your attention once more to the sweeping effects of some of the bills under consideration upon the small business. So great an emphasis has been placed upon the textile industries during the discussion that the drastic effects 11 of the present bills upon practically all business have been overlooked. "Factory, manufacturing, mechanical, business, or mercantile establishment" are very inclusive terms and might be construed to include practically all industrial enterprises. Applied to persons, such a bill would by one stroke put all businesses on a 48-hour basis and at least bring about a fair adjustment of competition: applied to women and children, it puts a premium upon the employment of men instead of women. It has been stated by one large manufacturer in this room since the hearing began that already in anticipation of the passage of a 48-hour law he was filling vacancies wherever possible with men, thus putting his establishment on a working basis for the future. How much more would this be true of the small and struggling business? That the small business is an important factor to deal with is proved by Babson's Report of January 23, 1923: "During the month of December 2000 business concerns in the United States and Canada went into bankruptcy; in the year 1922, 26,000 concerns went into bankruptcy. Out of this total of failures, probably at least 50 per cent. represent opportunities to buy in a business when it is at its worst and build it up to success. In our library are the names of about 44,000 concerns which have defaulted in the payment of their securities. These names actually exist and the number which I give is more than an estimate. After analysis of these names I have made certain deductions, but these figures are estimates. Out of every thousand new concerns entering business 800 fail, reorganize, or change management at least once. Out of every thousand concerns entering business 200 fail or reorganize at least twice, while out of every thousand concerns entering business 50 will fail or reorganize three or more times. "If the above estimates are correct these statistics show that 80 per cent. of the new concerns get into trouble, while only 25 per cent. of the reorganized concerns get into trouble." Mr. Babson goes on to say that every investor should plan to place part of his funds in his home town. Possibly our attempt to follow his advice makes us the more anxious that the small business should have a square deal. If we are to have a 48-hour law, we ask you in all fairness, should it not be one for workers which will affect all concerned in the same degree? No evidence has been brought forth at this hearing that a 48-hour law for persons suffers a greater risk of being declared un- 12 constitutional than one for women and children. On the contrary, the proponents of a law for persons have the last word of the Supreme Court of the United States on their side in the decision rendered in the Bunting case. Law is a progressive science. Is it not reasonable to suppose, gentlemen, that a law which satisfies the demands of the labor men for shorter working days, and one which women workers can accept as in no wise discriminatory toward them, will meet with the approval of our courts? Legislation should represent the wishes of a large portion of the people if it is not to be stigmatized as class legislation. 13 BRIEF AGAINST ANY 48-HOUR LAW FOR WOMEN AND FOR A BASIC EIGHT-HOUR LAW COVERING "PERSONS" Filed March 28, 1923, by ADA R. WOLFF, Chairman Equal Rights Association and Printer on The New York Tribune, New York City. Labor legislation linking women and children has never been based on a desire in the hearts of men to protect the twin subjects of such laws. In 1833 England placed restrictions on the employment of children, not for the protection of the children but to remove them from competition with adults. The child workers were discharged and their places taken by women. This substitution men wished to check, so women were linked with children in the Factory Act of 1844, and this coupling continues to this day, and for the same reason: Restricting a certain part of the working population protects the unrestricted part in the monopoly of jobs and high wage rates. Restriction on an industry as a whole, with strong laws for minors of both sexes, would not interfere with the law of supply and demand; discrimination against women as employes would cease, and a sexless wage for a sexless job would be the rule; and child labor would cease if its female parent (too often the one left to provide for a family) were able to sell her labor in the labor market on the same terms as men, and boys of 16 and up. Eighty-three years of experimenting with special labor legislation for women has resulted in the increasing exploitation of child labor, not always in factories; the forcing out and keeping out of women from all well-paid employment and their consequent crowding into the low-paid lines of work--thus creating a cheap labor class whose average wage is so low that minimum wage laws are constantly urged as a relief. But the evils resulting from a law-created labor glut cannot be remedied by a legal wage set by the State UNLESS that State has the concurrent power of setting the price of necessities to be bought by that legal minimum, and the power of prohibiting any person from underbidding the legal minimum set. Claims that women must have laws to regulate their employment because they are not so well organized as men workers are founded on the fallacy that all men are members of labor unions. The fact is that of the 30,000,000 male workers not more than 15 per cent. are organized into unions, and no union tries to organize all, or even a majority, of the workers in its particular field. Instead, the shorter work-shift and higher wage-rate obtained by the organized minority reflect their benefits to the unorganized majority. Women prefer to obtain improved working conditions the way men obtain them: by direct action or by reflection. One proof of our contention that legislation for women and children is detrimental to both lies in the fact that the highest-paid women in business and industry are those who are not touched by any State regulation because of their sex and who compete with men on equal terms in their respective occupations. Such a condition harms neither sex: women neither crowd out nor underbid men; both being equal before the employer, he naturally chooses the one best fitted for the job. There is no foundation for the assumption that legislation regulating the length of work-shifts for persons is unconstitutional. Women are people and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution includes women, but the police power of the State includes men also. In 1898 a law regulating the hours of work of coal miners was declared constitutional. (Holding v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366.) Railroad men's work-shifts are regulated by law; also bricklayers' and caisson workers.' All health measures such as sanitary provisions, lighting requirements, etc., and safeguards such as fire-escapes, machinery guards, fire-doors, etc., are for persons and no one has ever suggested that such laws are unconstitutional. And such regulation for persons has been declared constitutional by the highest court in the United States, sustaining the Supreme Court of Oregon, in the case of a man engaged in a non-hazardous occupation! In 1917--six years ago--the decision sustaining the constitutionality of work-shift regulation for persons was given by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Bunting v. Oregon, 243 U. S. 426. Oregon had a law prohibiting persons to work in "flour mills, factories and manufactories" more than ten hours 15 in any twenty-four. One Bunting employed a man in a flour mill thirteen hours. He was haled to court; the case finally came to the Supreme Court of the United States and the decision was that this exercise of the police power of the State for persons was constitutional. Justice McKenna, in giving the opinion of the court, said: "But passing general consideration and coming back to our immediate concern, which is the validity of the particular exertion of power in the Oregon law, our judgment of it is that it does not transcend constitutional law." "Constitutionality" is but a reflection of public opinion. If the great mass of citizens of Rhode Island really want an eight-hour work-shift established by law, and such law is drawn for "persons," as are the bills before your honorable committee, such a law will be declared constitutional by your Supreme Court and by the United States Supreme Court, for Judges have their ears to the ground as well as lesser mortals. Can it be that the opponents of an eight-hour or forty-eight-hour bill for persons fear the adverse decision of the highest courts because they also know that the great mass of workers do not wish to submit their contractual rights to review by the State, knowing that such submission is but the prelude to feudal conditions? Equal Rights Association is in favor of any legislation for persons, if the persons to be affected by such legislation feel that is the only way to better themselves; but we are flatly opposed to any legislation for "women and children" disguised as "protective" that places women at a disadvantage with men and boys in the labor market. EQUAL RIGHTS ASSOCIATION - Common Sense Series No. 24b, 1923 NIGHT SHIFT WORKERS ARE HEALTHIER THAN DAY WORKERS Night shift workers (on night shifts, not overtime following a day's work) have their leisure hours in daylight and get outdoor exercise in the afternoons - probably next in importance to the human being after food and raiment. Night shift workers can sleep until they waken naturally, instead of being roused by an alarm clock and rushed into office or factory tired and nervous at the start of the day. A British physician investigating the psychology of munition workers declares: "NIGHT WORKERS ARE MORE EFFICIENT than day workers. Fewer accidents occur among night workers because the worker is in a mood for work when he begins his task and is not excited by the prospect of evening recreation." Dr. MacMahon Painter of New York and other physicians now claim that night work is no more injurious to women than to men, and that night shifts of a reasonable number of hours are not injurious to any one. GIVE A WOMAN A MAN'S CHANCE - Industrially! FORTY-EIGHT-HOUR LAW ENCROACHMENT ON WOMAN'S LIBERTY Mrs. Fred S. Fenner's Report to Providence League of Women Voters Forty-eight-hour legislation for women, pending in the Rhode Island Legislature, encroaches upon the personal liberty of women as citizens and interferes with their rights to contract for their labor, according to a report presented to the Providence League of Women Voters by Mrs. Fred S. Fenner, legislative chairman of that organization, on March 13, 1923. Her report follows: Women Entitled to Same Contract Rights as Men "In the general debate and hearings held regarding Forty-eight-hour bills now pending in the State Legislature, the fact that passage of such legislation is a breach of the right of women to contract for their labor seems to have been overlooked in every case. It is my intention here to bring out this fact: that women, who are enjoying the same suffrage rights as men, are entitled to the same rights in the matter of contracting for their labor. "The attitude of the courts seems to have been in all cases to uphold the right of persons to be free to earn their livelihood by any lawful calling and to enter into all contracts that may be proper. In the latest Rhode Island case which has a direct bearing on this question, that of O'Neil vs. Providence Amusement Company, 42 Rhode Island, at page 489, the Supreme Court of Rhode Island said: Fourteenth Amendment Guarantees Woman's Contract Rights " 'The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides, "nor shall any State deprive any person of live, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." "The meaning of this provision has been interpreted and defined by the Supreme Court of the United States in a number of cases. In Allgeyer vs. Louisiana, 165 U. S. 578, the court said: 'The liberty mentioned in that amendment means not only the right of the citizen to be free from the mere physical restraint of his person, as by incarceration, but the term is deemed to embrace the right of the citizen to be free in the enjoyment of all his faculties; to be free to use them in all lawful ways; to live and work where he will; to earn his livelihood by any lawful calling; to pursue any livelihood or avocation, and for that purpose to enter into all contracts which may be proper, necessary and essential to his carrying out to a successful conclusion the purposes above mentioned. Liberty Includes Right to Contract in Employment "And in Coppage vs. Kansas, 236 U. S. 1, the word 'liberty' as used in the Fourteenth Amendment is defined as follows: 'Included in the right of personal liberty and the right of private property--partaking of the nature of each--is the right to make contracts for the acquisition of property. Chief among such contracts is that of personal employment, by which labor and other services are exchanged for money or other forms of property. If this right be struck down or arbitrarily interfered with, there is a substantial impairment of liberty in the long-established constitutional sense." Freedom of Contract in Employment Cannot Be Struck Down "Mr. Justice Pitney of the United States Supreme Court, in the case of the Prudential Insurance Company of America vs. Cheek, 42 U. S. Rep. 51, June 5, 1922, said: "That freedom in the making of contracts of personal employment, by which labor and other services are exchanged for money or other forms of property, is an elementary part of the rights of personal liberty and private property, not to be struck down directly or arbitrarily interfered with, consistently with the due process of law guaranteed by the Federal Constitution, we are not disposed to question. This court has affirmed the principle in recent cases." Forty-eight-hour Bills Take Citizenship Rights Guaranteed by Fourteenth Amendment Away From Women "These cases bring out the fact that the citizen has personal liberty in the matter of making contracts as to when and how long he will labor and as women are now citizens, it is my opinion that the State Legislature in attempting to adopt a law saying that women shall work 48 hours a week and no longer is interfering with women's personal liberty and has no right to do so, according to rulings made by the Rhode Island courts and the United States Supreme Court." Equal Rights Association 432 Seventh Avenue New York City 119 Argument for the Establishment by Law of a 48-Hour Work Week in Rhode Island Respectfully Submitted to the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives By the AMALGAMATED TEXTILE WORKERS OF AMERICA. Organizer in Rhode Island: WILLIAM H. DERRICK Arctic, R. I. General Secretary: RUSSELL PALMER 7 E. 15th St. New York, N. Y. On behalf of the textile workers of the State, particularly the women, and on behalf of all wage workers generally, we urge the Legislature of the State to carry out the mandate given by the citizens of the State in the last elections and enact a law establishing a maximum work-week of 48 hours as provided in the bill introduced by Mr. Lavander, of Bristol, and known as H 506. The primary concern of the Amalgamated Textile Workers of America, as an organization of labor, is for human welfare. We speak in the interest of humanity, of men and women as against the unscrupulous greed of property interests. It is for the physical and moral well-being of all the women and children in the textile industry primarily, and through them the well-being of all the workers through the protection of home life and personal health that we urge this 48-hour legislation at the present session of the Legislature. Most of the women in the textile industry are women who have heavy responsibilities of one kind or another to homes and families. They are not by any means on the same footing as the men who work in the mills. The burdens of life are heavier upon them, and that is why they need and are entitled to the protection of the law even to a greater extent than men workers. Back in the 19th century the English scientist Huxley declared: "Women will be found to be fearfully weighted in the race for life. They duty of man is to see that not a grain is piled upon that load beyond what nature imposes: that injustice is not added to inequality." Through our modern factory system and its relentless claims upon the blood and marrow of the working class, injustice has been added to inequality in the lot of working women. It is for the purpose of removing some of this injustice as it affects the working women of Rhode Island that we urge the passage of this legislation. The 48-hour week is generally recognized as "fair." It is so recognized by the United States Government, by laws of one kind or another in many States, by agreement directly between workers, and their employers in many industries in the United States, by about 20 foreign countries and by the International Labor Office of the League of Nations. It ought to exist in the State of Rhode Island. But while the Amalgamated urges the passage of 48-hour legislation, it should not be thought that we consider the 48-hour week to meet the full requirements of the well-being of the workers under present conditions of textile manufacture. From our personal experience in the industry, from officers to the most humble member for whom we speak, we are convinced that only the 44-hour week, at the present stage of mechanical development, can meet the workers' need and prevent physical and mental and moral slavery to the Machine. The 44-hour week is the real 8-hour day, with the Saturday half-holiday preserved intact, and is none too short a week for those who have to stand the strain of the work in the mills. The 44-hour week exists in several industries, and is the standard in the silk industry, where it is established by agreement between the workers and their employers. Until the time when organized employers and organized workers in other divisions of the textile industry can by mutual agreement set up the 44-hour week, the least the State can do is to protect its women and through them its people generally by limiting the hours of work for women to 48 per week 2 A study made by the United States Women's Bureau in 1922 showed that more than half of the women employed in non-textile industries in Rhode Island were already, by agreement between themselves and their employers, working 48 hours a week or less. What is good for them is good for the women in the textile industry, where protection is even more needed because of the nerve-wracking, mechanical nature of the work. A large and powerful industry like the textile industry should be and we believe is able to grant the 48-hour week. The 1910 census showed that the number of females over 10 years of age gainfully employed in Rhode Island was 32.1 per cent. of the total of all workers, which is a larger percentage than in Massachusetts, Connecticut, or New York. Consequently, there is more need and more justification for a 48-hour law protecting women in Rhode Island than there is in any of the other States named. Bulletin No. 15 issued by the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor in 1921, giving the results of an investigation of the operation of shorter hours in Massachusetts and New Jersey, declares that women were not discriminated against because of any difficulty in arranging hours of work to conform to the law. The fears of certain women who are agitating for absolute equality of the sexes are groundless, and we believe their arguments are in large measure merely a smoke-screen sent up at the instigation of the employing interest. The economic fact, obvious to all observers, is that women are in industry to stay and employers are able, when they have to, to make their business conform to the necessities of the women. MAIN PURPOSES OF THE SHORTER WORK-WEEK. The two main purposes of the shorter work-week are to reduce fatigue and thus promote physical and mental health among the workers, and to increase leisure time for recreation and personal development, thus improving the moral tone of society. As to fatigue, Dr. E. R. Hayhurst, director of the Division of Occupational Diseases, Ohio State Board of Health, states: 3 "Fatigue is one of the most common causes of occupational disability. This is a prime cause of the fact that bodily development in factory classes remains inferior to that in other social classes. Fatigue is defined as loss of irritability and contractility brought on by functional activity. The sensation of fatigue is due to the accumulation of waste products within the system called fatigue poisons (definite chemical substances) and fatigue toxins. The poisons are acidic in character. A fatigued muscle is acid in reaction, while one at rest is alkaline. Of the poisons, leucomaines are one type and are similar in action to ptomaines obtained from putrid meats. The presence of such substances is easily demonstrated, as for instance, in the dog experiment in which a few cubic centimeters of blood removed from the veins of a dog which has been run till fatigued and then injected into another dog, not previously exercised, within a few moments causes symptoms of fatigue to appear in the second animal; even paralyzing effects, and finally, death may follow after a period of extreme exhaustion. There are many other ways of demonstrating the presence of this fatigue substance. Fatigue poisons do not accumulate in the system if time intervals are sufficient for the circulation to counteract and remove them between muscular efforts. These symptoms, when they appear, are usually not more prominent in the particular muscles or parts used than throughout the system in general. The brain, which is the source of motive power, always suffers in fatigue, no matter what part of the body is overworked." What fatigue means morally was pointed out clearly as long ago as 1895 by Henry S. Baker, Ph. D., of Boston: "Among the higher functions of certain brain tracts is that of inhibition. These tracts are called 'inhibitory centers,' and their function is like that of brakes on a wagon, like the governor on an engine, or like that of a coachman who holds a tight rein when his spirited team is going down hill or along a crowded street. The effects of fatigue on these centers is seen very quickly in any prolonged effort . . . In general, self-control is lost, and the lower, the baser, and the more selfish faculties of our nature run riot . . . In short, the fatigues person is very sure to fly off on a tangent in one or more lines. In other words, his inhibitory centers 4 have ceased to act, he has little self-control. Most crimes of all kinds are committed at night, when men are tired, ugly, and possessed of little judgment, comparatively, and less conscience. . . . The rested boy or man can resist temptation, but the tired one cannot. His will and conscience are both too weak. The facts of fatigue settle scientifically and beyond appeal some social and religious questions. Dr. C. F. Hodge, of Clark University, proved that, while eight or ten hours of rest restored the tired nerve cells to a condition nearly normal, at least thirty- or thirty-six hours is needed for an absolutely complete recuperation. That means that a Sabbath, giving so long a rest, is a necessity, if man is to do his best work physically and intellectually or live at his best esthetically, morally and religiously." The prevention of fatigue by the establishment of a shorter work-week will give the women and other textile workers of the State the physical and mental strength to improve their conditions of living in the home and in their social relations, and the time granted them from the grind of factory labor will make it possible at the same time for them to avail themselves of the educational and cultural benefits provided by the State and by other agencies. Educational work is an integral part of the general program of the Amalgamated Textile Workers of America, but with other thinking people we realize the hopelessness of the task of conveying any real measure of education to workers who are worn out in body and soul from slaving at the machines in the factories. Relief from excessive toil is basic to any improvement in the cultural level of the people and to the raising of the standard of citizenship. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE EMPLOYERS. In our view it is scandalous and disgusting that the organized employers and bankers of the State should endeavor to blind the Legislature to the fundamentally HUMAN importance of 48-hour legislation, and should try by all means in their power to drag the entire question down to the level of profit-making pure and simple. To hear them, one would imagine that the only thing that mattered in Rhode Island or elsewhere was the size of their profits. The right of the workers who produce the wealth out of 5 which their profits come to a clean, healthy, aspiring life does not enter into their calculations at all. But, illogically enough, while the employers are concerned only with profit-making, Mr. Sibley, their chief spokesman before the Legislature on this question has declared that the profits of the manufacturers should not enter into the matter at all; by which he means that it is none of the people's business how high the profits of the manufacturers are. In other words, the people are asked, through their representatives in the Legislature, to permit an excessive work-week on the score that the manufacturers cannot make profits without it, but the people are not supposed to know how much profits the manufacturers are making or how well or how badly they are managing their business. The Amalgamated Textile Workers of America wishes to point out what it considers a very vital social principle involved in the proclaimed inability of the textile manufacturers of Rhode Island to operate their mills successfully on the 48-hour basis. That principle is this: The owners of the textile industry are not only granted a privilege to exploit labor in the mills for profit, but in consideration of that privilege they are charged with a heavy responsibility to the industry. The most important part of the industry is the body of working men and women who give life to the industry and who are citizen-units of the Commonwealth. If the men who own and control the industry cannot operate the mills on a basis which permits the workers a decent livelihood, without sapping the last ounce of strength from them and destroying all that is finest in their home and family life, then in simple self-protection the people will have to step in and remove the textile manufacturers from their places of control and take measures to operate the industry to serve the people and with consideration for the well-being of the workers. Private ownership, with the autocracy that it always and inevitably implies in some degree, is bad enough even when it is fairly efficient, but when it fails utterly to manage without killing the souls of the workers it becomes a downright social crime, and society is bound to intervene to stop the criminals. If private operation breaks down the State may have to step in and turn out the private owners; or it may be that the people will organize some other agency for removing the oppressive weight that bears down upon them. We 6 are not here concerned with the means that may be adopted. What concerns us is the fact that the working class will not long tolerate a system of things where the only or chief consideration is given to the lust for profit and power of interests that are already stuffed to the point of gluttony and drunk with economic power. PRACTICABILITY OF THE 48-HOUR WEEK. Manufacturers contend that with a 48-hour week the cotton industry would be driven out of Rhode Island because of competition from the Southern manufacturers. The "Southern competition" argument applies only to the cotton manufacturing industry. It is not a valid argument, but merely a bug-bear raised by the employers to confuse the State legislators and the public upon whom the legislators depend for support in their efforts to legislate for the popular welfare. Hours of labor are longer in the Southern mills. But the difference is not great enough to cover the differential existing in favor of the Northern mills by reason of the far greater efficiency and productiveness of the workers. It is common knowledge that the Southern people are less energetic than the Northern, a condition which the climate undoubtedly operates to maintain. With longer hours, the U. S. census of 1919 shows that the value of cotton mill products per wage earner was $4,926 in the North, while it was $4,739 in the South, or nearly $200 less, an average of nearly $4.00 a week. The South, generally, makes an inferior quality of goods. Considering the cost to the Southern manufacturers of operating their mill villages, a cost which the Northern manufacturers do not bear and which must be reckoned with, the average weekly wage of the cotton mill worker in the North in June, 1921, was just 36 cents higher than that in the South. That is about the rate at present obtaining. It is indisputable that had not the South had longer hours and slightly lower wages in the beginning, the cotton manufacturing industry would never have obtained a start in that section of the country. But it is equally true, as has been the case with the 7 silk industry in Pennsylvania, that as the industry becomes settled and the labor-force built up as a permanent factor (instead of a seasonal one as of farm workers doing factory work for a part of the year and by continual shifting disrupting the calculations of the manufacturers) the same tendency manifests itself as in older industrial communities toward shorter hours, higher wages, and recognition of the rights of the workers generally. As a matter of fact, the hours of labor in Georgia have been reduced from 72 to 60 by law, while in North Carolina, since 1887 the legal maximum limit of the work-week has dropped from 72 to 55. In Rhode Island the drop has been from 60 to 54. In the South the tax rates have been lower. But manufacturers have had to pave their own streets and sewer their own villages in order to build up a labor force. For some time the tendency of tax rates in the South has been upward. This tendency was inevitable, because a growing, progressing community needs more and better roads, more and better schools, better local and State Government generally, and all this must be paid for from taxes. New industries cannot be for long exempted from taxation. At the present session of the South Carolina legislature the manufacturers of the State have been compelled to maintain a vigorous lobby against increased taxation; needless to say they are "crying against the wind." These points aside, however, we believe that the best and the final and conclusive argument against the cry of Southern competition is afforded by the astounding record of profits made by mills in the neighboring State of Massachusetts, making goods similar to those made in the factories of Rhode Island. Massachusetts textile mills have been on the 48-hour basis since 1919. So have the Amoskeag Mills of Manchester, N. H. For the five-year period 1912-1916 the Amoskeag profits were $8,040,259. For the five-year period 1917-1921 the Amoskeag profits were $22,462,202. In other words, two and a half times as great profits during the second period as during the first, although for at least half of the second period the 48-hour week was in force. An authoritative compilation made about the first of January, 8 this year, showed that 34 cotton mills alone in New England had issued stock dividends amounting to over $50,000,000 at par, but nearer $75,000,000 at market value. Many of these mills were in Fall River. The Pacific Mills of Lawrence, Mass., issued a stock dividend of 100 per cent., increasing its capitalization to $40,000,000. The Parkhill Manufacturing Company of Fitchburg issued a stock dividend of 300 per cent. or 400 per cent. in November, the amount of the increase of capitalization being $1,200,000. In addition to stock dividends the mills all paid handsome regular dividends on stock outstanding. Fall River mills paid out $3,642,050 in regular dividends last year. New Bedford mills stockholders took $5,347,492 in dividends last year. Issuance of these stock dividends not only means that the companies have been piling up surplus profits that they do not care to disburse in the regular way, but it means something far more significant. It means that the manufacturers confidently expect to go right on making big profits--so big, in fact, that they will be able to pay their regular handsome rates of dividends on a greatly increased number of shares of stock, ranging from 50 per cent. to 3,333 per cent., as in the case of the Davis & Brown Woolen Company of Uxbridge, Mass. WHY NOT IN RHODE ISLAND? If Massachusetts and New Hampshire mills could make big profits under the 48=hour week, there is no reason whatever why Rhode Island cotton mills cannot do the same. If they cannot make fully as big profits as the mills to the north of them it is entirely because they are incompetently and perhaps dishonestly managed. Indeed, the charge of incompetence has been virtually admitted in the case of one big Rhode Island concern, the Consolidated Textile Corporation, which controls the B. B. & R. Knight Company. This corporation has been compelled to form an alliance with the American Woolen Company, and officials have openly and publicly stated that it was for the purpose of obtaining the advantage of the managerial ability of President Wood and his associates. In this connection it is worthy of note that the American Woolen Company has made enormous profits and has always worked its mills the shortest hours and paid the highest rate of wages in the woolen and worsted industry. 9 The Consolidated Textile Corporation started as a Southern concern, and when it came North it bought out the B. B. & R. Knight mills at $46.00 per spindle, whereas the actual value was but $22.50 per spindle. Such rotten financing is criminal, and the wage workers of Rhode Island, especially the women who work in the mills, should not be asked to bear the burden of virtual slavery so that economic adventurers who have come from outside the State and got control of Rhode Island mills can pay themselves handsome dividends on stock that is 100 per cent. watered. Inefficiency of management will never be corrected so long as such employers can pursue the, to them, easier course of taking it right out of the blood of the workers. The Legislature would be doing the entire State a monumental service if by passage of the 48-hour law it compelled these people who want to take everything from the State and put nothing into the State to revise their methods, thereby dispelling the cloud of backwardness which to-day hovers over Rhode Island. To secure the well-being of the people is the highest purpose of Government. BRIEF SUBMITTED BY THOMAS F. McMAHON, PRESIDENT, UNITED TEXTILE WORKERS OF AMERICA. Providence, R. I., March 1st, 1923. Gentlemen of the Judiciary Committee: It is not my purpose to be personal in the discussion of whether or not your honorable body should advise the House of the necessity of a 48-hour work-week for women and children in the mills and factories of our State. It has been called to your attention that the Coates mills of Pawtucket were considering the question of going South. This is not in line with their present building plans in Pawtucket which I am creditably informed is spread out over a number of years. The statement of their moving was made by Mr. Hubbard of the Pawtucket Chamber of Commerce. 10 Mr. Lippitt also made a statement to the effect that in the pamphlet put out to the general public under the caption "The Cotton Fleece" that taxes and other things were not deducted. I wish to refer you to that part of this brief dealing with the Jenckes Spinning Company as to the truth or falsity of the statement contained in the above mentioned pamphlet. Mr. Manley of Saylesville and Mr. Clarke of the United States Finishing Company when addressing your honorable body did not tell you the amount of reduction their corporations put into effect for the finishing of the grey goods that were turned over to them by the various Commission houses with which they are doing or have done business since the 22 1/2% cut in wages December 20th, 1920. The increases put into effect for finishing grey goods were so numerous that if we could but see the books of our finishing, printing and dyeing establishments we would be amazed. It is not only the mills that weave and spin that have made all the profits, during and since the war. Mr. Chace of the Valley Falls mill of Albion was very pessimistic about the industry, but he did not give the Committee some tangible evidence of what he was doing to keep the cotton industry in Rhode Island, he did not say to you that his mill workers are paid so much more than are paid in the South for the same grades as is manufactured in his mill and for that matter neither did any of the other employers with the exception of Mr. Goddard. These are the facts that would show the little "nigger" in the whole of their argument. Mr. Wentworth of the N. R. Traveller Company told you about the numerous mills of the South from his experience, but he did not tell you that there are nearly 500 yarn mills in the South and are there primarily for the purpose of exploiting the women and children of the South. I include herewith the States with the number of yarn mills attached. When he mentioned the West Point Mill of Georgia he did not say it was one of a chain of mills controlled by the Wellington and Sears Company of Boston, a company that is noted for its union busting proclivities. Here and now I would respectfully ask this Committee to procure a Manual known as "The Directory of Directors" and you 11 will find therein the facts as to who controls the vast majority of the mills in the Southland. The very frankness of Mr. Goddard's statement shows conclusively that along with other large employers they are changing over their machinery to meet the new conditions and he as a practical business man knows that with the tariff protection now in effect that new constructions and new designs in cotton cloths are the order of the day. Mr. Arthur Aldred of Gladdings told you of the connection of his father with the Pacific Mills of Lawrence for over forty years, and I sure do wish he would look over the history of this concern since 1884. Mr. Aldred said we lost the Locomotive Works and the automobile business, surely not an account of high wages or short hours, for if there is a state in the Union where mechanics are underpaid and abused it is right here in Rhode Island. Mr. Aldred should pay a visit to Butler's Exchange and find out for himself the system of espionage maintained and he will be surprised to learn that there are hundreds of names of fine mechanics who are debarred from following their trade, on account of the fact that they were independent enough to join a union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. We have to-day the cheapest labor in the metal trades industry of any other city in the United States, North or South. Mr. Vermilyle of Manhasset mill surely gave a demonstration of how the mill he is now managing was run prior to his coming. He proved what inefficiency and waste can do. I again reiterate what I said before that if these two curses in our factories were eliminated we could and would beat the world, not alone the South. You ask me how this can be done, and I answer, promote the man or woman for their ability and not for their fraternal, political, religious or family connections. Do this and you will see progress as you never saw it before. Mr. H. C. Bates of John Lewis Company told about a Mansfield Bleachery that had secured land and was going to erect a One Million Dollar plant in the South for bleaching purposes. I again repeat that the bleaching of fine cotton goods is an impossibility on account of the impurities that exist in the waters of the South. 12 I think this statement was borne out by the investigator sent South by our Providence Tribune and surely by no stretch of the imagination can it be shown that this paper is friendly to labor. This paper issued a series of articles on the subject and in the main was a rebuke to those who are engaged in spreading propaganda that the 48-hour work-week would drive our manufacturers out of the State. Relative to what Mr. Willand said, my only comment is that he is a first class straddler. What he says in his brief I know not. It has been said by many representing the employers that we could not organize the Southern worker, on account of his antipathy of men from the North. The United Textile Workers of America are there now, have been there for years, and we are well content with the progress made. I might add that the Building Trades, Metal Trades, Printing Trades, Railroad Workers, Tobacco Workers, Teamsters and Chauffeurs and a host of others are to-day affiliated with the American Federation of Labor just as we are; these people are now assisting us as never before in the South. Gentlemen, there are over 36,000 women in our mills and factories to-day, who are hoping that you will see to it that humanity comes first and dollars afterward. We, as textile workers, know what we can do, if given the opportunity. If you, gentlemen, could but come and follow us for one week, you would have no hesitation in saying that 48 hours is long enough to work in the cotton mills of our State. I present to you, Gentlemen, a statement of facts concerning a Rhode Island mill that has been spoken about many times during this hearing. I refer to the Jenckes Spinning Company of Pawtucket. Here are the facts: In the five years between July 1st, 1916, and July 1st, 1921, the Jenckes Spinning Company made total profits well over $10,000,000. During this five years, the profits averaged 77 per cent. a year on the full face value of the common stock in addition to the fixed rate of 7 per cent. which was paid on preferred stock. 13 During this five-year period, the company has paid two stock dividends, one of 20 per cent. in 1917, and one of 100 per cent. in 1920. The first made a gift of $300,000 of stock to the stock holders, raising the common stock from $1,500,000 to $1,800,000. In 1920 another gift of shares was made to stockholders raising the common stock from $1,800,000 to $3,600,00. In spite of those two gifts to stockholders, totalling more than $2,000,000 in face value, profits have averaged 77 per cent. on this inflated capitalization. During these five years, the profits have averaged 22 per cent. a year, on the full value of the business--the capital stock and surplus combined. yet in 1921, the "bad" year, which made the wage cut necessary, the company made profit sufficient to have paid 16 per cent. on the inflated common stock. On the basis of the capitalization of $1,500,000, as it stood in 1916 before the $2,100,000 of stock was given away, the Jenckes Spinning Company has made profits for the past five years averaging 140 per cent. per year. That is, during the past five years, the textile workers who made the Jenckes product have received wages low enough, and the customers who bought the Jenckes products have paid prices high enough to yield more than profit enough to have bought control of the Jenckes Spinning Company each year of the five, by paying $140 per share for every share of the $1,500,000 of common shares (par $100) outstanding in 1916. The value of the concern owned by the stockholders is now nearly three times as great as five years ago. This fact is shown by the increase of the net worth of the corporation (Capital and Surplus combined) from less than $5,400,000 in 1917, to nearly $14,600,000, in 1921. Yet the Jenckes Spinning Company decides that wages must be lower and hours longer so that a 77 per cent. profit can be made or they will move South. This is the textile workers' reward for contributing to five years of fabulous profits. The profits made from sweat shop conditions are to be used in the building of sweat shop mills in the South. 14 These kind of manufacturers presume to say that the workers of the South will be satisfied with any old condition or any old wage that the employer wishes to pay. If they think so, they are in for a good jolt. "JENCKES SPINNING COMPANY" TAMARACK MILLS, PAWTUCKET, R. I. CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS--1917-1921. (As of June 30.) "ASSETS" 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 Cash and receivables $1,919,000 $2,772,000 $3,201,000 $6,706,000 $6,644,000 Inventories 1,632,000 2,315,000 1,583,000 3,586,000 2,791,000 Securities owned 479,000 930,000 1,125,000 2,422,000 1,908,000 Plant 3,871,000 3,903,000 4,306,000 6,620,000 10,917,000 Deferred charges 196,000 339,000 420,000 723,000 468,000 ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— Total Assets $8,097,000 $10,259,000 $10,635,000 $20,507,000 $22,728,000 LIABILITIES AND NET WORTH. Payables $1,840,000 $2,533,000 $2,074,000 $3,698,000 $3,259,000 Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reserves 868,000 1,111,000 1,383,000 2,357,000 . . . . . . ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— Total Liabilities $2,708,000 $3,644,000 $3,457,000 $6,055,000 $8,259,000 CAPITAL STOCK. Common $1,800,000 $1,800,000 $1,800,000 $1,600,000 $3,600,000 Preferred 1,000,000 1,000,000 999,000 3,281,000 4,094,000 ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— Total $2,800,000 $2,800,000 $2,799,000 $6,881,000 $7,694,000 Surplus and reserves 2,589,000 3,815,000 4,379,000 7,121,000 6,775,000 ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— Total Net Worth $5,389,000 $6,615,000 $7, 178,000 $14,002,000 $14,469,000 ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— Liabilities and $8,097,000 $10,259,000 $10,635,000 $20,057,000 $22,728,000 Net Worth "JENCKES SPINNING COMPANY." "SALES, PROFITS, DIVIDENDS AND PERCENTAGES." (Year ending June 30.) 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 Total 5 Years Sales $10,739,000 $22,821,000 $28,353,000 $38,442,000 $22,253,000 $118,608,000 Costs 9,229,000 20,915,000 24,264,000 32,410,000 21,383,000 108,201,000 ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— Profit $1,510,000 $1,906,000 $2,089,000 $4,032,000 $870,000 $10,407,000 15 No. 1. DIVIDENDS Common . . . . . $126,000 $126,000 $126,000 $252,000 $195,000 825,000 Preferred . . . . . 70,000 70,000 70,000 210,000 287,000 707,000 ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— ———— Total . . . . $196,000 $196,000 $196,000 $462,000 $482,000 $1,532,000 Bal. to surplus. . $1,314,000 $1,710,000 $1,893,000 $3,570,000 $388,000 $8,875,000 Federal taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,460,000 ————— ————— ————— ————— ————— ————----------- Net addition to surplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,415,000 No. 2. PERCENTAGES Profit to common stock. . . . . . . . . 80% 102% 112% 106% 16% 77% Profit to net worth . . . . . . . . 28% 29% 29% 29% 6% 22% Profit to sales. . . . 14% 8% 8% 11% 4% 9% ——— No. 1—Five-year total is correct. Dividends year by year estimated. No. 2—Net profit after deducting allowance for preferred dividends. This percentage shows accordingly the dividend that might have been declared on common each year. The following is a statement of the wages paid in one of the Southern Mills: Highland Park Mill No. 1 of North Charlotte. Card Grinders . . . . . . . . . . 45.5 cents per hour Slubber Tenders . . . . . . . . 38.2 cents per hour Speeder Tenders . . . . . . . . 45.5 cents per hour Drawing in Hands . . . . . . . 45.5 cents per hour Warp Tieing . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 cents per hour Weaving 12 looms . . . . . . 47.2 cents per hour We would like to have the cotton manufacturers (plain) to show any of the prices paid here in Rhode Island, particularly Mr. Chace of Albion, and the writer will warrant that his mill is away below the average wage in this Southern mill. THE COTTON FLEECE WHAT IS IT? READ AND FIND OUT? The Cotton Fleece Once upon a time there was a noble prince who set sail in 16 search of the golden fleece. That was far away and long ago. Nowadays— In the five years ending June 30, 1921 (the latest figures available), the JENCKES SPINNING COMPANY'S operations, which were principally in Rhode Island, yielded the following results. Total Receipts from sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $118,808,000 All Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,201,000 —————— Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,407,000 Cash dividends on common stock . . . $825,000 Cash dividends on preferred stock . . . 707,000 ————— Total cash dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,532,000 Federal taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,460,000 ————— 3,992,000 ————— Surplus profit after taxes and dividends . . . . . . . . $6,415,000 These results did not satisfy the JENCKES SPINNING COMPANY, so they bought a Southern mill—the Loray Mill in Gastonia—where they expected to make bigger profits. Possibly you are perplexed that any company should be dissatisfied with such profits. It is strange to be sure, but there is more to the story. After the war boom there was a period of depression, when earnings were not nearly big enough to satisfy the patriots who had acquired an appetite for fabulous profits. For example, in the year ending June 21, 1921, JENCKES made a profit of only $870,000—equal to only 16 per cent. on common stock (32 per cent. on common stock as it was before the stock dividend of $1,800,000 IN 1920). Of course, 16 per cent. seemed pretty poor pickings after profits in 1917, 1918, 1919 and 1920 equal to $80,102,112 and 106 per cent. on common stock. But there is more to the story. On December 20, 1920, various textile mill owners in New England made the textile workers a Christmas present of a wage cut 17 of 22 1/2 per cent. It didn't mix very well with the workers' Christmas dinners, but "deflation" was the order of the day (we were told). The textile workers swallowed their medicine. Early in 1922 a group of textile mill owners decided to repeat the dose, and posted notices of another cut--20 per cent. this time. Now the textile workers of New England have somehow got the ideas of fairness and of justice in their minds as American ideas. And so they struck against the second cut of 20 per cent. THE JENCKES SPINNING COMPANY was one of the mill companies affected by the New England strike, which continued more than six months and ended with no wage cuts. Now any one is entitled to his own opinion as to why the JENCKES SPINNING COMPANY bought a mill in the South. Northern newspapers often print stories about the fine American types of cotton mill workers in the South--and the Southern cotton worker IS a fine American type, but NOT what the mill owners mean, for in the same sentence that they speak of Southern workers as fine "American" types the mill owners gloat over the absence of unions in Southern mills, and tell how glad the Southern operatives are to work 54 and 60 hours a week. And so various Northern mill owners are investing in Southern cotton mills and are finding great pickings where hours are long and wages low. As we were saying in the beginning: Once upon a time there was a noble prince who set sail in search of the golden fleece. That was far away and long ago. Nowadays one needn't be a noble prince to go after the golden fleece, for gold can be made out of cotton by fleecing unorganized workers. This is the second of a series of leaflets issued by the United Textile Workers of America, and prepared under the direction of Thomas F. McMahon, President, by The Labor Bureau, Inc., at its New England Office, 1133 Old South Building, Boston, Edwin Newdick, Director. The statement has been made before this Honorable Committee that the Pacific Mills of Lawrence were moving South, or were considering doing so, owing to lack of profit. Let us see if the facts bear out this statement. 18 WE WILL GO BACK SOME YEARS: During the ten years, 1884-1893, inclusive, the cash dividends of the Pacific Mills were sufficient to pay for its entire capital stock at par value. In these ten years, the cash dividends of Pacific Mills amounted to exactly 100 per cent on its capitalization. During the eight years, 1894-1901, inclusive, the cash dividends of the Pacific Mills were again sufficient to pay for its entire capital stock at par value. In these eight years, the cash dividends of the Pacific Mills amounted to another 100 per cent. on its capitalization. During the six and one-half years, 19092-to the middle of 1908, the cash dividends of the Pacific Mills were again sufficient to pay for its entire capital stock at par value. In these six and one-half years, the cash dividends of the Pacific Mills amounted to another 100 per cent. on its capitalization. During the ten years, from the middle of 1908 to the middle of 1918, the cash dividends of the Pacific Mills amounted to slightly more than 100 per cent. on its capitalization, although in 1912, the capitalization of the Pacific Mills was increased 300 per cent. Before the increase the capitalization was $3,000,000. The increase was made by a gift of $6,000,000 of new Pacific Mill stock to stockholders, and by allowing them to buy another $3,000,000 of new stock at par (although the market price of the stock was far above par). The cash dividends were sufficient in six and a quarter years, from the middle of 1908 through three-quarters of 1914, to pay in full the capitalization of 1908, and as it existed up to the increase made in 1912. In the three and one-half years from the middle of 1918 to the end of 1921, the cash dividends of the Pacific Mills have equalled another 50 per cent. on the par value of all its capital stocks. Early in 1917, the capitalization was increased from $12,000,000 to $15,000,000, by giving the stockholders $3,000,000. In 1917 the capitalization was increased from $15,000,000 to $20,000,000, by giving stockholders the privilege of buying (on instalments) $5,00,000 of new stock at $150 per share, which was $40 to $50 19 a share less than the market price of the stock before the new stock was distributed as spoils. In the last generation, the Pacific Mill stockholders have received profits enough to pay in full the capitalization of their company four and one-half times over. Every few years the cash profits distributed have been sufficient to have purchased a controlling interest in the company. The textile workers recognized that the organizing genius of the men who have directed the affairs of the Pacific Mills has been a tremendous factor in this remarkable record of prosperity. The textile workers recognize that the present Treasurer of the company, Edwin Farnham Greene, is one of the country's most competent Captains of Industry. The workers assume that he is generously paid for his ability, as he assuredly should be paid. The textile workers do not recognize that stockholders, by owning and receiving dividends, have made any contribution to the prosperity of the Pacific Mills. These profits have been many times over sufficient to have bought a controlling interest in the company. The textile workers and the public are entitled to consideration, in view of this controlling interest in the Pacific Mills which they have bought and paid for in profits, even though title to ownership resides with the stockholders. Consideration of the textile workers and the public is not given when decisions are made in secret by the textile mill-owners and financiers of New England and notices posted of wage cuts. Consideration of textile workers and the public by the Pacific Mills requires that the facts be presented before representatives of the public by representatives of the company and of the textile workers, and decision thus reached in public. How many Rhode Island Mill Treasurers are willing to come before your committee with a true statement of profits during the period I have covered of this Massachusetts mill? Is there any doubt that many of the corporations in our State can equal, if not beat the record of the Pacific Mills? 20 Fortunately we do not used to speculate concerning the results on New England textile mills, particularly Rhode Island, of a 48-hour week law. The adjoining state of Massachusetts has had such a law in effect since 1919. Let us disregard the chorus of wails which we hear from Rhode Island manufacturers every now and then, particularly now, that there ruin is just around the corner and can only be escaped by sacrificing women and children on the altar of greed and avarice. Their one cry is we must have 54 hours as a week's work or our cotton mills will move south. Let us remember that there is scarcely an instance in the memory of man when capitalists or investors ever failed to oppose any proposal whatever, which seemed likely to make it any less easy to make profits. Examine the record. The investors and mill-owners, those who get profits, are found opposed to the humane point of view, whether the issue is the abolition of slavery, the lessening of the curse of child labor, the reduction of the hours of labor of women--anything; the profit-takers always cry, "Wolf, Wolf!" Yet laws to protect humanity have been enacted, and industry has not been destroyed in those states where the 48-hour week is now in effect, namely, Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Massachusetts, Utah, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Washington and the District of Columbia; 47.4 per cent. of the employees in mercantile establishments in New York City and 65.9 per cent. of the employees in mercantile establishments in other sections of the state work a 48-hour week or less. Mr. Harrington Emerson, Director of the Emerson Engineers, has formulated the following table showing the profitableness of short hours and good wages--his calculations being based on actual experience: Reduction in hours 33 1-3 per cent. Increase in wages 15 per cent. Increase in production 37 per cent. Decrease in cost 15 per cent. 21 I will very briefly indicate the profits made by Massachusetts textile mills under the 48-hour law--not merely the profits which have been paid out in cash dividends. To make this showing as representative as possible a large group has been taken--all the corporations in the city of Fall River (thirty-seven in all), not counting the Sanford Spinning Co.* Furthermore, only mills in the cotton industry have been used, that is, the industry which is wailing about the menace of Southern competition. Furthermore, in Fall River is made a great proportion of coarser cotton goods, grey goods, especially--also produced in quantity in the South, and, therefore, in direct competition with the South as any group of cotton mills in Rhode Island or any other State in the North which could be used. The following table shows the totals for the combined financial statements, or balance sheets, of all the Fall River cotton mills as reported in their "certificates of condition" to the Commissioner of Corporations of Massachusetts as required by law. These totals are first given for 1914, the last pre-war year, and show the condition of the mills and the surplus built up during preceding years when no 48-hour law was in effect. Similar figures are then given for April, 1922 (or the latest statement available at that date) and show the condition of the mills at about the height of the post-war depression, after several years of operation under the 48-hour law. It is to be borne in mind that in April, 1922, the New England textile strike was on as the result of general conditions which numerous New England cotton mills said were so bad that reduction of wages by 20 per cent. and increase of hours from 48 to 54 were absolutely necessary to preserve the cotton industry of New England from the ravages of Southern competition. *There are 36 mills, but the Sanford Spinning Co. filed no return in 1914. 22 FALL RIVER COTTON MILLS. COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR 1914 AND 1922 COMPARED. ASSETS. Increase in 1914 1922 1922 over 1914 Plant and equipment . . . . $37,708,000 $51,154,000 $13,446,000 Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,427,000 12,497,000 2,070,000 Cash and accts. receivable 4,746,000 18,836,000 14,090,000 Profit and loss . . . . . . . . . . 10,000 333,000 323,000 ———— ———— ———— Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $52,891,000 $82,820,000 $29,929,000 LIABILITIES Capital stock . . . . . . . . . . . . $29,644,000 $39,912,000 $10,271,000 Accts. payable . . . . . . . . . . . 12,082,000 9,056,000 3,026,000 D. Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,644,000 1,662,000 982,000 D. Surplus and reserves . . . . . 8,524,000 32,190,000 23,666,000 ———— ———— ———— Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $52,891,000 $82,820,000 $29,929,000 ——— D. indicates decrease. That is an astonishing showing, and the more carefully the facts are considered, the more astonishing it appears. There is an increase of about $24,000,000, nearly all of which was from surplus, being capitalization thereof by stock dividends, most of which were issued in 1917. Accountants have a term, "net worth," used to measure the stockholders' equity, or portion of ownership and protection which the business affords them. Net worth is the sum of capital stock and surplus. Note that in 1914 the net worth of these cotton mills was $38,000,000 in round numbers; at the close of the post-war de pression (when many cotton mills in New England were "forced" to cut wages) the net worth of these mills was over $74,000,000, an increase in value of the businesses to the stockholders of close to 100 per cent. This is a measure of the profit made but not paid to stockholders, and is seen to run at the rate of about 12 1/2 per cent. per year. Now what of the dividends made which were paid out to stockholders? In 1921 cash dividends were the lowest paid for a number of years, but even then and including stocks and bonds carrying lower fixed rates, and including several instances of mills which passed dividends, the cash dividends paid averaged better than 8 per cent. Computed on common stock alone, the dividend rate reached nearly 10 per cent. in the poorest year for a long period. This 23 is fair measure of a period of depression for mills operating under the 48 hour law in the cotton industry of New England, and manufacturing the grades of goods in most direct competition with the southern mills. The showing during the preceding years is quite different. Beginning with 1917 and ending with the second quarter of 1922, the Fall River cotton mills paid a total in cash dividends equalling over 85 per cent. on their capitalization, and over 100 per cent. on the capitalization as it stood at the beginning of the period, 1917, and to which few, if any, additions had been made except by stock dividends. For the entire period, 1914-1922, the cash dividends also amounted to more than 100 per cent. on the capitalization (including stock dividends and all), or about 12 1/2 per cent. per year. Summing up, we find that the Fall River cotton mills made profits averaging about 25 per cent. a year for the entire period, 1914-1922; about half of the profit was paid out in dividends, the other half put into surplus reserves, plant and equipment, etc., but it all represents profit. The highest profits during this period were made during 1919 and 1920, while the 48-hour week law for women and minors was in effect in Massachusetts, and the profits during the depression of 1921 were just about equal to the average for the 20 years beginning with 1900, worked out year by year from Moody's manual of industrial corporations for all Fall River mills listed there. The average cash dividends over the twenty-year period, 8.39 per cent., while during 1921, the cash dividend (on a much higher capitalization, swollen by stock dividends) was 8.01 per cent. In 1922, the cash dividend fell by a fraction of 1 per cent. to 7.89 per cent., including dividends at fixed rates on bonds and preferred stock and including all 36 corporations concerning which dividend payments are public, with several which passed dividends in one or more quarters. It is to be noted that in the last quarter of 1922, the cash dividends distributed were at a rate of over 11 per cent. a year, (the average for all securities and all mills), and there were, in addition, stock dividends totaling about $7,500,000 distributed by eight corporations. Respectfully submitted, THOMAS F. McMAHON, President, United Textile Workers of America. 24 Yarn Mills in South During Past Twenty Years to Take Advantage of Child Labor Alabama. . . . . . . . 40 yarn mills Georgia . . . . . . . . 65 yarn mills N. Carolina. . . . . . 283 yarn mills S. Carolina . . . . . . 49 yarn mills Tennessee. . . . . . . 11 yarn mills Texas . . . . . . . . . . . 5 yarn mills Virginia . . . . . . . . . 4 yarn mills —— Total . . . . . . . . . . 457 yarn mills THOMAS F. McMAHON. P. S.--This shows the new spindles spoken so much about by representatives of manufacturers. T. McM. SUBMITTED BY MAURICE P. CONNERY: There has been a change in the key-note of the opponents of the 48-hour week from the charge made by Mr. Sibley that the proposed legislation is to pamper labor, and the committee is now asked to look with kindly eye upon the textile industry; and this committee has been told that the inexorable economic law should be permitted to operate, and that the Legislature should keep hands off in economic questions. Yet, the gentleman who made the statement has been reported to have left one hearing room at Washington, where he asked for a protective tariff on cotton cloth, and to have immediately entered another room, where he opposed a tariff on raw cotton. Personally, I am in favor of the very highest tariff protection for any industry that asks for it; for one reason, because I do not believe in any inexorable economic law; for that is the belief of the Socialist. It is the duty of the Legislature to enact laws that tend to the material well-being of the people primarily; 25 and a State that the war showed the people to be the least physically fit among all her sister States is direfully in need of economic legislation. It has been repeated and repeated before this committee that there is an advantage even to the operatives to work long hours. It is true there are economic conditions under which the greater the production the greater the benefit to all, but those conditions do not exist in the present stage of society. Production might be doubled, and the workers, or the people or Rhode Island as a whole, would not benefit a particle. Why? Because the surplus above the necessaries of life is invested, not only in the South, and in the West, but all over the world. Yet, men talk of increasing the wealth of Rhode Island for taxation purposes! If the wealth that the cotton manufacturers have gained in Rhode Island during the past generation were invested here, then indeed this would be a wonderful State, and we would have solved not only the economic problems of this country but of all civilization. You have been told that the bankers are afraid of the proposed legislation, and that they particularly have the interests of the community at heart. No doubt, many bankers do seek the interest of the community to which they belong. But, gentlemen, what do you think of an institution that, on the very day that the Federal Reserve Board warned the country of the injury caused by our excessive exports, publically advertised that, "The progressive manufacturer will substitute the world for that of the United States as a possible field for trade. . . . We shall be pleased to assist you in establishing satisfactory foreign banking connections." That was the advertisement of our Industrial Trust Company. It is true that Mr. Sibley's bank did not make such public announcement. So, gentlemen, because a man is a banker, do not imagine that he must necessarily be altruistic when the question of the welfare of the community is in issue. The agriculturists come in and protest. They did not protest to the individual manufacturers when they went on the 48-hour schedule. They did not protest against the trades-men getting their short workday. Would the agriculturists attempt to get out an injunction against the mill owners if they all agreed to 26 a 48-hour week? What difference does it make to the agriculturists whether the 48-hour week is by legislative enactment or by the power of the unions, or by the willingness of the manufacturers? It has been stated that the operatives will not receive as high wages under the 48 as under the 54-hour schedule, but that is not so. The real objection by the manufacturers to the 48-hour week is that it necessarily involves paying the same total wages that now prevail under the 54-hour week. For that is the wage that is necessary for the subsistence of the workers; that is the pay they would receive no matter what the profits, and no matter what the losses. You have been told that in dull periods the New England mills will be the first to curtail production, and the year 1920 has been cited as an instance. If there was not curtailment in the South during that period that statement would be borne out. But if there was curtailment in the South during 1920, it is proof that the South deliberately will not supply the whole market; if they attempted to do so there would be but little profit in their Southern and Northern investments. Just as the owner of a rich coal mine will not work it to the limit; the value of his mine is determined by the cost of production in the least efficient mine that is called upon to supply the market; so we have it that the greatest corporation in the South has but recently purchased extensive plants in the North. You can depend on the South taking good care of the cotton industry in the North; it is to her advantage to do so. 27 BRIEF Submitted to the JUDICIARY COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF RHODE ISLAND by ALICE W. HUNT Representing the BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE CONSUMERS' LEAGUE OF RHODE ISLAND In support of HOUSE BILL 506 The chief argument presented by those opposing the 48-hour week is that there is grave danger that Rhode Island will lose its cotton textile industry on account of southern competition if a 48-hour law is enacted. It is the purpose of this brief to show that: I. The alleged advantages of manufacturing in the South have been greatly over-rated. II. Even if the arguments of the opponents were true, the welfare of women and children now employed in R. I. industry and of children yet unborn, demands the prompt enactment of a 48-hour law. I. A. The alleged advantages of manufacturing in the South have been greatly over-rated. 1. Hours of Labor have been reduced more rapidly in the South than in the North. 28 RHODE ISLAND. NORTH CAROLINA In 1885 a 60 hour week In 1907 a 66 hour week "1902 "58 " " "1920 "55 " " "1909 "56 " " "1922 "55 " " "1913 "54 " " A reduction of 11 "1922 "54 " " hours in 13 years. A reduction of 6 hours in 37 years. Monthly Labor Review, U. S. Dept. of Labor, September, 1922. 2. Southern manufacturers are handicapped by the expense of the Southern cotton mill village. The National Industrial Conference Board (a manu- facturers' organization) reports for 1922: "In any comparison of wages in northern and in south- ern cotton mills consideration must be given to living con- ditions and the Southern cotton mill village expenses. "The difference in living conditions requires higher wages in the North because of the more rigorous climate, the lack of garden and truck facilities and the additional compensation the Southern operatives receive due to com- paratively free house-rent ($1 per week), electric light, water works, sewerage, cheap fuel and the like." W. D. Adams, Secretary and Treasurer of the Ameri- can Cotton Manufacturers' Association, in 1922 said: "As an item in cost of production I beg to say that a careful investigation by the American Cotton Manufac- turers' Association determines the increased compensa- tions of southern mill operatives on account of village expense to be $4.36 per operative per week." The Textile World, February 4, 1922, pages 442 and 443. According to this expert testimony if the southern wage were 1-3 less than the northern wage this $4.36 would tend to equalize wages North with South. 29 3. Actual Earnings of Northern and Southern Mills. The following table shows the average weekly earnings of Northern and Southern Textile Operatives compiled from the National Industrial Conference Report, and the letter of Mr. W. D. Adams on Village costs. ALL CLASSIFICATIONS Av. Cost of Village South Mills Excess of Av. Weekly Earnings Per operative Effective North Date South in North per week Wages over South June 1921 $13.99 $18.71 $4.36 $18.35 $0.36 Skilled Male Operatives June 1921 16.65 21.78 4.36 21.01 0.77 Female Operatives June 1921 11.66 15.61 4.36 16.02 0.41* *South higher than North. Wages are today on an approximate parity in the North and the South. 4. The Percentage of increase in wages in wages in the South has been greater than in the North. NORTHERN MILLS Wage Earners Per Per Number Manufac- Capita Capita Cotton ture Total Wages Wages Wages 1914 1919 1914 1919 1914 1919 Massachusetts . 112,699 122,499 Connecticut . . . . 15,466 16,483 Rhode Island . . . 25,257 31,405 New Hampshire. 21,699 21,294 ——— ——— Total . . . . . . . . . . . 175,001 191,681 $85,818,000 $187,407,000 490,38 977.70 % Increase Per Capita Earnings, 199.4% United States Census 30 SOUTHERN MILLS North Carolina 53,706 67,297 South Carolina 46,449 48,079 ——— ——— Total . . . . . . . . . . . 100,151 115,376 $33,920,000 $94,533,000 338.69 819.35 % Increase Per Capita Earnings, 214.9% See United States Census. 5. Comparative labor cost per dollar of product. The Federal Trade Commission gives us facts as to relative labor cost in North and South. South North 1914 13.4 cents 19.3 cents 1919 13.4 cents 14.8 cents 6. Rate of growth of cotton textile industry in the South is decreasing. Looms Spindles 1899-1904 approximate increase. . . 70,000 3,100,000 1904-1909 approximate increase. . . 45,000—115,000 3,600,000—6,700,000 1909-1914 approximate increase. . . 30,000 2,300,000 1914-1919 approximate increase. . . 25,000— 55,000 2,100,000—4,400,000 See pamphlet "The Marvelous Increase in Southern Cotton Mills" issued by The Public Information Bureau Cotton Textile Employers' Association, 1923. 7. Labor in the South is less abundant than formerly. a. Native supply is being exhausted It has become necessary to build good houses and comfortable villages to get labor. Mills are now competing with each other for labor. b. Whites will not permit negroes to work with them. c. Immigrants will not stay in southern mill villages on account of their isolation. d. Manufacturers admit labor turnover is higher in South than in the North. 31 Result—Shortage of Labor will inevitably result in further increase of wages. 8. The advantages of the South in Raw Material are overestimated: a. On short staple cotton used in coarse grade goods the southern mills have an advantage admitted by everyone. b. On long staple cotton used in better grade goods, the North can secure its cotton laid down at the mills practically as cheaply as the South. c. Average price paid for electric power for manufacturing purposes in the South is higher than in the North. This is proved conclusively in the Report of the Tariff Commission on textile costs, and also by the quotations in the rate book of the National Electric Light Association for the year 1920. 9. Largely because of the Enervating Southern Climate, productivity per operative in South is less than productivity per operative in the North. United States Census Figures, 1914. Value of product per wage earner in North and South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1689 Value of product per wage earner in the New England States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1745 Excess for New England $156 per operative. United States Census Figures, 1919. Value of product per wage earner in North and South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4739 Value of product per wage earner in the New England States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4926 Excess for New England $187 per operative. 32 10. Textile Profits North and South. In 1921, the Federal Trade Commission made a report to Congress concerning the cost of manufacturing and profits in combed cotton yarns. They made a close examination of the business of eleven companies; seven of these were located in the South and four in New England. The net profit on each dollar of sales: South % Increase 1919 North % Increase 1919 1914 .135 .074 1919 .195 44.4 .188 154 Thus the North has increased net profit on each dollar sale 154% between 1914 and 1919. 11. Rhode Island, when competition was more severe in long hours, low wages and abundant labor, could compete successfully with the Southern Cotton Textile Mills. United States Census, 1914. Mill profits per operative per year. South Carolina..........................$104 North Carolina........................... 121 Massachusetts........................... 122 Rhode Island.............................. 127 12. While the opponents of the bill claim that Massachusetts is handicapped seriously in its competition with the South by the 48-hour week the facts show that Massachusetts has exploded the theory that restrictive legislation prevents successful competition and drives business away. This is shown by the fact that, since the passage of the following laws the number of her looms and spindles has increased more than the number in any other New England state: 48-hour week for women and children. 8-hour day for children. No night work for women and children between 6 P. M. and 6 A. M. 33 For the number of products in which Massachusetts leads the country after four years of the 48-hour law see "Industry." February 7, 1923, p. 4. Rhode Island makes the same kind of goods as Massachusetts under the same competitive conditions. Therefore if the textile industry in Massachusetts can prosper and increase under the above named restricted laws, there is no reason why the textile industry in Rhode Island cannot. Conclusion: Therefore because of the more rapid decrease in hours in the South than in the North, because of the more rapid increase in Southern wages, because of the expense of the Southern Cotton Mill Villages, because of decreasing labor supply, because of the decrease in rate of growth of looms and spindles, because of scant advantages in raw materials, because of lower productivity for Southern operative the alleged advantages of southern manufacturing have been over-rated. II. Even if the arguments of the opponents were true, the welfare of women and children now employed in Rhode Island industry and of children yet unborn, demands the prompt enactment of a 48-hour law. A. Other states have been convinced of the necessity of protecting their working women and working children by restricting the hours of labor, as follows:- 48 -Hour Week 8-Hour Day 9-Hour Day California Arizona Arkansas Oregon Colorado Idaho Utah Kansas Maine North Dakota Montana Massachusetts Massachusetts Nevada Michigan District of Columbia New Mexico Minnesota California Missouri Utah Nebraska Washington New York District of Columbia Ohio In no instance has a 48-hour week been repealed. 34 B. Foreign countries have felt the necessity of an 8-hour day and a 48-hour week. Argentine Austria Belgium Czecho-Slovakia Ecuador Finland France Germany Holland New Zealand Norway Panama Poland Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland Uruguay Australia has had an 8-hour day for several years by agreement. C. The advice of experts on this subject favors restricting hours of work for women and children. 1. General need for restricting hours of labor in industry is stated by the Hoover Committee of Engineers in their report entitled "Waste in Industry": "The general death rate among those employed in industry at ages 15 to 65, as estimated on the basis of the industrial insurance mortality experience for the year 1920, was 11.46 per 1,000 living. "And investigation of mortality among the graduates of Smith College, Wellesley and Vassar, showed a death rate of only 3.24 or approximately one-third of the death rate for industry." 2. Dr. Alice Hamilton of the Harvard Medical School, the greatest expert in the United States on occupational diseases, says: "It is not because a woman's life is held to be more sacred than a man's that the European experts have insisted upon greater safeguards for the wage-earning woman, but because their investigations have shown a lower resistance on the part of women to the strain and the hazards incident to industry." 35 D. Even the Supreme Court of the United States has been convinced of the necessity of protecting women and children by law and has made it quite clear that these laws are constitutional, for: 1. The Supreme Court of the United States declared the ten-hour day for women constitutional in 1908. The Court said: "As healthy mothers are essential to vigorous offspring, the physical well-being of women becomes an object of public interest and care in order to preserve the strength and vigor of the race." "The limitations which this statute places upon her contractual powers, upon her right to agree with her employer as to the time when she shall labor, are not imposed solely for her benefit, but also largely for the benefit for all." (14, p. 421, 422.) 2. The Supreme Court of California declared the 8-hour day and 48-hour week constitutional in 1912. Miller v. Wilson 162 Cal. 687. 3. The Supreme Court of the United States declared the California 8-hour day and 48-hour week constitutional in 1915. 4. It was held that the judgment below be affirmed and that the statute is constitutional. Mr. Justice Hughes wrote the opinion (and there was no dissent). He said: "It is manifestly impossible to say that the mere fact that the statute of California provides for an eight-hour day, or a maximum of forty-eight hours a week, instead of ten hours a day or fifty-four hours a week, takes the case out of the domain of legislative discretion. This is not to imply that a limitation of the hours of labor of women might not be pushed to a wholly indefensible extreme, but there is no ground for the conclusion that the limit of the reasonable exertion of protective authority has been overstepped." 36 E. A law limiting the hours of "persons" to 48-hours a week and 8-hours or ten hours a day would be declared unconstitutional according to the opinion of the greatest legal authorities in the United States. "My own belief is that there is no surer method of repealing all legal protection for women then to substitute for the laws now in force general statutes covering all persons." ROSCOE POUND, Dean of Law School of Harvard University. "I am in receipt of your letter of December 19 in which you ask whether the courts of the United States are ready to uphold a general eight-hour law for men, a general night work law for men and a minimum wage law for men. It is not always safe to generalize on such subjects in the absence of any concrete statute; but, speaking with this qualification, I may say that I do not think such legislation would be upheld." JOHN W. DAVIS, 15 Broad Street, New York City. American Ambassador to the Court of St. James, 1918-1921. "I am of the opinion that the courts generally would hold such legislation invalid. I think it would be a serious mistake to amend the existing labor laws for women by striking out the word "women" and inserting the word "persons." W. H. HOLLY, 1310, 140 N. Dearborn St., Chicago. "1. The courts are perhaps moving toward a recognition of a general eight-hour working day for men, but I do not believe that the majority of them would hold such a law constitutional, at the present time." HENRY M. BATES, Dean, University of Michigan Law School. F. The Experience of the World has proved that: 1. Excessive hours of labor cause fatigue, ill health and high rate of mortality. 37 As one of the opponents of the 48-hour Bill has circulated throughout the State the statement in his brief that "There is no evidence that the light work offered to women in our textile mills causes fatigue or breakdown of the worker," the proponents of the bill must present to your Committee the true facts about the textile industry:-- a. Fatigue in itself constitutes the most important danger to the health of the workers for 1) Fatigue undermines vitality and thus lays foundation for many diseases. The Case for the Shorter Work Day. Vol. 1, p. 63, 64. 2) Fatigue intensifies all the special dangers and lessens all the chances of escaping the peculiar hazards of the trade. Vol. 1, p. 63,64. 3) For specific cases see attached detailed statement on fatigue. b. According to a government investigation in 1908-09 the death rate in Manchester, N. H., Fall River, Mass., and Pawtucket, R. I., under a 10-hour day proves the injurious effects of excessive hours in textile mills. 1) The death rate runs 100% higher for girl operatives over non-operatives at ages of 15-19. Girls from 15 to 19 years old working . . . . . . . 2.19 Girls from 15 to 19 years old not working . . . . 1.10 2) The death rate runs 145% higher for girl operatives over non-operatives at ages 19-24. Girls from 19 to 24 years old working . . . . . . . 3.04 Girls from 19 to 24 years old not working . . . 1.24 Authority--United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. c. The report of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics on "Preventable Death in Cotton Industry in Fall River" in 1919 shows: 38 1) For girls 15 to 19 years of age the death rate for operatives employed in cotton mills was 100% over girls not so employed. 2) For matured women this report showed a death rate from child birth five times as high among mill operatives as among non-operatives. 3) The death rate from tuberculosis of mill operatives between the ages of 35 and 44 was 4.51 and for non-operatives was 2.56, or 76% more for operatives. 4) The death rate from tuberculosis for married women cotton mill operatives was 5.56 while the death rate from the same cause for all other women in Fall River was only 2.18, or 155% more for operatives. d. In 1917 the United States Department of Labor made an investigation of the death rate of infants in New England textile cities. Death rate of infants born of non-working mothers was 120 per thousand. Death rate of infants born of working mothers was 220 per thousand, or 83% more than for non-working mothers. Death rate of infants born of mothers who worked away from their homes was 312 per thousand or over 150% higher than for non-working mothers. Such is the tragic evidence of the effects of the cotton textile industry on girls and women. 2. A 48-hour week is imperative in Rhode Island because of: a. The great number of employees. 1. Rhode Island had the highest percentage of working women between 16 and 21 (67%) of any state in the Union. United States Census, 1914. 39 2. It has the highest percentage of working children of any northern state. Woonsocket has the highest rate of child labor of any city in the United States. United States Census, 1920. b. The lack of laws to safeguard the health of these young workers, for Rhode Island has 1. No law to prevent girls of sixteen working ten hours at night. All civilized countries have stopped night work for women. 2. No law to regulate humidity in the textile mills. 3. No mandatory law to require proper ventilation, proper care of fumes, gases, dust, lint, etc., in the air. 4. No Mothers' Aid Law. 5. No law requiring rest room, hospital, nurse or even first aid equipment in large establishments. 6. No law to prevent women working up to the hour of confinement. c. The bad health record in the State, for according to the Draft Record published by the United States Government after the war: 1. Rhode Island had the highest percentage of young men physically unfit for service of any state. 2. Rhode Island has the highest percentage of tuberculosis of any industrial state. Authority--Rhode Island Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 3. In spite of these facts Rhode Island, unlike other industrial states, has no industrial clinics, no department in the State trying to protect workers from occupational disease. 40 d. The fact that fifty-four hours of work is excessive, for: There is ample evidence to prove that owing to fatigue the production for 54-hours does not exceed that of 48-hours:-- 1. During the war the British Government after a most exhaustive investigation deliberately shortened the hours of labor in many of the key industries in order to increase production. 2. Henry Ford's experience: 1913 On 20 hour day 16,000 men produced 16,000 cars monthly. On 8 hour day 15,800 men produced 26,000 cars monthly. 3. The United States Government investigation showed that the average production per man per hour under 8 hour day in building the battleship Connecticut exceeded by 24% the average production per man per hour on the battleship Louisiana under a 10 hour day. 4. The Pacific Mills have definitely stated that they are producing more under a 48-hour week than under a 54-hour week. The Pacific Mills (moving South on account of restrictive legislation according to the opponents of the bill) have just issued this statement: "Since the resumption of operation on September 1, 1922, the Company has been producing and selling goods at the highest rate of its history. Its profits are now running at a rate of more than $400,000 per month or more than 12% per annum on its $40,000,000 stock." 5. Rhode Island manufacturers have admitted privately and publicly that production under a 48-hour week equals that under a 54-hour week. 41 It is obvious that the production under a 54-hour week would be greater than under a 48-hour week if it were not for fatigue. Fatigue due to excessive hours of labor is the cause of the major part of the bad health and high mortality record in the textile industry. SUMMARY. Since the welfare of so many women and children is at stake, Rhode Island has the right to expect that textile manufacturers shall exhaust every method of overcoming the alleged handicap while they claim a 48-hour law would increase. 1. They should bring their plants to the highest possible degree of efficiency both as to equipment and as to methods of production. 2. They should base their profits upon actual and not inflated valuations of assets. 3. They should improve the working, the housing and the living conditions of their employees. The result would be a marked improvement in the physical condition of the workers which in turn would result in increased production. 4. They should establish with their employees a relationship based upon mutual justice and confidence. Experience has taught that such a relationship invariably results in a maximum of morale and a consequent maximum of production. Furthermore, the danger of strikes and their enormous economic loss would be negligible. These methods promise such success in the removal of the alleged handicap and so much benefit to all with injury to none that it is the duty of employers to give them a thorough trial before resorting to their present policy of opposing the legal shortening of the present excessive hours of labor in this State. 42 We have shown that:-- 1. The alleged advantages of manufacturing in the South have been greatly over-rated. 2. Other states and other countries have deemed it necessary to protect their working women and children by a forty-eight hour week. 3. The rate of disease and mortality among textile workers is high. 4. Rhode Island has a serious problem because of her bad health record. 5. A forty-eight hour week would work to the advantage of the employers. Therefore we urge the enactment of the forty-eight hour week for women and children. REFUTATION OF ARGUMENTS OF THE OPPONENTS OF THE 48-HOUR BILL. A. The farmers of Rhode Island need not hesitate to support the bill for a 48-hour week, for: 1. Agriculture states were the first to pass a 48-hour law. 2. Farmers in control of the legislatures passed these laws. 3. A questionnaire sent this year to Granges and Farm Bureaus in states having 48-hour laws brought out this answer-- 40-hour law does not affect agriculture. 4. The states with a 48-hour law have prospered phenomenally both in agriculture and in industry. 5. Rhode Island's health record is so bad that every farmer should demand a 48-hour week to keep down taxes. Tuberculosis, insanity, feeblemindedness cost the State money. 43 B. States that have a 48-hour week are noted for their hotels: California, Colorado, Oregon, Washington and District of Columbia. If hotels in these states can prosper on a 48-hour week, hotels can in Rhode Island. C. Great stress has been laid on the glory and the importance of former industries in Rhode Island, namely: The manufacture of: Steam engines Corliss engines Locomotives Sewing machines Rifles But no mention has been made of the new industries in Rhode Island like lace manufacture, silk manufacture, etc. There are more employees engaged in lace making in Rhode Island to-day than there were in all plants in the '70's and '80's in the manufacture of rifles, sewing machines, Corliss engines, locomotives, etc., or working in machine shops. Rhode Island used to be know by the Corliss engine, but now Rhode Island is known in every city in the world by Brown & Sharpe tools or Nicholson files. D. Statements have been made that the Cotton Textile Industry is the chief industry of the State--the fact it: In 1919 the combined value of the products of the cotton goods industry as a whole represented 23.7 per cent. of the total value of products of all manufacturing enterprises in the State. E. Refutation of Mr. Sibley's article on "The Cotton Textile Industry." 44 Page 1. North handicapped by freight rates and long hauls. The facts are: Long staple cotton can be laid down at the door of the mill in the North practically as cheaply as in South. The haul for finished goods is longer from Alabama, Georgia, etc., to New York than from Rhode Island to New York. Page 5. Wage per hour in the Northern Cotton Mill is fully 37% higher. What authority has Mr. Sibley to make this statement? The National Industrial Conference Board and the American Cotton Manufacturers' Association after an investigation makes an entirely different statement. Page 4. Manufacturing cost in a Southern Plant is 25% less than in a Rhode Island Plant. No argument can be based on one case. The United States Government reports gives the accurate information on this cost. Page 6. Comparison of Wages. This is not an authoritative statement because no reference is given. Pages 8 and 9. Many statements are made about the removal of mills but no proof is presented. Page 11. "Appeal to Congress." Everyone knows that it is impossible for Congress to legislate for women and children without a constitutional amendment. Page 11. "No heavy labor as far as women are concerned." Mr. Sibley is asked to read "the facts" contained in many government reports about the rate of morbidity and mortality in the textile industry. 45 Page 12. "No evidence that the light work offered to women in textile mills causes fatigue or breakdown of the worker." The death rate of young women employed in textile mills is 100%-145% higher than of women outside the mills. See also Bibliography on Eight Hour Day appended. Page 12. While Virginia permits a 60-hour week, mills are running 55 per week according to government reports. Page 14. "The Mistake Massachusetts Made in Passing the 48-hour Law." But Massachusetts denies she has made a mistake because she refuses to repeal the 48-hour law. Page 15. "Community in Distress." This picture is absurd because economic laws do not work in this way. When one industry dies down another takes its place. Compare whaling industry and textile in New Bedford. Page 18. "More Evidence." Mr. Sibley seems to have forgotten that for the first ten months in 1922 in Northern mills there was the worst strike in history so these figures have no weight. Page 19. An industrial problem. This is really a problem that affects everyone. The textile industry has taken a heavy toll of life in Rhode Island. Is the question whether we should protect women and children or the profits of the textile industry? By protecting the women and children and only by protecting the women and children can an industry prosper continuously. 46 NEW COTTON MILLS AND ADDITIONS TO COTTON MILLS IN MASSACHUSETTS AND RHODE ISLAND—(July, 1919, through February, 1922*.) MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND TOTAL OF BOTH STATES 1919 1920 1921 1922 Total 19191920 1921 1922 Total 1919 1920 1921 1922 Total July Jan. - July Jan. - July Jan. - thru Feb. thru Feb. thru Feb. Dec. Dec. Dec. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ New Mills 2 13 2 1 18 2 20 2 1 25 4 33 4 2 43 Additions 20 (2) 17 (3) 24 (4) 3 64 6 (5) 10 9 (6) 3 (7) 28 26 27 33 6 92 (8) to Mills (1) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (1) New building or additions to present buildings. Does not include repairs or new equipment. (2) 10 of these amount to about $3,700,000. (3) 5 of these amount to about 254,000 (4) 7 of these amount to about 923,000 (5) 2 of these amount to about 200,000 (6) 3 of these amount to about 370,000 (7) 2 of these amount to about 190,000 (8) 29 of these amount to about 5,637,000 *From information given in Textile World Journal (July, 1919, thru February,1922). This chart refutes all arguments that there is no extension in the cotton textile industry in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Textile World--January, 1923. Textile Additions Listed in One Month. Geneva Mill, Wanskuck Co. Card and Spinning dept. 50 per cent. Esmond Mill, Esmond, R. I. Building addition. Eddy Finishing Co., 1001 Turks Head Bldg. New local mill. Saylesville, R. I. Sayles Finishing Co. purchased Central Warp Co. Plant will be put in condition to increase the yarn output. Goddard Bros., Phenix, R. I., purchased block of property for the purpose of building addition to present plant. Interlaken Co., Harris, R. I., contract for addition as large as present Harris Mill. Manville, R. I. $500,000 addition to Mr. Lippitt's mill. White Rock, R. I. Con. Textile, installing Draper looms. Natick, R. I. Con. Textile, installing Drapers and Cards. Crompton Co., Crompton, R. I., installing new machinery. Sagamore Co., Fall River, Mass., two-story addition. Hathaway Co., New Bedford, Mass., addition to picker building. Alterations to mill of W. C. Jones (improvements). Lewiston, Me. Bates Mfg. Co. will replace several old buildings with a large modern plant. Mill's dye house will also be rebuilt. LAWS FOR WORKERS--NOR FOR WOMEN By ADELAIDE STEDMAN Field Research Secretary, National Woman's Party. Legislation by sex is rapidly coming to the place where it will be considered as undemocratic and un-American as legislation by creed or by color. In relation to industry, it is more and more obviously the wrong way of righting the evils of labor exploitation. "We are not opposed to eight-hour laws, minimum wage laws 48 or to the prohibition of night work where industrial conditions are bad," says Miss Paul, Vice President of the National Woman's Party. "We simply demand that these laws be applied to man and woman alike, in all fairness. We challenge the principle which under the guise of protecting women does in fact rob them of the equal chance with men to be self-supporting. We ask that protective legislation be made to apply to everyone alike; to apply it to women alone frequently results in the employment of men instead of women in positions which would otherwise have been held by women." Special protections for women in industry is won only at the price of staying in the protected spot, this spot being chosen by the protector, and women are therefore shaking off these shackles. At a conference of the national and state officers of the National Woman's Party, held at the Washington Headquarters, on November 11th and 12th, a Declaration of Principles was adopted. The part of the Declaration concerning the position of women in industry reads: "WHEREAS, Women to-day, although enfranchised, are still in every way subordinate to men before the law, in government, in educational opportunities, in the professions, in the church, in industry, and in the home: "BE IT RESOLVED, That as a part of our campaign to remove all forms of the subjection of women, we shall work for the following immediate objects: "That women shall no longer be barred from any occupation, but every occupation open to men shall be open to women, and aestrictions upon the hours, conditions, and remuneration of labor shall apply alike to both sexes. "That women shall no longer receive less pay than men for the same work, but shall receive equal compensation for equal work in public and private employment." If there is limitation of hours, this limitation should be placed upon the hours of both men and women. In that way the health and general welfare of society will be helped and women will not be handicapped in their competition with men for employment. Here are a few instances given to show the effects of special protection for women workers, but not for men workers, on the actual employment of women. 49 In the District of Columbia, where there is a very strict eight-hour law for women only, there is a fair field for investigation. One worker in the Research Department of the National Woman's Party has conducted an investigation of the conditions in the laundries. Practically every laundry in Washington was visited. These plants come under the eight-hour law. In every place visited women had been dismissed and replaced by men. The manager of one of the laundries visited told a typical tale of the results of the eight-hour law for women, but not for men. He said that he used to employ 25 women in the marking and sorting department. After the eight-hour law for women (but not for men) went into effect he dismissed all the women except five, who were practically indispensable, and has since employed twenty men and only five women in this department. Here is an instance of what has happened in the hotels. The manager of one of the hotels in Washington dismissed the woman cashier, the woman at the clerk's desk, the women checkers in the dining room, the woman employed in the pantry, and the women employed in running the elevators and replaced them by men because of the eight-hour law applying to women, but not to men. In New York there is a law forbidding night work after 10 p. m. for women, but not forbidding it for men. This has resulted in a displacement of women. For instance, girls have disappeared from behind soda fountains and candy counters on the evening shift and have been replaced by men. One firm alone dismissed between 80 and 90 women and replaced them by men as a result of this law "protecting" women. One of the news companies which operates most of the newsstands had always used older women to whom the supposed moral hazard of night work was a farce, for very late shifts. These women were all replaced by men when the 10 o'clock closing hour (for women only) went into effect. In the printing trade, women proof readers and women linotypists found found themselves replaced by men because the law prevented them working beyond 10 o'clock at night, while it permitted men to work after ten. Finally, after untiring effort, the 50 women got themselves exempted from the law and were then able to regain their employment. The head of the woman's personnel department of a great chain of drug stores reports to us that she has not been able to hire women pharmacists because they cannot work at night, according to the same law preventing women, but not preventing men working after ten p. m. Drug stores must remain open, so this law prevents women from entering this dignified and lucrative profession. These examples could be multiplied almost indefinitely in State after State. Does special protection for women workers, but not for men workers, protect the women? There will be few who will not admit that labor is exploited. Of course it is, and always will be until man sees himself as his brother's keeper, not as his competitor. But sex legislation is not the remedy. Here is a quotation from Mrs. Sidney Webb, perhaps the most noted woman labor expert in England: "That, for the production of commodities and services, women nor more constitute a class than do persons of particular creed or race; and that the time has come for the removal of all sex exclusions; for the opening of all posts and vocations to any individuals who are qualified for the work, irrespective of sex, creed or race; and for the insistence as minima, of the same qualifications, the same conditions of employment, and the same occupational rates, for all those accepted by the private or public employers as fit to be engaged in any particular pursuit. "That the essential principle which should govern all systems of remuneration, whether in private industry or in public employment, in manual working as well as brain working occupations, is that of clearly defined occupational or Standard rates, to be prescribed for all the persons of like industrial grade; and, whether computed by time or by output, to be settled by collective agreement between representative organizations of the employers, and the employed; and enforced, but as minima only, on the whole grade or vocation. There is no more reason for such occupational or Standard Rates being made to differ according to the worker's sex than according to their race, creed, height or weight. 51 "That in the interests alike of maximum productivity and race preservation, it is imperative that the National Minimum should be prescribed by law and systematically enforced, in respect, at least, of rest-time, education, sanitation and subsistence, in which National Minimum there should be no sex inequality; that the present unsystematic, uneven, and patchwork provisions of the Factory, Education, Public Health, Insurance and other Acts, in which the policy of the National Minimum has been so far empirically embodies, urgently need to be replaced by a comprehensive codification, equally applicable to all employments, and to the various requirements, including a legal minimum of weekly wages for the whole Kingdom based on the price of full subsistence, below which no adult worker free from specific disqualifications, should be permitted to be employed. These legal minimum conditions of employment and unemployment should be identical for men and women." Sympathy with women workers is the traditional attitude; understanding of their real needs is a modern necessity. Even the most plausible sympathetic generalization is dangerous. Through two industrial questionnaires, one for employers and one for employees, the National Woman's Party is coming directly in touch with the labor conditions. The physical limitations of women should not force labor legislation on sex lines. Since industry is to-day a public high-road used by all, it should be protected as a high-way is protected, made safe for the use of even the weakest normal person. Under the system of special protection women who walk the rutted side of the road are given a fence to lean on, but this fence, though it may offer a temporary prop, also forms a barrier to the fair well-paved middle of the road. Legislation by occupation for men and women alike, safe-guarded when safe-guards need to be, and with maternity protected as an occupation, which it most certainly is, is the only fair way to protect workers. There are weak men as well as weak women. There are strong women as well as strong men. Only a system which regards the needs of the individual, irrespective of sex, and the rights of the worker irrespective of sex, can be permanently successful--for only such a system is founded on principle. In thirty-two States there is already some industrial protection 52 provided for both men and women. Florida laws require seats for both men and women employees; the law of Georgia, Oregon and Mississippi has a ten-hour day for both men and women in specified occupations. Some say that legislation of this kind for both men and women cannot be secured for all the States. If a thing is right, it can always be made legal. The National Woman's Party is not a labor organization and does not undertake labor legislation. It does not attempt to decide whether labor legislation or organization is the proper method to obtain better working conditions, but it does insist that if legislation is the method chosen, then that legislation must apply to men and women. Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Committee, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am Maud D. Williams, Secretary of Equal Rights Association of New York City. Our association stand unqualifiedly for the quality of workers in industry. The association was formed in 1913 under the direction of Mrs. Harriet Stanton Blatch, daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, whose work in behalf of women is known throughout the civilized world, and was composed at that time of women who had lost their jobs through special so-called protective legislation for women. The association is to-day composed of working women, or women who have been working women, but have since married. It is due to their help and encouragement we are now able to spread out and preach the doctrine of equality in other States. This principle of equality in industry is as dear to us as the principles of Unionism are to the labor leaders. In coming to Rhode Island our integrity has been questioned and the question of our motives. Gentlemen, when my great grandfather, Andre Duval, came to the help of the colonies with Marquis de Lafayette, he came to uphold a principle. Why my grandfather and four sons enlisted, not waiting to be drafted in defense of the Union, they fought for a principle. To me the principle which I am defending is just as dear to me as their principles were to them, and in defense of this I shall speak so long as I am able. The incentive to speak is the result of my 53 experience in industry for many years, and my defense of women comes from my own experience and that of other women whose experiences have been brought to my attention. I am a member of the American Federation of Labor, Typographical Union No. 6 of New York City. We work under a 48-hour agreement with employing printers, with a privilege of overtime when necessary. Should the male members of our Union foster a 48-hour bill for women in New York and refuse similar legislation for themselves, they would not only call down upon their heads the wrath of the female members of their Union, but would also call down upon themselves the censure of the majority of the male members. Unionism in itself calls for equality in hours, wages and conditions. Gentlemen of the committee, has one part of a Union any right to demand legislation for the other part, which they not only do not want for themselves, but positively refuse to consider? A 48-hour law which does not apply to all workers equally, is an unjust discrimination. It is class legislation which is against all principles for which this country stands. Before women had the right of franchise they were with children, the insane, the feeble minded and criminals, wards of the State. But, gentlemen, when the amendment to the Constitution was ratified, women became citizens under the law. When the constitutionality of a 48-hour law as applied to persons is questioned, does not the question arise--Will not women as citizens under the 14th Amendment to the Constitution also question a law which deprives them of their rights as they consider them? In fact, it has come to my knowledge that many women's clubs throughout the country are considering the joining of forces to fight to the finish any special discriminatory laws against women passed in any State. In the Providence Journal, Thursday morning, February 15th, Senator Greene is quoted as saying, that the women who testified concerning the 48-hour bill were a lot of female liars in the pay of the manufacturers. So far as I, myself, am concerned, I would like to ask the gentleman where and when is pay day. If women who appeared here are to be paid $5.00 a day, I have something like $300.00 coming to me, and I would like to collect. I have never received, and never expect to receive bribes or graft from any manufacturer or business man. 54 We know from sad and bitter experience in New York State just how special laws affect the working women. According to the press of New York in 1913, 150,000 women lost their jobs and suffered untold hardships before obtaining other employment. Of course, now most of the women have been absorbed by other industries, but according to the cases which come under our personal observation, few have been able to earn more than two-thirds and many not as much as one-half the money they received before the law went into effect. While I am not at liberty to state publicly, but will be glad to tell the committee privately, I know of three manufacturers in Rhode Island who have already issued orders to their employment department to hire men and boys in preference to women and girls for every operation possible. Does it stand to reason that any mill owner will employ a worker for whose benefit he must maintain special bookkeeping departments and make special regulations? That women gradually will be forced from the textile industry in the mills which continue on the 54-hour plan, if the bill for women and minors is passed, is apparent. The mills which will be forced to the 48-hour basis, because of their large percentage of women employees, will be able to hold the men during rush seasons for as many hours overtime as they may deem necessary. Is it fair or just that the men alone of the workers should receive the overtime pay and the women be deprived of it? How can a woman demand equal wages with a man when she is not of equal value to her employer? I question very strongly the merits of a bill which will permit certain hours of one spinning frame or loom, and an entirely different number of hours at the one next to it. I know that while my Union through collective bargaining has obtained a 48-hour week for all its members, it will be powerless to hold any of the women should a 48-hour bill be passed in New York State. There are very few industries, among them the printing, which is my trade, which do not at some time or other have a busy season and require employees to work overtime. We would, all of us in printing offices, be automatically discharged by the law, because the State law supersedes a Union agreement, and our Union would be powerless to help us. This also applies to other industries. 55 It is not the fault of women that they are obliged to work outside of the home. It is due to the perfection of textile machinery by men that the cotton and woolen industries are now housed in mills instead of in private homes. The right to work is not only a privilege, but a necessity, for 99% of women employed; not all women can have a comfortable home, and a husband who is able to provide the comforts of life. Most of us are working, not because we love our jobs, but because we have to. The proportion of women to men in the United States is 3 to 1. That means that two out of every three women will never marry. If they are not allowed to work, what is going to be done with them? Any man who tries to support more than one usually ends up in jail.. It isn't done in the best circles. Many unmarried women have dependents, aged parents, younger brothers and sisters, or other relatives. Will a 48-hour bill, which will force many of these into lesser paid positions, provide them with an equivalent compensation? Are any of you willing to assume the obligation of compensating any woman who loses her income? It seems to be the opinion of many that women should be forced back to domestic service, which was the only means women had years ago for supporting themselves. It seems to be the common belief that domestic service automatically produces in a woman the heights of health and morality. In a report of the United States Department of Labor Statistics, in a chapter headed "Immorality in Occupation," page 381, the table compiled from residents of Homes for Fallen Women shows the following percentages: Having no gainful occupation 22% Domestic or personal service 57.4% Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 12.6% Trade and transportation 7% Professional pursuits 6% Forcing a woman out of her job or into underpaid distasteful employment will not ten to improve her morals. A good job, a fair wage, will do more for a girl's morals than all the welfare and uplift movements in the world, and a girl is far less likely to make a hasty and unhappy marriage if she has a good job, than if she marries the first man who proposes in order to have a means of support. 56 The widow with children to support, or the deserted wives with families, or the women whose husbands are ill or who cannot or will not provide adequately for the support of their families are obliged to work for themselves and their children. How many of you know what it is to be mother and father, bread-winner and home-maker for a family? I do. This may be the reason why my good friend, Mr. McMahon, called me an abnormal woman in his speech here the other day. He also said that in my arguments against special legislation I forgot motherhood. Ladies and gentlemen, I am the mother of six sons He stated that it was his experience to pick up women from the floor who periodically fainted at their machines. I thought fainting went out of style during the Victorian period. The girl who made a practice of fainting in mills nowadays would very soon be discharged as an undesirable employee. All of you girls who make a practice of fainting all over the floor of the mill, please raise your hands. I have never fainted in my life, but I am not so sure but what I would be willing to try, providing a good looking man should be standing by with extended arms to receive me. The number of girls who stay out of work for this reason would not exceed the number of men who, with all due respect to Mr. Volstead, have been good fellows the night before. No one seems to be concerned with the health of a woman who takes in washing and who cannot possibly have anything except antiquated equipment for laundry work, but they are all "het-up," gentlemen, over a woman working in a mill where she can sit down at least part of the day. Women resent very much being placed under the same restrictions as children under 16 years of age. Are not your wives, mothers, sisters, above the plane mentally and physically of children? It is an insult to any mature working women to only be allowed to do the things which a boy under 16 can do. Do you mean to tell me that any woman of mature years is not more capable than her son who has reached the age of 16? In the enforcement of a 48-hour law for women and minors, a 16-year-old boy becomes the competitor of his mother should she be obliges to work and at a much lower wage. The manufacturers in the industries in New York have not 57 sought for a repeal of the No Night Work Law for women, because they have been able to replace women with boys at about one-half the salary. There have been every few amendments to this law. One was obtained for the ticket scalpers of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit, allowing about 800 women out of the 3,000 who lost their jobs to return to work. The other women printers, who, at a cost of $10,000 and the efforts of Mrs. Ada R. Wolff, Chairman of the Equal Rights Association, finally obtained an amendment which allows women printers to work in the newspaper offices, but not the job printing plants. The health of a mother or any woman with dependents will not be improved if her earning privilege is taken away from her. The mental hazard is just as great as the physical to a mother or prospective mother. Being a mother myself, and I am sure all mothers will agree with me, we can work week in and week out for the ones we love with far less detriment to our health than if we have to sit around the house and watch our babies insufficiently clad and crying for food. Before you favor anything that will take any mother's job away from her, see that she is provided with the equivalent of her wages. Do you know what it is to be out of work and not have proper nourishment for your babies? Do you know what it is to do the same work as the men and receive just half of the compensation? I do. A home cannot be happy if the income is not sufficient to provide the necessities of life. No mother will leave her children and seek employment outside her own home, unless it is a necessity. This also holds good for single women with dependents. They should have the right to contract for their services on equal basis with all workers, male or female, who follow the same line of industry. Unmarried women are held to payment of contracts for goods or property. Would you deny her the right to contract for her services for which she obtains the money to pay these obligations? Men and women are held equally responsible for debts contracted. Why should they not be allowed industrial equalty which will enable them to meet these obligations? Some of the previous speakers emphasized the fact that they were not interested in laws of other States. They refer to the Oregon law limiting industrial hours to ten hours a day for persons. 58 They seem to lose sight of the fact that the decision on the constitutionality of the law was rendered by the United States Supreme Court, which after all cannot fail to be of interest to Rhode Islanders. The decisions of any Supreme Court, of course, can never be foretold by a mere layman. In looking over Judges' Decisions, Rhode Island Reports, No. 31, page 312, I found that after many hours' deliberation five judges decided that oysters are animals. This is in no way meant to be a criticism of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, and just here is where I wish to disagree with Mr. McMahon and his assertion that justice could not be obtained in the Rhode Island Supreme Court. The point of constitutionality of a bill for persons seems to be the principle objection of the labor men. They claim that the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution would not permit the enforcement of such a bill. While I have no copy of the 14th Amendment at hand, to the best of my recollection, this Amendment preserves the right of contract to citizens, not men. If manufacturers will contest the enforcement of a law limiting the hours of persons, what will prevent them from questioning and carrying to the Supreme Court of the United States, if necessary, a law applying to women who are now citizens. According to a book published by the Federal Children's Bureau, entitled "Child Labor in the United States," just issued, Rhode Island has the largest proportion of children from ten to fifteen years of age employed in gainful occupations. A bill which will prevent mothers from working will have a tendency to force children into the mills. If the mother cannot earn the money herself to provide for her children, much as she dislikes the idea, she will put her children to work, instead of keeping them in school. Parents will falsify the birth certificates of their children and prevent them from obtaining the education of which they are sadly in need. According to Miss Hunt's statements as to the illiteracy in Rhode Island, stringent legislation for children is a necessity. Also women forced to stay at home will not be providing better homes for their children, but will be obliged to secure remunerative employment to be done in the home. You are all familiar with the evils attendant with home work from factories. The press has repeatedly printed results from investi- 59 gations, which revealed the fact that even tiny children five years of age have been compelled to work far into the night, to earn a few pennies. The only type of home work possible to a mother is laundry work, and the health of little children certainly will not be improved by the odor of soiled clothing and steaming wash boilers. Women played a large part in the recent election. Several members of the legislative body have large numbers of women among their constituents, so don't forget, girls, at the next election if these same legislators vote for bills which throw you out of work that you have the power to prevent them at the next election from having the same opportunity in two years. 60 [*Mrs Algeo*] S 16 (Mr. COLE, of Warren.) State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations JANUARY SESSION, A.D. 1923 RESOLUTION Creating a Commission to Revise and Amend the Laws of the State in Regard to Marriage, Divorce and the Relation of Husband and Wife. RESOLVED, That the governor by and he is hereby authorized 2 to appoint a commission to consist of two 3 members of the Senate, two members of the House of 4 Representatives and three other qualified electors of 5 this State for the purpose of making a study and investigation 6 of the laws of this and other states relative 7 to marriage, divorce and the relation of husband and 8 wife, as well as judicial procedure and legal practice 9 pertaining thereto. Said commission shall report to 10 the General Assembly not later than the January Session, 11 A. D. 1924, giving the result of such studies and 2 12 investigation and making such recommendations for 13 changes in the laws of the state relative to marriage, 14 divorce and the relation of husband and wife and the 15 judicial procedure and legal practice pertaining thereto 16 as may be considered necessary or desirable, and with 17 such report shall submit drafts of such acts as may be 18 recommended for the purpose of effecting such changes. 19 In the performance of the duties hereby imposed, the 20 said commission may hold hearings, both public and 21 private, and seek recommendations and suggestions 22 from such persons and in such manner as may from 23 time to time be considered advisable. 24 In case of any vacancy or vacancies occurring in said 25 commission, however the same may occur, such vacancy 26 or vacancies shall be filled by appointment to be made 27 by the governor. The members of the said commission 28 shall serve without compensation. The said commission 29 shall be known as "The Marriage Relation Commission." 30 H 650 (Mr. POTVIN, Pawtucket.) State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations JANUARY SESSION, A. D. 1923 AN ACT in Amendment of Section 22 of Chapter 249 of the General Laws, Entitled, "Of Masters, Apprentices and Laborers," and of All Acts in Amendment Thereof or in Addition Thereto. It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows: SECTION 1. Section 22 of chapter 249 of the general 2 laws, entitled "Of masters, apprentices and laborers," 3 as amended by chapter 384 of the public laws, passed at 4 the January session, A. D. 1909, by chapter 912 of the 5 public laws, passed at the January session, A. D. 1913, 6 and by chapter 1218 of the public laws, passed at the 7 January session, A. D. 1915, is hereby amended so as to 8 read as follows: 9 "SEC. 22. No minor under sixteen years of age, and 10 no woman, shall be employed or permitted or suffered 2 11 to work in any factory, manufacturing, mechanical 12 business or mercantile establishment within this state, 13 more than forty-eight hours in any one week, and in no 14 case shall the hours of labor exceed nine hours in any 15 period of twenty-four consecutive hours. Every employer 16 shall post in a conspicuous place, in every room 17 where such persons are employed, a printed or typewritten 18 notice stating the number of hours' work required 19 of such persons on each day of the week, and 20 the hours of commencing and stopping work and the 21 employment of any such person for a longer time in a 22 period of twenty-four consecutive hours than so stated, 23 shall be deemed a violation of this section; Provided, 24 that the provisions of this section shall not be construed 25 to enlarge or impair any restriction placed upon the 26 employment of any minor mentioned in chapter 72." SEC. 2. This act shall take effect on the first Monday 2 in June, 1923, and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent 3 herewith are hereby repealed. S 104 (Mr. McGRANE, of Providence.) State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations JANUARY SESSION, A. D. 1923 AN ACT in Amendment of Section 1, of Chapter 1948 of the Public Laws, Entitled "Of Jurors and Juries," Passed at the January Session, A. D. 1920, and of all Acts in Amendment Thereof and in Addition Thereto. It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows: SECTION 1. Section 1 of chapter 1948 of the public 2 laws, entitled "Of jurors and juries," passed at the 3 January session, A. D. 1920, as amended by chapter 4 2037 of the public laws, passed at the January sessions, 5 A. D. 1921, is hereby further amended so as to 6 read as follows: 7 "Sec. 1. All persons over twenty-five years of age 8 who are qualified electors in any town or city shall be 9 liable to serve as jurors. The last list of the board of 2 10 canvassers or board of canvassers and registration of 11 each town and city made up prior to April first of each 12 year shall be conclusive evidence of a juror's liability 13 to serve as herein provided unless said juror has removed 14 from that town or city on which list his name 15 appears, prior to the time when he is summoned to appear 16 in court as a juror, except as in hereinafter provided." 17 SEC. 1. This act shall take effect from and after its 2 passage, and all acts or parts of acts as are inconsistent 3 herewith are hereby repealed. S 125 (Mr. SHERMAN, of Portsmouth.) State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations JANUARY SESSION, A. D. 1923 AN ACT Concerning the Custody and Control of Minor Children. It is enacted by the General Assembly as follows: SECTION 1. The father and mother are the joint 2 natural guardians of their minor children and are 3 equally charged with their care, nurture, welfare and 4 education, and the care and management of their estates. 5 The father and mother shall have equal powers 6 and rights, and neither parent has any right paramount 7 to the right of the other concerning the custody 8 of the minor or the control of the services or the earnings 9 of such minor, or any other matter affecting the 10 minor. If either father or mother dies or is incapable 11 of acting, the guardianship devolves upon the surviving 2 12 parent. Neither parent shall forcibly take a child 13 from the guardianship of the parent legally entitled 14 to its custody. SEC. 2. But if any father or mother be unsuitable 2 to discharge the duties of guardianship, then the court, 3 or chancellor in vacation, may appoint some suitable 4 person, or having appointed the father or mother, may 5 remove same if it appears that they are unsuitable, and 6 appoint a suitable person. SEC. 3. In case the father and mother live apart the 2 court may award the guardianship of a minor to either 3 parent, and the state where the parent having the lawful 4 custody resides, shall have jurisdiction to determine 5 questions concerning the minor's guardianship. SEC. 4. This act shall take effect from and after its 2 passage, and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent 3 herewith are hereby repealed. [* L of WV*] 1924 School for Political Education at Brown University under the management of The United League of Women Voters of Rhode Island April 3-4-5 Committee on Program and Arrangements Miss MARY B. ANTHONY, Chairman Mrs. PETER PINEO CHASE, Treasurer Miss JESSIE V. BUDLONG Miss ALICE W. HUNT Mrs. JEROME M. FITTZ Mrs. JAMES E. CHEESMAN, ex officio Mrs. WALTER A. PECK . . . . . . . . . Registration Mrs. RAYMOND F. WOLCOTT . . . Halls Mrs. JERONE M. FITTZ . . . . . . . . . Publicity Mrs. CHARLES GROSSMAN . . . . Printing Mrs. GRACE M. HANCHETT . . . . Information Mrs. EDWIN E. WILDE . . . . . . . . . Music Mrs. GERALD A. COOPER . . . . . Luncheon Miss MARY I. GALLAHAN . . . . . . Executive Secretary of League Cooperating Committee Mrs. CARL BARUS Professor JAMES Q. DEALEY Professor THEODORE COLLIER Dean MARGARET MORRISS Program [*Sayles Hall*] THURSDAY, APRIL 3 [*Evening 8*] Mrs. James E. Cheesman, President of The United League of Women Voters of Rhode Island, presiding Organ Recital - Mr. Roy P. Bailey Opening Address William Herbert Perry Faunce, L.L.D. President of Brown University Address - The Trend of Modern Political Thinking Dr. Frank Bohn, New York [*Manning Hall*] FRIDAY, APRIL 4 [*Morning 10-11*] Mrs. Jerome M. Fitz, presiding Where the Voter Comes In Clifford C. Hubbard, A.M. Instructor in Political Science, Brown University [*11.15-12.15*] How the National Political Conventions are Constituted and How they Work Elizabeth Donnan, B.A. Assistant Professor of Economics and Sociology Wellesley College [*Afternoon 2-3*] Miss Jessie V. Budlong, presiding Legal Rights of Women in Rhode Island Hon. Herbert M. Sherwood, Providence [*3.15-4.15*] Growth of Democracy as Shown in State Constitutions Arthur N. Holcombe, Ph. D. Professor of Government, Harvard University [*4.30-6*] Reception to members of the school by Mr. Theodore Francis Green and Miss Eleanor Burges Green at their residence, 14 John Street. Admission by school membership ticket only. [*Sayles Hall*] [*Evening 8*] Miss Mary B. Anthony, First Vice President of The United League of Women Voters of Rhode Island, presiding Organ Recital - Mrs. Frances Arthur Littlefield Address - Foreign Born as a Factor in National Politics Edward Alfred Steiner Grinnell College, Iowa Author of "On the Trail of the Immigrant," "From Alien to Citizen," etc. [*Manning Hall*] SATURDAY, APRIL 5 [*10-11*] Miss Alice W. Hunt, Second Vice President of The United League of Women Voters of Rhode Island, presiding The United States and Mexico Paul N. Garber, Ph. D. Instructor in History, Brown University [*11.15-12.15*] The State Department and the Monroe Doctrine Miss Ruth Morgan Third Vice President National League of Women Voters [*1 P.M.*] Mrs. Henry A. Whitmarsh, Treasurer of The United League of Women Voters of Rhode Island, presiding Luncheon in honor of Miss Morgan Apply to Mrs. Gerald A. Cooper 109 Washington Street, for tickets (number limited) The United League of Women Voters of Rhode Island APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Please enroll my name as a member of the School for Political Education, April 3, 4, 5, 1924. Name... Address... Enclosed please find registration fee of $2.00. Send application with check payable to Mrs. Walter A. Peck, 113 Waterman Street, Providence, R. I. NOTES The school is open to members and non-members of the League. Membership ticket for the course, two dollars ($2.00), includes free guest tickets for the evening lectures. The sale of membership tickets is in charge of Mrs. Walter A. Peck and many be obtained from her at 113 Waterman Street, Telephone, Angell 0554 and at League Headquarters, 109 Washington Street, Telephone, Union 0356. Membership ticket must be shown at each lecture. A member unable to attend any lecture may lend her ticket to a friend. It is desirable to bring note book and pencil. At the information Bureau a list of near-by lunch places and boarding places may be obtained. Take any tunnel car, preferably Brown Street. Headquarters of The United League of Women Voters of Rhode Island, 109 Washington Street, Providence, R. I. [*Sarah M. Algeo*] U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary WOMEN'S BUREAU MARY ANDERSON, Director BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU, NO. 16 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN [* Maps*] [*Laws for weeks and days.*] WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 [PUBLIC--NO. 259--66TH CONGRESS.] [H. R. 13229.] AN ACT To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women's Bureau. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women's Bureau. SEC. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensation of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and report to the said department upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of women in industry. The director of said bureau may from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe. SEC. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director to be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary of Labor. SEC. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations. SEC. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment, for the work of this bureau. SEC. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, June 5, 1920. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary WOMEN'S BUREAU MARY ANDERSON, Director BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU, NO. 16 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN DEPARTMENT OF LABOR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transmittal . . . . 5 Map: Status of Women as State Labor Officials . . . follows p. 5 Introduction . . . . 7 Laws regulating the length of the working day or week. . . . 7 Eight-hour laws . . . . 8 Eight-and-a-half-hour laws . . . . 8 Nine-hour laws . . . . 9 Ten-hour laws . . . . 9 Ten-and-a-quarter, ten-and-a-half, eleven, and twelve hour laws. . . . 9 Weekly hour laws . . . 9 Summary of laws limiting daily and weekly hours . . . 10 Laws providing for a day of rest, one shorter workday, time for meals, and rest periods . . . 10 Day of rest, one shorter workday . . . 10 Time for meals . . . 10 Rest periods. . . . 10 Summary . . . . 10 Night-work laws . . . 11 Summary of all the laws affecting women's hours of labor . . . 12 Laws regulating home work . . . 12 Minimum-wage laws . . . . 13 Mothers' pensions laws . . . 13 Summary . . . . 14 CHART I. Eight-hour and eight-and-a-half-hour laws for women workers . . . . 15 II. Nine-hour laws for women workers . . . . 18 III. Ten-hour laws for women workers . . . . 22 IV. Ten-and-a-quarter, ten-and-a-half, eleven, and twelve hour laws for women workers . . . . 25 V. Weekly hour laws for women workers . . . . 26 VI. Laws providing for a day of rest, one shorter workday, time for meals, and rest periods for women workers . . . . 27 VII. Night-work laws for women workers . . . . 38 VIII. Home-work laws in the United States . . . 41 IX. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States . . . . follows p. 49 X. Mothers' pensions laws in the United States . . . . follows p. 49 MAPS. Legal working hours for women—daily . . . . follows p. 49 Legal working hours for women--weekly. . . . follows p. 49 Night-work laws for women. . . . follows p. 49 Minimum-wage-laws for women. . . . follows p. 49 Mothers' pensions laws . . . . follows p. 49 3 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WOMEN'S BUREAU. Washington, July 1, 1921. SIR: Herewith is transmitted a report showing the State laws affecting working women which are in effect at the present time. This material has been prepared by Mrs. Mildred J. Gordon, industrial research assistant of the Women's Bureau. Respectfully submitted. MARY ANDERSON, Director. Hon. JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary of Labor. 5 STATUS OF WOMEN AS STATE LABOR OFFICIALS WOMEN IN POSITIONS OF AUTHORITY WOMEN IN MINOR POSITIONS NO WOMEN OFFICIALS THIS MAP SHOWS THE STATES THAT HAVE WOMEN IN THE DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR AIDING IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS DISCUSSED IN THIS BULLETIN. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. INTRODUCTION. During the last 30 years there has been an increasing amount of legislation passed by the various States with the aim of protecting and aiding women, especially working women. At present practically every State has one law or more of this type. In this report the majority of the laws that affect women who work have been charted. Also five maps have been made from these charts to give a picture of conditions for the country as a whole. In the maps depicting limitation of working hours it has been possible to show for each State only one hourly limitation. If there is more than one limitation the State is given credit for that which covers the greatest number of women. The particular laws considered are those that regulate the hours of women who work, provide a minimum wage for women workers, control the conditions under which home work may be carried on, and provide mothers' pensions so that needy mothers will not be dependent solely on their own efforts for the support of their families. The laws that regulate working conditions have not been included because of their great number and wide differences, which would make the charting of them extremely complicated and of great length. Laws providing that women workers must be furnished seats and those forbidding their employment in certain industries or occupations which are deemed injurious, also, are not considered. The two types of legislation which form the basis of these charts are (1) acts of the various State legislatures, which apply to specified industries or occupations, and (2) regulations of State industrial commissions or boards which usually have the force of law and which usually consider each industry or occupation separately. LAWS REGULATING THE LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY OR WEEK. There are only four States in the United States--Alabama, Florida, Iowa, West Virginia--that do not have some sort of a law regulating the hours of work for women. Indiana has only one limitation of hours--that prohibiting the employment of women at night in one occupation, manufacturing. All the other States have either definitely forbidden the employment of women for more than a certain number of hours per day or week, or have penalized all employment beyond certain specified hours by providing that it must be paid for at an increased rate. 7 8 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. Eight-hour laws.--The shortest period to which hours of work are limited is 8 hours per day in 9 States--Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico. The number of industries or occupations included in these laws varies greatly. California has the most inclusive legislation. An act of the legislature in that State limits the hours of work strictly to 8 per day and 48 per week in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, public lodging house, apartment house, hospital, place of amusement or restaurant, or telephone or telegraph establishment or office, or the operation of elevators in office buildings, or any express or transportation company. In addition to the industries and occupations covered by this act of the legislature the hours of work in a number of other industries and occupations have been limited by orders of the industrial welfare commission. One of these limits the hours of those employed as "labelers" in the fruit or vegetable or fish-canning industry to 8 per day and 48 per week; another order limits the hours of workers employed in unclassified occupations to 48 per week; another limits the employment of workers in the dried-fruit industry and in offices to 6 days per week unless time and a half is paid for the seventh day, and even in this case only 48 hours a week may be worked; still another order requires that time and a half be paid for all hours worked beyond 48 per week or for work done on the seventh day of the week in the fruit and vegetable canning or packing industry, the fish-canning industry, and in agricultural field occupations. Thus by a combination of the two methods of legislation California has limited the hours of work for practically all women workers except domestic servants. Although the States in this group limit daily hours uniformly to 8, the number of hours that a woman may work per week varies. California, Utah, the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico allow only 48 hours work per week. Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, and Washington allow 56 hours; Kansas, 48 hours in one occupation, 54 hours in another, and 56 hours in a third, and New Mexico has different limits in various occupations, ranging from 48 hours to 60 hours per week. Eight-and-a-half-hour laws.--One State, North Dakota, by an act of the legislature provides for a working day of 8 1/2 hours in specified industries and occupations but limits the weekly hours to 48. This act applies only to places with a population of more than 500, but North Dakota is following the same principle as California and bringing all women workers under some hour law. Through rulings of the minimum wage department the same limit of 8 1/2 hours per Errata, p. 9. Group of States having 10-hour laws should include New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and South Dakota, making 20 in all. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. day and 48 hours per week has been extended to the entire State for manufacturing, office, laundry, and mercantile occupations. Nine-hour laws.--Fifteen States--Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas--limit the working day of women in special industries or occupations to 9 hours. Two of these States, Massachusetts and Oregon, limit the weekly hours to 48. Ohio allows 50 working hours per week; North Dakota, 58 hours; Idaho, 63 hours, and the remaining 10 States permit 54 hours per week. In Kansas an order of the industrial welfare commission regulates hours in the public housekeeping occupation to either a 6-day week of 9 hours per day, or a 7 day week of 8 hours per day. North Dakota is establishing hour limitations in small communities that vary from the standard set by the 8 1/2-hour act of the legislature, but is continuing to increase the number of women workers coming under some hour law. Ten-hour laws.--In this group are found the greatest number of States--Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Dakota, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming--19 in all. The weekly hours permitted vary. New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island have the shortest limit, 54 hours per week. Connecticut, Delaware, and Wisconsin allow 55 hours; Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and South Carolina, 60 hours; Illinois, Oregon, South Dakota, and Virginia, 70 hours. In Wyoming 60 hours per week is permitted if a woman works 7 days per week but only 52 hours per week is allowed if she works 6 days. Three of these States--Minnesota, North Dakota, Oregon--limit the hours of the majority of their women workers to less than 10 per day and only include a few groups in their 10-hour laws. They appear on the maps not as States having 10-hour laws but according to the legislation which covers the greatest number of women workers. Ten-and-a-quarter, ten-and-a-half, eleven, and twelve hour laws.-- In this miscellaneous group of laws are found the States of New Hampshire, permitting a 10 1/4-hour day and a 54-hour week; Vermont, a 10 1/2-hour day and a 56-hour week; Tennessee, a 10 1/2-hour day and a 57-hour week; and North Carolina, an 11-hour day and a 60-hour week. South Carolina appears on two charts (III and IV), as one of its laws limits cotton manufacturing establishments to 10 hours per day and another limits mercantile establishments to 12 hours. Weekly hour laws.--In addition to laws limiting daily hours in specified industries or occupations, five States--Connecticut, Maine, Minnesota, New York, Oregon--have legislation supplementing 10 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. the laws regulating both daily and weekly hours, and limiting only the weekly hours for certain industries or occupations. For these weekly limits, Connecticut and Minnesota specify 58 hours; Maine and New York, 54 hours; Oregon, 56 hours in one occupation and 48 hours in another. Minnesota has established a basic 48-hour week and provides that 25 cents per hour must be paid for all hours worked beyond this limit. Summary of laws limiting daily and weekly hours.--In all, 43 States have laws that limit hours that a woman may work. In many States, however, the number of industries or occupations coming under the law is so small as to affect only a small proportion of all working women in the State. A comparison of the charts will show that the States which have laws establishing the shortest working day and week are also the States which bring the greatest number of industries or occupations under the provisions of the law. (See Eight-hour and eight-and-a-half-hour chart, p. 16.) LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS, AND REST PERIODS. Nineteen States, the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico have further regulated the hours of working women by providing for breaks in their hours of employment. These laws supplement the legislation on the length of the working day and week, and insure women workers against too long continuous employment, as well as against a working day and week of unlimited length. Day of rest, one shorter workday.--Twelve of these States--Arkansas, California, Delaware, Kansas, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington--and the District of Columbia have limited the number of days that a woman may work in succession, in the majority of cases to 6 days out of 7. Time for meals.--Fourteen States--Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin--and the Territory of Porto Rico have provided that a period of time varying from 30 minutes to 1 hour must be allowed for the noonday meal. Rest periods.--Twelve States--Arkansas, Delaware, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington--the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico have ruled that a women can work only a fixed number of hours, usually 5 or 6, without either a meal period or a rest period of some sort. Summary.--A great many of the States which have laws limiting the total number of hours that a woman may work per day or per STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 11 week, have not provided for any breaks in her employment. Forty-three States have limited hours of labor but only 19 States have provided for a day of rest or one shorter work day, or time for meals or rest periods. In the States which have industrial commissions orders have generally been issued for specific industries or occupations and have considered the special conditions that apply to each case. These orders are especially detailed and differentiated in North Dakota and Oregon. For the telephone industry, North Dakota provides for a free period of at least 12 consecutive hours once a week and 1 day off after 8 consecutive days worked, although for the majority of industries and occupations in the State the commission has provided for 1 day of rest in 7. Oregon considers the work in the telephone industry in the large city of Portland as distinct from that in the State at large, and provides for 1 day of rest in 7 in Portland, but only for 1 day of rest and 1 short day of 6 hours in every 14 days for the State at large. In Oregon and California the industrial welfare commission orders are the only form of legislation regulating rest periods, time for meals, or 1 day's rest in 7, although the daily and weekly hour legislation includes both acts of the legislature and rulings of the industrial welfare commission. NIGHT-WORK LAWS. Thirteen States--California, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Wisconsin--and the Territory of Porto Rico prohibit night work for women in certain industries or occupations. The laws of three of these States--Indiana, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania --cover only manufacturing and in South Carolina the law covers only mercantile establishments. In Ohio only a very small group is covered--ticket sellers. In the remaining 8 States and the Territory of Porto Rico two or more industries or occupations are included. Two States, Maryland and New Hampshire, limit the hours that a woman may work at night to 8, although Maryland allows women to work 10 hours and New Hampshire 10 1/4 hours during the day. The most common period during which night work is prohibited is from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. A few of the States, however, only set an evening limit after which work is not permitted. The longest period of time during which night work is prohibited is from 6 p. m. to 6 a. m. in textile manufacturing in Massachusetts. Night-work legislation is not only found in a much smaller number of States than is legislation limiting the daily and weekly hours of work but in many States which have both types of legislation, the night-work laws cover a much smaller group of industries or occupations. 12 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. SUMMARY OF ALL THE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN'S HOURS OF LABOR. Although no State has adequately protected its working women from injurious hours of labor until it has regulated each industry or occupation by the passage of all types of hour-law legislation discussed in the preceding paragraphs, no one State has achieved this standard. A law limiting hours needs to specify not only a definite number of hours per week but a definite number of hours per day and days per week. Neither a daily nor an hourly limitation alone is adequate. Then, too, provision needs to be made against too long continuous periods of employment. Simply to provide for a lunch period of definite length is not enough. A law should provide that either a lunch or rest period must be granted after a limited number of hours of continuous employment. States that regulate daily hours often fail to prohibit night work, but the two laws are corrolaries, for prohibition of night work makes it easier to enforce daily hour laws, because hour schedules must be fitted into the regular hours when work is allowed. A few States have all three types of laws for their industries which employ the greatest number of women, notably Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania, where the laws cover manufacturing establishments. The States that have industrial commissions are establishing legislation that covers all these points more rapidly than the ones that depend on separate acts of their legislatures for each step forward. LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK. About one-fourth of the States have laws either prohibiting or regulating home work. Since women form a very large proportion of all home workers, so that large numbers of them are affected by such legislation, these laws are included in this report. Ten States-- Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee--have prohibited for all, except the immediate members of a family, certain forms of home work, in general the manufacture of clothing, trimmings, and tobacco products. Moreover, certain requirement that must be met by any one doing home work are established by law in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, and similar requirements for the immediate members of the family doing home work are established by law in all of the States, except Ohio, listed in the preceding paragraph, which prohibit home work for persons other than the immediate members of a family. In general these conditions provide for cleanliness, adequate lighting and ventilation, and freedom from infectious and contagious diseases. The majority of these laws were passed a number of years ago. While all the other types of laws considered in this report are constantly changing, only one of the States that have STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 13 home-work laws, New Jersey, has enacted or amended any home-work legislation in the last five years. MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS. Twelve States--Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin--the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico have laws establishing a minimum wage for women workers. Two States--Arizona and Utah--and the Territory of Porto Rico have set a minimum wage by law in specified industries or occupations. Arkansas also has a minimum wage set by law, but the minimum-wage and maximum-hour commission has power to change this rate for any of the industries or occupations in the State and has done so in mercantile establishments in Fort Smith. the remaining States--California, Colorado, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin--and the District of Columbia have created boards or commissions with power to study the various occupations or industries and establish minimum-wage rates for each or all of them. This has been done for one or more groups of workers in all the States except Colorado, where through lack of an appropriation the commission has never functioned. The awards of the boards or commissions are mandatory in all the States except Massachusetts, where they can be enforced only through publicity and the strong support of public opinion. The highest wages set in any of these awards are $18 per week for the public housekeeping occupation in the State of Washington and $20 per week for office workers in North Dakota. Where the rates are set by law they have not responded to the great rise in the cost of living since 1914. The rate in Utah and Arkansas is $7.50 per week for experienced women. MOTHERS' PENSIONS LAWS. Forty States and two Territories (Alaska and Hawaii) have mothers' pensions laws. Only eight States--Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Rhode Island--have no laws granting aid to needy mothers. There are almost as many classes of women entitled to pensions under these laws as there are States having such laws. Five States-- Florida, Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and Missouri, outside of Jackson County and St. Louis--have laws broad enough to include grandmothers, or stepmothers, or women other than their mothers, on whom children are dependent. Colorado alone provides for giving a pension to needy parents--i. e., mother, father, or mother and father. Only two States--Michigan and Nebraska--and the Territory 14 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. of Hawaii give pensions to needy unmarried mothers; and only three States—Colorado, Missouri, outside of Jackson County and St. Louis, and Pennsylvania—make any provision for expectant mothers. The more recent laws are, in general, more liberal, trying to include all women who need assistance in order to bring up their children properly in their own homes. In contrast, however, to the inclusiveness of some laws, nine States—California, Utah, Arizona, Connecticut, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, Texas, Virginia—limit the payment of pensions to widows only. Moreover, in all the States the actual sums paid to the women are small. Two States—Florida and Nevada--allow $25 per month for one child, but two other States--Delaware and New Jersey—allow only $9 per month and two more States—Iowa and Vermont—allow only $2 per week. Between these extremes of high and low there are more States granting $12 to $15 than there are States that allow around $20 per month. SUMMARY. When the entire group of 10 charts is considered, it is even more striking than when only the hour-law charts were considered to find that every State has failed to cover fully the possible types of legislation for the protection and help of its women citizens. A comparison of the different maps will show that there is not a single State which appears either as white (white signifies the best laws in each class) or as the next best color in every map. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 15 CHART I.—EIGHT-HOUR AND EIGHT-AND-A-HALF HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS. PART A.—EIGHT-HOUR LAWS.¹ STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ARIZONA. 1913. In "The Revised Statutes of Arizona," 1913, Penal Code, sec. 717, p.149. Weekly limit. 56 hours Overtime. Mercantile establishments, confectionery store, bakery; 2 hours on 1 day weekly, provided employee works only 6 days a week. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishment, confectionery store, bakery, laundry, hotel restaurant, or telephone or telegraph office or exchange. Exceptions: nurses, telephone or telegraph office or exchange in which not more than 3 females are employed. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CALIFORNIA. 1911, 1913, 1919, 1920. In "General Laws of California," 1915 (ed. by James H. Deering), act 1537, p. 586, and in "Consolidated Supplement to the Codes and General Laws of California of 1915," 1917-1919 (ed. by James H. Deering,), Title 242, p. 1200. Weekly limit 48 hours Overtime - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, public lodging house, apartment house, hospital, place of amusement, or restaurant, or telegraph or telephone establishment or office, or the operation of elevators in office buildings, or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Graduate nurses in hospitals, fruit, fish, or vegetable canning, or drying establishments during period necessary to save products from spoiling. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos. 3, 6, 1920. Weekly limit. 48 hours, 6 days Overtime. - - - Occupations or industries specified. Labeling in the fruit and vegetable canning industry or in the fish-canning industry. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos. 3, 6, 8, 14, 1920. Weekly limit. 48 hours (basic). 6 days basic. Overtime. If time and a quarter is paid for all hours up to 12 and double time for all hours in excess of 12, and if time and a quarter is paid for the first hours of the day of rest and double this time and a quarter for all hours over 8. Occupations or industries specified. Fruit and vegetable canning industry, fresh fruit and vegetable packing industry, fish-canning industry, agricultural field occupations. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos. 8, 9, 1920. Weekly limit. 48 hours. 6 days (basic) Overtime. Work may be done on the seventh day if time and a quarter is paid. Occupations or industries specified. Dried fruit industry, general and professional offices. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 10, 1920. Weekly limit. 48 hours Overtime - - - Occupations or industries specified. Unclassified occupations. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. COLORADO. 1913, 1917. In "Session Laws of Colorado," 1913, p. 692, and "Session Laws of Colorado," 1917, ch. 98, p. 380. Weekly limit. - - - Overtime. Industrial commission may allow overtime in cases of emergency, provided an increased minimum wage is paid. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments, laundry, hotel, or restaurant. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1914. In "The Code for the District of Columbia," 1919 (ed. by William S. Torbet), p. 403. Weekly limit. 48 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or restaurant, or telegraph or telephone establishment or office, or any express or transportation company. ¹Wisconsin has an industrial commission order limiting the working hours of women on street railways to 8 per day, but no women are employed in such a capacity in Wisconsin. 16 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART I.—EIGHT-HOUR AND EIGHT-AND-A-HALF HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Concluded.. PART A.—EIGHT-HOUR LAWS.¹—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. KANSAS. 1918, 1919. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 8, 1918. Weekly Limit. 54 hours, 7 days² Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Public housekeeping establishments. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 9, 1918 Weekly limit. 8 hours (basic), 6 days. Overtime. If time and a half is paid for all hours over the basic day. Occupations or industries specified. Telephone operators. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 10, 1919. Weekly limit. 8 hour (basic), 55 hours, 6 days. Overtime. In emergencies if time and a half is paid for all hours over a basic day. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing establishments. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MONTANA. 1917. In "Session Laws of Montana," 1917, ch. 70, pp. 92-93 Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime. Retail stores; 2 hours daily during the week before Christmas. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, telephone exchange room or office, or telegraph office, laundry, hotel, or restaurant. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEVADA. 1917 In "Session Laws of Nevada," 1917, ch.14. pp.16-17. Weekly limit. 56 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, public lodging house, apartment house, place of amusement, or restaurant, express or transportation company. Exceptions: Nurses or nurses in training, harvesting, curing, canning, or drying of perishable fruit or vegetables. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW MEXICO. 1921 Senate Bill No. 81, sec. 1, sec. 4. Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime. 4 hours weekly if time and a half is paid and the total hours of labor for a 7-day week do not exceed 60. Occupations or industries specified. Any mechanical establishment or factory, or laundry, or hotel, or restaurant, cafe, or eating house , or any place of amusement. Exceptions: Females employed in offices as stenographers, bookkeepers, clerks, or in any other clerical work and not required to do manual labor; canneries or other establishments engaged in preparing for use in perishable goods; females engaged in interstate commerce where the working hours are regulated by any act of Congress of the United States. Sec. 7. . . . . . . Weekly limit. 48 hours Overtime. Indefinite overtime allowed in emergencies resulting from flood, fire, storm, epidemic of sickness or other causes. Occupations or industries specified. Telephone establishment or office thereof. Exceptions: Shift working between 9 p. m. and 7 a. m.; establishments where 5 or less operators are employed and where the average number of calls per hour answered by one operator does not exceed 230; females engaged in interstate commerce where the working hours are regulated by any act of Congress of the United States. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PORTO RICO. 1919 In "Session Laws of Porto Rico," 2d sess., 1919, No. 73, pp. 496-506. Weekly limit. 48 hours Overtime. 1 hour daily if double time is paid and the maximum weekly hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Any lucrative occupation. Exceptions: Telephone operators, telegraphers, artists, nurses, or domestics, over 16 years of age. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN 17 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. UTAH. 1919 In "Session Laws of Utah," 1919, ch. 70, p. 242. Weekly limit. 48 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, restaurant, or telegraph or telephone establishment, hospital or office, or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: packing or canning of perishable fruits or vegetables, manufacturers of containers of same during packing season, emergencies when life or property is in imminent danger. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WASHINGTON. 1911. In "Pierce's Code State of Washington," 1919, Vol. I, sec. 3456, p. 1057 Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or restaurant. Exceptions: Harvesting, packing, curing, canning, or drying perishable fruits or vegetables, canning fish and shellfish. PART B.—EIGHT-AND-A-HALF-HOUR LAWS. NORTH DAKOTA. 1919, 1920. In "Session Laws of North Dakota," 1919, ch. 170, p. 314. Weekly limit. 48 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel or restaurant, or telephone or telegraph establishment or office or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Rural telephone exchanges or in villages and towns of less than 500 population. Minimum-wage department orders Nos. 7, 8, 9, 11, 1920 Weekly limit. 48 hours, six days Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, office, laundry, mercantile occupations in villages or towns of less than 500 population. ²For six-day schedule see Chart II. 52250°—21—2 18 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART II.—NINE-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ARKANSAS. 1915, 1919. In "Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas," 1916 (ed. by William F. Kirby and John T. Castle), ch. 107, secs. 5445-5457, pp. 1301-1304, and in "Session Laws of Arkansas," 1919, No. 275, pp. 203-204 Weekly Limit 54 hours, 6 days Overtime Canning and candy factories may work overtime 90 days a year, with the permission of the minimum-wage commission if time and a half is paid for all fours over 9 per day. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Cotton factories, gathering of fruits, or farm products. Minimum wage and maximum hour commission order "Regulating Employment of Females in Hotels and Restaurants, 1919. Weekly limit. 6 days Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Hotels and restaurants. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. IDAHO. 1913. In "Compiled Statutes of Idaho," 1919, Vol. Political Code, sec. 2330, p.653. Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or restaurant, or telegraph or telephone establishment, hospital or office, or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Harvesting, packing, curing, canning or drying perishable fruits or vegetables. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. KANSAS. 1917, 1918. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 3a, 1917. Weekly limit. 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 7, 1918. Weekly limit. 54 hours Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Laundries. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 8, 1918. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days¹ Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Public housekeeping establishments. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MAINE. 1915. In "Revised Statutes of Maine, 6th ed.," 1916, pp. 1650-1652. Weekly limit. 54 hours Overtime. In order to get 1 shorter day per week, overtime is permitted if the maximum weekly hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Workshop, factory, manufacturing, or mechanical establishment, or laundry. Exceptions: Manufacturing establishment or business the materials and products of which are perishable. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MASSACHUSETTS. 1918, 1919. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1918, ch.147, p. 118. Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Elevators in establishments previously covered or that may be covered by future enactments, buildings occupied by such establishments, office buildings. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1919, ch.113, pp.84-86, and in "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1921, ch. 280, p. 2. Weekly Limit. 48 hours Overtime. In seasonal employments, 52 hours per week if average for year is 48 hours per week. In emergencies overtime is allowed in public-service occupations. Hotel employees not employed in a manufacturing, mercantile, or mechanical establishment connected with a hotel are permitted to work one hour overtime daily if the maximum weekly hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Factory or workshop or any manufacturing, mercantile, mechanical establishment, telegraph office, or telephone exchange, or any express or transportation company, or any laundry, hotel, manicuring or hair-dressing establishment, motion-picture theater, or an elevator operator or a switchboard operator in a private exchange. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MICHIGAN. 1909, 1919. In "Compiled Laws of Michigan," 1915, sec. 5330, p. 2023, and in "Session Laws of Michigan," 1919 act No. 341, p. 613 Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime One hour of overtime daily if the weekly hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Factory, mill, warehouse, workshops, clothing, dressmaking or millinery establishments or any place where the manufacture of any kind of goods is carried on or where any goods are prepared for manufacturing, or any STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 19 laundry, store, shop, or any mercantile establishment, any office or restaurant , theater, concert hall, music hall, hotel or operating an elevator or on street or electric railways. Exceptions: Preserving perishable goods in fruit and vegetable canning establishments. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MINNESOTA. 1913. In 'Revised Statutes of Minnesota," 1913, sec. 3851, p. 879 Weekly limit. 54 hours Overtime In order to get 1 shorter work day per week, overtime is permitted, if the maximum weekly hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Mechanical or manufacturing establishment, telephone, or telegraph establishment in cities of the first or second class. Exceptions: Canning if establishment operates only during a period of six weeks. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MISSOURI. 1909, 1911, 1913, 1919. In "Revised Statutes of Missouri" 1909, sec. 7815, p. 616, in "Session Laws of Missouri," 1911, p.311, in "Session Laws of Missouri," 1913, p.400, in "Session Laws of Missouri," 1919, p.447. Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment or factory, workshop, laundry or bakery or restaurant or any place of amusement, or stenographic or clerical work of any character in the above industries, or any express or transportation or public utility business or common carrier or public institution. Exceptions: Establishments canning and packing perishable farm products in places under 10,000 population for 90 days annually, telephone companies: towns, or cities having a population of 3,000 or less. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEBRASKA. 1899, 1913, 1915, 1919. In "Session Laws of Nebraska," 1919, Ch.190, Title IV, Article II, sec. 5, p. 547. Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or restaurant, office, any public-service corporation in metropolitan cities and cities of the first class. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW MEXICO. 1921. Senate Bill No. 81, sec. 2, sec. 3, sec. 5, sec. 6 Weekly limit. 56 hours Overtime. 2 hours on Saturday in mercantile establishments provided the maximum weekly hours are not exceeded; 4 hours weekly in emergencies if time and a half is paid and the total hours of labor for a 7-day week do not exceed 60. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments; any person, firm, or corporation engaged in any express or transportation or public utility business or any common carrier. Exceptions: Drug stores, females engaged in interstate commerce where the working hours are regulated by any act of Congress of the United States. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York," 1918 (2d ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert,), ch.31, secs. 77-78, pp. 4578 and 4613 and in "Cumulative Supplement,1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and gilbert), secs. 77-78, p. 1046. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime. Overtime regularly on 5 days of the week to make a shorter work day or holiday on the sixth day; irregularity 1 hour per day on 3 days of the week provided weekly maximum is not exceeded: 1 hour daily, 6 hours weekly, June 15-Oct. 15, in establishments canning perishable products, 3 hours daily, 12 hours weekly, June 25-Aug. 5, in such establishments by permission of the industrial commission. Occupations or industries specified. Factory, i.e., mill, workshop, manufacturing establishment, laundry. Industrial commission order in "Industrial Code of New York." 1920, p. 197 Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime . Exceptions: Work requiring continuous standing, labeling, or packing cans. Occupations or industries specified. - - - - ¹For 7-day schedule see Chart I. 20 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART II.—NINE-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920—Concluded. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York," 1918 (2d ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert,), ch.31, sec. 161, pp.4651-4652, and in "Cumulative Supplement,1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, p. 1057. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime. One day weekly in order to get 1 or more shorter days weekly. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments. Establishments: Dec. 18-24, 2 days annually for stock taking. Writers or reporters in newspaper offices may work 7 days per week. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York," 1918 ( 2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, p. 4651. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Work in or in connection with restaurants in cities of the first and second class. Exceptions: Singers and performers of any kind, attendants in ladies' cloak rooms and parlors, employees in or in connection with dining rooms and kitchens of hotels or in connection with employees' lunchrooms or restaurants. In "Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31. sec. 161-d, pp. 1058-1059. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Conductor or guard on any street, surface, electric, subway, or elevated railroad. In "Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31. sec. 176, p.1064. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Custody or management of or operation of any elevator for freight or passenger in any building in any place. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NORTH DAKOTA. 1920 Minimum wage department orders, Nos. 5 and 6, 1920. Weekly limit. 58 hours Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Public housekeeping occupation, personal service occupation in towns of less than 500 population. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OHIO. 1917, 1919. In "General Code of Ohio Page's Compact Edition," 1921, Vol. I, sec. 1008, pp. 494-495. Weekly limit. 58 hours. Overtime. Mercantile establishments; 1 hour on Saturday. Occupations or industries specified. Factory, workshops, telephone or telegraph office, millinery and dressmaking establishment, restaurant, the distribution or transmission of messages in or on any interurban or street railway car, or as ticket sellers or elevator operators, or in any mercantile establishment located in any city. Exceptions: Canneries and establishments preparing for use perishable goods during the canning season. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OKLAHOMA. 1915, 1919. In "Session Laws of Oklahoma,' 1919, ch. 163, p. 235. Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime. Telephone operators in time of disaster and epidemic, if consent of employee is secured and double time paid. Hotel and restaurant employees in emergencies may work 1 hour overtime per day if consent of employee is secured and double overtime paid. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, bakery, hotel, or restaurant, office building or warehouse, telegraph or telephone establishment or office, or printing establishment, or book bindery, or any theater, show house or place of amusement, or any other establishment employing any female. Exceptions: Registered pharmacists, nurses, agricultural or domestic labor, establishments outside of towns or cities of 5,000 population and employing less than 5 females. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN. 21 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OREGON. 1919. Industrial welfare commission orders, Bos. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 1919. Weekly limit. 48 hours, 6 days Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing occupation, mercantile occupation, laundry occupation, personal service establishment (i.e., manicuring, hairdressing, barbering, and other work of like nature, and the work of ushers in theaters), telephone or telegraph occupations in the city of Portland, public housekeeping occupation (i.e., hotel, restaurant, boarding house, car cleaners, janitresses, elevators). Exceptions: Fruit and vegetable drying, canning, preserving and packing establishments, rural telephone establishments which do not require the uninterrupted attention of an operator may be granted special license by commission. Industrial welfare commission order No. 43, 1919. Weekly limit. 48 hours Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Telephone and telegraph occupations, outside of the city of Portland. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. TEXAS. 1915. In "Complete Texas Statutes," 1920, Penal Code, secs. 1451-h to 1451-m, p. 223. Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime. Laundries in cases of extraordinary emergency, provided consent of employee is secured, may work 2 hours overtime per day, provided weekly maximum is not exceeded and double time is paid for all hours above 9 daily. Woolen and cotton mills 1 hour daily, 6 hours weekly, if double time is paid for all hours above 9 daily. Occupations or industries specified. Factory, mine, mill, workshop, mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, restaurant, or rooming house, theater or moving picture show, barber shop, telegraph, telephone or other office, express or transportation company, State institution, or any other establishment, institution, or enterprise where females are employed. Exceptions: Stenographers, pharmacists, telephone and telegraph companies, mercantile establishments in rural districts and in cities of less than 3,000 population. 22 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART III.—TEN-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CONNECTICUT 1902, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1917. In "General Statutes of Connecticut, Revision of 1918," sec. 301, p. 1486. Weekly limit. 55 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing or mechanical establishment. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. DELAWARE. 1913, 1917. In "Session Laws of Delaware," 1917, ch. 230, pp. 741-742 Weekly limit. 55 hours, 6 days. Overtime. Two hours on 1 day weekly provided weekly maximum is not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile, mechanical, or manufacturing establishment, laundry, baking or printing establishment, telephone and telegraph office or exchange, restaurant, hotel, place of amusement, dressmaking establishment or office. Exceptions: Canning or preserving or preparation for canning and preserving of perishable fruits and vegetables. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. GEORGIA. 1889, 1911. In "Park's Annotated Code of Georgia," 1914, Vol. II, sec. 3137, p. 1570. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. Permitted to make up time lost, not to exceed 10 days annually, caused by accidents or other unavoidable circumstances. Occupations or industries specified. Cotton or woolen manufacturing establishments. Exception: Engineers, firemen, watchmen, mechanics, teamsters, yard employees, clerical forces, cleaners repairmen. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. IILLINOIS. 1909, 1911. In "Revised Statutes of Illinois," 1919, ch. 48, sec. 121, p. 1449. Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mechanical or mercantile establishment, or factory, or laundry, or hotel or restaurant, or telegraph or telephone establishment or office thereof, or any place of amusement, or any express or transportation or public utility business, or common carrier, or public institution. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. KENTUCKY. 1912. In "The Kentucky Statutes," 1915, 5th ed. (ed. by John D. Carroll), Vol II, ch. 135, sec. 4866 b, p,2458. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Laundry, bakery, factory, workshop, workshop, store, or mercantile, manufacturing or mechanical establishment, or hotel, restaurant, telephone exchange or telegraph office. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. LOUISIANA. 1908, 1916. In "Constitution and Statutes of Louisiana," 1920 (ed. by Solomon Wolf), Vol. II, pp. 1082 and 1084. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mill, factory, mine, packing house, manufacturing establishment, workshop, laundry millinery or dressmaking stores, or mercantile establishment in which more than five persons are employed, hotel or restaurants, or any theater or concert hall, on, in, or about any place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are made and sold, or any bowling alley, bootblacking establishment, freight or passenger elevator, or in the transmission and distribution of messages, either telephone or telegraph, or any other messages or merchandise, or any other occupation not herein enumerated which may be deemed unhealthful or dangerous. Exceptions: Stores or mercantile establishments on Saturday nights. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN WORKERS. 23 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MARYLAND. 1912, 1916. In "Annotated Code of the Public Laws of Maryland," 1918 (ed. by George P. Bagby), Vol. IV, Article C, sec. 51, pp. 747-748. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. Two hours on Saturdays and the 6 days before Christmas in retail mercantile establishments outside the city of Baltimore, if 2 rest periods of 1 hour each are granted on each day overtime is worked and 9 hours constitute the maximum day during the remainder of the year. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, baking or laundering establishment. Exceptions: Canning, preserving or preparing for canning or preserving of perishable fruits and vegetables. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MINNESOTA. 1909, 1911, 1913. In "General Statutes of Minnesota," 1913, sec. 3851, p. 879. Weekly limit. 58 hours. Overtime. In order to get 1 shorter workday per week overtime is permitted, if the weekly maximum hours are not exceeded. Mercantile establishments may work 11 hours on Saturdays, provided the weekly maximum hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishment, restaurant, lunchroom, or eating house, or kitchen operated in connection therewith in cities of the first or second class. In "Labor Laws of Minnesota," 1919. Laws 1909, ch. 499, p. 100 (issued by the Department of Labor and Industries, St. Paul, Minn.). Weekly limit. 58 hours. Overtime. In order to get 1 shorter workday per week overtime is permitted, if the weekly maximum hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing or mechanical establishment outside cities of the first or second class. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MISSISSIPPI. 1914. In "Annotated Mississippi Code," 1917 (ed. by william R. Hemingway), Vol. II, sec. 4527, p. 2166. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. Permitted in cases of emergency or public necessity. Occupations or industries specified. Laundry, millinery, dressmaking, store or office, mercantile establishments, theater, telegraph or telephone office, or any other occupation. Exceptions: Domestic servants. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW JERSEY. 1912. In "First Supplement to the Compiled Statutes of New Jersey," 1911-1915, sec. 83, p. 866, and in Session Laws 1921, ch. 194, p. 510. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing or mercantile establishment, baker, laundry or restaurant. Exceptions: Canneries engaged in packing perishable product, such as fruits or vegetables; hotels or other continuous business where working hours do not exceed 8 per day. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW MEXICO. 1921 Senate bill No. 81, sec. 7. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. Indefinite overtime allowed in emergencies resulting from flood, fire, storm, epidemic of sickness, or other like causes. Occupations or industries specified. Any telephone establishment or office thereof; shift working between 9 p. m. and 7 a. m. Exceptions: Establishments where 5 or less operators are employed and where the average number of calls per hour answered by 1 operator does not exceed 230; females engaged in interstate commerce where the working hours are regulated by any act of Congress of the United States. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NORTH DAKOTA. 1920 Minimum Wage Department Order, No. 12, 1920. Weekly limit. 63 hours Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Telephone establishment in towns of less than 500 population, rural telephone exchanges. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OREGON. 1907, 1909, 1917. In " Oregon Laws," 1920, Vol. II, sec. 6689, p. 2676. Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime. Overtime is allowed if time and a half is paid for all hours over 10 per day. Occupations or industries specified. Canneries or driers or packing plants. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PENNSYLVANIA. 1913, 1915. In "Cumulative Supplement to Purdon's Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania," 1905-1915, Vol. V, secs. 35-46, pp. 6115-6116. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime. Two hours on not more than 3 days of the week, if a legal holiday occurs during the week and the maximum weekly hours are not exceeded. Occupations or industries specified. Any establishment. "The term 'establishment' when used in this act shall mean any place within this Commonwealth where work is done for compensation of any sort to whomever payable." Exceptions: Nurses in hospitals, work in private homes, farming, canning of fruit and vegetable products. 24 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART III.—TEN-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. RHODE ISLAND. 1909, 1913. In "Session Laws," 1913-14, ch. 912, p. 6. Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory, manufacturing, mechanical, business or mercantile establishment. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1911, 1914. In "Session Laws of South Carolina," 1916, No. 547, pp. 937-939. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. One hour of overtime per day is allowed, if weekly hours are not exceeded. Sixty hours of overtime may be worked annually to make up lost time caused by accident or unavoidable cause. Occupations or industries specified. Cotton and woolen manufacturing establishments. Exceptions: Mechanics, engineers, firemen, watchmen, teamsters, yard employees, and clerical force. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. SOUTH DAKOTA. 1913. In "South Dakota Revised Code," 1919, Vol. II, sec. 10014, p. 2602. Weekly limit. - - - - Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Any employment. Exceptions: Farm laborers, domestic servants, or persons engaged in the care of live stock. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. VIRGINIA. 1889-90, 1912, 1914, 1918. In "Code of Virginia," 1919, Vol. I, sec. 1808, p. 676, and in "Sessions Laws of Virginia," 1918, chs. 214 and 414, pp. 363 and 756. Weekly limit. ( ¹ ) Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory, workshop, laundry, mercantile or manufacturing establishment. Exceptions: Mercantile establishments in towns of less than 2,000 or in county districts, bookkeepers, stenographers, cashiers, or office assistants, factories packing fruits or vegetables. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WISCONSIN. 1913. In "Wisconsin Statutes," 1919, sec. 1728-2, pp. 1420-1421. Weekly limit. 55 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Place of employment, i.e., manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, restaurant, confectionery store, or telegraph or telephone office or exchange, or any express or transportation establishment. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WYOMING. 1917. In "Sessions Laws of Wyoming," 1917, ch. 106, p. 167. Weekly limit. 60 hours, 7 days, or 52 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, baking, laundering, canning establishment, hotel, restaurant, theater, or place of public amusement. ¹ Virginia enforces section 4570 of the code of 1918, which prohibits work on Sunday. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN WORKERS. 25 CHART IV.—TEN-AND-A-QUARTER HOUR, TEN-AND-A-HALF-HOUR, ELEVEN-HOUR, AND TWELVE-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS. TEN-AND-A-QUARTER HOUR LAW. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1917. In "Session Laws of New Hampshire," 1917, ch.196, p. 750. Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manual or mechanical labor in any employment. Exceptions: Household labor and nurses, domestic, hotel, and boarding house labor, operators in telephone and telegraph offices , and farm labor, manufacture of munitions or supplies for the United States or State during wartime. Mercantile establishments on the 7 days preceding Christmas, provided annual weekly average does not exceed 54 hours. TEN-AND-A-HALF-HOUR LAWS. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. TENNESSEE. 1913, 1915. In "Thompson's Shannon's Tennessee Code," 1918, secs. 4342a-51—4342a-52, pp. 1863-1864. Weekly limit. 57 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Workshop, factory (i.e., manufacturing, mills, mechanical, electrical, mercantile, art and laundering establishments, printing, telegraph and telephone offices, department stores, or any kind of establishment wherein labor is employed or machinery is used). Exceptions: Domestic service and agricultural pursuits. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. VERMONT. 1917, 1919. In "General Laws of Vermont," 1917, sec. 5837, p. 1001, and in "Session Laws of Vermont," 1919, No. 160, p. 172. Weekly limit. 56 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mine or quarry, manufacturing or mechanical establishment. Exceptions: In any manufacturing establishment or business, the materials or products of which are perishable, the commissioner of industries, with the approval of the governor, may suspend the law for a period not to exceed two months in any one year. ELEVEN-HOUR LAW STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NORTH CAROLINA. 1915. In "Consolidated Statutes of North Carolina," 1919, sec. 6554, p. 595. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. All factories and manufacturing establishments. Exceptions: Engineers, firemen, superintendents, overseers, section and yard hands, office men, watchmen, repairers of breakdowns. TWELVE-HOUR LAW STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1911, 1914. In "Session Laws of South Carolina. 1911, 1914. Weekly limit. 60 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments. 26 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART V.—WEEKLY HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CONNECTICUT. 1902, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1917. In "General Statutes of Connecticut," Revision of 1918, sec. 5302 and sec. 5306, pp. 1486, 1487. Weekly limit. 58 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Any bowling alley or mercantile establishment, public restaurant or cafe, dining room, barber shop, hair dressing or manicuring establishment, photograph gallery. Exceptions: Hotels, mercantile establishments from Dec. 17 to 25 if employer grants at least seven holidays with pay annually. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MAINE. 1915. In "Revises Statutes of Maine," 6th ed., 1916, pp. 1650-1652. Weekly limit. 54 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Telephone exchange employing more than 3 operators, mercantile establishment, store restaurant, telegraph office , or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Millinery establishments on the 8 days prior to Easter Sunday, mercantile establishments on Dec. 17 to 24, inclusive, public service in cases of emergency or in cases of extraordinary public requirement. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MINNESOTA. 1909, 1911, 1921. In "Labor Laws of Minnesota," Laws of 1909, ch.499, p. 100 (issued by the Department of Labor and Industries, St. Paul, Minn.). Weekly limit. 58 hours Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments outside cities of the first or second class. Minimum Wage Commission Order No. 12, 1921. Weekly limit. 48 hours (basic). Overtime. All hours over 48 per week must be paid for at the rate of 25 cents an hour in cities having 5,000 or more population and 21½ cents an hour in cities of less than 5,000 population. Occupations or industries specified. Any occupation. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1910, 1918. In "cumulative Supplement, 1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed. by Birdseye, Cummings, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161-c, pp. 1057-1058. Weekly limit. 54 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or messages. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OREGON. 1919. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 44, 1919 Weekly limit. 48 hours, 6 days. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Office occupation. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 48, 1920. Weekly limit. 56 hours. Overtime. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Student nurses. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 27 CHART VI.—LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS AND REST PERIODS FOR WOMEN WORKERS. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ARIZONA. 1913. In "The Revised Statutes of Arizona," 1913, Penal Code, sec. 717, p.249. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. At least one hour for meals shall be allowed each female during her working period. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishment, confectionery store, bakery, laundry, hotel, restaurant, or telephone or telegraph office or exchange. exceptions: Nurses, telephone or telegraph office or exchange in which not more than 3 females are employed. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ARKANSAS. 1915, 1919. In "Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas," 1916 (ed. by William F. Kirby and John T. Castle), ch. 107, secs. 5446-5450, pp. 1301-1304, and in "Session Laws of Arkansas," 1919, No. 275, pp. 203-204. Day of rest or one shorter day. No female shall be employed * * * more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. Time allowed for noon luncheon shall not be less than three-quarters of an hour. (Females.) Rest periods. No female shall be employed or permitted to work more than 6 hours continuously without an interval of at least three-quarters of an hour. Exceptions: 6½ hours' continuous labor if such employment ends no later than half-past 1 in the afternoon and the worker is dismissed for the remainder of the day. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Cotton factories, gathering of fruits or farm products. Minimum wage and maximum hour commission order "Regulating employment of females in hotels and restaurants," 1919. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed * * * more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Hotels and restaurants. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CALIFORNIA. 1919, 1920. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 4, 1919, Nos. 7 and 11, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ or suffer or permit any woman * * * to work more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. Females are entitled to 1 hour for meals, either at noontime or at evening, but at noon they may not be permitted to return to work in less than one-half hour. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Laundry and dry cleaning and manufacturing industries. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders Nos. 5 and 11, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ or suffer or permit any woman * * * to work more than 6 days in any one week, Time for meals. Females are entitled to three-quarters of an hour for the noontime meal, but they may not be permitted to return to work in less than one-half hour. They are allowed 1 hour for the evening meal. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments. 28 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VI.—LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS AND REST PERIODS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CALIFORNIA. 1919, 1920—Con. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders Nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, and 14, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. Females shall be entitled to 1 day's rest in 7. Exceptions: Emergencies, in which case work may go on if time and a quarter is paid for the first 8 hours and double time for all hours above 8. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Fruit and vegetable canning industry, fish-canning industry, fruit and vegetable packing industry (dried fruit packing) (fresh fruit and vegetable packing); general and professional offices, agricultural field occupations. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders Nos. 6 and 8, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ or suffer or permit any woman to work more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Fish-canning industry (labeling); fruit and vegetable packing industry (dried-fruit industry). Industrial Welfare Commission Orders Nos. 10 and 12, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. Every person, firm or corporation shall provide 1 full day of rest a week for all females who are employed more than 6 hours per day. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Hotels and restaurants, unclassified occupations. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. DELAWARE. 1917. In "Session Laws of Delaware," 1917, ch. 230, pp. 741-742. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed more than 6 days in any one calendar week. Time for meals. Not less than 30 minutes shall be allowed to every female * * * for the midday or evening meal. Rest periods. No female shall be employed or permitted to work more than 6 hours continuously without an interval of at least three-quarters of an hour. Exceptions: 6½ hours continuous labor if such employment ends not later than half-past 1 in the afternoon and the worker is dismissed for the remainder of the day. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile, mechanical, or manufacturing establishment; laundry, baking, or printing establishment; telephone and telegraph office or exchange; restaurant, hotel, place of amusement, dressmaking establishment, or office. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1914. In "The Code of Law for the District of Columbia," 1919 (ed by William S. Torbet), p. 403. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No female shall be employed or permitted to work more than 6 hours continuously without an interval of at least three-quarters of an hour. Exceptions: (1) 6½ hours continuous labor if such employment ends no later than half-past 1 in the afternoon and the worker is dismissed for the remainder of the day. (2) Establishments or occupations in which less than three females are employed. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments; laundry; hotel or restaurants, or telegraph or telephone establishment or office, or any express or transportation company. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 29 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. INDIANA. 1899. In "Burns Annotated Indiana Statutes," 1914, vol. 3, sec. 8031, p. 999 Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. Not less than 60 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: Chief inspector may issue written permits allowing shorter meal time at noon. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing or mercantile establishments, mine, quarry, laundry, renovating works, bakery, or printing office. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. KANSAS. 1917, 1918, 1919. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 3a, 1917. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female person shall be employed * * * more than 6 days during each week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 7, 1918. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. Not less than 1 hour shall be allowed for lunch. (Females.) Rest periods. No female person shall be compelled to work more than 6 consecutive hours without * * * time for lunch. Occupations or industries specified. Laundries. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 8, 1918. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. One hour shall be allowed for meals. (Females.) Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Public housekeeping establishments. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 9, 1918. Day of rest or one shorter work day. Six days shall constitute a basic week for all women and minors. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No shift shall exceed 5 hours' duration. Occupations or industries specified. Telephone operators. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 10, 1918. Day of rest or one shorter work day. Employment for women and minors shall be limited to 6 days in a week, with 1 day of rest in every 7 days. Time for meals. The meal relief shall be not less than 45 minutes. Rest periods. Not more than 5 hours shall be worked in any one period without relief for meals. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing establishments STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. LOUISIANA. 1900, 1904, 1908, 1916. In "Constitution and Statutes of Louisiana," 1920 (ed. by Solomon Wolf), vol. 2, p. 1090. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. Each day, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., not less than 30 minutes for lunch or recreation shall be allowed female labor or female clerks. Occupations or industries specified. All persons, firms, or corporations doing business at retail. Ibid., p. 1091 Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. Each day, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., at least 1 hour for a midday meal, lunch, or recreation shall be allowed all clerks. Occupations or industries specified. Retail business, retail department stores, retail establishments. Exceptions: Cities of 50,000 or less inhabitants. 30 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VI.—LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS AND REST PERIODS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. LOUISIANA. 1900, 1904, 1908, 1916—Concluded. In "Constitution and Statutes of Louisiana," 1920 (ed. by Solomon Wolf), vol. 2, p. 1084. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. All females shall be allowed 1 hour each day for dinner. Exceptions: In case of two-thirds of employees so desire, 30 minutes only may be allowed. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mill, factory, mine, packing house, manufacturing establishment, workshop, laundry, millinery, or dressmaking stores or hotel and restaurants, or mercantile establishments in which more than 5 persons are employed, or in any theater, concert hall, or in or about any place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are made or sold; or any bowling alley, bootblacking establishment, freight or passenger elevator, or in transmission or distribution of messages, either telephone or telegraph, or any other messages and merchandise; or in any occupation not herein enumerated which may be deemed unhealthful or dangerous. Exceptions: Stores or mercantile establishments on Saturday nights. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MAINE. 1915. In "Revised Statutes of Maine," 6th ed., 1916, pp. 1650-1652 Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No female shall be employed or permitted to work more than 6 hours continuously without an interval of at least an hour. Exceptions: 6½ hours' continuous labor if such employment ends not later than half past 1 in the afternoon and the worker is dismissed for the remainder of the day. Occupations or industries specified. Workshop, factory, manufacturing, or mechanical establishment, or laundry, telephone exchange employing more than 3 operators, or mercantile establishment, store, restaurant, telegraph office, or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Public service in cases of emergency, or in cases of extraordinary public requirement, or business the materials and products of which are perishable. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 31 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MARYLAND. 1912, 1916. In "Annotated Code of the Public General Laws of Maryland," 1918 (ed. by George P. Bagby), vol. 4, Art. C., sec. 51, pp. 741-748. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No female shall be employed or permitted to work more than 6 hours continuously without an interval of at least a half hour. Exceptions: 6½ hours' continuous labor if she shall not be permitted to work during the remainder of the day. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, baking, laundering establishment. Exceptions: establishments employing less than 5 persons; canneries Rest periods. All females shall have at least two rest intervals of not less than 1 hour each. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments outside of the city of Baltimore where work is permitted for 12 hours on Saturdays, Christmas eve, and the five days preceding Christmas eve. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MASSACHUSETTS. 1909, 1913, 1917. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts." 1909, ch. 514, sec. 52, p. 740. Day of rest or one shorter work day. It shall be unlawful * * * to require an employee * * * to work on the Lord's Day unless such employee is allowed during the next 6 days 24 consecutive hours without labor. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Commercial occupation, industrial process, the work of transportation or communication. Exceptions: Farm or personal service; druggists; cases of emergencies; request of employee. Ibid., pp. 747-748 and in "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1917, ch.110, pp. 107-108. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. No woman * * * shall be employed more than 6 hours at one time without an interval of at least 45 minutes for a meal. Exceptions: 6½ hours at any one time if such employment ends no later than 1 o'clock in the afternoon and the worker is dismissed for the remainder of the day; 7½ hours at any one time if worker is allowed sufficient opportunity to eat lunch, and if such employment ends not later than 2 o'clock in the afternoon and the worker is dismissed for the remainder of the day. Rest periods. See "Time for Meals" Occupations or industries specified. Factory or workshop in which 5 or more women or persons under 18 years of age are employed. Exceptions: Ironworks, glass works, paper mills, letter-press establishments, print works, bleaching works, or dyeing works, or continuous processes exempted by the chief of the district police on approval of the governor. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1913, ch. 619, pp. 551-552 Day of rest or one shorter work day. Every person shall be allowed at least 24 consecutive hours of rest in every 7 consecutive days. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing or mercantile establishment. Exceptions: Gas or electric plants, milk stations, waterworks, hotels, restaurants, drug stores, livery stables, or garages. 32 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN CHART VI.—LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS AND REST PERIODS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MINNESOTA. 1909, 1911, 1913. In "General Statutes of Minnesota," 1913, sec. 3851, p. 879. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. At least 60 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: Commissioner of labor may issue permits allowing a shorter time. At least 20 minutes for lunch shall be allowed when employees are required or permitted to work more than 1 hour overtime after 6 p. m. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishment, restaurant, lunch room, or eating house, or kitchen operated in connection therewith; mechanical or manufacturing establishment; telephone or telegraph establishment in cities of the first and second class. In "Labor Laws of Minnesota," 1919. Laws, 1909, ch. 499, p. 101 (issued by the department of labor and industries, St. Paul, Minn.). Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. At least 60 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: Commissioner of labor may issue permits allowing a shorter time. At least 20 minutes for lunch shall be allowed when employees are required or permitted to work more than 1 hour overtime after 6 p.m. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory, workshop, store or mill. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW JERSEY. 1911, 1912. In "First Supplement to the Compiled Statutes of New Jersey," 1911-1915, sec. 54, p. 861. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. All operatives and employees shall be given at least one-half hour for their midday meal, after not more than 6 hours of continuous employment. Exceptions: Saturday. Rest periods. See "Time for meals." Occupations or industries specified. Factory, mill, or workshop; mill or place where the manufacture of goods of any kind is carried on. Ibid., sec. 83, p. 866. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed, allowed or permitted to work * * * more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing or mercantile establishment: bakery, laundry, restaurant. Exceptions: Canneries. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1919. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 8-a, pp. 4518-4519, and in Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920 to Annotated, Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 8-a, p.1031. Day of rest or one shorter work day. Every person employed shall be allowed at least 24 consecutive hours of rest in every calendar week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory or mercantile establishment, custody or management of or operation of elevators. Exceptions: Commissioner of Labor may suspend statute at his discretion for continuous processes where the employees are not permitted to work more than 8 hours per day. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 33 In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming and Gilbert), ch. 31, secs. 77-78, pp. 4576 and 4578, and in "Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920 to Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch.31, Sec. 77, p.1046. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No woman shall be employed or permitted to work * * * more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory (i. e., mill, workshop, manufacturing establishment, laundries). In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 89, p. 4611. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. At least 60 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: The commissioner of labor may grant permission for a shorter meal period. At least 20 minutes for lunch shall be allowed when employees are required or permitted to work more than 1 hour overtime after 6 p.m. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory (i. e., mill, workshop, manufacturing establishment, laundries). In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, pp.4651-4652. and in "Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920 to Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, p. 1057. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female employee shall be required, permitted or suffered to work * * * more than 6 days * * * in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishment. Exceptions: Writers or reporters in newspaper offices may work 7 days per week. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, pp. 4651-4652. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: The commissioner of labor may grant permission for a shorter meal period. At least 20 minutes for lunch shall be allowed between 5 p. m. and 7 p. m. where employees are employed or permitted to work after 7 p. m. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishment, business office, telegraph office, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, theater or other place of amusement, bowling alley, barber shop, shoe-polishing establishment, messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or messages. 34 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN CHART VI.—LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS AND REST PERIODS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1919—Concluded. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, p. 4651. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed or suffered to work * * * more than 6 days * * * in any one week. Time for meals. Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: The commissioner of labor may grant permission for a shorter meal period. At least 20 minutes for lunch shall be allowed between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. where employees are employed or permitted to work after 7 p.m. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Work in or in connection with restaurants in cities of the first and second class. Exceptions: Singers and performers of any kind, attendants in ladies' clock rooms and parlors: employees in or in connection with "employees'" lunch rooms or restaurants. In Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920 to Annotated, Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161-c, pp. 1057-1058. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No woman shall be employed or permitted to work * * * more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: The commissioner of labor may grant permission for a shorter meal period. At least 20 minutes for lunch shall be allowed between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. where employees are employed or permitted to work after 7 p.m. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission or delivery of goods or messages. In Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920 to Annotated, Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161-d, pp. 1058-1059. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female * * * shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work * * * more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. Not less than 1 hour in any 1 day shall be allowed for meals. Exceptions: The commissioner of labor may grant permission for a shorter meal period (demales). Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Conductor or guard on any street surface, electric, subway, or elevated railroad. In Cumulative Supplement 1918-1920 to Annotated, Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 178, pp. 1064-1065. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed or suffered to work * * * more than 6 days * * * in any one week. Time for meals. Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal. Exceptions: The commissioner of labor may grant permission for a shorter meal period. At least 20 minutes for lunch shall be allowed between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. where employees are employed or permitted to work after 7 p.m. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Custody or management of or operation of any elevator for freight or passengers in any building or place. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN 35 NORTH DAKOTA. 1919, 1920. In "Session Laws of North Dakota" 1919, ch. 170, p. 314. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed * * * more than 6 days * * * in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment: laundry, hotel, or restaurant, or telephone or telegraph establishment or office, or any express or transportation company. Exceptions: Rural telephone exchanges and in villages and towns of less than 500 population. Minimum Wage Department Order No. 5, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No woman shall be employed for more than 5 hours of continuous labor without rest periods aggregating at least 45 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Public housekeeping occupation. Minimum Wage Department Order Nos. 6 and 9, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No woman shall be employed for more than 5 hours of continuous labor without a rest period of at least 45 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Personal-service occupation; laundry occupation. Minimum Wage Department Order No. 7, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No woman shall be employed more than 6 days in one calendar week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No woman shall be employed for more than 5 hours of continuous labor without rest periods aggregating at least 45 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Office occupation. Minimum Wage Department Order Nos. 8 and 11, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No woman shall be employed for more than 6 hours of continuous labor without a rest period of at least 45 minutes Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing occupation; mercantile occupation. Minimum Wage Department Order No. 10, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. Each woman shall be given a 12-hour free period at least once a week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Student nurses. Minimum Wage Department Order No. 12, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No woman * * * shall work more than 8 consecutive days without 1 day off. Exceptions: Rural telephone exchanges. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No woman shall be employed for more than 6 hours of continuous labor between 7.30 a.m. and 8.30 p.m. without a rest period of at least 45 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Telephone establishments. OHIO. 1917, 1919. In "General Code of Ohio, Page's Compact Edition," 1921, Vol. I, sec. 1008, pp. 494-495 Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. Females shall be entitled to not less than 30 minutes for meal time in establishments where lunch rooms are provided and to not less than 1 hour for meal time in establishments where no lunch rooms are provided. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory, workshop, business office, telephone or telegraph office, restaurant, bakery, millinery or dressmaking establishment, mercantile, or other establishment. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed , permitted, or suffered to work more than 6 days in any one one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory, workshop, telephone or telegraph office, millinery or dressmaking establishment, restaurant: the distribution or transmission of messages in or on any interurban or street railway car or as ticket sellers or elevator operators or in any mercantile establishment located in any city. Exceptions: Canneries and establishments preparing for use perishable goods during the canning season. 36 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VI.—LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS AND REST PERIODS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OREGON. 1918, 1919. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 36, 1918 Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No woman shall be employed on two successive days without an interval of 9 hours' rest between such days. Occupations or industries specified. All occupations. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders Nos. 37, 38, 39, and 41, 1919. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person shall employ any woman * * * for more than 6 days in one calendar week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No person shall employ any woman * * * for more than six hours of continuous labor without a rest period of at least 45 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantieloccupation, manufacturing occupation, laundry occupation. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos. 40 and 44, 1919. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person shall employ any woman * * * for more than 6 days in one calendar week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No person shall employ any woman * * * for more than 6 hours of continuous labor between 7 a. m. and 8.30 p.m. without a rest period of at least 45 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Personal-service occupation, office occupation. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos. 42, 43, and 45, 1919. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No person shall employ any woman * * * for more than 6 hours of continuous labor between 7 a.m. and 8,30 p.m. without a rest period of at least 45 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Personal-service occupation, office occupation. Occupations or industries specified. Telephone or telegraph occupations, public housekeeping occupation. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos. 42 and 43, 1919. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person shall employ any woman * * * for 7 consecutive days without allowing one day during which the hours of employment shall not exceed six hours. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Telegraph occupation. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 42, 1919. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person shall employ any woman * * * for more than 6 days in one calendar week. Commission may except exchanges employing less than 10 operators. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Telephone occupation in the city of Portland. Industrial Welfare Commission, Order No. 43, 1919. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No person shall employ any woman for 14 consecutive days without one full day of rest. No person shall employ any woman * * * for 14 consecutive days without one day of not more than 6 hours' work. Commission may except exchanges employing less than 10 operators. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Telephone operation outside the city of Portland. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 37 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PENNSYLVANIA. 1913, 1915. In "Cumulative Supplement to Purdon's Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania" 1905-1915, secs. 35-46, pp. 6115-6116 Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed or permitted to work for more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed to every female employed or permitted to work * * * for the midday meal. Exceptions: If the females work less than 8 hours per day the midday meal time may be reduced to no less than 30 minutes. Rest periods. No female shall be employed or permitted to work more than 6 hours continuously without an interval of at least 45 minutes. If females work less than 8 hours per day, the interval may be reduced to not less than 30 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Any establishment. "The term 'establishment' when used in this act shall mean any place within this Commonwealth where work is done for compensation of any sort to whomever payable." Exceptions: Nurses in hospitals, work in private homes, farming, canning of fruit and vegetable products. Day of rest or one shorter work day. The 1 day of holiday in 7 may be subdivided into two days of 12 hours each at the discretion of the industrial board. (Females.) Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Hotels, boarding houses, charitable, educational, and religious institutions. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PORTO RICO. 1919. In "Session Laws of Porto Rico" 2d sess., 1919, No. 73, pp. 496-497. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. Time allowed for meals shall be not less than 1 hour. Rest periods. No Woman shall work in each period for more than 4 hours. Occupations or industries specified. Any lucrative occupation. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WASHINGTON. 1918, 1920. Industrial Welfare commission Order, No. 21, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. This order shall be interpreted to mean a 6-day week. (Females.) Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No female shall be employed on a shift over 6 hours without a rest period of 15 minutes. Occupations or industries specified. Any occupation, trade, or industry. Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 21, 1920. Day of rest or one shorter work day. No female shall be employed more than 6 days in any one week. Time for meals. - - - - Rest periods. No female shall be employed more than 5 hours without a rest period of at least one-half hour. Occupations or industries specified. Public housekeeping industry. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WISCONSIN. 1913. In "Wisconsin Statutes" 1919, sec. 1728-2, pp. 1420-1421. Day of rest or one shorter work day. - - - - Time for meals. No female shall be allowed less than 1 hour during each day or night for dinner or other meals. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Place of employment (i.e., manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment; laundry, restaurant, confectionary store, or telegraph or telephone office, or exchange, or any express or transportation establishment). Time for meals. The lunch period for female workers may be 45 minutes. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. In cities of the first class, manufactories which have convenient, adequately equipped lunch rooms. Time for meals. The meal period may be 30 minutes provided the stretch of labor between meals does not exceed five hours. Rest periods. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. In restaurants where employees eat on premises. 38 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VII.—NIGHT-WORK LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CALIFORNIA. 1920. Industrial Welfare Commission Orders Nos. 7 and 8, 1920 Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Laundry and dry cleaning industry. Dried fruit industry. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 11, 1920 Prohibition of nightwork. 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. In continuous processes where a permission to work at night is granted by the industrial commission, time and one-half must be paid. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing industry. Exceptions: In continuous processes under a permission from the industrial commission. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CONNECTICUT. 1917, 1919. In "General Statutes of Connecticut." revision of 1918, sec. 5303, p. 1486, and sec. 5306, p.1487, and "Session Laws of Connecticut," 1919, ch. 195, p. 2844. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6. a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Public restaurant, cafe, dining room, barber shop, hairdressing or manicuring establishment, photograph gallery, any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment. Exceptions: Hotels. In the event of war or other serious emergency governor may suspend limitations where he deems it necessary. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. DELAWARE. 1913, 1917. In "Revised Statutes of Delaware," 1915, sec. 3135, p. 1457, and in "Laws," 1917, ch. 230, pp. 741-742. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mechanical or manufacturing establishment, laundry, baking or printing establishment, office or dressmaking establishment. Exceptions: Canning or preserving, or preparation for canning or preserving of perishable fruits and vegetables. Limitation of night work. If any part of a female's work is performed between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. not more than 8 hours of work in any 24 hours are permitted. Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments, telephone and telegraph office or exchange, restaurant, hotel, place of amusement. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. INDIANA. 1899. In "Burn's Annotated Indiana Statutes," 1914, Vol. III, sec. 8023, p. 995. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. KANSAS. 1917, 1918, 1919. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 3a, 1917. Prohibition of nightwork. After 9 p. m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile Establishments. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 8, 1918. Prohibition of nightwork. - - - - Limitation of night work. If any part of a female's work is performed after 12 midnight, not more than 8 hours of work in any 24 hours or 48 hours in any 6-day week are permitted, or more than 7 hours of work in any 24 hours or 48 hours in any 7-day week are permitted. Occupations or industries specified. Public housekeeping establishment. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 9, 1918. Prohibition of nightwork. - - - - Limitation of night work. Maximum hours shall not exceed 12 for total work time, plus rest time and plus time of all operators regularly employed after 10:30 p.m. Occupations or industries specified. Telephone operators. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 10, 1919. Prohibition of nightwork. 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing establishment. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MARYLAND. 1912, 1916. In "Annotated Code of the Public General Laws of Maryland," 1918 (ed. by George P. Bagby), Vol. IV, Art. C, sec.51, pp. 747-748. Prohibition of nightwork. - - - - Limitation of night work. If any part of a female's work is performed before 6 a.m. or after 10 p.m., not more than 8 hours' work in any one day are permitted. Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, baking or laundering establishment. Exceptions: Canning, preserving, or preparing for canning or preserving perishable fruits and vegetables. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 39 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MASSACHUSETTS. 1909. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1909, ch. 514, sec. 51, p.740. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing. Prohibition of nightwork. 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitations of nightwork. - - - - Manufacture of textile goods. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEBRASKA. 1899, 1913, 1915, 1919. In "Session Laws of Nebraska," 1919, ch. 190, Title IV, Art. II, sec. 5, p. 547. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments laundry, hotel, or restaurant, office in metropolitan cities and cities of the first class. Exceptions: Public service corporation. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1917. In "Session Laws of New Hampshire," 1917, ch. 196, p. 750. Prohibition of nightwork. - - - - Limitation of night work. If any female works at any time between the hours of 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. on more than two nights per week, not more than 8 hours of work are permitted in any 24 hours or more than 48 hours of work in any week. Occupations or industries specified. Manual or mechanical labor in any employment. Exceptions: Household labor and nurses, domestic, hotel, and boarding house labor, operators in telephone and telegraph offices, and farm labor, manufacture of munitions and supplies for the United States or the State during war time, mercantile establishments on the 7 days preceding Christmas, provided annual weekly average does not exceed 54 hours per week. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1919. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York," 1918 (2d ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 36, sec. 93-b, p. 4616. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Factory (i.e., mill work shop, manufacturing establishment, laundry). In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York," 1918 (2d ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, pp. 4651-4652, and in "Cumulative Supplement, " 1918-1920: Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, p. 1057. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishment. Exceptions: Dec. 18 to 24, 2 days annually for stock taking, writers or reporters in newspaper offices. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York," 1918 (2d ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161, p. 4651. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Work in or in connection with restaurants in cities of the first and second class. Exceptions: Singers and performers of any kind, attendants in ladies' clock rooms and parlors, employees in connection with the dining rooms and kitchens of hotels or in connection with employees, lunch rooms or restaurants. In "Cumulative Supplement, 1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161-c, pp. 1057-1058. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p. m.-to 7 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Messenger for a telegraph or messenger company, in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or messages. In "Cumulative Supplement, 1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 161-d, pp. 1058-1059. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p. m.-to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Conductor or guard on any street surface, electric, subway or elevated railroad. In "Cumulative Supplement, 1918-1920, Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" (ed., by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), ch. 31, sec. 176, p. 1064, and sec. 181, p. 1065. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p. m.-to 7 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Custody, management of or operation of elevator for freight or passengers in any building or place. Exceptions: if the industry occupying the building starts work at 6 a.m. the elevator operator may begin work at that hour. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OHIO. 1919. In "General Code of Ohio, Page's Compact Edition," 1921, Vol. I, sec. 1008-1, p. 495. Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Ticket seller. 40 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VII.—NIGHT-WORK LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OREGON. 1919. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 37, 1919. Prohibition of nightwork. After 6 p.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile occupation in Portland. Exceptions: Cigar stands in hotels, confectionery stores. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 38, 1919. Prohibition of nightwork. After 8:30 p.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile occupation outside of Portland. Exceptions: Managers, superintendents, or persons doing clerical or stenographic work. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 39 and 41,1919. Prohibition of nightwork. After 8:30 p.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Any lucrative occupation. Exceptions: Telephone operators or telegraphers, artists, nurses, domestics, over 16 years of age. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 45, 1919. Prohibition of nightwork. 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Elevator operators. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PENNSYLVANIA. 1913, 1915. In "Cumulative Supplement to Purdon's Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania," 1905-1915, secs. 35-46, pp. 6115-6116 Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufacturing establishment. Exceptions; managers, superintendents, or persons doing clerical or stenographic work. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PORTO RICO. 1919. In "Session Laws of Porto Rico," 2d sess., 1919, No. 73, pp. 496-506 Prohibition of nightwork. 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Any lucrative occupation. Exceptions: Telephone operators or telegraphers, artists, nurses, domestics, over 16 years of age. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1911, 1914. In "Session Laws of South Carolina," 1914, No., 262, p. 481. Prohibition of nightwork. After 10 p.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Mercantile establishments. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WISCONSIN.¹ 1917. Industrial Commission Orders Nos. 1 and 2, 1917 Prohibition of nightwork. 6 p.m. to 6 p.m. Limitation of night work. - - - - Occupations or industries specified. Manufactories and laundries. Exceptions: Pea canneries. Industrial Commission Order No. 3, 1917 Prohibition of nightwork. - - - - Limitation of night work. If any work is performed between 6 P.M. and 6 a.m., it shall be limited to 8 hours per night, 48 hours per week Occupations or industries specified. Mechanical or mercantile establishment, restaurant, confectionery store, telegraph or telephone, express or transportation. —————— ¹ Wisconsin has an industrial commission order prohibiting night work for women on street railways, but no women are employed in such a capacity in Wisconsin. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 41 CHART VIII. —HOME-WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES PART A.—LAWS PROHIBITING HOME WORK STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ILLINOIS. 1893 In "Revised Statutes of the State of Illinois" 1919, ch.48, secs. 21-28, pp. 1421-1422. Mandatory clause. No room or rooms * * * shall be used * * *. Places covered by law. Room or rooms, apartment or apartments in any tenement or dwelling house used for eating and sleeping purposes. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture, in whole or in part, of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, cloaks, shirts, ladies' waists, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars * * * made, altered, repaired, cleaned, sorted, or finished, in whole or in part, for sale or for wages. Exceptions. Immediate members of family living therein. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. INDIANA 1899 In "Burns Annotated Indiana Statutes" 1914, secs. 8034-8035, pp. 999-1000 Mandatory Clause. No room or rooms * * * shall be used * * *. Places covered by law. Room or rooms, apartment or apartments in any tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, cloaks, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, or cigars for sale. Exceptions. Immediate members of family living therein. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MARYLAND. 1894, 1896, 1902, 1904, 1914. In "The Annotated Code of the Public General Laws of Maryland" 1918 (ed. by George P. Bagby), art. 27, vol.3, secs. 268-275, pp. 396-401. Mandatory Clause. No room or apartment * * * shall be used * * *. Places covered by law. Room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house, or part of any tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture, in whole or in part, altering, repairing, or finishing of any articles whatsoever. Exceptions. Immediate members of family living therein, i. e., husband, wife, their children or the children of either. Tailor or seamstress employed by family on articles for family. Articles for exclusive use of person occupying house. Workshop on main or ground floor not used for cooking or sleeping purposes and having a separate entrance and which is entirely separate from the rest of the building. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MASSACHUSETTS. 1909. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts" 1909, ch. 514, secs. 106-111, pp. 757-759. Mandatory Clause. A room or apartment * * * shall not be used for the purpose of making * * *. Places covered by law. A room or apartment in a tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Making, altering, repairing, or finishing therein, coats, vests, trousers, or wearing apparel of any description. Exceptions. Members of family dwelling therein. Room or apartment in a tenement or dwelling house, not used for living or sleeping purposes, having a separate entrance and not connected with any room used for such purposes. 42 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN CHART VIII. —HOME-WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. PART A.—LAWS PROHIBITING HOME WORK—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MICHIGAN. 1899, 1901, 1907, 1909. In "Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan" 1915, vol.2, ch. 100, sec. 5343, pp. 2032-2033. Mandatory Clause. None of the work mentioned in this section shall be done in any room or apartment. Places covered by law. Any room or apartment used for living or sleeping purposes or which is connected with room or rooms used for such purposes, and which has not a separate and distinct outside entrance. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses, cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waist bands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, cigarettes, * * *, or making of these articles in whole or in part. Exceptions. Seamstress manufacturing articles for family use. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MISSOURI. 1899, 1909. In "Revised Statutes of Missouri" 1909, vol.2, art. 7, secs. 7853, 7855, pp. 2474-2475. Mandatory Clause. No room or apartment * * * shall be used * * *. Places covered by law. Room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of wearing apparel, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, or other goods for male or female wear. Exceptions. Members of family dwelling therein and three additional persons. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1913. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York" 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), vol. 4, ch. 31, art. 7, secs. 100-106, pp. 4620-4626. Mandatory Clause. No article shall be manufactured * * *. Places covered by law. Any room or apartment of a tenement house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any article manufactured, altered, repaired, or finished. Exceptions. Immediate members of family living therein. Dressmakers who deal solely in the custom trade direct to the consumer and whose shops are on the ground or second floor, and who have a permit issued by the commissioners of labor certifying that the premises are well lighted, well ventilated, and sanitary, and that there is 1,000 cubic feet of air space for each person employed therein. Mandatory Clause. No article of food * * * shall be manufactured * * * . Places covered by law. Tenement house, in any portion of an apartment, any part of which is used for living purposes. Occupations or industries covered by law. Food, dolls, or dolls' clothing, article of children's or infants' wearing apparel, manufactured, altered, repaired, finished, in whole or in part. Exceptions. Bakeries for which certificate of exemption is issued. Mandatory Clause. No articles shall be manufactured * * * . Places covered by law. In a part of a cellar or basement of a tenement house more than one-half of its height below the level of the curb. Occupations or industries covered by law. Articles manufactured, altered, repaired, finished. Exceptions. - - - - STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN 43 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OHIO. 1896. In "General Code of Ohio, Page's Compact Edition" 1920, secs. 1020-1021, p. 497. Mandatory Clause. No dwelling * * * shall be used * * * . Places covered by law. Dwelling or building or room or apartment thereof in or connected with a tenement, dwelling, or other building. Occupations or industries covered by law. Carrying on any process of making wearing apparel or goods for wear, use, or adornment, manufacturing cigars, cigarettes or tobacco goods in any form. Exceptions. Immediate members of family living there. Room or apartment having no window or door or other opening into a living or sleeping room of a tenement or dwelling, and having a separate entrance, and not in use for living or sleeping purposes, and sufficiently lighted, heated, and ventilated. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PENNSYLVANIA. 1895, 1905. In "Stewart's Purdon's Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania" 1700-1903, secs. 52-56, pp. 1606-1607, and in "Supplement to Purdon's Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania" 1905-1915, secs. 70-72, p. 6123. Mandatory Clause. No room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house * * * shall be used * * * for the manufacture * * *. Places covered by law. Room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses, cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waist bands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, or cigarettes, or making in whole or in part of these articles. Exceptions. Immediate members of family living therein. Mandatory Clause. No person, firm, or corporation shall hire or employ any person * * *. Places covered by law. Any room or apartment in any rear building or building in the rear of a tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses, cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waist bands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, or cigarettes, or making in whole or in part of these articles. Exceptions. - - - - Mandatory Clause. No person, firm, or corporation engaged in the manufacture or sale of clothing * * * shall bargain or contract with any person * * * for the manufacture * * * . Places covered by law. Kitchen, living room, or bedroom in any tenement house or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture, or partial manufacture of clothing or other wearing apparel, cigars, cigarettes. Exceptions. Resident members of family, i. e., parents and their children or the children of either. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. TENNESSEE. 1915. In "Thompson's Shannon's Tennessee Code" 1918, secs. 4342a-59–4342a-65, pp. 1865-1866. Mandatory Clause. No room or rooms * * * shall be used for the manufacture for sale * * *. Places covered by law. Room or rooms, apartment or apartments in any tenement or dwelling house used for eating or sleeping purposes. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture for sale, in whole or in part, of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, cloaks, shirts, ladies' waists, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, all wearing apparel. Exceptions. Immediate members of family living therein. 44 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VIII. —HOME-WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. PART B.—LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CONNECTICUT. 1902, 1909, 1915. In "General Statutes of Connecticut," 1918, secs. 2355-2358, p. 729. Places covered by law. All buildings, apartments, rooms, and places in any tenement or dwelling house used for residential purposes. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of artificial flowers, purses, cigars, cigarettes, or any articles of wearing apparel intended for sale. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Others than the immediate members of the family. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Persons engaged in such work to notify factory inspector within 30 days after the time of commencing work. work to be done in clean, sanitary rooms properly lighted and ventilated. Exceptions. - - - - STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ILLINOIS. 1893. In "Revised Statutes of the State of Illinois," 1919, ch. 48, secs. 21-28, pp. 1421-1422. Places covered by law. Room or rooms, apartment or apartments in any tenement or dwelling house used for eating or sleeping purposes. House, room, or place. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture, in whole or in part, of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, cloaks, shirts, ladies' waists, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, or any wearing apparel of any kind whatsoever. Any process of making, altering or finishing, cleaning, sorting, in whole or in part for sale or for wages. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Immediate members of family living therein. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Person so occupied or having control of such workshop to notify board of health within 14 days after the time of commencing work. Hours of work for females and list of children employed, with their ages, to be posted. Premises to be kept in a cleanly state, free from any matter of infectious or contagious nature. All articles made are subject to inspection and examination. Employer to keep list of all workshops in his employ. Exceptions. - - - - STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. INDIANA. 1899. In "Burn's Annotated Indiana Statutes," 1914, secs. 8034-8035, pp. 999-1000. Places covered by law. One room or rooms, apartment or apartments in any tenement or dwelling house, or building in the rear of a tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Making, in whole or in part, any vests, coats, trousers, knee pants, fur, fur trimmings, shirts, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, or cigars for sale. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Immediate members of family living therein. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Person, firm, or corporation hiring work done to obtain written permit from chief inspector who investigates before granting permit. Premises to be adequately ventilated. Permit states maximum number of persons who may be employed, providing for not less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person between the hours of 6 a.m. and p.m., and for not less than 400 cubic feet of air space per person between the hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. Chief inspector may modify latter provision allowing 250 cubic air space per person if electricity is used for lighting. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein require it. Permit to be posted. Exceptions. - - - - STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MARYLAND. 1894, 1896, 1902, 1904, 1914. In "The Annotated STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN 45 Code of the Public General Laws of Maryland," 1918, (ed. by George P. Bagby), vol. 3, art. 27, secs. 268-275, pp. 396-401. Places covered by law. A room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house, part of any tenement or dwelling house.. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacturing in whole or in part, altering, repairing, or finishing therein any articles whatsoever. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Immediate members of family living therein (husband, wife, their children or the children of either). Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. License to be obtained by persons desiring to do homework from chief of bureau statistics, who consults records of local health authorities and if premises are reported satisfactory has premises reinspected to verify report. License states maximum number of persons who may be employed, providing for no less than 500 cubic feet of air space per person. Premises to be inspected every six months. Premises to be free from infectious, contagious, or communicable disease, and from insanitary conditions. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein require it. Employer giving out work to keep register of persons employed on home work and to be sure that such home workers are licensed. Exceptions. Articles for the exclusive use of person occupying house. Employment of tailor or seamstress by person or family to do work for such person or family. Workshop on main or ground floor of any tenement or dwelling house not used for cooking or sleeping purposes and having separate entrance and which is entirely separate from rest of building. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MASSACHUSETTS. 1909. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1909, ch. 514, secs. 106-111, pp. 757-759. Places covered by law. A room or apartment in a tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Making, altering, repairing, or finishing coats, vests, trousers, or wearing apparel of any description. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Family dwelling therein. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. License to be obtained by persons desiring to do home work from State inspector of health. Premises subject to inspection by State inspector of health. Premises to be in cleanly condition, free from vermin and all infectious and contagious matter. Employer giving out work to keep register of persons employed on home work and to forward such requests monthly to State board of health and to be sure that such home workers are licensed. License to be posted. Exceptions. Room or apartment in a tenement or dwelling house not used for living or sleeping purposes having a separate entrance and not connected with any room used for such purposes. Tailor or seamstress making articles for family wear. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MICHIGAN. 1899, 1901, 1907, 1909. In "Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan," 1915, vol. 2, ch. 100, sec. 5343, pp.2032-2033. Places covered by law. Room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house, building, or parts of building. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses, cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waist bands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, cigarettes, or making of these articles in whole or in part. Persons whose work is controlled by law. - - - - Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Written permit, to be obtained by persons desiring to do home work from factory inspector, who investigates before granting permit. Permit states maximum number of persons who may be employed, providing for not less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein require it. Factory inspector to prescribe amount of light, heat, and ventilation. Premises to be clean, sanitary, fit for occupancy, and free from contagious and infectious diseases. Employer giving out work to keep register of persons employed on home work and to be sure that such home workers are licensed. Permit to be posted. Exceptions. Seamstress manufacturing articles for family use. 46 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VIII. —HOME-WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. PART B.—LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MISSOURI. 1899, 1909. In revised Statutes of Missouri," 1909, vol.2, art. 7, secs.7853-7855, pp. 2474-2475. Places covered by law. Room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of wearing apparel, purses, feathers, artificial flowers or other goods for male or female wear. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Members of family dwelling therein and three additional persons. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Premises to be in clean and healthy condition. Employer giving out work to keep register of persons employed on homework. Exceptions. - - - - STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW JERSEY. 1917. In "Revised Statutes of Missouri," 1909, vol. 2, art. 7, secs. 7853-7855, pp. 2474-2475. Places covered by law. Room or rooms, apartment, or apartments in any tenement or dwelling house. Building situated in the rear of any apartment or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacturing, altering, repairing, or finishing for wages or for sale any articles whatsoever. Persons whose work is controlled by law. - - - - Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Written permit to be obtained by persons desiring to do home work or by employer desiring to give out home work from commissioner of labor, who investigates premises for which permit is requested before granting permit. Permit to last no longer than six months. Permit states maximum number of persons who may be employed therein, providing for not less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. and for not less than 400 cubic feet of air space per person between the hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., but the commissioner of labor may modify the latter provision. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of the community or of those employed therein require it. Premises to be properly lighted, in clean and healthful condition, free from vermin and every matter of infectious and contagious nature. Employer to be sure that all home workers in his employ have a license. Permit to be posted. Exceptions. Tailor, seamstress, women's exchanges not organized for profit. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1909, 1913. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York.," 1918 (2d ed.by Birdseye, Cummings, and Gilbert), vol. 4, ch. 31, art.7, secs. 100-106, pp. 4626. Places covered by law. Tenement house or any part thereof. Any room or apartment of a tenement house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacturing, altering repairing or finishing of any articles whatsoever. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Immediate members of family living therein. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. License to be obtained by owner of tenement where persons desire to do home work from commissioner of labor, who acts upon favorable report by local board of health and verification of this report by his own office. Premises to be inspected every six months, to be well lighted and ventilated and allow 500 cubic feet of air space per worker to be clean, healthful, and sanitary condition, to be free from infectious, contagious, or communicable diseases, and from vermin. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein may require it or if children under 14 years of age are employed therein. Employer giving out work to obtain permit from commissioner of labor and to keep a register of persons employed on home work and to be sure that such home workers are licensed. Exceptions. Articles for sole use of occupant or his family. Collars, cuffs, shirt waists made of cotton or linen and laundered before selling. Dressmakers who deal solely in the custom trade direct to consumer and whose shops are on the ground or second floor, and who have a permit issued by the commissioner of labor certifying that the premises are well lighted, well ventilated, and sanitary and that there is 1,000 cubic feet of air space for each person employed therein. Rooms on main or ground floor having a separate entrance unconnected with living rooms not used for cooking or sleeping purposes. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. 47 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PENNSYLVANIA. 1895, 1897, 1901, 1905,, 1915. In "Stewart's Purdon's Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania," 1700-1903, secs. 52-65, pp. 1606-1608, and in "Supplement to Purdon's Digest of the Statute Law of Pennsylvania," 1905-1915, secs. 70-72, p. 6123, and sec. 350, p. 6816. Places covered by law. No room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses, cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waistbands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, or cigarettes, or making in whole or in part of these articles. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Immediate members of family living therein. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Permit to be obtained by persons desiring to give out home work from factory inspector who investigates premises where work is to be done before granting it. Permit to state maximum number of persons who may be employed therein providing for not less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein require it. Premises to be clean, sanitary, fit for occupancy. Employer giving out work to keep register of persons employed on home work and so be sure that such home workers are licensed. Permit to be posted. Exceptions. - - - - 48 STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN. CHART VIII. —HOME-WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Concluded. PART B.—LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PENNSYLVANIA. 1895, 1897, 1901, 1905, 1915 —Concluded. Places covered by law. Room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house or any buildings or parts of buildings. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses, cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waistbands, underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, or cigarettes, or making in whole or in part of these articles. Persons whose work is controlled by law. - - - - Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Permit to be obtained by persons desiring to give out home work from factory inspector who investigates premises where work is to be done before granting it. Permit to state maximum number of persons who may be employed therein providing for not less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein require it. Premises to be clean, sanitary, fit for occupancy, adequately ventilated, and provided with fire escapes. Employer giving out work to keep register of persons employed on home work and so be sure that such home workers are licensed. Permit to be posted. Exceptions. Seamstress, manufacturing articles for use of family living therein. Places covered by law. Kitchen, living room, or bedroom in any tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture of clothing, wearing apparel, cigars, cigarettes, or the partial manufacture of these articles. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Resident members of family—i.e., parents and their children or the children of either. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Certificates to be obtained by persons desiring to do home work. Premises to be free from infectious or contagious diseases. Permit may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein require it. Exceptions. - - - - Places covered by law. Room or rooms in any house, rooming house, or tenement. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacturing purposes. Persons whose work is controlled by law. - - - - Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Permit to be obtained by persons desiring to do home work from board of health. Permit to last one year. Processes of work not to be hazardous to health or to create dust, foul odors, or undue noise. Premises to allow 400 cubic feet of air space per person. Exceptions. - - - - STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. TENNESSEE. 1915. In "Thompson's Shannon's Tennessee Code" 1918, secs. 4342a-59-4342a-65, pp. 1865-1866. Places covered by law. Room or rooms, apartment or apartments in any tenement or dwelling house used for eating or sleeping purposes. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacture for sale, in whole or in part, of coats, vests, trousers, knee pants, overalls, cloaks, shirts, ladies' waists, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigars, all wearing apparel. Workshop—i.e., places where goods or products are manufactured, repaired, cleaned, sorted, in whole or in part, for sale or for wages. Persons whose work is controlled by law. Immediate members of family living there. Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. Persons engaged in such work to notify board of health within 14 days of the time commencing work. Premises to be kept in a cleanly state, free from all matters of infectious or contagious nature, and free from vermin. Articles manufactured to be inspected. Employer giving out work to keep register of persons employed on home work. Exceptions. STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN 49 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WISCONSIN, 1899, 1901, 1906, 1907, 1911. In "Wisconsin Statutes" 1919, Vol.I, secs. 1636-71-1636-77n pp. 1309-1311. Places covered by law. Room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling house, or buildings situated in the rear of any tenement or dwelling house. Occupations or industries covered by law. Manufacturing, altering, repairing, or finishing for wages or for sale, coats, vests, knee pants, trousers, overalls, cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, dresses, waists, waist bands, underwear, neckwear, knit goods of all kinds: furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, skirts, shirts, purses, feathers, cigars, cigarettes, umbrellas. Persons whose work is controlled by law. - - - - Requirements which must be met before home work is permitted. License to be obtained by persons desiring to do home work from the industrial commission which investigates before granting it. Licenses to state maximum number of persons who may be employed therein, providing for not less than 250 cubic feet of air space per person between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. and for not less than 400 cubic feet of air space per person between the hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., but this latter provision may be modified by a special permit if the building has suitable lighting. License may be revoked at any time if health of community or of those employed therein require it. Premises to be in a clean and proper sanitary condition, free from vermin and all matter of infectious and contagious nature; to be heated properly, provided with toilets, and suitable light and ventilation at all times. License to be posted. Employers giving out work to keep register of persons employed on home work and to be sure that such workers are licensed. Industrial commission may require that rooms used for manufacturing have no door , window, or other opening into rooms used for living or sleeping purposes, and that they contain no bed, bedding, or cooking utensils, and have no outside entrance. Exceptions. Tailor, seamstress, making any article of wearing apparel for family use. 52250°—21—4 CHART IX. —MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ARIZONA. 1917. In "Session Laws of Arizona," 1917, ch.38, p.51. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. - - - - Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. - - - - Method of arriving at wage awards. Minimum wage fixed by law. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law is misdemeanor. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Amount adequate to supply the necessary cost of living, to maintain health and provide the common necessities of life. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any store, office, shop, restaurant, dining room, hotel, rooming house, laundry, manufacturing establishments. Classes of employees covered by law. Females. Exceptions. - - - - Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. - - - - Occupation or industries. - - - - Classes of Employees. - - - - Amount of wage. $10 per week. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ARKANSAS. 1919, 1919. In "Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas," 1916 (ed., by William F. Kirby and John T. Castle), secs.5452-5457, pp.1302-1304, and in "Session Laws of Arkansas." 1919, No. 275, pp. 203-204. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Minimum wage and maximum hour commission. (Commission is composed of the commissioner of labor, of one woman appointed by him, and of one woman appointed by the governor). Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of commission to determine necessity of raising or lowering the minimum wage set by law. Method of arriving at wage awards. Minimum wage fixed by law. Commission has power to raise or lower minimum set by law in any occupation, trade, or industry after investigating and holding public hearings, at which both the employers and employees engaged in particular trade under consideration may present arguments. Commission has special authority to set a minimum wage rate for the hotel and restaurant trades after a public hearing, provided the rate set is not in excess of that established by law. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. - - - - Principles by which amount of award is determined. Amount adequate to supply necessary cost of proper living and to maintain the health and welfare of such workers. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, express or transportation company. Classes of employees covered by law. Female workers. Exceptions. - - - - Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. - - - - Occupation or industries. Any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, express or transportation company. Classes of Employees. Amount of Wage. Experienced females. . . . . . . $1.25 per day. Inexperienced females . . . . . $1 per day. Date of award. Sept. 1, 1920 Occupation or industries Mercantile establishments at Fort Smith. Classes of Employees. Amount of Wage Experienced females. . . . . . . $13.25 per week. Inexperienced females . . . . . $11 per week. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CALIFORNIA. 1913, 1915, 1919. In "General Laws of California,) 1915 (ed., by James H. Deering), title 253, act 1608, p. 596, and in "Consolidated Supplement to the Codes and General Laws of California of 1915," 1917-1919 (ed., by James H. Deering), title 254, act 1608, p. 1203. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Industrial welfare commission. (Commission is composed of five persons, one of whom shall be a woman appointed by the governor for a term of 4 years.) The members are to receive $10 per diem when employed at their duties. Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at the discretion of commission to determine necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Investigation conducted by examining papers, books, witnesses, and by holding public hearings at which employers, employees, and other interested persons may testify. Method of arriving at wage awards. Commissioner calls a wage board composed of an equal number of representatives of employers and employees in the trade in question with a member of the commission as chairman. The board investigates the trade and reports to the commission, fixes the minimum wage necessary. After a public hearing the commissioner fixes the minimum wage for the trade. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Employee may recover back wages and costs. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Amount necessary to support the cost of proper living and to maintain the health and welfare of such workers. Occupations or industries covered by law. The various occupations, trades, and industries in which women and minors are employed. Classes of employees covered by law. Women; minors (persons of either sex under 18 years of age. Exceptions. Women physically defective by age or otherwise may be granted special license by commission. License must be renewed every 6 months. Apprentices: Special wages set by commission during specified period of apprenticeship. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. June 21, 1921 Occupation or industries. Fruit and vegetable canning. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced women or minors. . . . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $0.33 1/3 per hour. Inexperienced— Women . . . . . . . . . . . . $12 per week; $0.25 per hour. Minors (female) . . . . . .$10.56 per week; $0.22 per hour. Minors (male) . . . . . . . $12 per week: $0.25 per hour. Date of award. July 31, 1920 Occupation or industries. Mercantile industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced women or minors. . . . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $69.33 1/3 per month. Inexperienced— Women . . . . . . . . . . .$12 per week. Minors . . . . . . . . . . . .$52 per month. Minors. . . . . . . . . . . . $10 per week: $43.33 1/3 per month. Date of award. July 24, 1920 Occupation or industries. Fish canning industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women or minors— Experienced . . . . . . . . .$16.12 per week; $0.38 per hour. Inexperienced . . . . . . . $12 per week; $0.25 per hour Date of award. July 31, 1920. Occupation or industries. Laundry and dry-cleaning. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women or minors— Experienced . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $69.33 1/3 per month. Inexperienced. . . . . . . $12 per week; $52 per month Date of award. July 24, 1920. Occupation or industries. Fruit and vegetable packing industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced women or minors. . . . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $0.33 1/3 per hour. Inexperienced— Women. . . . . . . . . . . $12 per week; $0.25 per hour. Minors . . . . . . . . . . . .$10.56 per week; $0.22 per hour. Date of award. July 31, 1920 Occupation or industries. General and professional offices. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced women or minors . . . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $69.33 1/3 per month. Inexperienced— Women 18 years and over . . . . . . . . . $12 per week; $52 per month. Under 18 years . .. . . . $10 per week; $43.33 1/3 per month. Date of award. July 31, 1920. Occupation or industries. Unclassified occupations. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced— Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $0.33 1/3 per hour. Minors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12 per week; $0.25 per week. Inexperienced— Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12 per week; $0.25 per hour. Minors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$10.56 per week; $0.22 per hour. Date of award. September 25, 1920 Occupation or industries. Manufacturing industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced women or minors . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $69.33 1/3 per month. Inexperienced Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12 per week; $52 per month. Minors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10. per week; $43.33 1/3 per month. Date of award. July 31, 1920. Occupation or industries. Hotels and restaurants. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women or minors. . . . . . . $16 per week; 69.33 1/3 per month. Date of award. July 24, 1920. Occupation or industries. Agricultural field occupations. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Adult women. . . . . . . . . . . $16 per week; $0.33 1/3 per hour. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 1. CHART IX. —MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. COLORADO.¹ 1917. In "Session Laws of Colorado" 1917, ch. 98, pp. 380-390 Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Industrial commission. (Commission is composed of three members appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for terms of 6 years, at a salary of $4,000 per annum. Not more than one member may represent employees' interests, nor may more than represent employers.) Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of commission or at the request of not less than 25 persons engaged in the occupation to determine necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Investigation conducted by examining books, papers, and witnesses, and by holding public hearings at which employers, employees, or other interested person may testify. Method of arriving at wage awards. Commission investigates an occupation by examining books and records and by holding public hearings at which employers, employees, or other interested persons may testify. Commission then sets minimum wage for such occupation. Commission establishes a wage board composed of not more than 3 representatives of employers in the occupation in question, an equal number of representatives of female employees, an equal number of representatives of the public, and a member of the commission. The representatives of the employers and the employees to be elected by their respective groups; at least one member of every group to be a woman. The wage board investigates the occupation and reports to the commission a minimum wage, which the commission may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Wages adequate to supply the necessary cost of living and to maintain health. Wages sufficient for living wages for women and minors of ordinary ability. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any occupation (Occupation construed to include "any and every vocation, trade, pursuit, and industry.") Classes of employees covered by law. Women. minors (persons of either sex under 18 years of age). Exceptions. Women physically defective or crippled by age or otherwise, or less efficient than woman workers of ordinary ability, may be granted special license, stating wage: number so licensed must not exceed one-tenth of the total number employed in any establishment. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. - - - - Occupation or industries. - - - - Classes of employees. Amount of wage. - - - - - - - - STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1918. In "The Code of Law for the District of Columbia," 1919 (ed. by William S. Torbet), Appendix, pp. 405-411 Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Minimum-wage board. (Board is composed of three unsalaried members appointed by the District Commissioners for terms of three years, one member to represent the employers, one to represent the employees, one to represent the public.) Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of board to determine the necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Method of arriving at wage awards. Organization by the board of a conference composed of not more than three representatives of the employers in the occupation in question, an equal number of representatives of the employees, an equal number of representatives of the public, all appointed by the board and one or more members of the board. After the investigation the conference recommends a minimum wage, which the board may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Violations of law to be reported by board to corporation counsel, who prosecutes case. Employee may recover back wages and costs. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Wages adequate to supply the necessary cost of living and to maintain women in good health and to protect their morals. Wages unreasonably low for minor workers are to be raised. Occupations or industries covered by law. The different occupations. (Occupations to include a business, industry, trade, or branch thereof.) Classes of employees covered by law. Women, minors (a person of either sex under 18 years of age). Exception: Domestic servants. Exception. Women whose earning capacity has been impaired by age or otherwise may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Aug. 13, 1919. Occupation or industries. Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . $15.50 per week. Learners. . . . . . . . . . $8 per week. Date of award. Oct. 28, 1919. Occupation or industries. Mercantile industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women: Experienced. . . . . . . . $16.50 per week. Inexperienced. . . . . . $12.50 per week. Date of award. Dec. 14, 1919 Occupation or industries. Mercantile industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . . $16 per week. Inexperienced. . . . . . $10 per week. Date of award. May 26, 1920. Occupation or industries. Hotel, restaurant, and allied industries. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females. . . . . . . . . . . . $71.50 per month: $16.50 per week. $0.34½ per hour. Date of award. Mar. 19,1921. Occupation or industries. Laundry and dry-cleaning industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . $15 per week. Inexperienced. . . . . $9 per week. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT KANSAS. 1915. In "General Statutes of Kansas," 1915, ch.108, art. 42, secs. 10495-10515, pp. 2147-2151. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Industrial welfare commission. Commission is composed of the commissioner of labor and two unsalaried members, one of whom shall be a woman, appointed by the governor for terms of 4 years. Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of commission or on request of 2 persons engaged in the occupation in question to determine the necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Method of arriving at wage awards. Organization by the commission of a wage board composed of not less than three representatives of the employers in the occupation in question, an equal number of representatives of the employees, and one or more representatives of the public. After examination the board recommends a minimum wage, which the commission may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Employee may recover back wages and costs. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Wages adequate for their maintenance. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any occupation. (Occupation to include every vocation and pursuit and trade and industry. Classes of employees covered by law. Women, apprentices, learners, minors (a person under 18 years of age). Exceptions. Employees physically defective or crippled or of less than ordinary ability may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Mar. 18,1921. Occupation or industries. Mercantile establishments. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced: Women. . . . . . . $8.50 per week. Minors . . . . . . . $6 per week. Inexperienced: Women. . . . . . . $6 per week. Minors . . . . . . . $5 per week. Date of award. May 14, 1918 Occupation or industries. Laundries Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . $8.50 per week. Inexperienced. . . . . $6 per week. Date of award. Sept. 5, 1918 Occupation or industries. Telephone operators. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced— Community of less than 1,000 population. . . . $7 per week. Community whose population is between 1,000 and 5,000. . . . $7.50 per week. Community whose population is between 5,000 and 20,000. . . . $8 per week. Community whose population is 20,000 or over. . . . $9 per week. Inexperienced— Community whose population is less than 20,000. . . . $6 per week. Community whose population is 20,000 or over. . . . $6.50 per week Date of award. Feb. 21, 1919. Occupation or industries. Manufacturing Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . $11 per week. Inexperienced. . . . . $7 per week. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 2. CHART IX. —MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MASSACHUSETTS. 1912, 1913, 1914, 1919. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1912, ch. 706, pp. 780-784, and in "Session Laws of Massachusetts, " 1913, ch. 673, pp. 618-621, and ch. 330, p. 271, and in "Sessions Laws of Massachusetts," 1914, ch.368, pp. 335-339, and in "Sessions Laws of Massachusetts," 1919, ch. 350, Part III, sec. 69 and sec. 672, pp. 412 and 414, and ch. 77, p. 51, and ch. 76, pp. 50-51, and ch. 72, pp. 46-47. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Board of conciliation and arbitration. (Board is composed of the three associate commissioners of the department of labor and industries. These commissioners must include one representative of labor and one representative of employers of labor, appointed by the governor for term of three years. Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of board to determine necessity of establishing a minimum wage in an occupation. Method of arriving at wage awards. Organization by the board of a wage board composed of an equal number of representatives of the employers of the occupation in question and of the employees, and of one-half the number of persons in either of these groups to represent the public. After examination the wage board recommends a minimum wage, which the board may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Publish names of all employers refusing to comply with awards of board. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Wages suitable for a female of ordinary ability based on needs of the employee and the financial condition of the industry. Wages adequate to supply the necessary cost of living to maintain the worker in health. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any occupation. Classes of employees covered by law. Females, minors. Exceptions. Any woman physically defective may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Aug.15,1914. Occupation or industries. Brush industry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . . $0.155 per hour. Inexperienced . . . . . . $0.10 per hour. Date of award. Sept. 1, 1915. Occupation or industries. Laundry. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . . $8 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . $6 per week. Date of award. Jan. 1, 1916. Occupation or industries. Retail stores. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females over 19 years. . . . . . . $8.50 per week. Inexperienced females: 18 years or over. . . . . . $7 per week. 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6 per week. Less than 17 years. . . . $5 per week. Date of award. Feb. 1, 1918. Occupation or industries. Men's furnishing factories. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . . $9 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . $7 per week. Date of award. Aug. 1, 1918. Occupation or industries. Muslin underwear, apron, kimono, neckwear, children's clothing factories. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females over 18 years. . . . . . . $9 per week. Inexperienced females. $6 per week. Date of award. Aug. 1. 1918 Occupation or industries. Retail millinery workrooms. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females over 19 years. . . . . . . $10 per week. Inexperienced females. $3 per week. Date of award. Jan. 1, 1919 Occupation or industries. Wholesale millinery. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females over 18 years. . . . . . . $11 per week. Inexperienced females. $6 per week. Date of award. Sept. 1, 1919 Occupation or industries. Canning and preserving. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females 18 years and over. . . $11 per week. Inexperienced females. $8.50 per week. Date of award. Jan. 1, 1920 Occupation or industries. Candy making. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Experienced. . . . . . . . $12.50 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . $8 per week. Date of award. Feb, 1, 1920 Occupation or industries. Men's clothing and raincoats. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females 18 years and over. . . $15 per week. Inexperienced females. $7 per week. Date of award. Mar. 1, 1920 Occupation or industries. Corset factories. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females . . $13 per week. Inexperienced females: 17 years and over . . . $10 per week. Under 17 years . . . . . . $8 per week. Date of award. July 1, 1920 Occupation or industries. Women's clothing factories. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females over 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15.25 per week. Inexperienced females. 18 years and over . . . $12 per week. Under 18 years . . . . . . $10 per week. Date of award. July 1, 1920 Occupation or industries. Knit goods. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females . . . $13.75 per week. Inexperienced females . $8.50 per week. Date of award. July 1, 1920. Occupation or industries. Paper box occupation. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Experienced females . . . $15.50 Inexperienced females. 16 years and over . . . $11 per week. Under 16 years . . . . . . $9 per week. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MINNESOTA. 1913. In "General Statutes of Minnesota," 1913, secs. 3904-3923, pp. 889-891. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Minimum wage commission. (Commission is composed of commissioner of labor and two others, one a woman one an employer of women, appointed by the governor for terms of 2 years.) Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of commission or on request of 100 persons engaged in the occupation to determine the necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Investigation conducted by examining papers, books, witnesses, and by holding public hearings at which employers, employees, or other interested persons may testify. Method of arriving at wage awards. After the preliminary investigation the commission may determine a minimum wage for the occupation in question. Or the commission establishes an advisory board of not less than 3 or more than 10 representatives of employers in the occupation in question, an equal number of employees, and one or more representatives of the public, but no more representatives of the public than in either one of the other groups. At least one-fifth of the membership of this board must be women and the public group must contain at least one woman. This board, after examination of books and witnesses, recommends a minimum wage, which the commission may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Employee may recover back wages and costs. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Amount adequate to supply living wages for women and minors of ordinary ability. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any occupation. (Occupation to include any business, industry, trade, or branch of a trade. Classes of employees covered by law. Women; minors (females under 18 years of age, males under 21 years of age.) Exceptions. Women physically defective may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Number of licenses may not exceed one-tenth of the number employed in the establishment. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Jan. ,1921 Occupation or industries. Any occupation. Classes of employees. Amount of wage Experienced women or minors in cities of 5,000 or more population. $12 per week; $0.25 per hour for all hours in excess of 48 per week. Women or minors in towns of less than 5,000 population. $10.25 per week; $0.215 per hour for all hours in excess of 48 per week. Inexperienced females 18 years or over in cities of 5,000 or more population. $9.12 per week; $0.19 per hour for all hours in excess of 48 per week. Females 18 years or over in cities of less than 5,000 population. $7.68 per week; $0.16 per hour for all hours in excess of 48 per week. Females under 18 years of age in cities of 5,000 or more population. $7.68 per week; $0.16 per hour for all hours in excess of 48 per week. Females under 18 years in cities of less than 5,000 population. $6.48 per week; $0.13½ per hour for all hours in excess of 48 per week. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 3. CHART IX. —MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NORTH DAKOTA. 1919. In "Session Laws of North Dakota," 1919, ch.174, pp. 317-322 Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Workmen's compensation bureau. (Bureau is composed of the commissioner of agriculture and labor and two other workmen's compensation commissioners appointed by the governor for terms of 5 years at a salary of $2,500 per annum.) Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of bureau to determine necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Investigation conducted by examining papers, books, witnesses, and by holding public hearings at which any interested person may testify. Method of arriving at wage awards. Organization by the bureau of a conference composed of not more than 3 representatives of the employers and an equal number of representatives of the employees in the occupation in question, an equal number of representatives of the public, and one or more commissioners. After investigation the conference recommends a minimum wage, which the bureau may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Employee may recover back wages and costs. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Wages adequate to supply the necessary cost of living and maintain women workers in health. Reasonable wages for minor workers. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any occupation. (Occupation to include a business, industry, trade, or branch thereof. Exceptions: Agricultural or domestic service.) Classes of employees covered by law. Women; minors (under 18 years of age. Exceptions. Any female physically defective by age or otherwise may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Aug. 16, 1920 Occupation or industries. Student nurses Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women: 1st year . . . . . . . . . . . $4 per month. 2d year . . . . . . . . . . . $6 per month. 3d year . . . . . . . . . . . $8 per month. Occupation or industries. Manufacturing (candy, biscuit making, printing, or job press feeding.) Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and Minors: Experienced . . . . . . $16.50 per week. Inexperienced. . . . . . $12 per week. Occupation or industries. Public housekeeping (waitresses, counter help.) Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . $17.50 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . $14 per week. Date of award. Aug. 16, 1920 Occupation or industries. Chambermaids and kitchen help. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . $16.70 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . $13.20 per week. Occupation or industries. Personal service. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . . . $17.50 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . . . $13 per week. Occupation or industries. Laundry and telephone. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . . $16.50 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . . $12 per week. Occupation or industries. Mercantile. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . . . $17.50 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . . $12 per week. Occupation or industries. Office. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . . . $20 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . . . $14 per week. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OREGON. 1913, 1915. In "Oregon Laws," 1920, Vol. II, secs. 6668-6687, pp. 2671-2676. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Industrial welfare commission. (Commission is composed of three members appointed by the governor for terms of 3 years, one to represent the employing class and one the employed.) Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of commission to determine necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Investigation conducted by examining papers, books, and witnesses, and by holding public hearings at which interested persons may testify. Method of arriving at wage awards. Organization by the commission of a conference composed of not more than three representatives of the employers in the occupation in question, an equal number of representatives of the employees, an equal number of representatives of the public, and one or more commissioners. After investigation the conference recommends a minimum wage, which the commission may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Employee may recover back wages and costs. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Wages adequate to supply the necessary cost of living and to maintain health. Occupations or industries covered by law. Any occupation. (Occupation to include any and every vocation, pursuit, trade, and industry.) Classes of employees covered by law. Women, minors (under 18 years of age). Exceptions. Any woman physically defective or crippled by age or otherwise may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Oct. 14, 1919 Occupation or industries. Mercantile manufacturing, personal service, laundry, telephone or telegraph, public housekeeping. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women: Experienced . . . . . . . . $13.20 per week. Inexperienced . . . . . . $9 per week. Occupation or industries. Office. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women: Experienced . . . . . . . . $60 per month. Inexperienced . . . . . . . $9 per week. Occupation or industries. Packing, drying, preserving, canning, perishable fruits or vegetables. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women: Experienced . . . . . . . . $0.27½ per hour. Inexperienced. . . . . . . $0.22 per hour. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PORTO RICO. 1919. In "Session Laws of Porto Rico," 2d sess., 1919, No. 45, p. 200. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Bureau of labor. Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. - - - - Method of arriving at wage awards. Minimum wage fixed by law. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with law a misdemeanor. Principles by which amount of award is determined. - - - - Occupations or industries covered by law. Industrial occupations or commercial or public service. Exceptions: first three weeks of apprenticeship: agriculture and agricultural industries. Classes of employees covered by law. Females Exceptions. - - - - Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. ---- Occupation or industries. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Females: Over 18 years of age. . . . $6 per week Under 18 years of age. . . $4 per week. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. UTAH. 1913. In "Compiled Laws of Utah" 1917, secs. 3671-3674, pp. 782-783. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Commissioner of immigration, labor, and statistics. Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. - - - - Method of arriving at wage awards. - - - - Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Violation of law a misdemeanor, to be prosecuted by all the city, State, and county prosecuting officers. Principles by which amount of award is determined. - - - - Occupations or industries covered by law. Any regular employer of female labor. Classes of employees covered by law. Women. Exceptions. - - - - Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. - - - - Occupation or industries. - - - - Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women (adult): Experienced . . . . . . . . $1.25 per day. Inexperienced. . . . . . . $0.90 per day. Women (minor). . . . . . $0.75 per day. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WASHINGTON. 1913. In "Pierce's Annotated Code State of Washington" 1919, Vol. I, secs. 3526-3546, pp. 1099-1102. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Industrial welfare commission. (Commission is composed of five persons, the commissioner of labor, and four others appointed by the Governor for terms of 4 years. No appointee may have been a member of a manufacturers' or employers' association or a labor union during the 5 years prior to his appointment.) Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at discretion of the commission to determine the necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Investigation conducted by examining papers, books, and witnesses, and by holding public hearings at which employers, employees, and other interested persons may testify. Method of arriving at wage awards. Organization by the commission of a conference composed of an equal number of representatives of the employers and of the employees in the occupation in question, and one or more representatives of the public, but no more representative of the public than in either one of the other groups and a member of the commission. The conference recommends a minimum wage, which the commission may accept or reject. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Refusal to comply with the law a misdemeanor. Employee may recover back wages and costs. Principles by which amount of award is determined. Wages adequate for their maintenance. Wages adequate to supply the necessary cost of living and to maintain the workers in health. Occupations or industries covered by law. The various occupations, trades, and industries. Classes of employees covered by law. Women, minors (under 18 years of age.) Exceptions. Any woman physically defective or crippled, by age or otherwise, may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Nov. 10, 1918. Occupation or industries. Any occupation, trade, or industry Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Any female over 18 years of age. . . $13.20 per week. Date of award. June 2, 1920. Occupation or industries. Public housekeeping occupation. Classes of employees Females over 18 years of age. . . $18 per week, $3 per day, 0.37½ per hour. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WISCONSIN. 1913, 1919. In "Wisconsin Statutes," 1919, Vol. I, secs. 1729S-1 to 1729S-12, pp. 1434-1436. Administration of minimum wage laws. Body empowered to administer law. Industrial commission. (Commission is composed of 3 members appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, for terms of 6 years at a salary of $5,000 per year. Method of selecting occupation or industry to be considered by this body. Investigation at the discretion of the commission, or on the filing of a verified complaint of any person, to determine the necessity of establishing a minimum wage in the occupation. Method of arriving at wage awards. Organization by the commission of an advisory wage board selected to represent fairly the employers, the employees, and the public. The living wage determined by the commission and this advisory board shall be the legal minimum wage. Means provided for securing enforcement of award. Each day an employer employs a person at less than the legal minimum wage shall be a separate offense. Principles by which amount of award is determined. "Living wage," i.e., compensation sufficient to enable the employee to maintain herself under conditions consistent with her welfare. Occupations or industries covered by law. Every person in receipt of, or entitled to, any compensation for labor performed for any employer. Classes of employees covered by law. Females, minors. Exceptions. Any female or minor unable to earn a "living wage" may obtain a license fixing a lower wage. Awards issued under minimum wage laws. Date of award. Aug. 1, 1921.. Occupation or industries. Any occupation, trade, or industry. Exceptions: Seasonal industries. Classes of employees. Amount of wage. Women and boys over 17 years of age: Experienced— In cities of 5,000 or more. . $0.25 per hour. In cities under 5,000 . . . . . . $0.22 per hour. Inexperienced . . . . . . . . . . . $0.16 per hour. Minors: Experienced . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.20 per hour. Inexperienced . . . . . . . . . . . $0.16 per hour. Females or minors: In cities of 5,000 or more . . $0.25 per hour. In cities under 5,000 . . . . . . $0.22 per hour. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 4. CHART X.—MOTHERS' PENSIONS LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. ALASKA. 1913, 1917 In "Sessions Laws of Alaska," 1913, ch. 32, pp. 38-41 and in "Sessions Laws of Alaska," 1917, ch. 16, pp. 34-36 Conditions on which allowance is granted. Persons to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed: divorced, whose husbands are in prison; whose husbands are in State institutions for the insane or feeble-minded; whose husbands are totally incapacitated. (Law applies to white child only.) Economic conditions. Mother dependent upon own efforts for support. Mother unable to support child. Home conditions. Mother fit and proper person to have custody of child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. - - - - Age of child. Under 17 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month; each additional child, $10 per month. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue for more than 1 year, it must be renewed after examination by the juvenile court and board of children's guardians. Administration Agency granting allowance. Board of children's guardians upon report of the juvenile court. (There is one board for each of the three judicial divisions of Alaska; board consists of judge of district court, United States marshal of the division, and one woman citizen, to be appointed by the governor, to save without compensation. Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. Territorial funds appropriated for the care of dependent children. (Paid by the treasurer of Alaska on warrants drawn by board of children's guardians, and approved by the governor.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT ARIZONA. 1917 In "Sessions Laws of Arizona," 1917, ch.70, pp. 104-107 Conditions on which allowance is granted. Persons to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, widowed Economic conditions. Aid necessary to enable mother to give proper care. Home conditions. Mother of good habits and character. Children living at home with mother. Mother a suitable person to bring up child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in the country. Citizen of United States. (Husband must have been a citizen and resident of the State at the time of death. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $20 per month; each additional child, $10 per month. Maximum for one family, $60 per month. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue for more than 6 months, it must be renewed by the board of child welfare. Administration Agency granting allowance. County board of child welfare upon approval of board of supervisors. (Board of child welfare consists of seven members: County superintendent of the poor, member ex officio; one representative of the public schools; one representative of the public-health authorities; one representative of the juvenile court; three additional members, two of whom shall be women; appointed by the judge of the superior court for terms of 6 years without compensation. Applications may be made direct to any member of the board or through public schools. Investigation and suspension of cases. Board of child welfare shall make careful investigation of all applicants and adequately supervise all persons in receipt of allowances. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (Appropriated by local authorities for this purpose on estimates submitted by board of child welfare.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT CALIFORNIA. 1907, 1913, 1917, 1919. In "Consolidated Supplement to the Codes and General Laws of California," 1917-1919 (ed. by James H. Deering). Political Code, secs. 2283, 2285, 2286, 2289, pp. 384-387. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, widowed. Economic conditions. - - - - Home conditions. - - - - Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years on State (unless child was born in State). Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. Each child, $10 per month. (Grant of equal amount from city or county is possible.) Continuance of allowance. - - - - Administration Agency granting allowance. State board of control. Investigation and suspension of cases. State children's agents investigate applicants for aid and supervise families after granting allowance. State supervision. State board of control can appoint chief State children's agent at $2,700 a year, and salaried assistants who, with unpaid advisory committee of three persons in each county, supervise working of the law.² Source of funds. State and local funds. (County or township reimbursed from State funds appropriated for this purpose.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT COLORADO. 1913, 1919. In "Supplement to Courtright's Colorado Statutes," 1914, sec. 558, pp. 62-64, and in "Session Laws of Colorado," 1919, ch.160, pp. 531-532 Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers unable to provide properly for self and infant child during certain periods before and after childbirth, Parents unable because of poverty to properly care for child. Child found by court to be dependent or neglected. Economic conditions. Mother unable because of poverty to care properly for self and child. Parent unable because of poverty to care properly for child. Home conditions. Parent proper guardian. For welfare of child to live at home. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. - - - - Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. Amount must be sufficient to care properly for child at home. (Aid may be given in money or supplies. Continuance of allowance. - - - - Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile or county court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Probation officers appointed by juvenile or county court to investigate, supervise, keep records, and report to court. State supervision. Court must file yearly report with State board of charities and corrections. Source of funds. County funds. (Mothers' compensation fund raised by special tax on real and personal property not to exceed one-eighth of a mill on the dollar.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. CONNECTICUT. 1919. In "Session Laws of Connecticut," 1919, ch. 323, pp.3000-3003. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, widowed Economic conditions. ( ³ ) Home conditions. Children sufficiently clothed and fed. Children receiving religious instruction. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Mother must be resident in State. Mother can not have legal settlement in another State. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. Food: Widow, $2 per week; child over 14 years, $1.75 per week; child 5 to 14 years, $1.25 per week; child under 5 years, $1 per week; fuel, $1 per week; clothing, for each member of the family, 50 cents per week. Rent: Reasonable monthly allowance. Sickness and death: Special allowance. (Aid may be given in money or supplies, or both.) Continuance of allowance. Allowance shall continue until suspended, revoked, or changed by State agent. Allowance shall cease if Mother leaves State. Administration Agency granting allowance. State agent in the office of the State treasurer upon recommendation of "executive officers" of the municipalities and of the county commissioners. Investigation and suspension of cases. "Executive officers must investigate case and make a report to county commissioners, who must approve or disapprove and forward report to State agent. If the State agent grants the aid, the "executive officers" cause home to be visited once a month and reported on. State agent may investigate and supervise cases. State supervision. State agent in office of the State treasurer. Source of funds. State, county, and municipal funds. (Equal amounts from State, county, municipality.) ¹This act is inapplicable to 35 out of 75 counties in the State. ²State children's agent may make rules and regulations governing the granting of allowance. ³The department of state agencies and institutions has issued a pamphlet, "Rules and Policies," in which the "Home conditions" necessary that aid may be granted are set forth. This ruling states that the mother must be mentally, physically, and morally fit to care for the child. Mother must not neglect child; mother must not conceal possession of money or property in order to obtain allowance; family must not be entitled to adequate assistance from other sources; child must live regularly with mother; not granted to mothers with one child not of working age unless under unusual circumstances. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 5. CHART X.—MOTHERS' PENSION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. DELAWARE. 1917, 1919, 1920. In "Session Laws of Delaware," 1917, ch. 227, pp. 734-738, and in "Session Laws of Delaware," 1919, ch.198, pp. 527-529, and in "Session Laws of Delaware," 1920, ch.54, pp. 218-220, and ch. 5, pp. 10-11. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted; whose husbands are totally incapacitated. Economic conditions. Mother unable without aid to support, maintain and educate child. Aid necessary to maintain suitable home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person to bring up child. Child must attend school regularly. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Three years in State. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $9 per month; each additional child, $5 per month. (Aid may be given in money or supplies; aid may be temporarily increased in case of sickness or emergency. Continuance of allowance. Allowance shall cease when child reaches age at which employment certificate may be granted. Administration Agency granting allowance. State mothers' pension commission. (Commission is composed of nine women, three from each county, who are appointed by the governor and who serve without compensation for 3-year terms. The three members from a county form the county mothers' pension commission.) Investigation and suspension of cases. A trained woman investigator in each county, appointed by the county commission, shall investigate cases before aid is granted and supervise cases. Each family must be visited once every two months by a representative of the county commissioners. State supervision. State mothers' pension commission. The county commissions must report every three months to the State commission, which must report every three months to the levy courts of each county. Source of funds. State and county funds. (State reimburses county for one-half amount paid out. This State contribution however, must not exceed $5,000 per year to each county. The State fund is a specific appropriation for this purpose.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT FLORIDA. 1919. In "Session Laws of Florida," 1919, ch. 7920, pp. 289-293. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mother—Widowed; deserted (if husband has been prosecuted for desertion and adjudged unable to support family); whose husbands are in the State asylums for the insane or feeble-minded; female relative or guardian upon whom child is dependent. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect. Woman wholly or partially dependent upon own effort for support of herself and child. Home conditions. Woman a fit person mentally, morally, and physically, to bring up child. Child living with woman (privilege of separation authorized by board of county commissioners). Child must attend school during full term. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in county, four years in State. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $25 per month: each additional child, $8 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be continued in emergency, after child is 16 at discretion of board of county commissioners. Allowances shall cease if mother marries again. Allowance shall cease if child fails to attend school regularly. Administration Agency granting allowance. County commissioners, upon advice of county school board. Board of public instruction in each county recommends cases to county commissioners. Investigation and suspension of cases. County school-attendance officer or social worker investigates. Their report and recommendations are filed with county commissioners. State supervision. Bureau of child welfare and education of the State board of health in cooperation with the board of public instruction of each county. Source of funds. County funds. (To raise this, county commissioners can levy tax of 0ne-half of one mill on the dollar on all taxable property.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. HAWAII. 1919. In "Session Laws of Hawaii," 1919, act No. 129, pp. 172-175. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed: deserted; unmarried; whose husbands are inmates of a Territorial or other institution. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to enable the mother to bring up child properly. Home conditions. Mother a suitable person to bring up a child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in country. Age of child. - - - - Amount of allowance. - - - - Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue for more than six months, it must be renewed. Allowance may be discontinued or modified at any time at discretion of the board of child welfare. Administration Agency granting allowance. Board of child welfare. (Board is composed of five members, three men and two women, appointed by the governor. One board shall be appointed for each county and the judges of the juvenile courts of such counties shall be members ex officio. Members shall serve for four years without compensation. Investigation and suspension of cases. Officers, representatives, or employees of board of child welfare to investigate all applications and supervise all families granted allowances. 4 State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (Appropriated by county board of supervisors on estimate from the board of child welfare.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. IDAHO. 1913, 1915. In "Compiled Statutes of Idaho," 1919, Vol. I, Political Code, sec. 3733-3741, pp. 1068-1070. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are in State prisons: whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane or feebleminded. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save the child from neglect. Aid necessary to enable the mother to remain at home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person mentally and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in county. Age of child. Under 15 years. Amount of allowance. one child, $15 per month. Each additional child, $10 per month. Maximum for one family, $60 per month. (Aid may be given in money or supplies. Aid may be temporarily increased in case of sickness or unnatural conditions.) Continuance of allowance. Administration Agency granting allowance. Investigation and suspension of cases. State supervision. Source of funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT ILLINOIS. 1913, 1915, 1917. In "Compiled Statutes of Idaho," 1919, Vol. I, Political Code, sec. 3733-3741, pp. 1068-1070. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are totally incapacitated. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save the child from neglect, or to prevent breaking up of home. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Mother may not own real or personal property other than household goods except a homestead entitled to exemption under the laws of the State or dower right in real estate of not more than $1,000 value. May be no relatives able to support child. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. For welfare of child to live at home. Child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home a definite number of days a week on order of the court. Residence and citizenship. Three years in county, citizen of United States, or applicant must have declared intention to become a citizen or filed first papers, in which case aid only for American-born children. (Husband must have been a resident of the State at the time of his death or when he was incapacitated.) Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month. Each additional child, $10 per month. Maximum for one family, $60 per month. (Aid may be given in money or supplies. Aid may be temporarily increased in case of sickness or unnatural conditions.) Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at discretion of court. Allowance may be continued until child is 16 years of age, at discretion of the court if child is ill or incapacitated for work. Allowance ceases if court order for removal of incapacitated father is not complied with. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court or county court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Probation officers investigate all applications and make report with recommendations. The court shall hold hearings. After the allowance has been granted the probation officers shall visit and supervise families. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County board may levy tax not to exceed 1 mill on a dollar annually on all taxable property in counties of not more than 300,000 population and not to exceed four-tenths of a mill in counties having over 300,000 inhabitants.) 5 STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. INDIANA. 1901, 1907, 1919, 1920. In "Burn's Annotated Indiana Statutes," 1914, secs. 1642-1647, pp. 885-886 (Vol. I), and secs. 3657-3664, pp. 3748-3778 (Vol. II), and in "Session Laws of Indiana," 1919, ch. 95, pp. 488-489, and in "Session Laws of Indiana," 1920, ch. 9, sec.1, p. 37. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Who have dependent or neglected child. Economic conditions. Child found by court (juvenile or circuit) to be dependent or neglected and made ward of the board of children's guardians. Home conditions. - - - - Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. - - - - Age of child. Under 16 years (boys); under 17 years (girls). Amount of allowance. Each child $0.75 per day. (Reasonable sum in addition may be paid for funeral expenses. Continuance of allowance. - - - - Administration Agency granting allowance. Board of children's guardians (Board consists of six persons in each county, three of whom shall be women and every member a parent. Members are appointed by judge of circuit court and serve without compensation.) Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. Board of State charities. (County boards of children's guardians must report to board of State charities.) Source of funds. County funds. (Sum appropriated by county council allowed by county commissioners.) 4 May make rules and regulations for the conduct of business. 5 Should fund authorized be sufficient to permit an allowance to only part of the mother's entitlement thereto, the court shall select those in most urgent need. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 6. CHART X.—MOTHERS' PENSION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. IOWA. 1913, 1915, 1917, 1919. In "Supplement to the Code of Iowa," 1913, ch. 5b, secs. 254-a13- 254-a15, 254-a18, 254-a20, 254-a20a, pp. 116-119, and in "Supplemental Supplement to the Code of Iowa," 1915, ch.5b, sec. 254-a20, p. 24, and in "Session Laws of Iowa," 1917, ch. 150, p. 170, and in "Session Laws of Iowa," 1919, ch.12, p. 32, and ch. 107, p.115. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed: whose husbands are in institutions under the State board of control. Economic conditions. Mother poor and unable to care properly for child. Home conditions. Mother a proper guardian. For welfare of child to live at home. Outside employment of mother. ---- Residence and citizenship. ---- Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $2 per week. Continuance of allowance. Allowance shall cease if father is released from confinement. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court, district court, or superior court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Probation officers shall investigate and report to the court, which shall hold hearings and grant or refuse allowance. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (Sum appropriated by county board of supervisors.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. KANSAS. 1917. In "Session Laws of Kansas," 1917, ch. 138, pp. 190-193. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; divorced, deserted (if for 3 months without just cause or collusion); whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are confined in any penal or other State institution. Economic conditions. Mother financially unable to support and educate child. Child in danger of becoming public charge. Home conditions. Mother a fit person to be guardian of child. Mother provident. Mother of good moral character. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in county. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. Maximum for one family, $25 per month. (Aid may be given in money or supplies. Aid may be increased in an emergency.) Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at the discretion of county commissioners. Administration Agency granting allowance. County commissioners upon report of committee of three. (Committee is composed of three reputable women residing in same township or city, appointed by the board of county commissioners and serving without compensation. Three women appointed for each applicant.) Investigation and suspension of cases. Committee of three investigates and reports to commissioners. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. LOUISIANA. 1920. In "Session Laws of Louisiana," 1920, act 209, pp. 341-344. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—widowed. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to enable mother to maintain herself and child in the home. Aid necessary to prevent child from becoming a public charge. Aid necessary to save the child from neglect. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Mother may not own real or personal property other than household goods exceeding $1,000 in value. May be no relatives able to support child. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home a definite number of days a week on order of the court. Residence and citizenship. One year in parish where application is made. (Husband must have been a resident of the State at the time of his death.) Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month. Each additional child $10 per month. Maximum for one family $50 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at discretion of court. Allowance may be continued until child is 18 years of age if child is ill or incapacitated for work. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court or district court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Commission of three residents of the ward with the probation officer as chairman investigates and reports to the court with recommendations. The court shall hold hearings. Probation officer shall supervise and report on families receiving relief. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. Funds appropriated by parish ($2,000 for a parish having one representative, $1,000 for each additional representative). New Orleans funds appropriated by city. Cities of more than 5,000 inhabitants shall contribute an amount to each beneficiary equal to that from the parish. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MAINE. 1917, 1919. In "Session Laws of Maine, " 1917, ch.222, pp. 253-257, and in "Session Laws of Maine," 1919, ch. 17, pp. 16-18. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, with dependent child. (If mother is a deserted wife, desertion must have been for a period of 1 year and proceedings must have been instituted.) Economic conditions. Aid necessary to enable mother to maintain herself and child in the home. Home conditions. Mother fit and capable mentally, morally, and physically to bring up child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Five years in State; legal settlement in State. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. No maximum set, but amount set by municipal and State boards must be sufficient to care properly for child. State board may place allowance at less but not more than sum set by municipal board. (Aid may be given in money or supplies.) Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be reviewed by State board whenever it deems it necessary, but it shall not be increased without consent of municipal board or decreased without municipal board being heard. Administration Agency granting allowance. State and municipal boards of mothers' aid. Municipal board recommends to State board of charities and correction ex officio; municipal board is composed of the overseer of the poor in each city, town, and plantation, unless the district provides for another board of three persons, one of whom must be a woman. In all cases the members serve without compensation. Investigation and suspension of cases. Municipal board investigates all applicants, and after allowance has been granted it supervises all families. State supervision. State board of mothers' aid. Source of funds. State and municipal funds (one-half from city, town, or plantation if mother has settlement, one-half from State; entire amount from State if mother has no settlement). STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MARYLAND. 1916. In "The Annotated Code of the Public General Laws of Maryland," 1918 (ed. by George P. Bagby), vol. 4, art. 88a, secs. 19-29, pp. 670-675. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, widowed. Economic conditions. Mother unable to support and educate child without aid. Aid necessary to prevent child from becoming public charge. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Mother may not own real or personal property other than household goods. Home conditions. Mother a proper person, worthy and fit to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. Child must attend school regularly. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home a definite number of days a week on order of the court. Residence and citizenship. Three years in county or city of Baltimore. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $12 per month; second child, $10 per month; each additional child $6 per month; maximum for one family, $40 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at the discretion of the court. Allowance may be extended at the discretion of the court until the child is 16 if child is ill or incapacitated for work. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court or circuit court on recommendation of county commissioners or Baltimore board of mothers' relief. (Board appointed by mayor for 4-year terms at salary of $5 a day for those days actually worked. Not more than two persons of the same sex may be serving on the board. Supervisor of city charities may be substituted: has all powers and duties of board.) Investigation and suspension of cases. County commissioners or board of mothers' relief or their agents investigate applications for relief and report to the court. After allowance is granted, same agencies must supervise cases, visiting home at least once every two months. (Board may hire three investigators to carry on work.) State supervision. County commissioners and board of mothers' relief must submit report to 1918 general assembly. Source of funds. County or city funds. (County treasurer or city comptroller pays from funds raised by levying a tax not exceeding one-tenth of a mill on the dollar. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MASSACHUSETTS. 1913. In "Session Laws of Massachusetts," 1913, ch. 763, pp. 726-729. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers with dependent children. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to enable mother to care properly for child. May be no relatives or organizations able and under obligation to support child. All members of family of working age must be working and contributing to family expenses. Home conditions. Mother a fit person to bring up child. Home surroundings and other members of family such as to develop good character. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Three years in State. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. No fixed amount, but sum must be sufficient to care properly for child at home. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue for more than one year, it must be renewed. Administration Agency granting allowance. City or town overseers of the poor. Investigation and suspension of cases. City or town overseers of the poor must investigate each applicant before allowance is granted. After allowance is granted, must visit families or cause such families to be visited once every three months. State supervision. State board of charities has power to establish rules, visit and inspect cases and records. The overseers submit detailed reports to the board, which in turn reports annually to legislature. (6) Source of funds. City or town funds, State funds. (If mother has lawful settlement, State pays one-third and city or town two-thirds: if mother has not settlement, State pays all.) (6) Rules and Regulations of State Board of Charities.—Deserted wives not included unless every legal effort has been made to make husbands support family: not to mother of one child unless one or the other is ill: mother can not have more than$200 or an equity in property worth more than $2,000; if any member of the family is tubercular, no aid granted unless person will go to the hospital: family may not keep any male lodgers; no aid granted to illegitimate children unless approved by State board of charities; in cases of emergency medical aid and burial aid may be granted. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 7. CHART X.—MOTHERS' PENSION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MICHIGAN. 1913, 1915. In "Compiled Laws of Michigan," 1915, Vol. I, sec. 2017, p. 890. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; divorced; deserted; unmarried; whose husbands are in State penal institutions; whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane and feeble-minded or other State institutions. Economic conditions. Mother poor and unable to provide for child. Child found to be dependent or neglected. Home conditions. Mother a proper guardian for child. For welfare of child to live at home. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. - - - - Age of child Under 17 years,. Amount of allowance. Each child, $3 per week. Continuance of allowance. - - - - Administration Agency granting allowance. Probate court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Probation officer investigates applicants for allowance and reports to court, which must hold hearing. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County treasurer pays from general fund of the county on order from the court.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MINNESOTA. 1917, 1919. In "General Statutes of Minnesota," 1917,secs. (7199—) 18, pp. 667-670, and in "Session Laws of Minnesota," 1919, ch. 328, pp. 348-349, and ch. 333, pp. 354-355. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted (if for 1 year and proceedings instituted); whose husbands are in prison (if under sentence for more than three months); whose husbands are in State asylums for insane or inebriates; whose husbands totally incapacitated; grandmothers; stepmothers, (husband may mean stepfather or grandfather of child). Economic conditions. Woman may not own property other than a homestead, the rental of which does not exceed the amount that the family would have to pay for living quarters and $100 personal property, exclusive of appropriate clothing and household goods, and such tools, domestic animals, etc., as the court judges it expedient to retain for the purpose of reducing expenses and increasing income of the family. May be no relatives or organizations able and obligation to assist child. All members of family of working age must be contributing to family expenses. Aid necessary to bring up child properly in own home. Woman must provide that poverty is not due to neglect, improvidence, or other fault on her part. Home conditions. Woman a proper person to have custody of child. Child living at home with woman. For welfare of child to live at home. Home surroundings and other members of family such as to develop good character. Court may request woman to learn to learn English and use it in the home. Outside employment of mother. If court or county commissioners think it for welfare of family, mother may be required to work away from home a specified number of hours per week. Residence and citizenship. One year in county; two years in State; citizen of the United States or declared intention of becoming citizen. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month. Each additional child, $10 per month. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue for more than one year, it must be renewed by court. Allowance may be modified or discontinued at discretion of court. Allowance shall cease when child reaches age at which an employment certificate may be obtained. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Juvenile court, or representative thereof, or member of county board of child welfare must investigate all applications for relief and report to court; court holds hearings. After allowance is granted, representative of the court must visit family at least once every three months and report to court. (In more populous counties court may appoint salaried agents to conduct investigation.) State supervision. State board of control. (Supervises county board of child welfare and may visit and inspect any family records.) Source of funds. County and State funds. (County treasurer pays from general revenue funds of the county: State reimburses county for one -third. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MISSOURI. 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1917. Jackson County (Kansas City)—In "Session Laws of Missouri," 1911, pp. 146-147. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are in prison; whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane or feeble-minded. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save the child from neglect. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. May be no relatives able to aid in support of child. Home conditions. Mother a fit and competent person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in county. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $10 per month; each additional child, %4 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be discontinued or modified at any time at discretion of juvenile court, Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court. Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. - - - - City of St. Louis—Ordinance 26565, approved July 8, 1912, as amended by Ordinance 26134, approved July 8, 1915. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are confined in any State or Federal institution. Economic conditions. - - - - Home conditions. Mother competent mentally, morally, and physically to bring up child. Home fit and suitable. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in city. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child $3.50 per week. (Aid may be temporarily increased on account of exceptional conditions, with consent of city comptroller. Emergency allowance of $25 per year per child allowed for clothing or medical care.) Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at discretion of board of children's guardians. Administration Agency granting allowance. Board of children's guardians. (Board of Children's guardians consists of seven unpaid members appointed by the mayor for terms of 4 years.) Investigation and suspension of cases. Board of children's guardians appoint salaried agents to investigate and report on all applicants for aid and supervise all cases granted allowances. (7) State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. City funds. (City comptroller pays from general city funds on order from board of children's guardians. Comptroller must approve allowances. State outside Jackson County and St. Louis, in "Sessions Laws of Missouri," 1917, pp.151, 153. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted; divorced; expectant mother (for 3 weeks before and after childbirth); whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in prison; whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane or feeble-minded. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save the child from neglect. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain home. May be no relatives able to support of a child. Home conditions. Child living with the mother. Mother a fit and competent person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in county. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $16 per month; each additional child, not less than $8 per month; maximum for one family, $40 per month. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue for more than six months, it must be renewed by county board of public welfare. Allowance may be discontinued or modified at any time by county board of public welfare. Administration. Agency granting allowance. County court (i.e., county commissioner) until county board of public welfare is established. Investigation and suspension of cases. County boards of public welfare investigate applicants for allowances and supervise all families granted allowances. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (appropriated by county court (i.e., county commissioners) and placed at the disposal of county boards of public welfare. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. MONTANA. 1917, 1919. In "Session Laws of Montana," 1917, ch. 83, pp. 137-139, and in "Session Laws of Montana," 1919, ch.198, pp. 448-449. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are totally incapacitated (if such husband has failed to provide for child for period of one year); whose husbands are in prison (if such has failed to provide for child for period of 90 days); whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane or feeble minded. Economic conditions. Mother wholly dependent on her own labor for support. Aid necessary to prevent child from being sent to some public institution. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person, morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home for such periods as the judge of the county court may permit. Residence and citizenship. One year in county; citizens of the United States (husband must have been disabled while a resident of the State). In case the father has been convicted of crime, the county in which he was convicted shall pay the allowance. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $20 per month. If there is more than one child in family, first child, $15 per month; second child, $10 per month ; each additional child, $5 per month; maximum for one family, $50 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance shall cease if mother marries again. Administration Agency granting allowance. District court. Investigation and suspension of cases. The bureau of child and animal welfare of the State or the county probation officer investigates each applicant on a request from the court and reports the findings to the court, which then holds a hearing on the case. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County commissioners issue warrants on general revenue fund. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEBRASKA. 1919. In "Session Laws of Nebraska," 1919, ch. 221, pp. 946-951. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted; divorced (if divorced father can not be made to support child); unmarried; whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in prison. Economic conditions. Mother can not own real or personal property except household goods of more than $2,000 value. Aid necessary to save child from neglect and furnish it with a suitable education. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. May be no relative of the second degree able to support child. Home conditions. Mother a proper guardian. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home for such periods as the court may permit. Residence and citizenship. Two years in county. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. Each child $10 per month. Maximum for one family, $50 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be extended until child is 16, if child is ill or incapacitated for work, at discretion of juvenile court. If allowance is to continue more than six months, it must be renewed by juvenile court. Allowance may be modified or vacated at any time by juvenile court. Allowance ceases if court order to remove incapacitated father is not complied with. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court, on recommendation of committee of five. (Judge of the juvenile court appoints five residents to serve without pay and to cooperate in investigation of cases and recommendations as to awards.) Investigation and suspension of cases. Probation officers, with the cooperation of the committee of five, must investigate each applicant and report and recommend to court, which then holds hearing. Probation officer supervises family after allowance is granted. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County commissioners may levy tax not to exceed three-tenths of a mill on the dollar on all property in the county.) (8) (8) Should fund authorized be sufficient to permit an allowance to only a part of the mothers entitled thereto, the court shall select those in most urgent need. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 8. CHART X.—MOTHERS' PENSION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEVADA. 1915,1917. In "Session Laws of Nevada," 1915, ch. 131, pp. 151-153, and in "Session Laws of Nevada," 1917, ch. 11, p. 13. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted (if deserted for 1 year): whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in prison; whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane or feeble-minded. Economic conditions. Mother destitute and dependent on own efforts for support. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Aid necessary to enable mother to maintain home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in county. Age of child. Under 15 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $25 per month; each additional child, $15 per month; maximum for one family, $55 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be discontinued or modified at any time at the discretion of the county commissioners. Administration Agency granting allowance. County commissioners. Investigation and suspension of cases. District attorney investigates applicants and reports to commissioners. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1915. In "Session Laws of New Hampshire," 1915, ch. 132, pp.171-172. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, dependent on own efforts to support child. Economic conditions. Mother dependent on own efforts to support child. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Aid necessary to enable mother to maintain home. Mother making earnest effort at self-support. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. Mother of good repute. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in State. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $10 per month; each additional child, $5 per month. (State board of education can increase amount of allowance at any time either on written recommendation from town's school board or personal investigation. Continuance of allowance. - - - - Administration Agency granting allowance. State board of education on recommendation from town school board. Investigation and suspension of cases. Town school board investigates each applicant and makes recommendations to State board of education, which can carry on further investigation. State supervision. State board of education. Source of funds. State funds. (Special appropriation by legislature on recommendation of superintendent of public institutions.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW JERSEY. 1913, 1915, 1919. In "First Supplement to the Compiled Statutes of New Jersey." pp. 2264-1166, and in "Session Laws of New Jersey," 1919, ch.179, p. 380. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, widowed. Economic conditions. Mother unable to support and educate child properly. Aid necessary to prevent child from becoming public charge. Home conditions. - - - - Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Five years in county. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $9 per month; two children, $14 per month; each additional child, $4 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified or revoked at any time at the discretion of the court. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court or court of common pleas commits child to State board of children's guardians. Investigation and suspension of cases. State board of Children's guardians or some other agency designated by the court must investigate applicants and report to the court which holds hearings. After allowance is granted State board of children's guardians must supervise family, visiting them at least six times a year. State supervision. State board of children's guardians. Source of funds. County funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NEW YORK. 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920. In "Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York," 1918 (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), vol. 3, ch. art. 7A, secs. 148-155, pp. 3332-3335, and in "Cumulative Supplement," 1918-1920; Annotated Consolidated Laws of New York (2d ed. by Birdseye, Cumming, and Gilbert), vol. 10, secs. 149-154, pp. 796-799. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are in prison for 5 years or more; whose husbands are in State institutions. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to prevent child from having to be cared for in an institutional home. Home conditions. Mother a proper person mentally, morally, and physically to care for a child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in county or city; citizen of United States; mother residing in city or county where she applies for allowance; children born in United States; husband resident of State for 2 years preceding demise or commitment; husband declared intention of becoming a citizen within 5 years prior to demise or commitment. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. Amount not specified, but must not exceed what it would cost to care for child in an institutional home. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue more than 6 months, it must be renewed by board of child welfare. Allowance may be modified or discontinued at any time by board of child welfare; allowance may be revoked at any time by State board of charities. Administration Agency granting allowance. Board of child welfare (board in counties is composed of seven unpaid members, two of whom must be women appointed by the county judge for terms of 6 years). The county superintendent of the poor is member ex officio. When a city comprises more than one county, board consists of 10 unpaid members, 3 of whom must be appointed by the mayor for terms of 9 years. The city commissioner of public charities is a member ex officio. Investigation and suspension of cases. Board of child welfare appoints agents to investigate all applicants and supervise families to whom allowance is granted. State supervision. State board of charities. Source of funds. County funds. (Appropriated by "local authorities" after boards of child welfare have submitted estimate.) ("Local authorities" may put on additional tax to raise money. "Local authorities" is equivalent to county boards of supervisors or city boards of alderman or estimate and apportionment.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. NORTH DAKOTA. 1915. In "Session Laws of North Dakota," 1915, ch. 185, pp. 265-266. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Women who have one or more children dependent upon them for support. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect or prevent the breaking up of the home; aid necessary to enable woman to remain at home. Home conditions. Woman a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child; child living at home with the woman. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in county. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. Each child, $15 per month (if funds injudiciously used, allowance may be administered in supplies). Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified or discontinued at any time at discretion of court. Administration Agency granting allowance. County court which holds hearings. Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OHIO. 1913, 1914 1915, 1919. In "General Code of Ohio, Page's Compact Edition," 1920, secs. 1682-2-1683-11, pp. 1154-1156. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed: deserted (if deserted for 3 years); whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in prison. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect and to prevent the breaking up of the home; aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home; mother must not be receiving wages from imprisoned husband sufficient to support child. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child; child living at home with mother; for the benefit of the child to remain with mother. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home for such periods as the court or county commissioners may permit. Residence and citizenship. Two years in county. Age of child. - - - - Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month; each additional child, $7 per month. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue more than 6 months, it must be renewed by court. Allowance may be modified or discontinued at any time at discretion of court. Allowance shall cease when child reaches age at which employment certificate is granted. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Probation officers, officers of the associated charities or the humane society, or county sheriff may investigate applicants if so designated by the court and supervise families to which allowances are granted. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County commissioners may levy tax to one-fifth of a mill on the dollar to provide this sum.) (9) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OKLAHOMA. 1915. In "Supplement to the Revised Laws of Oklahoma of 1910," ch. 58, art. 1B, secs. 4550h-4550p, pp. 598-600. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are in State prisons; whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane or feebleminded. (If father is in prison or asylum he must be lawful husband of mother.) Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect and prevent the breaking up of the home; aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child; child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in county. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $10 per month; each additional child, $5 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at discretion of county court. Administration Agency granting allowance. County court. Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County Commissioners may appropriate funds not to exceed $8,000 per annum. County excise board may levy tax to provide this. sum. (9) Should fund authorized be sufficient to permit allowance to only part of the mothers entitled there to, the court shall select those in most urgent need. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 9. CHART X.—MOTHERS' PENSION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. OREGON. 1913,1915, 1917. In "Oregon Laws," 1920, ch.15, secs. 3322-3342, pp. 1577-1580. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in State prisons; whose husbands are in State asylums for the insane or feeble-minded. (No assistance to illegitimate children.) Economic conditions. Mother dependent on own efforts for support; mother must prove that she was not in indigent circumstances when she came into the State; mother must prove that she did not deprive herself of any income in order to obtain aid; mother may own a homestead if it does not exceed $500 in value, unless after special investigation the court allows more; all members of family over 16 years of age must be working and contributing a fair share to the family expenses. Home conditions. Mother a fit person mentally, morally, and physically to bring up child; child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in county; three years in State; citizen of the United States (father must be citizen of the United States and of the State of Oregon). Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $10 per month; each additional child, $7.50 per month; maximum to one family, $40 per month. (Court may pay allowance to some other person to be expended for needs of the family if mother is improvident.) Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at the discretion of court. Allowance shall cease when child reaches age at which employment certificate is granted. If wages do not equal maximum amount of assistance court may make up difference. Allowance shall cease if mother leaves county without consent of court. Allowance shall cease if monthly expense account which mother must render court is unsatisfactory. Allowance shall cease if court order to remove incapacitated father is not complied with. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile or county court. Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - - State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. PENNSYLVANIA. (10) 1919. In "Session Laws of Pennsylvania," 1919, No. 354, pp.893-898. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are in State asylum for the insane or feeble-minded. (Aid may be given for an unborn child if mother is already receiving assistance under the act.) Economic conditions. Aid necessary to maintain a home. Home conditions. Mother of proper character and ability to bring up child. Child must attend school. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in county: two years in State. (Residence in county if once established is not lost by absence of less than one year.) Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $20 per month: each additional child, $10 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified or withdrawn at any time at discretion of the board. Allowance may be withdrawn when child reaches legal working age, but may be continued if child is in school with satisfactory record or is physically unable to work. Administration Agency granting allowance. County board of trustees of mothers' assistance fund. (Board is composed of 5 to 7 women residents of the county appointed by the governor and serving without compensation.) Investigation and suspension of cases. Board of trustees must investigate all applicants. State supervision. State supervisor appointed by governor at salary of $2,400 per annum. Supervisor has salaried assistant and clerk to aid her in investigation of all cases. Reports annually to State board of education and general assembly. Endeavors through personal visits to get accepted by county commissioners. (12) Source of funds. County and State funds. (State appropriation divided among counties in ratio of their population. County must provide equal sum.) (11) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. SOUTH DAKOTA. 1913, 1915, 1917, 1919. In "Revised Code of South Dakota," 1919, secs. 10023-10030, pp. 2604-2606, and in "Session Laws of South Dakota," 1919, ch.23, pp. 308-309. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed: divorced (if divorce was granted in State at least one year prior to date of application); whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in State prison. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect and prevent breaking up of home. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Mother must not be receiving wages from imprisoned husband sufficient to support child. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. For the benefit of child to remain with mother, Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home one day per week. Residence and citizenship. Six moths in county; one year in State. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month; each additional child, $7 per month. (11) Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue more than 6 months it must be renewed by court. Allowance may be modified or discontinued at any time at the discretion of the court. Administration Agency granting allowance. County court. Investigation and suspension of cases. County commissioners or some other competent person designated by the court must investigate all applicants and report to the court. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County commissioners may levy tax not to exceed one sixthe of a mill on the dollar.) (10) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. TENNESSEE. 1919. In "Session Laws of Tennessee," 1919, ch.119, pp. 340-342. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; whose husbands are in State penitentiary or asylums. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect and prevent the breaking up of home. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Aid necessary to maintain home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person mentally, morally, and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. For the benefit of child to remain with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in county; citizen of the United States. Age of child. Under 15 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $10 per month: each additional child, $5 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified or discontinued at any time at the discretion of the court. Allowance shall cease if mother remarries. Allowance shall cease if father is released from institution. Administration Agency granting allowance. County court. Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. 1917. TEXAS In "Complete Texas Statutes," 1920, secs. 6285¼-6285¼g, pp. 1097-1098. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed. Economic conditions. Mother unable to support child and maintain home. Aid necessary to prevent child from becoming a public charge. Home conditions. - - - - Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in county; five years in state. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. one child, $12 per month; 2 children, $18 per month; each additional child, $4 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be revoked at any time at the discretion of the county commissioners. Administration Agency granting allowance. County commissioners, who hold hearings and act on allowance. Investigation and suspension of cases. County commissioners must supervise families to whom allowance is granted. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. UTAH. 1917,1919. In "Compiled Laws of Utah," 1917, title 68, secs.3960-3968, pp. 840-841, and in "Session Laws of Utah," 1919, ch. 77, pp. 257-260, and in "Session Laws of Utah," special session, 1919, ch. 12, p. 20. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed. Economic conditions. Mother dependent on own efforts for support. Mother must prove she has not received support from public funds within one year before taking residence in county in which application is made. Aid necessary to save child from neglect. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Aid necessary to enable mother to maintain a home. All members of family of working age must be working and contributing to family expenses. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. two years in county. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. Maximum for one family, $40 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified at any time at the discretion of the county commissioners. Allowance shall cease if monthly report which mother must render county commissioners is unsatisfactory. Administration Agency granting allowance. County commissioners . Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County commissioners must provide funds to carry out this law. Amount not to exceed $10,000 per annum per county except in counties of over 100,000 population, when amount may be $50,000. No part of these sums to go for administrative purposes. (12) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. VERMONT. 1917. In "The General Laws of Vermont," 1917, sec. 7287, p. 1236, and secs. 7308-7313, pp. 1240-1241. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to prevent breaking up home. Child found by court to be dependent or neglected. Home conditions. Mother a proper person to bring up child. For the benefit of child to remain with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. - - - - Age of child. - - - - Amount of allowance. Each child $2 per week. Continuance of allowance. - - - - Administration Agency granting allowance. State board of charities and probation. (Board is composed of five members, one of whom must be a woman, appointed by the governor for 5-year terms and serving without compensation.) Investigation and suspension of cases. - - - - State supervision. State board of charities and correction. Source of funds. State and town funds. (Board pays half; town pays half.) (12) State supervisor has power to make rules and regulations governing the granting of allowances. (13) Should fund authorized be sufficient to permit an allowance to only a part of the mothers entitled thereto, the court shall select those in most urgent need. 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 10. CHART X.—MOTHERS' PENSION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Concluded. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. VIRGINIA. 1918 In "Session Laws of Virginia," 1918, ch.80, pp. 137-138. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, widowed. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to enable mother to support child and maintain home. Aid necessary to prevent child from becoming public charge. Home conditions. Mother a suitable guardian to bring up child. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. Two years in city or county; three years in State. Age of child. Under 16 years. Amount of allowance. One child,$12 per month; two children, $18 per month; each additional child, $4 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified or revoked at any time at the discretion of the attorney for the Commonwealth. Allowance shall cease if mother remarries. Allowance shall cease if any change in family circumstances makes aid unnecessary. Administration Agency granting allowance. County boards of supervisors; city councils. Investigation and suspension of cases. Attorney for the Commonwealth must investigate all applicants and hold hearings. If allowance is granted, he must supervise family. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. City or county funds. STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WASHINGTON. 1915, 1919. In "Pierce's Annotated State of Washington Code," 1919, secs. 4419-4424, pp. 1287, 1288. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers, who are needy. Economic conditions. Mother by reason of destitution, insufficient income or property or lack of earning capacity unable to support child. Aid necessary to enable mother to maintain home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. Outside employment of mother. - - - - Residence and citizenship. One year in county; three years in State. Age of child. Under 15 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month; each additional child, $ per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be modified or discontinued at any time at the discretion of court. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile or superior court. Investigation and suspension of cases. Prosecuting attorney must cause investigation to be made of each applicant by the probation officer, charity commissioner, or other competent person. Hearing shall be held. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (County commissioners appropriate sum out of general revenue funds.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WEST VIRGINIA. 1917. In "Hogg's West Virginia Code Annotated," 1914, secs. 722m-722x, pp. 197-199. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted; whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in State institution. (Must be mother of two or more children.) Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Mother may not own real or personal property other than household goods. Mother may not be receiving benefits from workmen's compensation funds. May be no relatives able to contribute to the support of the child an amount equal to the amount of the aid. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally, mentally, and physically to bring up child. Mother may not allow any adult not a member of the immediate family to live in the home. Child living at home with mother. Child attending school and receiving satisfactory report. For the welfare of the child to remain at home. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home for such periods as the court may permit. Residence and citizenship. Three years in county; five years in State; citizen of the United States. (Another section of the law specifies 2 years in county.) Age of child. Under 13 years. Amount of allowance. Two children, $15 per month; each additional child, $5 per month; maximum for one family, $25 per month. Continuance of allowance. Allowance may be extended at the discretion of the court until the child is 16 years old if the child is ill or incapacitated for work. Allowance can be discontinued or modified at any time during this three year period. Administration Agency granting allowance. County court. Investigation and suspension of cases. County court causes a member to investigate each applicant and report and recommend to the court, which holds hearings. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (Sheriff must pay on order from court.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WISCONSIN. 1917, 1919. In Wisconsin Statutes," 1919, Vol.1, sec. 48.33, pp. 514-515. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted (if for 6 months and proceedings instituted); divorced; whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in penal institutions (for one year or more); grandparents; persons having custody of dependent child. Economic conditions. Person may not own real or personal property other than homestead, the rental of which does not exceed the amount the family would have to pay for living quarters. Person may not be receiving any other form of public relief. Aid likely to continue for a year or more. Home conditions. Person fit and proper morally and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with person. Outside employment of mother. If the judge thinks it for the welfare of the family mother may be required to work away from home a specified number of hours per week. Residence and citizenship. One year in county. Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $15 per month; each additional child, $10 per month; maximum for one family. In counties having less than 300,000 population, $40 per month, in counties having more than 300,000 population, $50 per month. (Aid may be increased above maximum at the discretion of the court in emergency cases where there is only one child.) Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue more than one year it must be renewed by court on recommendation of board. Allowance may be discontinued or reduced at any time by court on recommendation by board. Allowance may be extended until child is 16 years old if child is unable to obtain employment certificate. Administration Agency granting allowance. Juvenile or county court on report of board of child welfare. (Board consists of three unpaid members appointed by the judge of the court for indeterminate terms.) Investigation and suspension of cases. Board of child welfare must investigate each applicant and report to the court. If allowance is granted, board must supervise family. State supervision. State board of control. Source of funds. State and county funds. (County board appropriates sum for general revenue fund. State reimburses county for one-third. The whole sum may not exceed $1 for each 30 inhabitants. Towns, cities, and villages are given power to levy taxes to raise the sum necessary.) STATE AND DATE OF ENACTMENT. WYOMING. 1917. In "Session Laws of Wyoming," 1917, ch. 38, pp. 33-35. Conditions on which allowance is granted. Person to whom allowance may be given. Mothers—Widowed; deserted (if deserted for 1 year); whose husbands are totally incapacitated; whose husbands are in prison. Economic conditions. Aid necessary to save child from neglect and to prevent the breaking up of the home. Aid necessary to enable mother to remain at home. Home conditions. Mother a fit person morally and physically to bring up child. Child living at home with mother. For benefit of child to remain at home. Outside employment of mother. Mother may be employed away from home for such periods as the bboard may permit. Residence and citizenship. One year in county. (husband must have been a resident of State at the time of his death or when he became incapacitated or was imprisoned or when he deserted his family.) Age of child. Under 14 years. Amount of allowance. One child, $20 per month; each additional child, $10 per month. Continuance of allowance. If allowance is to continue for more than six month, it must be renewed by board. Administration Agency granting allowance. Board of county commissioners. Investigation and suspension of cases. Member of board of county commissioners or an agent of the board must investigate all applicants and report to board which holds hearings. If allowance is granted either a member or an agent of the board must supervise family. State supervision. - - - - Source of funds. County funds. (Appropriated by county commissioners.) 52250°—21. (to follow page 49.) No. 11. LEGAL WORKING HOURS FOR WOMEN--DAILY LEGAL WORKING HOURS FOR WOMEN--WEEKLY NIGHT WORK LAWS FOR WOMEN MINIMUM WAGE LAWS FOR WOMEN MOTHERS' PENSIONS LAWS MOTHERS' PENSIONS LAWS. Key to map on preceding page: 1. Parents-- Needy and with dependent children. 2. Women-- Needy and with dependent children. 3. Mothers-- Needy and with dependent children. 4. Mothers-- Widowed. Deserted or divorced. Husband in a State institution or totally incapacitated. 5. Mothers-- Widowed. Deserted or divorced. Unmarried Husband in a State institution. 6. Mothers-- Widowed. Deserted. Husband totally incapacitated. 7. Mothers-- Widowed. Husband in a State institution. Husband totally incapacitated. 8. Mothers-- Widowed. Husband in a State institution. 9. Mothers-- Widowed. Husband totally incapacitated. 10. Mothers. Widowed or deserted. 11. Mothers-- Widowed. 12. No law. NOTE.--Colorado and the State of Missouri outside of Jackson County and St. Louis have provisions in their laws allowing pension to a mother for a period before childbirth. Florida includes female relative or guardian on whom child is dependent; Minnesota extends the provisions of its law to grandmothers and stepmothers; Wisconsin to grandparents and persons having custody of dependent child. 51 PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU. BULLETINS.¹ No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in the Industries of Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918. No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1918. No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 7 pp. 1919. No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919. No. 5. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919. No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United States. 8 pp. 1919. No. 7. Night-Work Laws in the United States. 4 pp. 1919. No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920. No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 35 pp. 1920. No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32 pp. 1920. No. 11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1920. No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920. No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp. 1920. No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp. 1921. No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 pp. 1921. No. 16. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 51 pp. 1921. No. 17. Women's Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921. Second Annual Report of the Director. 12 pp. 1920. CHARTS. I. Eight-Hour and Eight-and-a-Half-Hour Laws for Women Workers. II. Nine-Hour Laws for Women Workers. III. Ten-Hour Laws for Women Workers. IV. Ten-and-a-Quarter-Hour, Ten-and-a-Half-Hour, Eleven-Hour, and Twelve-Hour Laws for Women Workers. V. Weekly Hour Laws for Women Workers. VI. Laws Providing for a Day of Rest, One Shorter Work Day, Time for Meals, and Rest Periods for Women Workers. VII. Night-Work Laws for Women Workers. VIII. Home-Work Laws for Women. IX. Minimum Wage Legislation in the United States. 3 sections. X. Mothers' Pension Laws in the United States. 4 sections. ¹Separate charts out of print. Published in pamphlet form in Bulletin No. 16. Only Kind of Hour-Regulating Bill Fair to All "SEC. 22. No PERSON shall be employed or permitted or suffered to work in any factory, manufacturing, mechanical, business or mercantile establishment within this state, more than 48 hours in any one week, and in no case shall the hours of labor exceed nine hours in any period of 24 consecutive hours. . . . " This bill was introduced in the 1922 session of the General Assembly by Senator Barry, but was killed in committee. DO NOT ALLOW ANY SUBSTITUTE BILL, such as the Lavander or Brown bills, now in your 1923 Legislature, TO BECOME LAW, as these bills link you with children and will cost your jobs. Protest to your Senator and Representative against passing the Lavander and Brown bills UNLESS they are AMENDED to read PERSONS, as the bill of Senator Barry's last year. EQUAL RIGHTS ASSOCIATION PROVIDENCE BRANCH 10 WOMEN! HAVE YOU REGISTERED YET? IF NOT, WILL YOU DO SO ON FRIDAY, APRIL 9, 1920 Which the Providence League of Women Voters has set apart as REGISTRATION DAY On this day a large Hospitality Committee under the direction of Mrs. Edward L. Marsh will be at City Hall from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. to assist all women desiring to register in every possible way. How You Can Help Make Registration Day a Success If you are a clergyman, you can put it on the Church Calendar or announce it from your pulpit and show the close relationship between patriotism and voting. No good American neglects the ballot. If you are an employer, please call Registration Day to the attention of your women employees and give them the opportunity to register on that day. If you yourself have registered already, will you not organize a "Registration Party" for that day at City Hall, bringing the Club to which you belong or a group of mothers, of friends and neighbors. Through the courtesy of the Providence Police Commission, the Providence League of Women Voters has received permission to combine Donation Day with Registration Day. To make this successful, we need 100 workers. Will you help? If so, kindly communicate with Mrs. James W. Algeo, 394 Angell Street (Tel. Angell 2607), or report at City Hall, Registration Day, Friday, April 9th, at the entrance of the Board of Registration headquarters, where you will receive badge and materials. SARA M. ALGEO, Chairman, Providence League of Women Voters. NOTE--Will you kindly spread this notice as widely as possible by placing on your bulletin boards, announcing to women's clubs, etc. Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.