NAWSA Subject File Woman Suffrage Amendment (History) The Just Government League of Maryland S. W. Cor. St. Paul and Pleasant Streets Baltimore MD. Votes for Women OFFICERS President, Mrs. Donald R. Hooker, “Cedar Lawn.” Station H. Baltimore First Vice-President, Miss Julia R. Rogers, Hotel Belvedere Second Vice-President, Dr. Mary Sherwood, Arundel Apartments Corresponding Secretary, Dr. Florence R. Sabin, Johns Hopkins Medical School Assistant Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Calvin N. Gabriel, 2413 St. Paul Street Recording Secretary, Miss Louise Carey, 509 Cathedral Street Treasurer, Miss Elizabeth G. Taylor, 511 Calvert Building EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Miss Sarah Crowell, 3 W. Mt. Vernon Place Miss Edith Hamilton, Bryn Mawr School Miss Mary E. Lent, 1123 Madison Avenue Mrs. Franklin P. Mall, 1514 Bolton Street Miss Marie L. Perrin, 1030 N. Charles Street Miss Margaret S. Wier, 312 St. Paul Street JUST FRANCHISE LEAGUE OF TALBOT COUNTY, M.D. HEADQUARTERS: EASTON, M.D. OFFICERS: MRS. WM. E. STEWART, President, MRS. PHILIP LEE TRAVESS, Secretary and Treasurer, MISS MARY T. BRENNAN, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer. VICE- PRESIDENTS: MRS. F. T. DAVIDSON, MRS. WM. E. WHITEY. CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES: LECTURE: MISS MARIANNE HARDCASTLE PRESS AND LITERATURE: MISS LOLA CARSON TRAX, MISS F. WALKER, Assistant. MEMBERSHIP: MISS M. R. DIXON. [*Easton Md*] MISSOURI EQUAL SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION MEMBER OF NATIONAL AMERICAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT, MRS. ROBERT ATKINSON, THE BUCKINGHAM, SAINT LOUIS VICE PRESIDENT- AT- LARGE, MRS. S. MORRISON- FULLER, SAINT LOUIS CORRESPONDING SECRETARY, MRS. W. W. BOYD, THE KINGSBURY, SAINT- LOUIS RECORDING SECRETARY, SOPHIE M. ROMBAUER 4311 PINE STREET, SAINT LOUIS TREASURER, JANE E. THOMPSON, 1832 CARR STREET, ST LOUIS AUDITOR, MRS. N. D. MACARTHUR, WEBSTER GROVES, MISSOURI SAINT LOUIS, [*The Kingsbury*] [*Mrs Boston Blackmore O'Neil*] MRS. FLORENCE WYMAN RICHARDSON, PRESIDENT MRS. GEORGE GELLHORN, FIRST VICE- PRESIDENT MRS. ROBERT ATKINSON, SECOND VICE- PRESIDENT MRS. BERTHA E. ROMBAUER, SECRETARY MRS. D. W. KNEPLER, TREASURER THE EQUAL SUFFRAGE LEAGUE of St. Louis BOARD OF GOVERNORS ---------------------------------- MRS. ROBERT ATKINSON MRS. J. W. BARRIGER MISS THEKLA BERNAYS MRS. JOHN W. DAY MRS. GEORGE DOCK MRS. GEORGE GELLHORN MRS. E. M. GROSSMAN MISS LILLIAN BELT SELL MISS D. W. KNEFLER MISS JOHN L. LOWES MRS. DAVID N. O'NEIL MRS. F. W. RICHARDSON MISS BERTHA E. ROMBAUER MISS CHARLOTTE CAUSE IT MRS. TYRRELL WILLIAMS NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION BRANCH OF INTERNATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE ALLIANCE AND OF NATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEN NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, 171 MADISON AVENUE TELEPHONE, 4818 MURRAY HILL NEW YORK MRS. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT, President DR. ANNA HOWARD SHAW, Honorary President 1ST VICE- PRESIDENT MRS. STANLEY MCCORMICK, MASS. 2ND VICE- PRESIDENT MISS MARY GARRETT HAT, NEW YORK 3RD VICE-PRESIDENT MRS. GUILFORD DUDLEY, TENN. 4TH VICE-PRESIDENT MRS. RAYMOND BROWN, NEW YORK LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS CHAIRMAN MRS. CHARLES H. BROOKS WICHITA, KANSAS SECRETARY MISS KATHERINE PIERCE 112 N. BROADWAY OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA PRESS DEPARTMENT MISS ROSE YOUNG, Director 171 Madison Avenue, New York 5TH VICE-PRESIDENT MRS. HELEN GARDENER, WASHINGTON, D.C. TREASURER MRS. HENRY WADE ROGERS, CONN. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY MRS. FRANK J. SHUMER, NEW YORK RECORDING SECRETARY MRS. HALSEY W. WILSON, NEW YORK NATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc. MISS ESTHER G. OGDEN, President 171 Madison Ave., New York DIRECTORS MRS. CHARLES H. BROOKS, Kansas MRS. J. C. CAN GRILL, Kentucky MRS. RICHARD E. EDWARDS, Indiana MRS. GEORGE GELLHORN, Missouri MRS. BEN HOOPER, Wisconsin MRS. ARTHUR LIVERMORE, New York MISS ESTHER G. OGDEN, New York MRS. GEOR[?] PIERSOL, Pennsylvania June 26, 1919. Ohio Woman Suffrage Association HONORARY PRESIDENT FRANCES M. CASEMENT Painesville PRESIDENT HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON Warren VICE PRESIDENT PAULINE STEINEM 2228 Scottwood Ave., Toledo RECORDING SECRETARY CLARA SNELL WOLFE Oberlin [*see*] OFFICERS Honorary President FRANCES M. CASE Painsville, Ohi President HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON Warren, Ohio Vice-President EMMA S. OLDS Elyria, Ohio Rec. Secretary CORDELIA COFFMAN DAWLEY 3 Old Colony Flats, Toledo, Ohio Cor. Secretary BERTHA COOVER London, Ohio Treasurer CARRIE P. HARRINGTON Warren, Ohio Auditor DORA SANDOE BACHMAN Columbus, Ohio Member National Exec. Committee PAULINE STEINEM 2228 Scotland Ave., Toledo. O. LET OHIO WOMEN VOTE HEADQUARTERS: MASONIC BLDG., WARREN, OHIO Typographical Union Label CORRESPONDING SECRETARY ETHEL R. VORCE 1876 East 73 St., Cleveland TREASURER ZELL HART DEMING Warren AUDITOR DORA SANDOE BACHMAN Eberly Building, Columbus MEMBER NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE BELLE COIT KELTON 51 N. Monroe St., Columbus ADVISORY CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE HON. BRAND WHITLOCK Mayor of Toledo MRS. SAMUEL B. SNEATH Tiffin MAX HAYES Editor The Citizen, Cleveland MRS. APOLLO OPES New Philadelphia MRS. IVOR HUGHES Columbus DR. KATHERINE A. ASTLER Station P. Cincinnati MISS FRANCES ENSIGN Pres. W. C. T. U., Madison MISS ELLA M. HAAS State Factory Visitor Dayton MRS. CHARLOTTE D. DAVIDSON Xenia MISS DORA ELLIS The Grange, Wooster HERBERT S. BIGELOW Direct Legislation League Cincinnati THE COLORADO FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS Mrs. Harry Landon Hollister, President 1711 Lake Avenue, Pueblo CHAIRMEN OF STANDING COMMITTEES Art Miss Emily Wiles Craig Salida Badges Mrs. James Cowie 703 Pine St., Boulder Civics Mrs. A. L. Mowry 915 Custer Ave... Colorado Springs Civil Service Mrs. Robert Kerr 1815 N. Tejon St. Colorado Springs Constitution Mrs. Eugene C. Stevens 1815 17th Ave.. Denver Education Mrs. Isabella Churchill Greeley Forestry Mrs. T.H. Thomas Cripple Creek Health Dr. Cara S. Richards 29 Masonic T'ple. Denver Household Economics Miss Mary F. Rausch Fort Collins Industrial Mrs. Henry Purrier Gunnison Legislative Mrs. J.M. Conine 724 E. 10th Ave., Denver Library Extension Mrs. A.M.Welles 1930 Lincoln St., Denver Music Mrs. John D. Kellog 324 Broadway. Pueblo Outlook and Extension Mrs. Margaret White O'Leary Gunnison Press Mrs. Helen Ring Robinson 1441 Josephine St. Denver Printing Mrs. Sudie E. Flint 3319 Meade St., Denver Program Mrs. D.W. Collins 34 Block Q. Pueblo Reciprocity Mrs. Edward T. Taylor Glenwood Springs Scholarship Mrs. T.M. Harding Canon City State Institutions Ellis Meredith P.O. Box 326, Denver Transportation Mrs. W.T. Harrington Leadville OFFICERS Mrs. J.A. Gravett. 1st V. Pres. Salida Mrs. Arthur H. McLain 2nd V. Pres. Canon City Mrs. T.B. Pyles, Rec. Sec'y Fountain Mrs. Chas. D. Ray. Cor. Sec. 2011 Court St., Pueblo Mrs. W.B. Morgan, Auditor 527 Colo. Ave. Trinidad Mrs. Amanda Kerr Lewis Treasurer 1446 Stout St., Denver DISTRICT PRESIDENTS NORTHEAST Mrs. J.R. Rigdon Timnath SOUTHEAST Mrs. W.D. McPherson Rocky Ford WESTERN SLOPE Mrs. Sprigg Shackleford Grand Junction GENERAL FEDERATION STATE SECRETARY Mrs. Sudie E. Flint 3319 Meade St., Denver PRESIDENT: HON. ALVA ADAMS, Pueblo, Ex-Governor of Colorado. VICE-PRESIDENT: HON. ISAAC N. STEVENS, Denver, Ex-District Attorney. SECRETARY: OMAR E. GARWOOD, Denver, Deputy District Attorney. THE COLORADO EQUAL SUFFRAGE AID ASSOCIATION A non-partisan organization of Colorado men who favor the cause of Equal Suffrage, believing that the women of Colorado have exercised the privileges of the elective franchise with credit to themselves and to the State. 316 TABOR OPERA HOUSE BLOCK. DENVER, COLORADO [December 31st, 1910.] EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Hon. Dewey C. Bailey, Denver, United States Marshal. Hon. John A. Martin, Pueblo, Congressman, Second Congressional District. Hon. George A. Carlson, Fort Collins, District Attorney, Eighth Judicial District. Hon. Grant L. Hudson, Denver, Ex-County Judge. Mr. William W. Garwood, Denver, Former Republican County Chairman. Hon. Harry C. Riddle, Denver, Judge of the District Court. Hon. Edward T. Taylor, Glenwood Springs, Congressman at Large. Hon. A.W. Rucker, Denver, Congressman, First Congressional District. Dr. Barton O. Aylesworth, Fort Collins, Ex-President Colorado Agricultural College. Hon. Walter M. Morgan, Englewood, District Attorney, First Judicial District. Mr. Joseph J. Vick Roy, Denver, Deputy City Auditor. VOTES FOR WOMEN CALIFORNIA EQUAL SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION Member National American Woman Suffrage Association and International Woman Suffrage Alliance PRESIDENT, MRS. MARY McHENRY KEITH 2207 Atherton St., Berkeley Recording Secretary . . . Mrs. Martha Pearce, 1639 I [Mrs. Goodman Loewenthal, 720 Jones] Street, San Francisco Corresponding Secretary . . Mrs. Francesca Pierce, 243 Pacific Bldg., San Francisco HONORARY PRESIDENTS Mrs. Caroline M. Severance Dr. David Starr Jordan Mrs. Mary Simpson Sperry Mrs. Mary Wood Swift Miss Sarah M. Severance Mrs. Sturtevant Peet Brunt Pr. VICE-PRESIDENTS: Mrs. I.N. Chapman 2225 Pacific Ave., Alameda Mrs. Lillian Hough, Sacramento Mrs. Lehman Blum, 425 Spruce street, San Francisco TREASURER: Mrs. Mary T. Gamage, 3010 Pierce Street, San Francisco AUDITORS: Mrs. Augusta Jones, 2524 Clay Street, San Francisco Mrs. Helen Moore, 1523 Noe Street, San Francisco VOTES FOR WOMEN VOTES FOR WOMEN TOLEDO FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS 1911 --- 1912 HONORARY PRESIDENT Mrs. W.A. Humphrey 2160 Maplewood Ave. PRESIDENT Mrs. T.C. Martin 1927 Linwood Ave. OFFICERS FIRST VICE- PRESIDENT MRS. H. A. JONES 826 Greenwood Ave. SECOND VICE- PRESIDENT MRS. EMMA K. RINEHEART 329 Elm Street THIRD VICE- PRESIDENT MRS. O. C. MCGINN 340 Western Ave. RECORDING SECRETARY MRS. F. A. ROOT 412 Seguir Ave. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY MRS. JEROME TRAVIS 2936 Fulton Street TREASURER MRS. SAMUEL KOHN 2148 Glenwood Ave CHAIRMEN DEPARTMENTS EDUCATION Mrs. A.G. Duer CIVICS Mrs. Edward H. Horton DOMESTIC SCIENCE Mrs. W.W. Vosper ART Mrs. Geo. W. Stevens MUSIC Mrs. J.M. Riebel DRAMA Mrs. Jerome Travis PHILANTHROPY Mrs. S.M. Walker SOCIAL Mrs. Edwin L. Camp ENTERTAINMENT Mrs. Chas. W. Knowlton CLUB EXTENSION Mrs. Emma K. Rinehart PUBLICITY Mrs. W.A. Humphrey VOTES FOR WOMEN Toledo, Ohio NEW ENGLAND SUFFRAGE LEAGUE HEADQUARTERS, 68 PEMBERTON SQUARE, ROOM 4, BOSTON, MASS. CLIFFORD H. PLUMMER, PRESIDENT J. W. LANCASTER,Vice-President at large, Bridgeport, Conn. Rev. W. W. RYAN, 1st Vice-President, West Newton, Mass. Rev. J. H. WILEY, 2nd Vice-President, Providence, R. I. Rev. W. H. ELEY, 3rd Vice-President, Norwich, Conn. W. MONROE TROTTER, Secretary, Boston, Mass. E. P. OLIVER, Recording Secretary, Providence, R. I. EMERY T. MORRIS, Treasurer, Cambridge, Mass. Rev. O. E. DENNISON, Chaplain, Oak Bluff, Mass. Rev. N. A. MARRIOTT, Sergt. at Arms, New Bedford, Mass. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Rev. W. J. SMITH, Fall River, Mass. Rev. S. W. SMITH, Providence, R. I. Rev. WALTER GAY, Hartford, Conn. Rev. D. S. KLUGH, New Haven, Conn. HANDY DUNCAN, Haverhill, Mass. GEO. T. DOMINIS, Worcester, Mass. Rev. H. CONWAY, Worcester, Mass. WM. D. JOHNSON, Winchester, Mass. J. A. ATUS, Brockton, Mass. Dr. HENRY LEWIS, Chelsea, Mass. S. D. GAINES, Newport, R. I. J. A. HAGAN, New Haven, Conn. Rev. B. W. SWAIN, Hartford, Conn. Rev. A. W. ADAMS, Norwich, Conn. E B. JOURDAIN, Esq., Statiscian, New Bedford, Mass. Rev. JOHN L. DAVIS, Maiden, Mass. Rev. W. S. CARPENTER, Bridgeport, Ct. Rev. W. A. LYNCH, Pittsfield, Mass. GEO. CLARKSON, Pittsfield, Mass. Rev. C. H. MILLER, Andover, Mass. J. T. SLAUGHTER, Portsmouth, N. H. New Hampshire Woman Suffrage Association. Honorary President ARMENIA S. WHITE, Concord President MARY N. CHASE, Andover Honorary Vice-Presidents N. HENRY W. BLAIR, Manchester [?]OR JACOB H. GALLINGER, Concord Vice -President MARY I. WOOD, Portsmouth Secretary REV. OLIVE M. KIMBALL, Marlboro Treasurer O. B. DOUGLAS, M. D., Concord Chairman Legislative Committee AGNES M. JENKS, 23 Merrimac Street, Concord Auditors C. R. WENDELL, Dover SHERMAN E. BURROUGHS, Manchester Member of National Executive Committee j. SARAH BARNEY, M. D., Franklin Superintendent of Literature JENNIE F. NIVEN, 294 Granite Street, Manchester ANDOVER, N. H. FEB. 16, 1910. "TO ADD TO THE LAW, JUSTICE." Maine Woman Suffrage Association. PRESIDENT, MISS HELEN N. BATES, 63 Read Street, Woodfords Vice-President-at-Large, MRS. HANNAH J. BAILEY, Winthrop Center. Vice-President, MRS. EMMA E. KNIGHT, 5 Knight Street, Portland. Recording Secretary, MISS ANNE BURGESS, 8 Whitney Street, Portland. Corresponding Secretary, MRS. LUCY HOBART DAY, 655 Congress Street. Treasurer, MRS. LIZZIE H. FRENCH, 99 High Street, Portland. Law Justice [image] Auditor, MISS ALICE BLANCHARD, Preble House, Portland. Superintendent Literature, MISS SUSAN A. CLARK, 21 E. Promenade, Portland. Superintendent Enrolment, MISS MARGARET LAUGHLIN, 118 Spring Street, Portland. Supt. Press Work. MISS ELLA O. WOODMAN, 492 Cumberland Ave., Portland NATIONAL COLLEGE EQUAL SUFFRAGE LEAGUE AUXILIARY TO THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION Requests for Information and Suffrage Literature may be addressed to the Secretary 505 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY Telephone, Bryant 6855 OFFICERS President, Miss M. Carey Thomas President of Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania First Vice-President, Ex-officio, Miss Anna Howard Shaw President of national American Woman Suffrage Association Vice-President, Miss Sophonisba P. Breckinridge Dean in the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Vice-President, Miss Frances W. McLean 1829 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, California Secretary, Miss Charlotte Anita Whitney 505 Fifth Avenue, New York City Vice-President, Mrs. Maud Wood Park 585 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts Vice-President, Professor Lucy M. Salmon Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York Vice-President, Miss Mary E. Woolley President of Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts Treasurer, Miss Mary E. Garrett 101 West Monument Street, Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Secretary, Miss Florence Ellinwood Allen 505 Fifth Avenue, New York City STANDING COMMITTEES ORGANIZATION: Chairman, Mrs. Maud Wood Park 585 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts MEMBERSHIP: Chairman, Mrs. Stanley McCormick 393 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts FINANCE: Chairman, Mrs. Herbert Parsons 1229 Nineteenth Street, Washington, D. C. LECTURES: (East) Chairman, Mrs. Maud Wood Park 585 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts (Middle West) Chairman, Miss Anna Roberta Van Meter Professor in the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinoi (Pacific Coast) Chairman, Mrs. Alexander F. Morrison 2022 California Street, San Francisco, California (South) Chairman, Mrs. Warren Newcomb Boyd 194 Washington Street, Atlanta, Georgia PUBLICATION: Chairman, President M. Carey Thomas NEW YORK STATE WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION HEADQUARTERS, 505 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK TEL. 5288 MURRAY HILL PRESIDENT MRS. ELLA HAWLEY CROSSETT WARSAW CORRESPONDING SECRETARY MRS. FRANK J. SHULER 485 MAIN ST. BUFFALO VICE-PRESIDENT-AT-LARGE MISS HARRIET MAY MILLS 926 WEST GENESEE ST., SYRACUSE AUDITORS MRS. ELIZA WRIGHT OSBORNE AUBURN MRS. HENRY VILLARD 145 WEST 58TH ST., NEW YORK RECORDING SECRETARY MRS. NICHOLAS SHAW FRASER GENESEO TREASURER MRS. WILLIAM M. IVINS 55 E. 25TH ST., NEW YORK Legislative Committee Mrs. Ella H. Crossett, State President, Ex-Officio Chariman Mrs. Henry Villard, Chairman 145 West 58th Street, New York Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt President International Woman Suffrage Alliance President Greater New York Woman Suffrage Council Mrs. Florence Kelley Vice-President National American Woman Suffrage Association Executive Secretary National Consumers' League Mrs. George Howard Lewis Treasurer Political Equality Club. Buffalo Miss Anne Fitzhugh Miller President Political Equality Club. Geneva, Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch President League of Self-Supporting Women, New York Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont President Political Equality Association, New York Mrs. Helen Z. M. Rodgers President Women Workers' Suffrage League, Buffalo Mrs. Mackay President Equal Franchise Society, New York Mrs. Jessie Ashley President Collegiate Equal Suffrage League, New York Mrs. R. B. Burrows President Allegany County Political Equality Association, Andover, Miss Mary E. Dreier President Women's Trade Union League, New York Dr. Anna Mercy President East Side Equal Rights League, New York Mrs. Ella A. Boole President State Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Brooklyn Miss Caroline Lexow National Secretary College Equal Suffrage League, Nyack Mrs. Ida Husted Harper Chairman National Woman Suffrage Press Bureau, 505 Fifth Ave. Mr. George Foster Peabody President Men's League for Woman Suffrage of New York State Mr. Max Eastman Secretary Men's League for Woman Suffrage 118 Waverly Place, New York Mrs. Wm. Cumming Story First Vice-President New York State Federation Women's Clubs Mrs. Lucy P. Allen President Washington County Political Equality Club Miss Lucy C. Watson President Political Equality Club, Utica Mrs. Wm. C. Gannett President Susan B. Anthony Memorial Association, Rochester. Miss Alice Lewisohn 46 West 52nd Street, New York Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association ORGANIZED 1869 Auxiliary to the National American Woman Suffrage Association State Headquarters [207-208 Hale Building S. W. Cor. Juniper and Chestnut Streets] PHILADELPHIA, PA. Bell 'Phone, Walnut 4896 1721 Chestnut St. Equal Franchise Federation of Western Pennsylvania PRESIDENT - JULIAN KENNEDY Corresponding Sec'y Miss K. B. Dr. Roscoe Auditors -- Mr. Harold Allen Jan. 17th Woman Suffrage Headquarters ROOM 208 HALE BUILDING JUNIPER AND CHESTNUT STS. PHILADELPHIA May 4, 1911. President, Mrs. Ellen H. E. Price, 3316 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. Vice-President, Mrs. Anna M. Orme, Wayne, Pa. Corresponding Secretary, Miss Caroline Katzenstein, 208 Hale Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Recording Secretary, Mrs. Mary C. Morgan, 4418 Osage Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Treasurer. Miss Matilda Orr Hays, 516 Rebecca Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. Auditors, Mrs. Robert D. Coard, 6334 Howe St., Pittsburgh Pa. Miss Ellen L. Thomas, Norristown, Pa. Field Secretary, Mrs. Ida Porter-Boyer. Centralia, Columbia County, Pa. Honorary Presidents, Mrs. Lucretia L. Blankenburg, Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery. MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Mrs. J. O. Miller, Chairman HEADQUARTERS COMMITTEE Mrs. Cornelius Scully, Ch'rman 1st Vice President Miss Mary E. Bakewell 2nd " " Mrs. H. C. Shaw 4rd " " Mrs. Enoch Rauh NNYSLVANIA WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION PRESIDENT MRS. ELLEN H. E. PRICE HEADQUARTERS TREASURER MISS KATHARINE COLLISON Advisory Board. Miss Lida Stokes Adams, Mr. Wilmer Atkinson, Prof. Earl barnes, Hon. Dimner Beeber, Dr. Albert P. Brubaker, Miss Mary A. Burnham Miss Jane Campbell, Mr. Isaac H. Clothier, Bishop James H. Darlington, Mrs. Ella M. George, Rev. Carl E. Grammer, Miss Anne Heygate Hall, Rev. Frederic A. Hinckley, Dr. Morris Jastrow, Rev. Joseph Krauskopf, Dr. Leo S. Rowe, Miss Elizabeth S. Lowry, Mrs. Samuel Semple, Dr. Joseph Swain, Miss M. Carey Thomas. PRESS COMMITTEE Mrs. W. H. Church Chairman LITERATURE COMMITTEE Mrs. William Waters Chairman Recording Sec'y Miss Edna Schoyer 604 S. Dallas Avenue Treasurer Mrs. Frank Roessin Cor. Murray Ave. and Solway St. WOMAN SUFFRAGE SOCIETY OF THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA PRESIDENT MISS JANE CAMPBELL CHAIRMAN OF HEADQUARTERS COMMITTEE MISS EMILY Q. ATKINSON Officers 1910 MRS. F. H. RASTALL PRESIDENT 630 SHERIDAN RD. TEL. GRACELAND 1638 DR. ANNA E. BLOUNT RECORDING SECRETARY OAK PARK, ILL. TEL. OAK PARK 550 MRS. CHARLOTTE RHODUS CORRESPONDING SECRETARY 835 JUNIOR TER. TEL. LAKE VIEW 2203 OFFICERS 1910 MRS. ANNA V. MCGOVERN FINANCIAL SECRETARY 6434 ELLIS AVE. TEL. HYDE PARK 612 DR. CAROLINE HEDGER TREASURER 5512 S. ASHLAND AVE. TEL. WENTWORTH 7243 MARGARET A. HALEY ORGANIZER 844 UNITY BUILDING TEL. CENTRAL 3904 NO VOTE NO TAX LEAGUE MOTTO: BACK TO THE PRINCIPLES OF OUR FOREFATHERS. TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION IS TYRANNY. BELLE SQUIRE, VICE-PRESIDENT 4020 PERRY STREET CHICAGO Mar 5 - 1912 Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association HEADQUARTERS 55-57 PRATT STREET, HARTFORD TELEPHONE CHARTER 6217 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MRS. THOMAS N. HEPBURN PRESIDENT 55-57 PRATT ST. HARTFORD MRS. GRACE GALLATIN SETON VICE-PRESIDENT GREENWICH MRS. RUTTZ-REES RECORDING SECRETARY GREENWICH MISS MABEL C. WASHBURN CORRESPONDING SECRETARY 55-57 PRATT ST. HARTFORD MRS. M. TOSCAN BENNETT TREASURER 55-57 PRATT ST. HARTFORD MRS. MARY J. ROGERS AUDITOR 82 AKRON ST. MERIDEN MRS. H. H. DELOSS AUDITOR 137 PARK PLACE BRIDGEPORT MRS. ELIZABETH D. BACON EX-PRESIDENT (1906-1910) 106 CAPEN ST. HARTFORD MRS. EDWARD PORRITT PRESS SECRETARY 63 TREMONT ST. HARTFORD MRS. CARLOS. F. STODDARD CHAIRMAN NEW HAVEN COUNTY 412 ORANGE ST. NEW HAVEN MRS. A. E. SCRANTON TAYLOR CHAIRMAN LITCHFIELD COUNTY NORFOLK MRS. WILLIAM T. HINCKS EX-PRESIDENT (1911-1913) 52 PARK PLACE BRIDGEPORT MRS. H. A. TAYLOR CHAIRMAN HARTFORD COUNTY 65 GROVE HILL NEW BRITAIN MRS. HERBERT H. KNOX CHAIRMAN FAIRFIELD COUNTY NEW CANAAN DR. ESTHER S. B. WOODWARD CHAIRMAN NEW LONDON COUNTY NORWICH MISS ROSAMON DANIELSON CHAIRMAN WINDHAM COUNTY PUTNAM MISS EMILY PIERSON STATE ORGANIZER CROMWELL I go for all sharing the privileges of the government who assist in bearing its burdens, by no means excluding women. --- Abraham Lincoln Kansas Equal Suffrage Association Lucy B. Johnston, President, Topeka Ella M. Evans, Corresponding Secretary, 1318 Buchanan, Topeka Stella H. Stubbs, First Vice Pres., Topeka. Cora W. Bullard, Second Vice-Pres., Tonganoxie Helen N. Backer, Rec. Sec., Lawrence. Sarah N. Thurston, Treas., Topeka. Sallie Lindsay White, Auditor, Emporia. HONORARY VICE PRESIDENT Lillian M. M [??]hner, Topeka. COMMITTEES Press, Catherine A. Hoffman. Chairman, Enterprise. Membership, Alberta L. Corbin, Ph. D., Chairman, Lawrence Education, E[?]he Graham, Chairman, Topeka Finance, Pansy M. Clark, Chairman, Rosedale. Michigan Equal Suffrage Association 1909-1910 MEMBER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION, REV. CAROLINE BARTLETT CRANE, KALAMAZOO. PRESIDENT, MRS. CLARA B. ARTHUR, 96 BOSTON BOULEVARD, DETROIT. VICE-PRES., MRS. HUNTLEY RUSSELL, COMSTOCK PLACE, GRAND RAPIDS. REC. SECRETARY, MRS. JOHN C. HICKEY, 235 WOODLAND AVE., DETROIT. COR. SECRETARY, MISS ALICE M. BOUTELL. FOREST APARTMENTS, DETROIT. TREASURER, MRS. MAY S. KNAGGS, 813 N. SHERIDAN STREET, BAY CITY. AUDITORS {MRS. MARGUERITE PHILLIPS, CHARLOTTE. MISS MARTHA BALDWIN, BIRMINGHAM. STATE ORGANIZER, MRS. MARY L. DOE, 923 NORTH MONROE STREET, BAY CITY VOTES FOR WOMEN CAMPAIGN PUBLICITY COMMITTEE MISS GERTRUDE WALKER Bruce, S. D. MRS. C. S. THORP Britton, S. D. MRS. JANE R. BREEDEN Pierre, S. D. MRS. NANA E. GILBERT Salem, S. D. Chairman MRS. EDITH M. FITCH Hurley, S. D. MRS. ALICE M. GOSSAGE Rapid City, S D. MRS. EASTWOOD Watertown, S. D. MISS ROSE BOWER Rapid City, S. D. New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association Honorary Presidents MRS. FLORENCE HOWE HALL, 53 Washington Square, New York City MRS. MINOLA GRAHAM SEXTON, 172 Cleveland Street, Orange, N. J. President, MRS. CLARA LADDEY, 52 New Lawn Avenue, Arlington, N. J. First Vice President, MRS. ULILLA L. DECKER, 119 Cleveland Street, Orange, N. Y. Second Vice President, MISS HELEN LIPPINCOTT, Riverton, N. J. Recording Secretary, MISS EMMA L. RICHARDS, 464 Summer Avenue, Newark, N. J. Corresponding Secretary, MRS. ELLA A. KILBORN, 76 Pleasant Place, Arlington, N. J. Treasurer, MRS. ANNA B. JEFFERY, 358 Hartford Road, South Orange, N. J. Auditor, MRS. MARY B. KINSLEY, 808 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Chairmen of Committees Literature, DR. MARY D. HUSSEY, 142 North Arlington Avenue, East Orange, N. J. Education, MRS. IDA H. RILEY, 7 Myrtle Avenue, Plainfield, N. J. Legislation, MRS. LOUISA E. HECTOR, 8804 Bay 15th Street, Bath Beach, Brooklyn, N. Y. Press, MRS. MINNIE E. REYNOLDS, 21 Wallace Terrace, Bloomfield, N. J. Lectures, MRS. MINNA C. VAN WINKLE, 35 Lincoln Park, Newark, N. J. Organization, MRS. ULILLA L. DECKER, 119 Cleveland St, Orange, N. J. Resolutions, MRS. FLORENCE HOWE HALL, 53 Washington Square, New York City Enrollment, MRS. ELIZABETH T. BARTLETT, 180 Stuyvesant Avenue, Arlington, N. J. Ways and Means, MRS. SUSANNAH N. LEARY, 106 Heller Parkway, Newark, N. J. Dear Friends: Please send full information about the work of your organization for use in a magazine article. Very faithfully yours, H. L. LATHAM Pleasant Hill, Ohio THIS SIDE OF CARD IS FOR ADDRESS 1929 PLEASANT HILL 4 PM JUN17 OHIO National American Suffrage Association, 171 Madison Av., New Yok City. June 26, 1929 Mr. H. L. Latham, Pleasant Hill, Ohio. My dear Mr. Latham: The National American Woman Suffrage Association is an organization which has been continuously working to secure the enfranchisement of women in this and other countries since 1848. Its main object was attained when the women of this country were enfranchised in 1920. Since then it has been engaged in gathering records of the woman suffrage movement, writing and printing such records, and distributing them to libraries. It has further been engaged in assisting women of their countries less fortuna than our own in securing the vote. Very truly yours, President. CCC: HW [*Files of Mrs Stephen H Loines*] (Proposed Amendments are printed in red. Italics indicate changes.) CONSTITUTION Of the National American Woman Suffrage Association ARTICLE I Name The name of this Association shall be the National American Woman Suffrage Association. ARTICLE II Objects The object of this Association shall be to secure protection, in their right to vote, to the women citizens of the United States, by appropriate National and State legislation. ARTICLE III Members Section I. Any State Woman Suffrage organization, or any other suffrage organization of not less than 300 members, may become auxiliary to the National American Woman Suffrage Association and thus secure representation in the Annual Convention, by paying annually into its treasury ten cents per member. Societies now auxiliary to our State Associations shall not be eligible to direct membership in the National unless they have been refused auxiliaryship in their States. [*No] Section I. Any Stat woman suffrage organization, or any suffrage organization of not less than 300 members, may become auxiliary to the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and thus secure representation in the Annual Convention, by paying annually into its treasury, not later than October 15, ten cents for every paid-up membership. Societies now auxiliary to our State Associations shall not be eligible to direct membership in the National unless they have been refused auxiliaryship in their States. Sec. 2. Any National Suffrage Association may become auxiliary to the National American Woman Suffrage Association upon the approval of two-thirds of the Executive Committee and the payment of ten cents per member into the National Treasury. It shall then be entitled to representation in the National Convention upon the same basis as State Associations. 1 Sec. 3 (to be inserted after Sec. 2, present Sec. 3 to be numbered Sec. 4 and so on). Every State Woman Suffrage organization other affiliated suffrage organization and affiliated National Suffrage Association containing 500 paid up members shall pay into the treasury of the National American Woman Suffrage Association a supplementary assessment of $50 each year and an additional assessment of $10 for every additional 100 paid up members or major fraction thereof. Sec. 3. The payment of fifty dollars ($50) into the treasury shall constitute a Life Member of the Association, entitled to attend all its public meetings, to participate in all discussions, and to receive reports and other documents published by it, but not entitled to vote. Sec. 4(new section 5) First clause, last five words. Insert between "every" and "fraction" the word "major," add word "thereof" at end of clause. The last words of the clause will then read, "and one delegate for every one hundred paid up members, and for every major fraction thereof." Insert after first clause of Article III, Sect. 4, the following sentence: In the transaction of all business the delegates present from each State or affiliated organization or association shall cast the full vote to which that State or organization is entitled, provided that at least one-fifth of the delegates to which such organization is entitled are present at the convention, it being understood that otherwise votes not represented by the proper proportion of delegates present may not be cast, and provided that in the case of organizations containing 500 or more paid up members the supplementary assessment of such organization has been paid into the treasury as prescribed in Article III, Sec. 3, otherwise said organization is entitled to cast only the vote of an unassessed delegation. 2 Sec. 5. Individuals may become co-operating members of the N. A. W. S. A. by the payment of $1. Sec. 5. Individuals may become co-operating members of the N. A. W. S. A. by the payment of one dollar annually, such dues to be payable not later than October 15. Sec. 6. National organizations may become affiliated members of the N. A. W. S. A. on approval of two-thirds of the National Executive Committee and upon the payment of $10 annual dues-these affiliated organizations to be entitled to one delegate only. Sec. 7. All pledges made at the annual convention shall be payable not later than April 1. Article IV Officers Section I. The officers of the Association shall be a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secretary, a Treasurer, two Auditors, and the Editor of the Official Organ. Amend Art. IV., Section I, on the Constitution of the N. A. W. S. A. by striking out the words "and the editor of the Official Organ." Sec. 2 Presidents of the auxiliary organizations shall be ex-officio Vice-Presidents. Article V Duties of Officers Section I. The General Officers, viz. : the President, two Vice-Presidents, Recording and Corresponding Secretaries, Treasurer, two Auditors, and the Editor of the Official Organ, shall constitute a Board of General Officers, to supervise the general interests of the work in the interim of the annual meetings. Amend Art. V, Section 1, by striking out the words "and the editor of the Official Organ." The Board of General Officers shall meet once in two months except during the months of July and August. Five members shall constitute a quorum, or a majority may act by correspondence. Special meetings may be called by the President and must be called when requested by three members of the Board. The officers and members of the National America Woman Suffrage Association maintain a strictly nonpartisan attitude, to all political parties, excepting, however, members of the Association from States where Equal Suffrage is in force. 3 Sec. 2. The President shall perform the duties usual to such office. Sec. 3. The Vice-President shall perform all the duties of the President in case of the President's absence or disability. It shall be the duty of the President and Vice-Presidents of the National American Woman Suffrage Association to attend every convention for the nomination of a president of the United States, to urge the insertion of an Equal Suffrage plank in its platform. Sec. 4. The Recording Secretary shall keep a correct record of the proceedings, and perform all the other duties usual to such office. Sec. 5. The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct all correspondence of the organization, and shall secure from the Corresponding Secretary of each auxiliary association a report of its work. Sec. 6. The Treasurer shall keep an accurate account of receipts and disbursements, shall send a monthly summary to members of the Board and shall present a detailed report at each annual meeting. The Treasurer shall pay no bills of the general association except on order of the President and Recording Secretary, but may disburse the funds of Standing Committees when directed to do so by an authorized person on the committee without the signature of the President and Recording Secretary. The Treasurer shall provide the auxiliary associations with blank credentials for delegates to the annual meetings, and shall be ex-officio chairman of the Committee on Credentials. The books of the Treasurer shall close four weeks before the Annual Convention, and the Treasurer's report shall be read at the second business meeting of the Annual Convention. Sec. 7. The Auditors shall examine and verify the books of the Treasurer, and shall give a report thereof at each annual meeting. ARTICLE VI Executive Committee Section 1. The Executive Committee shall consist of the General Officers, the President of each State organization and other auxiliary, and, in addition, one member from each State organization having one hundred or more members, together, with the Chairmen of Standing and Special Committees; of these members 4 fifteen shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Sec. 2. The Executive Committee of this Association shall hold one session preceding the opening of each Annual Convention and another at its close Sec. 3. The decisions reached by the Executive Committee and its pre-convention session shall be presented in the form of recommendations of the business sessions of the Convention. Sec. 4. A majority of the Executive Committee shall act by correspondence upon any matter referred to it by the Board. Sec. 5. The Executive Committee may elect as Honorary Vice-Presidents distinguished adherents of the cause of Woman Suffrage who are removed from active work. ARTICLE VII Election of Officers Section I. The General Officers of this Association shall be elected on the last day by one of the annual meeting. They shall be nominated by an informal ballot. The three persons receiving the highest number of votes for any office shall be considered nominees, and the election be decided by a formal ballot. The results of the formal ballot for the preceding officer nominated shall be announced before taking the informal ballot for the next. Section 1. The General Officers of this Association shall be elected by ballot on the last day but one of the annual meeting. Nominations shall be [made] announced to the Association at least twenty-four hours before the election. Sec. 2. The terms of the General Officers shall expire at the end of the last session of the Convention, and the terms of the newly elected officers shall commence with the session of the Executive Committee held at the close of the Convention. Sec. 3. The Board of General Officers may fill any vacancy on that Board which may occur during the year. Sec. 4. In the election of officers the delegates present from each State may cast the full vote to which that State is entitled. The vote shall be taken in the same way upon any other question whenever the dele- 5 gates present from five States request it. In other cases each delegate shall have one vote. Amend by striking out Sec. 4 of Art. VII. Article VIII This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote at any annual meeting, after one day's notice in the Convention, notice of the proposed amendment having been given to the Board of General Officers, which notice said officers shall publish in the Official Organ twice, the first time not less than three months in advance of the Convention. ------- By-Laws By-Law I Annual Convention Section I. This Association shall hold an Annual Convention of regularly elected delegates for the election of officers and the transaction of business. An annual meeting may be held in Washington, D.C., during the first session of Congress. Insert after "business", the following. This meeting shall be held between election day and Thanksgiving. Sec. 2. In the absence of an auxiliary president or auxiliary member of the Executive Committee, the delegation from the auxiliary may select a proxy by ballot. Sec. 3. An auxiliary Association having no delegates present shall not give a proxy to a person from another State. Sec. 4. Any organization whose dues are unpaid on the closing of the Treasurer's books shall lose its vote in the Convention for that year. Sec. 4. All membership dues shall be paid not later than Oct. 15. Any organization whose dues are not paid by that date shall lose its vote in the Convention for that year. Sec. 5. Delegates must present credentials signed by the President and Recording Secretary of their respective organizations. 6 By-Law II The Committee on Resolutions shall consist of one person from each State, elected by its delegation, and also a chairman to be elected by the Executive Committee. By-Law III Section 1. After each Annual Convention the Board of General Officers shall elect the following Standing Committees: A Committee on Program, of which the President shall be Chairman, to arrange the program for the next annual meeting; a Congressional Committee, to have in charge the direct Congressional work; Committees on Literature, Press Work, Enrolment, Presidential Suffrage, Local Arrangements, and Railroad Rates. Sec. 2. The President shall appoint, during each Annual Convention a Committee on Resolutions, consisting of five members, who shall report to the Resolutions Committee at the next Annual Convention. Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall elect from itself a Membership Committee, which shall pass upon the qualifications of organizations applying for auxiliaryship. Sec. 4. Special Committees may be elected by the Board of General Officers. By-Law IV The official report presented by any auxiliary of the National Association shall be printed in the minutes as authorized by the President and Secretary of that auxiliary. By-Law V The Treasurer of the Association shall give bond in such sum as shall cover the funds in her charge. By-Law VI These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote at any annual meeting, one day's notice having been given in Convention. 7 By-Law VII Method of Election Section 1. All Officers of the National American Woman Suffrage Association shall be nominated by petition. A separate petition for each candidate; said petition to be filed with the election officers at least 36 hours before the election--and signed by accredited delegates representing either--(1) not less than ten different associations affiliated with the N. A. W. S. A., or (2) not less than 100 votes. Sec. 2. Names of all candidates shall be published by the election officers at least 24 hours before election. Sec. 3. A ballot containing the names of all candidates shall be prepared, and cast at the polls established by the election officers. Sec. 4. No candidate shall run for more than one position in a given election; the candidate receiving the most votes for a given position be declared elected. Sec. 5. In case of a tie vote the two candidates shall be voted on again by written ballot of the Association. Sec. 6. The working details of the election shall be left to election officers appointed or elected by the convention. The election of officers shall then take place. Article VII Standing Committees There shall be five or more standing committees, as follows; Ways and Means, Press, Literature, Educational and Enrollment. The chairmen of these committees, with the officers of the League to form the Executive Committee. The chairman of each of these committees shall represent her League on the similar committee of the State Association. Article VIII Enrolled Members All persons signing either the Woman Suffrage Party or the Sympathizers slips shall be considered as enrolled non-due-paying members of the League, and they shall be invited to all meetings of the Leagues of general interest, but will, of course, have no voice in the affairs of the League. Note:--Some Leagues have several kinds of membership; for instance, the Plainfield League, which has Enrolled Non-Dues Paying Members, who have no vote; Active Members at 50c a year; Contributing Members at $1.00 a year, and Sustaining Members at $5.00 a year. Article IX Amendments* This Constitution may be amended at a regular meeting of the Association by a two-thirds vote of the members present, notice having been given at the previous regular meeting. ------------ *By-Laws may be added at the discretion of members. Constitution ----For----- Local Associations Auxiliary to the National-American Woman Suffrage Association ------------- Article I. Name This association shall be known as the Equal Suffrage League Auxiliary to the Woman Suffrage Association, State of New Jersey, and through that to the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Article II. Object Its object shall be to advance the industrial, legal and educational rights of women, and to secure suffrage to them by appropriate State and National legislation. Article III Membership Any person may become a member of this Association by subscribing to the Constitution and paying the sum of 50c annually into the treasury, of which 25c shall go the State Association Treasurer. This must be paid before the annual meeting in........... No distinction on account of sex shall be made in membership or eligibility to office in the Association. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS The officers of the Association shall be a President, a Vice-President*, Corresponding Secretary†, Recording Secretary, a Treasurer and Auditor. These general officers shall constitute an Executive Committee, together with the Chairmen of Standing Committees. ARTICLE V DUTIES OF OFFICERS Sec, 1. President—The President shall preside at all regular and called meetings, and have a general oversight of the Association, and, in conjunction with the Executive Committee, plan for its best interests and the good of the cause, and call special meetings when deemed advisable, due notice having been given. Sec. 2. Vice-President —The Vice-President shall perform all duties of the President in case of the absence of that officer. Sec. 3. Corresponding Secretary—The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the Association; she shall report the local club work to the State Association, and prepare the report to be read at the State Convention, having first submitted her reports to the local club, giving such facts and items of general interest as will enable the State Secretary to judge correctly of the condition of the club and the amount of work accomplished during the year. *Honorary Vice-Presidents may be added in any number desired; or it is sometimes helpful to connect the names of prominent people with the work of the Club in this manner. †The offices of Corresponding and Recording Secretary may be combined when desired. Sec. 4. Recording Secretary—The Recording Secretary shall keep a record of the meetings of the Association, notify the public off its meetings, notify committees of their appointment and of all papers and documents of the Association, and read the report of each meeting at the following one. Sec. 5. Treasurer—The Treasurer shall keep an exact account of all receipts and expenditures. Twenty-five cents from the dues of each member must be entered at the time of its payment in a separate account under the head of State Dues; this must be forwarded to the Treasurer of the State Association, and must not be used for any other purpose. The Treasurer shall pay bills only on the orders signed by the President and Recording Secretary. Sec. 6. Auditor—It shall be the duty of the Auditor to examine and verify the books of the Treasurer, and to report thereon at each annual meeting. ARTICLE VI MEETINGS Sec. 1. The regular meetings of the Association shall be held every .............. and .............. members shall constitute a quorum. Public meetings shall be held as often as the interest of the work demands. Sec. 2. During the month of ............ the annual meeting shall be held. Before this meeting the Treasurer shall have collected all membership dues unpaid; and shall offer her report to the Association. The report must be passed upon by the Auditor before approval. The Corresponding Secretary shall offer her report of the year's work, and after its approval, may forward it to the State. [*NAWSA*] Historical date The National A.W.S.A was formed on Feb, 17th, 1890, by the union of the national Women's Suffrage Association (organized in 1869) and the American Woman S.Ass. Purpose: the object of this assn. shall be to [secure] protection in their right to the women citizens of the U.S. by appropriate National and State legislation. The organization was incorporated on April 16th, 1890 under the laws of the D. of C. by Susan B. Anthony, V.P. Jane H. Spofford, Treas., and Lucia E. Blount, the term of incorporation to expire April 1940 Reincorporated for 35 years Calendar of Annual Conventions: 1890 - Wash. D.C. union of AM. and Natl. Assns. 1891 - Wash. D.C. Feb. 22-26 1892 - Wash. Feb. 19-21 1893 - Wash. Jan. 16-19 1894 - Wash Feb. 15 - 20; 1895, Atlanta Ga. Jan 31-Feb.5 1896 - Wash. D.C. Jan. 23-28 1897, Des. Moiies, Ia. Jan 26-29 1898, Wash. D.C. Feb. 13- 19; 1899, Grand Rapids Mich. April 27 to May 3 1900 - Wash. D.C. Feb. 8-14; 1901, Minn. Minn. June 1-5; 1902, Wash. D.C. Feb. 14-18; 1903, New Orleenns, La. March 15-25; 1904, Wash. D.C. Feb 11-17; 1905 Portland, Ore; June 28 to July 5; 1906, Baltimore Md. Feb.7-13; 1907, Chicago Ill. Feb. 14-19; 1908, Buffalo, N.Y. October 15-21 1909, Seattle, Wash. July 1-6; 1910, Washington D.C. April 14-19 1911, Louisville, Ky. Oct.19-25; 1912, Phila. Nov. 21-26; 1913 Wash. D.C. Nov. 29-Dec 5; 1914 Nashville, Tenn. Nov. 12-17; 1915 Wash. D.C. Dec. 14-19; 1916 Atlantic City, N.J. Sept. 5-10; 1917, Wash D.C. Dec. 12-15; 1918 and 1919, St. Louis, Mo. Mar. xxxxx 24-29; 1920, St. Louis, Mo. March 24-29; 1920, Chicago, Ill. Feb. 12-18; 1921, Cleveland, Ohio, April 13. 1922, New York, N.Y. April 11, Executive Section. 1925 Wash. D.C. April 23, Executive Section; 1929, New Rochelle, N.Y. Executive Section, March 14; 1936, New York, Executive Section, March 19; 1938, New Rochelle, N.Y. Executive Section; May 2. 1939, Mrs. Catt's Home, 120 Paine Ave. New Rochelle, N.Y. May 12 xxxx 1940 -- Women's Univ. Club, Hotel Biltmore, N.Y. Nov. 27 1942 Mrs. Slade's home, 49 e. 67th ST. N.Y. Dec. 14th, annual meeting for 1943 1944 Women's Univ. Club, Hotel Biltmore, N.Y. Jan 7 1945 Mrs. Slade's Home, 49 E. 67th St. N.Y. March 28 1947 Mrs. Slade's Home, 49 E. 67th St. Jan 22 1948 Mrs. Dlade's Home, Jan 9th 1949, Mrs. Slade's Home, etc. Jan x 10 1950 Mrs. Slade's home, Jan 9th Melissa Dickinson bequest, cousin of Susan B. Anthony, died Nov. 11, 1910 [*No. 913-P Goldsmith Bros., Stationers, 77 Nassau St., N.Y. Cost of history of W.S. to April 23, 1925 Sal. of Mr s. Harper, 2 years 3 mo. 8333.33 Mrs. Harper for unpaid services, appropriated at Sept. 20 meeting 1000 Expenses, Mrs. Harper, Wash. 39.00 Stenographer salaryies, 5,625.36 Rent. 2391.72 postage, mailing and expressage, 643.43 supplies, 134.33 printing, 10,854.93 storage of 500 sets for 1 year. 15. misc. expense, 84. 61 --- 29,121.71 Promotion 6 postage, domestic and foreign 448.80 station. and printing 298.90 cartons, 40.11 labels, 4.25 extra help 150.27 Mrs. Shuler's salary 4500. total $5,440. total cost of history, to april 23, 1925 $34,562.04 Recd. from sales, 'ol. 4,5,6 2,616.85 total cost $31,945.19 702 sets of v and Vi were sent out to librariesk universities, colleges, normal schools, junior colleges, League fnd Federation Presidents. N.A .W.S.A. autograhp Book May 12 board meeting,reports that the N.A.W.S.A incorporation has been extended for a period of 35 years which will expire April 18, 1975. Mrs. Catt's report of May 12 includes statement of contribution to Lib. or Congress on the woman movement. 901 pieces of literature, good mnay old books. Cont. included Mrs. Catt's own feminist library, completest of the Revolution Woman's Journal, complete list of the minutes of the N.A.W.S.A. and valuable reports of the American and National Assns, repre seting a period of 20 years preceding the org. of the N.A.W.S.A. Authors Copy Margaret Tuttle 33 535 Park Avenue New York Woman Sufferage Addresses and Pageant - Tableau Beyond the little struggle of to-day, lies the larger struggle of the centuries, In which neither she alone, nor her sex alone is concerned but all mankind Olive Schreiner Colombie Mme Nordica Woman Pauline Fredricks Justice Sarah Truax Metropolitan Opera House Friday May Second City of New York Prologue inside and list of states UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 505 Fifth Avenue Dr. ANNA HOWARD SHAW, President. National Men's League for Woman Suffrage. 26 Broadway. Mr. JAS. LEES LAIDLAW, President. New York State Woman Suffrage Association, 180 Madison Avenue. Miss HARRIET MAY MILLS, President. Collegiate Equal Suffrage League, 351 West 114th Street. Mrs. WALTER HERVEY Equal Franchise Society, 8 East 37th Street. Mrs. HOWARD MANSFIELD, President. Men's League for Woman Suffrage of the State of New York, 11 Broadway. Mr. GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY, President. Political Equity Association, 15 East 41st Street. Mrs. O.H.P. BELMONT, President. Woman's Political Union, 46 East 29th Street. Mrs. HARRIET STANTON BLATCH, President. Woman Suffrage Party, Manhattan, 48 East 34th Street; Brooklyn, 7 Lafayette Avenue. Miss MARY HAY, Chairman. GENERAL COMMITTEE Mrs. JAMES LEES LAIDLAW, Chairman Mrs. HENRY RUSSELL, Treasurer Mr. R.C. Beadle, Secretary and the Presidents of the above Suffrage Organizations SPECIAL COMMITTEES PAGEANT-TABLEAU PLATFORM AND COLLECTION Mrs. HOWARD MANSFIELD, Chairman. Mrs. Walter Hervey, Chairman Mrs. RAYMOND BROWN Mrs. FREDERICK NATHAN Miss MARGAREY TUTTLE Miss FRANCES ARNOLD MUSIC PROGRAM Mr. DAVID MANNES Mrs. RAYMOND BROWN Mrs. MARY WADE DENNETT The above Associations and Committees desire to express their gratitude to all who have so kindly volunteered their services for the cause of Woman Suffrage. Special thanks are due to Mr. Otto Kahn, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Metropolitan Opera Company; also to Mr. John Brown and Mr. Edward Siedle of the Metropolitan Opera Company's staff for their courteous assistance. This program is published with the permission of the "Theatre Magazine." PROLOGUE: This is the tale of Woman's shining hour, Her rise from bondage to the hills of power. The handmaidens of freedom, all in white, Stand in a grove upon a moonlit night. They gather blossoming boughs, and never falter, For Hope to lay upon the sacred altar. Hope lights a flame-a flame serene and pure, That through the nights of Doubt shall never endure. A gleaner of the years, like ancient Ruth. Led by fond Hope, amazed in the dim night, At last she sees great Freedom's holy height. She rouses all her sleeping sisters, "Come!" She seems to cry, in glad delirium; "The Vision blazes in the darkened skies, Come, O my sisters, ere its glory dies!" They come, they come, with children and alone. And some have knelt before the altar stone. The moonlight fades, and a great darkness falls; Music resounds, and a loud trumpet calls. Then come the States, a martial, swinging host, The first Thirteen then on from coast to coast. Enfranchised, Unenfranchised, they draw near; Triumphantly with banners they appear. But some, who strive to mount the glorious Height, Are held by Men, held back by Men of Might, Till Woman pleads with Justice; and the gates Seem opening for the phalanx of the States. Columbia comes, a miracle of glory. To make complete the wonderful new story. Justice becomes the crown on Woman's brow' Freedom is hers . . . Lift up the curtain now! - Charles Hanson Towne. PROGRAM ORCHESTRA: Overture to Egmont..............................................Beethoven Mr. DAVID MANNES, Conductor INTRODUCTION Dr. ANNA HOWARD SHAW ADDRESS: Woman Suffrage Demanded in the Interests of Good Government Hon. Theodore Roosevelt COLLECTION Dr. ANNA HOWARD SHAW ORCHESTRA: Allegretto Grazioso, from the Symphony Pathetique............Tschaikowski PAGEANT-TABLEAU A DREAM OF FREEDOM Scenario by MARGARET MERRIMAN TUTTLE PROLOGUE: Written by Charles Hanson Towne Read by Mrs. Otis Skinner Characters (In the order in which they appear.) HOPE FLORENCE FLEMING NOYES HANDMAIDENS OF FREEDOM: Knowledge, BEULAH HEPBURN; Joy, Mrs. ARNOLD FURST; Truth, MARGARET TUTTLE; Equity, ISABEL CORBIERE; Mercy, MARIAN BECKET; Peace, EDITH FARNOS; Charity, ELEANOR WELLS; Faith, DIANA YORKE. WOMAN PAULINE FREDERICKS HER SLEEPING SISTERS: HELEN GRAHAM GRIFFITH, FOLA LA FOLLETTE, MISS MARGARET L. HOWE, IDA WATERMAN, Mrs. J. D. LIVINGSTON, GERTRUDE LIVINGSTON, MRS. DAVID ROBINSON. JUSTICE and SARAH TRAUX-ALBERT COLUMBIA Mme. Lillian Nordica MUSICAL PROGRAM Accompanying the Pageant Dance of the Blessed Spirits, from "Orpheus" . . Gluck A♭ Waltz in B minor Arranged for String Orchestra . . Brahms Excerpts from Lohengrin and Tannhauser . . . Wagner The following is the order in which the States appear in the Pageant of States THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL COLONIES: Delaware Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Maryland North Carolina New Jersey South Carolina Rhode Island Georgia New Hampshire Connecticut Virginia TWENTY-SIX OTHER STATES Vermont West Virginia Florida Kentucky Nebraska Iowa Tennessee South Dakota Minnesota Louisiana New Mexico Nevada Mississippi District of Columbia North Dakota Alabama Ohio Montana Missouri Indiana Oklahoma Michigan Illinois Hawaii Texas Maine Wisconsin Arkansas THE NINE ENFRANCHISED STATES: Wyoming Idaho Arizona Colorado Washington Kansas Utah California Oregon and the Territory of Alaska THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES: Dorothy Williams, Isabella Kimple, Mrs. Frank Stratton, Miss Edmundson, Mrs. Albert Plimpton, Mrs. John Boldt, Mrs. Geo. Howard Burr, Mary Stewart Cutting, Jr., Marie Rawson, Miss Roberts, Inez Milholland, Rebekah Harrison, Mrs. Ethel Watts Grant. TWENTY-SIX STATES: Mrs. Arthur Bowan, Dorothy Peterson, Jane Peterson, Mrs. Robert Milton, Helen Benson, Eleanor Stevens, Florence Oldcastle, Eldred Johnstone, Mysa McMein, Kathleen Lyon, Louise Gleason, Ethel Foster, Mrs. May Beile Morgan, Mrs. Arthur Hodges, Miss Silk, Mrs. Geo Mayer, Ida Raffloer, Mona O'Sullivan, Miss Steele, Harriet Hubbard Ayer, Mrs. Margaret Brewer, Mrs. Sam. T. Callaway, Jane West, Mrs. R. W. Armstrong, Mrs. Philip Boileau, Mrs. Edith Griffiths; and Hawaii, Mrs. Kimple; District of Columbia, Dorothy Lowber. NINE ENFRANCHISED STATES: Flora Gapen, Mrs. Paul West, Irene Beach, Alice reed, Mrs. Riva Weil, Keith Wakeman, Mrs. Middleton Beaman, Portia Willis, Marie Rappold; and Alaska, Miss John Corbin. WOMEN STANDARD BEARERS FOR THE ENFRANCHISED STATES: Alberta Hill, Sarah Splint, Margaret Hoff. Genevieve Cooney, Mrs. David C. Balch, Mrs. T. S. Welton, Irene Dimock, Winfred Leonard, Janet Burns, Mrs. Benjamin Morton. WOMEN: Mrs. A. W. Brown, Mrs. Reid Cory, Mrs. McDonald Sheridan, Mrs. J. W. Bonhotal Elizabeth Cleveland, Mrs. Geo. Cannon, Mme. de Parenty, Katherine de Selding, Mabel Guilford, Edith Johnstone, Eldred Johnstone, Mrs. Wilbur Kearns, Dorothy Litzinger, Gertrude Lee, Sidonia Levine, Carman La Costa, Mrs. Chas. Mergerum, Mrs. Benjamin Morton, Elizabeth McGowan, Edna L. Plimpton, Aimee Spurr, Mrs. Paul Thompson, Mrs. Frank Taylor. Lydia Taggart, Mrs. Muriel Walter, Mrs. Chas. Winch, Inez Haynes Gillmore. STANDARD BEARERS CHILD: Serena Kearns. Under the stage direction of Sarah Truax-Albert, with the kind Assistance of Mr. Edward Siedle, Technical Director of Metropolitan Opera House. Rhythmic Director: Florence Fleming Noyes. With the kind permission of the Musicians' Protective Union the following ladies will play in the orchestra: Mrs. Howard Brockway Miss Antoinette Burke Mrs. C. C. Conway Miss Gertrude Field Miss Florence Hawes Miss Dorothy Jenks Miss Eleanor May Mrs. Alex C. Morgan Miss Selina Peck Mrs. James Otis Post Mrs. James McA. Pyle Miss M. Rockwood Mrs. A. R. Teale Miss M. Underhill Miss Woolworth Miss C. Woods Miss Margaret Erwin Miss Ida Davis Mrs. A. C. Burnham Miss Alice Ives Jones Mrs. Fonaroff Miss Lillian Littlehales Miss Gladys North Mrs. Emil Schneck Miss Antonia Griffin Miss Edna Ruppel Miss Fanny Levey Miss Harriet Rosenthal Miss Marie Romaet Miss Laura Tappen Miss Helen Scholder Mrs. Maruchess Miss E. Mellen Mrs. W. L. Bowen Miss K. Femen Miss Nellie Hoffman Mrs. L. H. Gura SYNOPSIS Against the columns of the Temple, in the moonlight, stand the Handmaidens of Freedom, Hope in the center, just ready to descend. In the shadows of the grove are dimly seen a few women asleep. Hope, bearing the lighted torch, goes to the altar, and the Handmaidens, descending, gather vines to decorate it. Reverently Hope lights the flame that shall burn throughout the scene. Woman, now stealing into sight, vainly tries to approach the fitting figures. She searches for Truth, she gropes for Knowledge, she pleads with Equity, until in despair she relinquishes her quest and kneels at the altar. Then Hope approaches and shows her the Temple where the Vision of Freedom begins to faintly appear. Woman, filled with joy, calls to other women and tries to awaken her sleeping sisters. They are dull and slow of comprehension, but the splendor of the Vision of Freedom increases and finally is revealed to them. A trumpet call, a moment of darkness, then the rising of the sun. It is the Dawn of Freedom. Now begins the Pageant of States. First come the Original Thirteen, each followed by a Standard Bearer, a man. They lay wreaths on the altar. Last come the Enfranchised States, followed by double Standard Bearers, a man and a woman. They ascend to Freedom's Heights, enfranchised men and women together, but when the other women try to follow them, their progress is barred by the men, Standard Bearers of the unenfranchised States in solid phalanx. Woman, her progress barred, invokes Justice. With raised sword Justice appears. She commands the men to open their ranks. They recognize Justice and gladly receive the women by their sides. Justice enfolds Woman and the Child in her protecting arm as Columbia appears. Majestically she descends from the Temple. With the waving of national colors and to the national anthems, she is greeted by the multitude. POLITICAL FREEDOM OR DISFRANCHISEMENT -- WHICH? 2,000,000 Women Vote for President in the United States, Why Not the Women of New York? Politics deal with hours of women's labor, conditions of women's work, women's wages, housing conditions, education of children, food laws. Do these things not concern you? Child labor and white slavery are inside politics? Are women to remain outside? Our Enemies are the liquor interests, the vice interests, the corrupt politician, and a few pampered ladies of wealth. Are you with us or against us in this fight? You must choose. Remember! If you do not march with us on May 3rd, you will be counted as against us. Our movement can only win if we demonstrate our strength. 37 WOMAN SUFFRAGE PARADE SATURDAY AFTERNOON, MAY 3. AT 3.00 O'CLOCK COME AND BRING YOUR FRIENDS FOUNDATION OF THE PARADE WASHINGTON SQUARE NORTH -- East Side. National Board. National Congressional Union. Enfranchised States. 9th STREET--EAST. W.P.U. PROFESSIONAL GROUPS. College Professors, Public School Teachers, Private School Teachers, Students, etc. 10th STREET -- EAST. W.P.U. Business Women. Managers, Tea Rooms, Buyers, Shopkeepers, etc., Secretaries, Bookkeepers, Stenographers, Telephone Operators, Department-store Clerks, Industrial Workers, Millinery, Dress, White Goods Workers, Laundry, etc., Domestic Workers. 11th STREET -- EAST Woman Suffrage Party. 12th STREET -- EAST. College League, Men's League. 27th STREET -- EAST. Political Equality Association. W.P.U. Division of Up-town Department Store Clerks. [ *FIFTH AVENUE*] WASHINGTON SQUARE NORTH -- West Side. W.P.U. Board, Country and Senatorial Groups, Suffrage Pioneers. 9th STREET -- WEST. W.P.U. Professional Groups. Doctors, Lawyers, Investigators, Nurses, Writers, Musicians, Artists, Actresses, Craftsmen, Librarians, Lecturers, Social Workers, Civil Servants, Foreign Nationalities. 10th STREET -- WEST. Equal Suffrage Society, New York State Woman Suffrage Association. 11th STREET -- WEST. Woman Suffrage Party. 12th STREET -- WEST. Non-Suffrage States. NOTE. -- Marshals will give all further directions and answer questions. The lines must be formed at 2:30 p.m. Line of march : Up Fifth Avenue to Fifth-seventh Street, west on Fifty-seventh Street to Seventh Avenue, where the parade will disband. F.F.N. FLORENCE FLEMING NOYES The 19th Amendment 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 2. Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the provisions of this article. Freedom, Equality, Service, Patriotism, Cooperation Votes for Women National-American Woman Suffrage Association The Democratic Digest August-September 1949 As Amended THE Constitution of the United States was adopted in September 1787 by a majority of 55 delegates from 12 states. Ratified in the succeeding months by the necessary nine states, it was declared to be in effect in March 1789. The Constitution, as written and as amended, is the cornerstone of Government in our country. At least some of the founding fathers knew from the beginning that the document could not be worded in 1787 to fit a future not yet foreseeable. As early as September 1789 - two years after the Constitution was adopted, only six months after it had been declared in effect - it was evident that amendments were necessary. Thomas Jefferson was one of the leaders in the thinking that prompted such amendments. Disturbed at the growth of an aristocracy of wealth and privilege in the young republic, he gathered around him others who shared his belief in "equal rights to all and special privileges to none" and founded the party which is today the Democratic Party. In the meantime, however, in September 1789, at the first thinking as that of Jefferson, 12 amendments were submitted to the respective states safeguarding the rights of the people. Ten of these amendments were adopted and together are known as the Bill of Rights. BUT our story is not of the Bill of Rights, nor Jefferson, nor the Democratic Party, nor the 21 amendments to the Constitution. It is of one amendment, the 19th, the woman suffrage amendment. It was declared in effect on August 26, 1920, having been passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified in the succeeding months by the necessary three-fourths of the states. The cover of The Digest will recall to many the struggle that led to adoption of that amendment - a banner of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, pictures of some of the pioneers in the movement, the signing of the Act in the House and in the Senate. The fight for woman suffrage is now considered history, so much so that exhibits such as mentioned above are now assigned to a niche in a museum. Those pictured are in the Smithsonian. It is difficult now to believe that, within the memory of many still living, women were jailed for being "suffragettes." With this issue of The Digest we review a few highlights of the woman suffrage movement in this country, salute the valiant who fought the fight when it was hardest, observe the anniversary date of that historic August 26 - and call on all women for more active participation in public life that they may be worthy of the suffrage so dearly won. AS early as 1776 Abigail Adams wrote to John when he was attending the Continental Congress: ". . . in the new code of laws. . . I desire that you should remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors . . . " As the country grew, women grew - in numbers, in thinking, in courage, and in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, they held the Woman's Rights Convention. Page Two They drew up a Declaration of Sentiments which enumerated 18 grievances, and they declared that "it is the duty of the women of the country to secure to themselves the sacred right of the franchise." From 1869 two organizations led the campaign for woman suffrage - the National and the American. In 1890 they were merged into the National American Woman Suffrage Association, which led the campaign until the vote was extended to women. Women have come a long way in public life since the adoption of the 19th Amendment. They still have a long way to go. They can do it in many ways. In 1776 Abigail Adams wrote the man who was to become President in 1797. IN 1949 a woman wrote to President Truman, saying in part: "What can the ordinary woman do to help you put your platform over? I would like to know how to help. When you ran for office in November, I did not make a quick judgment to vote for you. After listening to both your talks and to Mr. Dewey's the decision to cast a vote for you was made. Now, every article, every cartoon, carries meanings adverse to what you are trying to accomplish, but confirms the fact that I voted right. However, is there anything that the ordinary citizen, the average woman, can do to help? There must be thousands who feel just as I do. Could not the ordinary citizens put enough weight to bear, through letters and semi-directed, concerted effort, to turn the tide your way - a 'grass roots lobby' so to speak? This is the first letter I have ever written to express a desire to help with anything bigger than the election of the next president of the local woman's club. But I have found that concerted effort by men or women in most communities results in getting things done. Is there a way in which such effort may be put to the task of helping you enforce your plans?" THIS letter was referred to the Democratic National Committee for reply, for that is the business of the Democratic National Committee - to help people organize, to keep them informed, to channel into action their desire to help. The reply said what we've always said: Read the President's messages, study the issues, watch the action of the Congress, write your Congressman and Senators commending them for their support of Administration legislation - if they are Democrats, remind them that the 1948 victory was won on the 1948 Democratic Platform and the record of Democratic Administrations for the past 16 years. Work with Democratic Party organizations, spread our message to other individuals and other organizations. If there is an opportunity, run for elective office yourself. And, above all: Register! Vote! And since another anniversary is at hand - Democratic Women's Day, September 27, on which date in 1919 the Democratic National Committee voted to admit women to its Executive Committee - we urge women to raise funds to help further the party's cause, for that is the reason for the day, and to hold meetings to listen in on President Truman's broadcast that day in which he will bring a special message to women. The Democratic Digest Meet the New Chairman "I AM here to tell you people, who are . . . the nucleus and the organization of the Democratic Party, that we are going forward with this great Democratic National Committee, and this leadership, which we have here today." It was President Truman speaking. He was speaking to members of the Democratic National Committee, assembled in Washington, D. C., August 24 for the purpose of electing a new Chairman. He was speaking of William M. Boyle, Jr., who earlier that day had been elected Chairman. He was speaking at a dinner held at the Mayflower Hotel honoring Committee members and the new Chairman. "I don't think the Democratic Party, in the history of the nation, has ever been in better condition to carry the battle to the foe. "Our platform at Philadelphia was specific . . . It was explained in words of one syllable, written so that everybody understood the things for which we stood. "The Republicans and the opposition press were so thoroughly depressed at what happened to them on November 2 last that they have carried on a continuous filibuster in the House and the Senate . . . in an effort to defeat the platform that the people wanted carried out. "They will not succeed! "That platform is in the interests of the people. The Democratic Party is the party of the people. The Democratic Party is a national party . . . We won the election last November without . . . the industrial East, without the solid South . . . "That doesn't mean that we are not inviting the industrial East, and the solid South, and all the rest of the country to join the party of the people and help the country go forward. That is exactly what we want, and that is exactly what we are going to accomplish . . . "We have brought in a number of able and distinguished young Congressmen, a number of able and distinguished young Senators, and new Senators; and next year we will bring in a large number of new Congressmen and new Senators, and we will carry out that platform, don't think we won't! . . . August-September, 1949 IMAGE: THREE GENERATIONS OF BOYLES The new Chairman of the Democratic National Committee receives congratulations from his mother, Mrs. William M. Boyle, Sr., at left, and his wife, Mrs. William M. Boyle, Jr., at right. Standing, left to right, are daughters Jeanne and Barbara. "I invite all those people who are interested in the welfare of this great republic of ours, who are interested in the peace of the world, for which we are striving, to get into the Democratic Party and help us go forward with it." President Truman also said he was "happy as can be" that Mr. Boyle, whom he has known since the latter was a child, is the new Chairman. The 46-year-old lawyer who will steer Democratic Party organization learned his first political lessons in the same school as President Truman - Jackson County, Missouri. Mr. Boyle has worked with Harry Truman in several different posts, was largely responsible for the "whistle-stop" strategy that helped win such pivotal states as Ohio, Illinois and Iowa in the 1948 campaign, and has been Executive Vice Chairman of the Democratic National Committee since February 8 of this year. Born in Leavenworth, Kansas, February 3, 1902, he moved to Kansas City as a boy. He attended Westport High School and Kansas City Junior College and came to Washington in 1922 to attend Georgetown University Law School. He won his law degree at the Kan- sas City School of Law in 1926 and was admitted to the bar in 1927. As a youth of 16 he started out in politics as a precinct worker, passing out literature and organizing young people into Young Democratic Clubs. Next he became a ward leader. Later he became secretary to the civilian director of police and moved rapidly to the top administrative position himself. He had gained an enviable legal reputation when in 1941 the then Senator Truman called him to Washington to serve as investigator and special counsel for the War Investigating Committee - the famous "Truman Committee" - and later he became Truman's executive assistant and secretary. He served with the Democratic National Committee in the 1944 campaign, remained in Washington to practice law, and returned to political ranks as a volunteer adviser in the 1948 campaign. In accepting the post as Chairman Mr. Boyle said in part: "The great job before us is the Congressional elections of 1950! . . . "There are two things I would like to underline. "First, the role of our pantry in understanding and explaining the Page Three issues to the people . . . In the past four Presidential campaigns over 90 percent of the press were opposed to our party. We have to rely on word-of-mouth transmission of our message, to be delivered at the voters' doors by informed and intelligent party workers. "Next, I would like to emphasize the necessity and the value of precinct work. Our candidates, platforms, programs, issues, do not become politically effective until a loyal precinct worker stirs himself to call upon his neighbors, rings the doorbell, persuades his neighbor to register and to vote. The precinct workers of the Democratic Party are the door-to-door salesmen of Democracy. On their shoulders rests the fate of the program which was endorsed by the voters of America last November . . . "The people of America, yes, the people of the world know that the direction in which Harry Truman is traveling is toward peace and human welfare with human dig- nity. It is in the direction of progress . . . "The people of this country want and expect President Truman to have a Congress in 1950 that will support him in his efforts for prosperity at home and peace abroad . . . " All speakers at the Committee meeting and at the dinner praised the retiring Chairman, J. Howard McGrath, who resigned both that post and his seat as Senator from Rhode Island to accept appointment by President Truman as Attorney General. Mr. McGrath called the meeting to order and presided briefly before turning the gavel over to Chairman Boyle. Of the members of the Democratic National Committee, a possible attendance of 106, 53 were there in person and 42 were represented by proxy. One or more seats in each of five states were contested. The names of four Committeemen and two Commit- teewomen were expunged from the rolls under Rule 11 of "Duties and Powers of the Committee" as derived from the Democratic National Convention creating it. Rule 11 reads: "The National Committee is empowered to expel members for cause and his exercised this prerogative, as in 1896 when it expunged from its rolls the names of members actively opposing the election of the Presidential nominee." The 95 Committee members took action in these cases by adopting the recommendations of the Credentials Committee and details appear on page 22 of The Digest. Members serving as the Credentials Committee were Frank M. McHale of Indiana, chairman, David Lawrence of Pennsylvania, Theodore F. Green of Rhode Island, David G. Kelly of North Dakota, Sam Morris of Arizona, Jonathan Daniels of North Carolina, Mrs. Marguerite Peyton Thompson of Colorado, Mrs. Margaret M. O'Riordon of (Continued on page 22) Thirty Years Later By MARY T. NORTON, Congresswoman from New Jersey WHEN the 19th Amendment was adopted in 1919 and ratified one year later by the necessary three-fourths of the states, the women of our country believed that they had found the answer to the long struggle for women's rights. Women of the 1920's had made considerable strides since the early days of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony, but it was to these gallant pioneers for women's freedoms that the first women voters, and all of us since that time, owe a debt. They did the spade work, they dared to break tradition and convention, and the passage of the 19th Amendment was the direct result of their untiring efforts and sacrifice. After a struggle that endured for 72 years, women at last found the ballot in their hands. As we women of today look back upon the period from 1920 to the present, and view those years in retrospect, it seems only logical that we should ask ourselves what progress women have made in public affairs since they won suffrage, and since they were thrust onto the Page Four public stage. Have women made the most of the opportunities which the 19th Amendment has offered to them? In gaining equality with men in voting have they also gained an equal status in public life? An Honest Answer Unfortunately, I think that women, much as they dislike to do so, must confess to themselves that the progress for which they had hoped and which they had expected has not become a reality. While it is true that women now enjoy greater freedom in economic, social and business life than their sisters of 30 years ago, their public and political gains have not kept pace. I think that it must truly be said that since the adoption of the 19th Amendment there has been no spectacular advance for women in public life but instead the road to promotion in this field has been difficult and slow. To what, then, can we attribute the failure of women to achieve greater progress following the passage of the legislation which was to emancipate them? Women themselves, once they had gained the ballot, were long reluctant to use it. As late as 1940 a sample study conducted by the National Education Association estimated that only 61 of every 100 women voted while 75 of every 100 men cast a ballot. After 20 years of "freedom" women had shown far too little interest in their status as voters. More encouraging, however, are the years that have followed 1940. Estimates indicate that beginning with 1942, more women than men have voted in every national election. In 1944 it was estimated that of the total vote, 50.3 percent of the ballots were cast by women. And in 1948, when there were 1.5 million more women than men eligible to vote, observers agree that more ballots were cast by women than by men. However, this increase in the feminine voting population may be traced in part to an external cause - the war and the subsequent separation of men from their homes and families. It is my hope, nevertheless, that women now that they know their strength in numbers will realize their strength in votes The Democratic Digest and will take a more active and decisive part in public life. If women voted their full strength, they could wield an influence unparalleled in our nation's history. Women in Office With a growing realization of their voting strength should come a greater desire on the part of women to stand as candidates for public office. Statistics have demonstrated that the proportion of women to men in public service is very small. For example, in the present Congress there are only nine women legislators, or 1.7 percent of the entire membership, far too small a percentage when we know that the potential women voters definitely outnumber the men. Only seven women sat in the 80th Congress, while the 79th Congress had a larger number - 11 women. The picture in State Legislatures has been similar. In 1946 State Legislatures numbered among their members only 234 women, while the feminine representation decreased to 211 in 1948, rising slightly to 214 in 1949. Unfortunately, there are all too few women holding appointive office in the United States today but I think that we women can note with pride the appointment of some women to important public offices during the Democratic Administrations. The records of these women in service and achievement have been indeed outstanding, and form the real justification for assignment of more women to tasks in government which they can perform equally well with men, if not better. Personally I am proud to point to the fact that according to a report of the Women's National Institute for the year ended July 1, 1948, my own state of New Jersey held the highest record among states in furthering the interests of women in government. Is It a Man's Game? Women have been reluctant to engage in the so-called "rough and tumble" tactics of politics, feeling that there is no place for them in what they believe to be a man's field. While it is true that men predominate in public and political life, women must realize that they too have a large stake in government - national, state and local. August-September, 1949 IMAGE: Dean of Congresswomen, Mrs. Norton entered politics soon after women won the right to vote, and she well remembers how women fought for that right. She writes with authority on the subject of her article because she has fought continuously for women throughout her long and distinguished career in public life. First Democratic woman to be elected to Congress, she has served continuously since she took office in 1925. She was elected State Vice Chairman of the New Jersey Democratic Committee in 1921 and served in the past until 1932, when she was elected Chairman. She has been a delegate- at-large to Democratic National Conventions ever since 1924. She is now National Committeewoman for New Jersey. When they become aware of the fact that government touches and affects everything they do, even their first vocation - that of homemakers - they will assume their responsibility for their government. They will be anxious to have a share in public life and to contribute their talents to programs and causes to which they can lend so much. I believe that it is an acknowledged fact that women do a much better job in certain fields than men. Women have found particularly in child welfare and health programs, and other social service activities, an outlet for their innate energies and abilities, and there is no doubt that with their natural interest in causes of this type, they have achieved results far above those gained by men in the same field. The women of America are ca- pable of doing great things in all fields. They have proved that they can match skill and intelligence in many activities and this knowledge of achievement should give them confidence to make greater strides in public life. During the war years they demonstrated what they could do in industry, in the professions, in business, etc. Their devotion to duty and their sacrifice is one of the outstanding pages of the history of that tragic struggle, and American women must be sufficiently interested in public affairs to maintain in the postwar era the standard of achievement which marked their wartime service. They hold the balance of power politically and an organized and active interest in politics is the answer to the need and desire for more women in public life. All cannot hold office but every woman can lend to this cause her special abilities. We have seen in organizations like the Red Cross, the Federation of Women's Clubs, the Catholic Daughters, the YWCA, etc., what women, once organized, can achieve and it is my hope that women will transmit some of this sense of organization and energy to political groups. The political party is the best medium today through which women can gain equal status on the national scene. Only women themselves can make greater advancement possible and by increased interest and service justify additional appointments and election to public office. To make this advancement a reality is a challenge to every woman in America in the postwar period, and one which no woman can fail to accept. I cannot urge women too strongly to join together to achieve the goals in public life of which those early suffragettes dreamed, once women had achieved the vote. We must make women's voting strength a potent factor. Once we do, we will have gained for ourselves our true place in political and public life. IS YOUR STATE HAVING A BIRTHDAY? Date Year State Order of Anniversary Admission to Union Aug. 1 1876 Colorado 38th 73rd Aug. 10 1821 Missouri 24th 128th Sept. 9 1850 California 31st 99th Page Five All We Need is the Courage On July 11 President Truman sent his midyear economic report to Congress, as required by law, and made legislative recommendations. On July 13, in the manner of his campaign oratory, he told the people, in plain and understandable language in a speech carried by radio and television, about the economic situation. The Digest gives you excerpts from that speech. "The history of the United States is a story of constant economic growth and expansion. When I was a young man, the population was between 90 and 100 million. Today it is nearly 150 million. Forty years ago the national income-the total of all the income received by all the people-was in the neighborhood of $30 billion. Today it is well over $200 billion. It has increased more than 10 times as fast as the population. "These figures are a measure of our rising standard of living . . . "Our national income should reach $300 billion or more. "But if we want to reach that goal . . . we shall have to make wise decisions . . . And we shall have to be sure that the selfish interests do not drive us into the ditch, as they have done before . . . "As to employment, we have now more than 59.5 million people working in civilian jobs. This is a tremendous number . . . Last year at this time, the number of people out of work was . . . a little over two million. Now the number is almost four million . . . "As to production . . . in manufacturing, output in June had dropped 13 percent from the high point of last November . . . Not a Depression "Some people are saying that these facts mean that we are in a depression. Many of these people, for political reasons, would like to have a depression. Others are saying that there is nothing to worry about, and that an increase in the number looking for work is a good thing. This attitude ignores the human suffering caused by unemployment. "Both groups are wrong. We are not in a depression. But an increase in the number of people out of work is something to worry about, and is something that must be cured. "If we were in a depression, I would be the first person to tell you, and I would call upon all the resources of this nation to stop it. "What we face today is not a depression, and if we follow the right course, it will not become a depression. "We're going through an economic change, the result of the inflationary spiral . . . I warned repeatedly against the dangers of this inflation, and I asked the Congress time and time again to take steps to curb the excessive rise in prices . . . "Unfortunately, my recommendations were not accepted. Prices continued to climb. As the most urgent needs of the people and of industry were satisfied, the high prices cut down the sale of goods. As a result, production declined. Prices are now Page 6 finding more reasonable levels-a fact which should stimulate sales and production again. "In this period of change, our national economy is protected by important economic reforms, which the Government has adopted over the last 16 years . . . These Government measures, all of which were bitterly opposed by selfish interests when they were passed, have proved their value in protecting the economy . . . "Now, all of us-business, labor, agriculture, and Government-must take positive action together to restore the upward trend . . . Courage and Action "Our goal is maximum employment and production . . . "The tools are at hand for continued economic expansion. All we need is the courage to use them . . . "Economic expansion requires constantly rising living standards for our people . . . We must build, as we are building, for the future. "There are men of little vision who say we ought not to go on doing these things . . . The truth is that an investment in the future of this great nation is not a waste of money. The dollars we put into our rivers and our power plants will be repaid to us in fruitful valleys and prosperous communities. Expenditures for the health and education of our children will yield us untold dividends in human happiness. "But, say those who object, look at the size of the budget. "All right, let's look at the budget. "The budget includes the cost of almost everything the Government does. It is not simply the payroll of Federal employees, as some people appear to think . . . "Over three-fourths of the budget is due to international events. Less than one-fourth arises from domestic functions . . . "The total of the whole budget today is about $42 billion. Of this, $32 billion is the result of either past wars or our efforts to prevent another war . . . "The first is national defense. That accounts for over $14 billion . . . "The second item is the cost of our international programs. They will cost this year about $7 billion, and they are worth every penny of it . . . If we were to cut these programs, it would weaken our efforts for peace . . . "These two items add up to $21 billion . . . If anybody thinks it extravagant to maintain the peace, let him remember that it cost us not $21 billion a year but $100 billion a year to conduct the last war . . . "The third big item includes interest on Government bonds and benefits for veterans. Together these expenses total about $11 billion. I don't believe anybody has suggested that we default on our Government bonds or on our obligations to our veterans . . . All Other Expenses "The remaining $10 billion of the budget provides for all other functions of the Government. The major items in this category are public works, farm price The Democratic Digest supports, education and housing programs, and payments for health and social security . . . "Today . . . this part of the budget is only 50 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. The other part of the budget . . . is 900 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. "The size of the budget reflects the world we are living in. We have to face the facts of the world today. It does no good to retire into the world of the past and to wish that the facts would just go away, so that we could have a small budget again. "The leaders of the unlamented 80th Congress thought they could wish the facts away. They insisted on passing a tax reduction against my advice and over my veto. I warned that this tax cut of $5 billion was almost certain to produce a deficit. It did produce a deficit . . . "The economy was running at a high level when this untimely tax cut was made . . . An increase in taxes now might bear too heavily on business . . . therefore I am not recommending new taxes to make up the deficit . . . "Selfish interests were behind the tax reduction of the 80th Congress . . . also behind the failure to provide authority to stabilize prices . . . "Now these same selfish interests are urging us to commit a third great blunder. They are now urging drastic cuts in Government expenditures . . . "Making cuts of this type in the budget is just the thing you do not do if you want to help the economy expand . . . Cutting Government expenditures now would cause more unemployment . . . would cut down productive Government investment in national resources and public works . . . would add to the downward trend . . . "The people who unwisely urge that Government expenditures be slashed are for the most part the very same people who have long been opposing our social programs and our resource development programs. They have resisted such things as social security, housing, the minimum wage law, and public power development . . . "During an inflationary period, they are against these programs because they say they are inflationary. During a deflationary period, they are against them because they say they are deflationary. "Rain or shine, they are just against them . . . "They very heart of sound Government finance is to make the expenditures that are necessary to help achieve prosperity and peace. The items in the budget are consistent with this principle . . . "I achieved a budget surplus-before the 80th Congress tax cut-and I intend to achieve another surplus . . . "But you cannot achieve a surplus when you have a declining national economy. A Government surplus and national prosperity go together . . . "If we follow the wrong budget policy at this time and slash our expenditures, we will decrease employment, cut down investment, weaken our defenses, and injure our efforts for peace. "If we follow the right budget policy, and support the national economy, we can help bring the country back to our normal rate of growth and expansion. "Some of the measures which will be most effective in the present situation have been enacted . . . In addition, I have proposed to the Congress that it take added steps . . . "If these measures are adopted, the Government will be in an improved position to play its role in our expanding economy . . . If business men, labor and farmers base their actions now on an expanding economy, we will work our way successfully through the present period of transition . . ." Foreign Military Assistance Excerpts from President Truman's Arms Aid Message to Congress on July 25: "To continue and strengthen our program for world peace and national security, I recommend that the Congress enact legislation authorizing military aid to free nations to enable them to protect themselves against the threat of aggression and contribute more effectively to the collective defense of world peace. "Such legislation is an essential part of our efforts to create an international structure capable of maintaining law and order among nations. Our prosperity and security, as well as that of other free nations, depend upon our success in establishing conditions of international order. Increased assurances against the danger of aggression are needed to support our international economic program, and in particular the European Recovery Program, which is so vital to the building of a stable world . . . "We have given military, as well as diplomatic, aid directly to nations threatened by aggression. Through our aid to Greece and Turkey, we have recognized the fact that, if the principles of international peace are to prevail, free nations must have the means as well as the will to resist aggression. "So long as the danger of aggression exists, it is necessary to think in terms of the forces required to prevent it. It is unfortunate that this is true. We cannot, however, achieve our goal of permanent peace by ignoring the difficult and unpleasant tasks that lie in the way. We need to show the same firmness and resolution in defending the principles of peace that we have shown in enunciating them. The better prepared the free nations are to resist aggression, the less likelihood there is that they will have to use the forces they have prepared. The policemen in our communities seldom have to use their weapons, but public peace would be greatly endangered if they did not have them . . . "To be effective, the aid which we supply to other nations for defending themselves must be planned ahead. It must not be wasted. It must be carefully allocated to meet the realities of our own security. Above all, it is urgent to initiate a program of aid promptly if we are not to lose the momentum already gained toward recovery and political stability . . . August-September, 1949 Page Seven "Many anxious Governments have requested our military assistance. Among these requests, there can be no more meaningful appeals than those which have come from the countries of Western Europe. It is entirely logical that these Governments should turn to us and that we should help them . . . "The principal task of the free nations of Western Europe in the last four years has been to restore their war-shattered economies. The inherent difficulties of this task have been aggravated by the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, which has done its utmost to prevent European recovery . . . "In the face of what has occurred in Greece, and in Berlin, in the face of the threats and pressures to which Iran and Turkey have been exposed, in the light of the suppression of human liberty in countries under Communist control, the nations of Western Europe have not been able to ignore the necessity of a military defense for themselves. They have seen what the Soviet Union has done to nations for which it professed friendship and with which it was recently allied. They have observed how a Communist coup d'etat, operating in the shadow of the massed military might of the Soviet Union, can overthrow, at one stroke, the democratic liberties and the political independence of a friendly nation. "As a consequence of that experience, and in the light of the fact that the two most devastating wars in history originated in Europe, they realize that they must have a shield against aggression to shelter their political institutions and the rebirth of their own economic life . . . Three-Way Assistance . . . "Concentrating, as they are, on restoring their economic stability, they are unable to spare the plants and the materials required to bring their defense establishments up to the necessary levels. Furthermore, there are certain items essential for their defense which they are not equipped to provide for themselves. They have, therefore, come to us with urgent requests for assistance in providing the necessary margin of arms and equipment which will make them better able to repel aggression . . . "I recommend that we supply these countries with assistance of three types: First, a limited amount of dollar aid to enable them to increase their own production of military items without impairing their efforts for economic recovery; second, the direct transfer of certain essential items of military equipment, and third, the assistance of experts in the production and use of military equipment and the training of personnel . . . "Outside of Western Europe we are already engaged in a program of military assistance to Greece and Turkey. This program has been in effect since May 1947. The Communist effort in Greece, in the form of guerrilla war supported from abroad, has been condemned by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Our aid to Greece has checked this attempt to overthrow the political independence of a free nation. It is important that present gains against the guerrillas be maintained and that the operations be pressed to a successful conclusion . . . "In Turkey, our aid has lessened the burden of military preparedness which the threatening pressure of the Soviet Union had imposed on a primarily Page Eight agrarian economy. Although the Turkish defense system has been improved, additional equipment and maintenance parts are needed for the modernization of certain Turkish defense units . . . "In Iran the use of surpluses of United States military equipment has aided in improving the defensive effectiveness of the Iranian Army and the maintenance of internal order. It is now necessary to provide certain additional items to round out this program, and thereby to strengthen the ability of Iran to defend its independence. Protection Against Aggression "The new Republic of Korea . . . is menaced by the Communist regime in the northern part of the country. With the advice and assistance of the United States, the Korean Government has established a small force to protect its internal security and defend itself against outside aggression, short of a full-scale war. Equipment has been requested from the United States for minimum army and coast guard forces. It is essential to the survival of the Korean Republic that this assistance be made available. "In addition, it is necessary to continue our program of limited aid to the Republic of the Philippines, originated under the act of June 26, 1946 . . . "The sum which will be needed in new appropriations for the fiscal year 1950 for all the grant programs now contemplated, together with a margin for emergencies, is approximately $1.45 billion. The bulk of the supplies to be procured under these programs will be delivered over the next two years. Of this total, $50 million has recently been requested for the interim continuation of our program of military aid to Greece and Turkey under existing authorizations. New authorization will be required for $1.4 billion . . . "The aid we provide will constitute only a minor fraction of what these countries will spend themselves. Agreements will be executed with the recipients, to provide for mutual assistance and to assure proper use of the equipment furnished. The recipient nations will be required to limit the use of the items supplied to the defense of agreed geographic areas, and will not be permitted to transfer them to other nations without the consent of the United States. Conditions of Aid "The President should be authorized to terminate our aid at any time. Aid will be terminated in the event that a recipient acts in a manner inconsistent with the program of with its obligations under the Charter of the United Nations . . . "Like the North Atlantic Treaty, this program of military aid is entirely defensive in character. By strengthening the defense establishments of the free nations, it will increase the confidence of the peoples of the world in a peaceful future and protect the growth of world recovery. "I would not suggest that this program alone will bring present international tensions to an end. It will, however, preserve the initiative which the free nations of the world now have, and help to create a world structure so firm economically and militarily as to convince any potential aggressor nation that its own welfare lies in the direction of mutual tolerance and peaceful foreign relations." The Democratic Digest They Serve the Country TWO of the best-known, best- qualified and best-loved men in American public life have been placed by President Truman in positions of trust which will make even greater demands upon their abilities. Nominated by the President the same day, August 2, confirmed by the Senate the same day, August 18, they were sworn into office the same day, August 24 - Tom C. Clark as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and J. Howard McGrath as Attorney General. Youth, for men in such high public posts, is another common denominator for these two men who have rendered such distinguished service already to their country, and to the Democratic Party as well. Mr. Clark will be 50 on September 23, Mr. McGrath will be 46 on November 28. Justice Clark occupies the Supreme Court seat made vacant by the recent death of Frank Murphy. He comes to the post from the President's Cabinet, having served as Attorney General since June 29, 1945. Born in Dallas, Texas, the son and grandson of lawyers, he attended Virginia Military Institute, served with the 153d Infantry in World War I, received his A.B. degree from the University of Texas in 1921 and his LL.B. degree from the same institution in 1922. Admitted to the Texas bar in 1922, he practiced law in his home state until 1927, when he became civil district attorney for Dallas County. In 1937 he embarked upon his service with the Department of Justice. Special attorney in the Bureau of War Risk Litigation for a year, in 1938 he was assigned to the Anti-Trust Division. He has waged a stern fight against monopolies ever since, devoting most of his time to this field and moving up steadily until he became Assistant Attorney General in charge of the division in March 1943. From August of that year until the end of June 1945 he was Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division. Justice Clark, whose full name is Thomas Campbell but who is better known as Tom C. and best as just Tom, was married in 1924 to Mary Ramsey. They have a son, William Ramsey, and a daughter, Mildred, known as Mimi. The new Attorney General has answered in rapid succession to many titles in public life and comes to the Cabinet from the dual posts of Senator from Rhode Island and Chairman of the Democratic National Committee. A native of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, he graduated from St. Joseph's Parochial School in 1918, from LaSalle Academy, Providence, in 1922, received a Ph.B. degree from Providence College in 1926 and his LL.B. degree from Boston University in 1929. He was admitted to the Rhode Island bar in 1929 and, while he has devoted many of his years to elective offices and to Democratic Party organization, he has still found time to practice law, serve as an active member of the real estate and insurance firm of J. J. McGrath and Sons, and as president of the First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Providence. City solicitor of Central Falls, Rhode Island, from 1930-34, he was U. S. district attorney from 1934 to 1940, resigning to accept the Democratic nomination for Governor in the latter year. Elected in 1940, reelected in 1942 and 1944, he resigned in October 1945 to become U.S. Solicitor General, and one year later resigned that post to accept nomination for U.S. Senator. In the 1946 election he led the Democratic ticket in the only New England state that did not go Republican. In the 81st Congress he has served as chairman of the important District of Columbia Committee, which earned for him still another in his series of titles - "Mayor" of Washington. While still a law student, in 1928 he became Democratic State Vice Chairman, and in 1930 he was made State Chairman and served in the post until 1934. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1932, 1936 and 1944. He was elected Chairman of the National Committee October 29, 1947. Attorney General McGrath is married to the former Estelle A. Cadorette and they have one son, David. IMAGE: Strolling on White House grounds after induction ceremonies are members of the family of Tom C. Clark, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; left to right, son Ramsey and his wife, Georgia; daughter Mimi, Justice Clark, Mrs. Clark, and brother Robert L. of Dallas. J. Howard McGrath, new Attorney General, receives a kiss of congratulations from son David, as Mrs. McGrath and the Attorney General's mother, Mrs. Ida E. McGrath, look on. August-September, 1949 Page Nine You and the Post Office By JESSE M. DONALDSON, Postmaster General of the United States POSTAL service is often termed, and rightly so, the strongest of all instrumentalities of human democracy. It provides the common bond by which men and nations are linked together in the mutual pursuits of business, industrial and social activities. Here in the United States our postal service is carried on by the United States Post Office Department, an agency of Government which knows no geographical bounds - one which is available to all of the people of this great nation and its several possessions outside the continental limits. There is scarcely a person - man, woman or child - who does not utilize the vast facilities of this great Government utility at one time or another during the day, the week or the year, and in most cases this is a sustaining use of the world's greatest mail system. The Post Office Department is the only Federal agency of the Government which daily comes into intimate contact with the American public, yet it is astonishing how little the average, everyday American knows about his or her own postal service. Whether the Post Office Department should be conducted on a profit basis or operated strictly as a service agency of Government without regard to profit and loss statements has been a moot and oft- debated subject for many generations past, even as it is at the present time. It is a bone-of-contention issue that has been debated by both major political parties and in the halls of Congress for many, many years, without reaching a conclusive decision of any kind. That postal fiscal conditions should provide such a continuing controversy is easily understandable when one realizes that only 17 times in the last 100 years has the Post Office Department wound up fiscal years in the black - only 17 years in which postal revenues exceeded postal expenditures, and for the most part these were war years. Over this period there have been postal deficits of varying degrees, ranging from a few million dollars Page Ten No Postmaster General ever know his subject better than does Mr. Donaldson, for beginning as a city letter carrier in 1908, he has been with the Post Office Department ever since. Even before that he was initiated into the field, for his father was Postmaster at Hanson, Illinois, and the present Postmaster General, then a school teacher, assisted his father during four summer vacations. Mr. Donaldson has climbed the career ladder rung by rung to the top position in the Department. City letter carrier, 1908-11; post office clerk and supervisor, 1911-15; postal inspector, 1915-32; inspector in charge, 1932-33; Deputy Second Assistant Postmaster General, 1933-36; Deputy First Assistant Postmaster General, 1936-43; Chief Post Office Inspector, 1943-45; First Assistant Postmaster General, 1945-47. He was named Postmaster General by President Truman November 25, 1947, and has served in the Cabinet since that time. to a high of $550 million at the present time. These deficits are something on which neither party has held a monopoly, for while there have been deficits for the last four years following a record surplus in 1945 of $169 million, there likewise were deficits for the 12 Republican Administration years from 1921 to 1932. In fact, during the latter year there was a deficit of $205,550,611 at a time when the postal service was only one-third the size of the present postal system. Since becoming Postmaster General I have been acutely aware of the seriousness of this rising postal deficit and have taken steps to see that it be reduced so far as reasonably possible through a readjustment of postal rates. There is no reason why the postal service should sell its services to the public at the same old horse-and- buggy rates that were in effect prior to the turn of the century, yet for the most part this is essentially what is being done as a result of our antiquated postal rate structure. The original function of the postal service was the collection, distribution, transportation and delivery of the mail. In the very beginning it was the aim of Congress that the Post Office Department pay its way. This aim was more or less strictly followed up to 1851, and even in the years between 1861 and 1867 Congress would not authorize the establishment of city delivery service unless the receipts of the post office involved were ample to pay the expense. After the postal service expanded and took on many additional functions and services for the convenience of the public, the policy of making it pay its own way was abandoned. Annual expenditures of $150 million in excess of the receipts would not be alarming and should not be regarded as poor management. Neither should it be a controlling reason for increased postal rates. A deficit in that amount would be about equal to the revenue we would obtain if postage were paid on all penalty (free mail of the Federal Government) and franked (free mail by members of Congress) mail, and if the Post Office Department were paid for free services performed for other departments and agencies of the Government, and if we took into consideration the subsidy in the pay for transportation of mail by air. There could be no justification for passing this cost on to the users of the mail through increased postage rates. Where Money Goes The Post Office Department has little control of the expenditures in the operation of the postal service. The Congress fixes the salaries and the hours of employment of all employes. The Interstate Commerce Commission and the Civil Aeronautics Board fix the rates of pay for the transportation of the mails by rail and by air, respectively. The Democratic Digest The cost for salaries and transportation of the mail comprises 95 percent of the total expenditures. Rentals, cost of equipment and supplies, printing and binding, indemnities, etc., comprise about five percent of the total expenditures. Additional costs which were not in the fiscal picture prior to July 1, 1945, total more than $800 million. This is due to increased salaries, increased transportation costs, increased rentals for quarters for post offices and postal stations, higher prices paid for trucks, equipment and supplies, etc. The major portion of this increased cost is in two items: salaries - $625 million, and transportation of the mails - $125 million. The three salary increases, effective July 1, 1945, January 1, 1946 and July 1, 1948, add $625 million on the expenditure side in the current fiscal year which was not in the fiscal picture prior to July 1, 1945. The railroads of the country have applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission for an 80 percent increase in mail rates, and have been given a 25 percent increase temporarily, pending final action in the case. Payments to railroads are now about $86 million a year greater than in 1945, and the payments to airlines, both domestic and foreign, are now approximately $67 million greater than in 1945, but part of this increased cost is attributable to increased volume of mail, while the major portion of the increase is brought about by increased rates. Thus it may readily be seen that something must be done to bring our revenues more in line with our increased expenditures. Revenue Inadequate I have devoted much time and effort to this most serious of all postal problems and after considering all angles of this most perplexing situation. I am convinced that those three classes of mail on which we now sustain heavy out-of- pocket losses should be made to pay more of the postal fiscal load. These are second, third and fourth-class mail. Also I am of the strong opinion that our several special services, such as registry, C.O.D., insured mail, special delivery, money orders and postal notes should pay their own way. August-September, 1949 It will be noted that I have purposely omitted first-class mail. The reason for this is very obvious. Of all our postal facilities, first-class mail, that is to say, sealed letter mail which now takes the three-cent rate, is the only category of mail services which still shows a small profit. On all other classes of mail and special services we are losing money. In the case of second-class mail (newspapers and magazines) we are now losing in excess of $200 million a year. In other words, it is costing us this amount to handle these publications, over and above the revenue derived therefrom. Third-class mail, which comprises circulars and advertising matter of the unsealed type, is currently costing us more than $129 million more than we take in from this class of mail. The loss on fourth-class mail (parcel post) is now running at an annual figure in excess of $82 million The Post Office Department is primarily a service agency. It performs service for hire at a rate or fee fixed by law. There is no good reason why the rate or fee, as the case may be, should not cover the cost of the service performed, with some possible exceptions. The Post Office Department, like every other business, is faced by much higher costs. Its deficits should not be made up by the tax- payers, in general, but by adequate postage rates on postal cards, circulars, newspapers, magazines and parcel post, and sufficient fees on special service transactions. Public Law 900, 80th Congress, approved July 3, 1948, provided for increased salaries to postal employes, and for increased postal rates on some class of mail and on special services. The additional salaries authorized under that law effective July 1, 1948, added $225 million in cost to the postal service. The increased rates based upon the volume of mail handled at the time the law was enacted were calculated to produce about $110 million in revenue on an annual basis. Due to the increased volume of mail since that time, it is now estimated that it will produce about $145 million on an annual basis. Facilities Taxed Because of greatly increased rates on express shipments, a large volume of parcels formerly handled by express have been channeled to parcel post. This has really put the Post Office Department in the freight business. We have insufficient distributing space, platform space, terminal facilities, trucks and suitable railway cars to cope with the situation, and all this makes our operations more expensive. Actually, the postal service is being taxed as never before in its long history. My recommendations for postal rate increases are contained in H.R. BUT IT ISN'T - Christmas comes but once a year - and you probably think this is a scene from the Christmas rush at the post office. At one time it might have been, but now that express rates are up and more and more people are using parcel post, this is a routine daily scene. And, as the parcel post service operates at a loss because of low rates, and the deficit is met by the taxpayer, the bigger the volume the bigger the loss - to your government and you. Page Eleven 2945, a bill to readjust postal rates, which is now being considered by the Congress. If enacted into law, as presently drafted, it will produce about $250 million in additional revenue annually. The estimated deficit for the fiscal year 1950, which takes into consideration the increased rates effective January 1, 1949, will be about $404 million. It will be greater if transportation costs by rail and air are further increased. My recommendations to the Congress contained in H.R. 2945, estimated to bring in about $250 million additional revenue, on the basis of the 1950 estimates, would reduce the deficit to around $153 million. That is about what the deficit should be when we take credit for the free services, such as penalty mail, franked mail, air mail subsidy, etc. There is urgent need for early legislation providing for this upward revision in postal rates. There will be opposition to these proposed increases, as there always has been in the past. It has been said, and it will be repeated, that if the postal service were modernized and streamlined, savings of from $200 million to $300 million annually could be effected, and thereby make it unnecessary to increase rates. This method of opposition has been used quite effectively in the past when any legislation for increased rates was under study. This alleged large amount of savings is picked out of the air and placed on nice white paper with pretty figures. It is a well-known fact that 85 percent of our manpower is engaged in the collection, distribution, transportation and delivery of the mail. We desire modernization, and we have always taken advantage of any mechanical equipment that saves manpower and speeds up the delivery of the mail. There is opportunity for elimination of paper work and perhaps installation of some machinery to save manpower, and this feature is being constantly explored by the Post Office Department. Their Appointed Rounds However, I know of no machine or robot than can read addresses, learn distribution schemes, or deliver mail on a city or rural route. I know of no machine that can be used in the postal service as a substitute for the human brain, the Page Twelve IMAGE: "Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds." human eye, the human hand or the human leg. It is not a pleasant task for me to recommend rate increases. Neither is it a pleasure for any merchant or business concern to increase the price of the product or thing he has to sell. When higher operating costs, and increases in salaries to his employes, face the businessman, he has a choice of raising the price of the thing he has to sell or go out of business. Obviously we cannot go out of business, so our only alternative lies in more equitable postal rates. Some publishers have increased the price of their publications by 200 percent over the price before World War II. The merchandise shipped by parcel post is sold at greatly increased prices. I have no reason to doubt the justification of these increases. Why should the Post Office Department be required to sell its services at rates and fees far below the cost of the service and pass this cost on to the tax- payers of this nation? Why should not the users of the mail pay for the service performed by the Post Office Department? The Post Office Department too is faced with higher costs in salaries and all the things we have to buy. We pay more than double the prewar costs for trucks and equipment. I can see no reason why the Post Office Department should subsidize the businesses using the mails. We sell billions of the penny postal cards and about 95 percent of them are used for advertising purposes. It costs us approximately 2.6 cents per piece and this service could not be duplicated by the users for less than four cents per piece. It is not the poor man's mail as frequently stated. Very few of the Government postal cards are used for social correspondence or as a means of communication with relatives and loved ones. I have given a great amount of time, over the last two years, to a close study of the postal rate structure, and the fiscal affairs of the Post Office Department. Several postal officials have devoted a large part of their time and attention to the subject. It has not been an easy task because of ever- increasing volume of mail handled, especially in the low-revenue-producing mail, and the many increased costs heaped upon us from time to time over the last three years. I believe that my recommendations are fair and equitable and in keeping with sound business practices. Who Objects? I am fully aware of the substance of the objections that have been made to Congress by those opposing the increases. It is quite natural for one, even though he may be opposed to subsidies, to object if his own generous subsidy is removed. I am intensely interested in putting the Post Office Department on a businesslike basis. I want no waste or needless expenditure in the postal service at any time. There is bound to be some in the operation of a business of such magnitude with such ramifications, but I am convinced that there is no more than or perhaps not as much as there is in many private enterprises of much less size and scope. It is my hope and desire that an early enactment of the postal rate recommendations will be brought about in order that the Post Office Department may sell its services to the public on a more equitable basis than now exists, which automatically would place the Department on a much sounder fiscal basis. The Democratic Digest More Women in More Posts THE DIGEST is proud to report five recent appointments of women to important posts in public life. Of these, three were nominated by President Truman and two have gone through the process of confirmation by the Senate. JUDGE HARRON - A Presidential nomination confirmed by the Senate just as The Digest went to press is that of Miss Marion J. Harron as Judge of the U.S. Tax Court. Judge Harron is the only woman of the 15 judges of this court. First named to the court in 1936, her reappointment is for a 12-year term. Judge Harron has served in the post with great distinction. She received her academic and law degrees from the University of California, engaged in general practice, was active in the fields of labor and legislation, taught at Johns Hopkins University, and was assistant counsel of the National Recovery Administration in Washington, D. C., for two years prior to appointment to the Tax Court. JUDGE COCKRILL - Miss Edith H. Cockrill was recently appointed by President Truman as Judge of the Juvenile Court of the District of Columbia. A member of the District of Columbia bar, the Tennessee bar, and the United States Supreme Court bar, Miss Cockrill received A.B. and LL.B. degrees from the University of Tennessee. Prior to coming to Washington in 1942 as attorney for the Office of Price Administration, Miss Cockrill practiced law in Knoxville, Tennessee. Following her resignation from OPA, she entered private practice in Washington, where she specialized in corporation and administrative law, serving as counsel for several large corporations and national industrial and trade groups. Miss Cockrill's undergraduate college work included special study and practical training in the fields of sociology and psychology. This special interest has led her to devote much time in her practice to domestic relations work and youth counseling, particularly among college students and young veterans and Government employes away from their homes. Also, she was engaged for a period in full-time family case and disaster relief work for the American Red Cross. MRS. LUSK - Mrs. Georgia L. Lusk of New Mexico has been appointed by President Truman as the only woman member of the three-member War Claims Commission. She has long been recognized for her leadership in the education field in New Mexico, and is also known nationally for her sponsorship of educational programs and policies. In- IMAGE: JUDGE COCKRILL vited by the President to participate in the first White House Conference on Rural Education, Mrs. Lusk collaborated in writing the well known Charter of Education for Rural Children. A former school teacher, Mrs. Lusk was elected school superintendent of Lea County, New Mexico, in 1924. In 1930 and again in 1942 she was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction. She is a life member of the Parent-Teacher Congress, and assisted in founding, in her state, Delta Kappa Gamma, national educational fraternity. In June 1946, Mrs. Lusk defeated six opponents in the Democratic primary to win nomination to the House of Representatives. Elected in November, she was the first woman sent to Congress by the State of New Mexico. Mrs. Lusk is a widow and has two living sons. Her eldest son was killed in World War II in the North African campaign. MISS BROWN - Newly appointed member of the Board of Veterans Appeals is Miss Mary-Agnes Brown, former WAC staff director in the Pacific. Miss Brown is a native of Washington and a graduate of George Washington University. She served as executive secretary to the medical director of the Veterans Administration for 12 years, and for 10 years was an attorney in the Solicitor's office. (Continued on page 23) MADAME MINISTER - Mrs. George Mesta, sworn into office in Washington July 8 as Minister to Luxembourg, is shown here as she was congratulated by Secretary of State Acheson following the ceremony. August-September, 1949 Page Thirteen Congress Considers . . . And So Should You! What's in the Works AS OF AUGUST 24 on . . . THE NORTH ATLANTIC PACT On July 21 the Senate by a record vote ratified the North Atlantic Pact without reservation. Three restrictive modifications were introduced and as rapidly voted down before the final vote on the measure, which resulted in an 82 to 13 victory. President Truman signed the treaty on July 25. All 12 nations signatory to the pact have now ratified it. on . . . FOREIGN AID As reported in the July issue of The Digest, the House voted a $4.6 billion appropriation for the Economic Cooperation Administration, the money to be spent in 13.5 months. After holding extensive public hearings the Senate Appropriations Committee voted $3.7 billion for 12 months, a cut of more than 10 percent under the amount requested by the President. The bill was debated in the Senate for several days and finally sent back to the Appropriations Committee for reconsideration on July 27. After further debate the committee reported the bill out on July 29 with no change in funds but with certain restrictive riders deleted. On August 8, following several days of consideration on the floor, the Senate passed the measure by a vote of 63 to 7, allowing $3.6 billion for ECA for a full year with no authority to spend the money in a shorter period. Senate and House conferees met on August 9 to attempt to iron our the multi-million-dollar difference between the two bills. The conference committee had not yet reached a compromise as The Digest went to press. on . . . FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE H.R. 5895, introduced in the House of Representative John Kee of West Virginia, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, was referred to that committee, where open hearings were held from July 28 to August 8. The committee went into executive session the following day. After considerable debate, the committee approved on August 15 the full $1.5 billion program requested by the President to help foreign nations arm themselves against aggression. The measure provided $1.2 billion for the North Atlantic Pact nations, $211 million for Greece and Turkey, and $27.6 million for Iran, Korea and the Philippines. On August 18 the House, by a vote of 238 to 122, passed a revised bill providing $869.5 million. However, the measure provides that the program be limited to run only until June 30, Page Fourteen 1950 when Congress may review it, instead of spreading over a two-year period as originally provided. As finally approved the measure would give the Atlantic Pact nations $580.5 million; no change was made in funds requested for other countries. A companion bill, S. 2388, was introduced in the Senate by Senator Tom Connally of Texas, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and eight other Senators. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the Senate Armed Services Committee meeting in joint session held hearings on this bill from August 8 to August 19. The joint committees went into executive session on August 22 and had not reported the bill out as The Digest went to press. For a more detailed statement of the necessity for and the provisions of military assistance program, see the excerpts from President Truman's Arms Aid message on page 7. on . . . UNIFICATION OF THE ARMED FORCES Having passed the Senate, which acted under a unanimous consent rule, on July 20, and the House on August 2 by the overwhelming vote of 356 to 7, the bill amending the original unification of the armed services was signed by President Truman on August 10. The measure clarifies and streamlines both civil and military control of the armed forces and provides for: (1) establishment of a single Department of Defense in place of the present National Military Establishment and transfer of the Departments of Army, Navy, and Air Force from the status of Executive departments to military departments; (2) creation of a chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who takes precedence over all other officers of the three military services (General Omar N. Bradley was nominated by President Truman to fill this position and his appointment was confirmed by the Senate on August 15); (3) clear authority over all the armed forces by the Secretary of Defense; (4) creation of certain budget and fiscal reforms in the military establishment. on . . . REORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Of the seven reorganization plans submitted by President Truman in connection with his new reorganization powers (see July Digest, p. 14), six have been approved. Only Plan No. 1, converting the Federal Security Agency into a new Department of Welfare with full Cabinet status, was disapproved by the Senate. The plans that were not disapproved by either house are: No. 2, transfer of the Bureau of Employment Security from the Federal Security Agency to the Labor Department; No. 3, changes in the operation and management of the Post Office Department; No. 4, transfer of the National Security The Democratic Digest Council and the National Security Resources Board to the Executive Office of the President; No. 5, designation of the chairman of the Civil Service Commission as executive officer of the Commission; No. 6, designation of the chairman of the Maritime Commission as executive officer of the Commission; and No. 7, transfer of the Public Roads Administration from the Federal Works Agency to the Department of Commerce. As stipulated in the original Reorganization Act, reorganization plans submitted by the President automatically go into effect 60 days after submission to Congress unless disapproved by at least one house. The seven plans submitted thus far reached Congress on June 20. Since only one was disapproved by one house, the others went into effect on August 20. on . . . THE FARM PROGRAM On July 22 the House, by an overwhelming voice vote, repealed outright the Republican-written Aiken Act which was scheduled to go into effect January 1, 1950. On the same day the House voted 239 to 170 to continue the present farm price support law which (1) supports at 90 percent of parity the prices of wheat, cotton, corn, tobacco, peanuts, rice, milk, butterfat, chickens, eggs, and hogs; (2) maintains 60 to 90 percent of parity supports for dried beans, peas, flaxseed, soybeans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, American-Egyptian cotton, and turkeys; (3) gives the Secretary of Agriculture discretionary power to support other crops from zero to 90 percent of parity, according to the amount of money available for such supports; (4) provides for crop production controls as a means of keeping supply near to demand. The measure, now known as the Gore Bill, was referred to the Senate Agriculture Committee, where action has not as yet been taken. A Senate agriculture subcommittee on August 11 agreed upon a compromise farm bill, with the following provisions: (1) a sliding scale of price support for basic crops of from 75 to 90 percent of parity; (2) support price levels for basic crops could not fall below 90 percent for a full year after production controls have become effective; (3) authorization of the appointment of an additional Assistant Secretary of Agriculture "in charge of sales," whose job would be to dispose of all farm products acquired under the price support program. It is anticipated that the bill as agreed to by the subcommittee will be reported out to the full Senate Agriculture Committee in the near future. on . . . SOCIAL SECURITY After several months of intensive consideration, the House Ways and Means Committee has reached certain final decisions regarding the extension of social security coverage. The Committee has had under consideration a number of bills providing for additional old-age and survivors' insurance coverage, increased public assistance benefits to needy people, and greater benefits to wage-earners in case of disability. From the study of these several bills emerged H. R. 6000, incorporating the following provisions which have been finally approved by the Committee: (1) extension of old-age and survivors' insurance coverage to approximately 11 million persons not now covered by the system, including 4.5 million self- August-September, 1949 employed persons, 600,000 employes of non-profit organizations, 750,000 domestic servants; 3.8 million state and local government employes, 100,000 Federal emplyes not under a retirement program, 500,000 employes in miscellaneous categories; (2) increased old-age insurance benefits from 50 percent to as much as 150 percent for those beneficiaries now on the rolls, with minimum benefits raised from $10 to $25 a month and maximum benefits from $85 to $150 a month; (3) increased Federal funds for assistance to needy people; (4) an increase in the tax base - the first $3600 of an employe's wages to be taxed instead of the $3000 as at present. H.R. 6000 was reported out of Committee on August 22 and is now on the House calendar. on . . . THE MINIMUM WAGE On August 11 the House passed H. R. 5856, introduced by Representative Wingate H. Lucas of Texas. The measure, which was approved by a vote of 361 to 35, raises the minimum wage from 40 cents to 5 cents an hour but excludes workers in numerous categories. Among those excluded are employes of local retail establishments, newspapers of less than 5,000 circulation, telephone companies with fewer than 500 subscribers, seamen, fishermen, suburban bus and streetcar operators, and taxi drivers. The proposed legislation also removes the protection presently accorded the logging and lumbering industries. After passing the House, H. R. 5856 was referred to the Senate where it was placed on the calendar along with S. 653, the Senate minimum wage bill described in the July issue of The Digest (see p. 16). on . . . THE POLL TAX H.R. 3199, introduced by Representative Mary T. Norton of New Jersey, outlaws the poll tax as a requirement for voting in primary and general elections in which Federal officeholders are chosen. The bill was passed by the House on July 26 by a vote of 273 to 116. The measure is now awaiting action by the Senate Rules Committee. Regional Conference September 18 and 19 SAN FRANCISCO Fairmont Hotel 11 Western States Subject: "Land, Water & Jobs" Page Fifteen The Future of ECA What It Means to Europe and to the U.S.A. AGAIN, in this year 1949, through the extension of the Economic Cooperation Act, the American people have reaffirmed their conviction that as a great nation we have responsibilities and interests that extend beyond our own frontiers. We are going ahead with the European recovery program. ECA's first year has been a success. To quote the report of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations: "Last year the Economic Cooperation Act was described both as a calculated risk and as an ideal. Due to the efforts of the peoples on both sides of the Atlantic, the risk has proved worth taking. The program is now successfully under way. With the momentum gained during the past 12 months, this second and critical year should bring the participating countries still closer to the achievement of those great ideals of common welfare and peace embodied in the recovery program." It took two World Wars to teach the American people that political isolation is impossible for any great and wealthy nation. It was a grim lesson and we paid for our persistent blindness in blood and tears and hundreds of billions of dollars. We learned the lesson, however, and, God willing, there will be no more Pearl Harbors. Myth Dispelled The postwar economic crisis in Europe brought us sharply up against another fact of life which we had previously not been compelled to face. Traditionally, we had thought of ourselves as self- sufficient. We had regarded our great natural resources as so abundant, so varied, that we assumed we could rock along quite comfortably without the rest of the world. The myth of our economic isolation dissolved before the grim facts presented us by conditions in Europe in 1947. During the years immediately after the war we had provided Europe, primarily on a relief basis, with the elementary necessities of life. From mid-1945 to the passage of the Economic Cooperation Act in the spring of 1948, we ahd made available to Europe in loans, grants and aid to the occupied areas approximately $11.9 billion. That staggering sum kept Europe from starving but it gave no promise of putting the nations back on their feet economically. Some progress toward recovery was made in the first months after the fighting ceased but the terrible winter of 1946-47 and the equally disastrous droughts of the following summer brought Europe production, both industrial and agricultural, to a standstill. The total collapse of the European economy seemed inevitable. ness was booming. We had attained the highest level of employment in On this side of the Atlantic, busi- our history. Our factories were producing to capacity. Our people were buying. We were enjoying almost undreamed-of good times. After the war, up to and through the first half of 1947, American exports to the European countries reached a high level. Those exports contributed substantially to American prosperity. We Need to Export Over the years European markets have become increasingly important to the American economy. A substantial segment of our production machine has been geared to meet the demands of these markets. Millions of our workers have been kept employed in growing, producing and handling exports. Millions of other workers have owed their regular paychecks to the needs of these workers for food, commodities and services. In that first half of 1947, for example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has estimated that approximately 3.1 million of our factory workers, miners, railroaders and farmers were directly employed in producing and handling exports. The postwar exports were, of course, largely maintained by the gifts and loans the United States was making to the European nations. They were being paid for, in other words, out of the tax dollars of the American people. American producers and exporters who look back to those "good years" with satisfaction should keep that fact constantly in mind. Had there been no such outpouring of tax funds the American export market would have dwindled to a trickle. The workers dependent upon those markets would have been without jobs. Their ability to buy food, automobiles, washing IMAGE: ECA IMPORTANT TO WEST - Dried fruit grown in California is unloaded in London. Cartons bear ECA stamp showing that the cargo comes from the United States. Page Sixteen The Democratic Digest machines, houses, etc., would have vanished. The workers who produced that food, those automobiles, washing machines, houses, etc., would likewise have been looking for work. It could be argued that 3.1 million workers in a total working population of nearly 60 million are not too important. Too often our export market has been brushed off as "only" 10 percent of our national production. That 10 percent, however, is an over-all figure, and is of much more importance in some fields than "10 percent" indicates. For example, cotton, where, in the past, as high as 50 percent has been produced for overseas; or tobacco, where 40 percent has been grown for export; or wheat, where 30 percent; and so on and so on. To the cotton wheat and tobacco producers that 10 percent argument carries very little weight. To them the export market is highly important. Its loss would be nothing short of catastrophic. In certain manufacturing lines the overseas market is almost equally important. Our electric refrigerators, our flashlights, our rubber tires, farm machinery go all over the world. The world has come to depend on America for innumerable items which other countries either do not produce or can produce only at a much higher cost. The postwar need in Europe for American goods was terrific. The European people needed those goods not only mere to survive but to get back on their feet. They needed food, tools, equipment, raw materials, practically everything. The "why" of their need should not require elaboration. Global war goes beyond destroying military forces and equipment. It means the destruction of the economic life of a people, their factories, fields and producing potentiality. For seven years Western Europe had been a battlefield. The countries which had suffered most had lost more than half their industrial wealth. But to buy American goods the buyer must have dollars with which to pay. American producers do not sell for pounds, lire, francs or kronas. In the prewar days the European nations had earned those dollars. They had sold their goods here for dollars. They had investments in the United States for which they received dollars in dividends and interest. But those investments were sold to help meet war expenses. And after the war, the lack of tools and materials made it impossible for the Europeans to produce the goods they had once sold to American customers. It sounds confusing and it was confusing. In those dark days of 1947 it became increasingly obvious that the United States could not continue pouring dollars into the vacuum, but to stop meant trouble not only for Europe but for ourselves. As conditions worsened, more and more people in this country began to recognize that the only way out was the restoration of Europe to full economic health. Toward Recovery The original Economic Cooperation Act, passed by Congress and signed by President Truman on April 3, 1948, was the result of this new attitude. Its goal was to put the European nations back on their feet economically - to reestablish them as soon as possible as solvent customers, paying their own way with the dollars they had earned themselves. The recovery program set up by the Act cost the American people $5 billion in its first year. It was, as the Senate committee said, a calculated risk, but that risk proved worth taking. The Senate voted 70 to 7 to continue the program; the House 358 to 49. Thus, overwhelmingly, the American people, through their elected representatives, declared themselves still in favor of the policy they had adopted a year previously and voiced their approval of the progress made. The future success of that policy, however, demands that it be accepted wholeheartedly, accepted in all its implications. During the discussion of the Act of 1948, IMAGE: ECA IMPORTANT TO SOUTH - We export, some years, as much as 50 percent of our cotton crop, 40 percent of our tobacco crop; therefore Europe's needs for these items is of paramount importance to growers in this country. Here an expert judges fresh Virginia tobacco which has just arrived in Denmark, and a modern mademoiselle from Armentieres holds thread made for the French dressmaking business from cotton grown in Texas, Arkansas and Louisiana. During the first year of ECA $320,300,000 in raw cotton was shipped to 12 Marshall Plan countries. August-September, 1949 Page Seventeen former Secretary of War Stimson said: "I have served as Secretary of War in a time of frightened isolationism and again in time of brave and generous action. I know the withering effect of limited commitments and I know the regenerative power of full action." The program was adopted by the American people in a spirit of IMAGE: ECA IMPORTANT TO EAST AND MIDDLE WEST - Machinery made in our great industrial centers is urgently needed in Europe. Here, bearing the ECA emblem, a filter is installed in a Danish brewery. "brave and generous action." Its regenerative powers have been amply demonstrated in the accomplishments of the program to date. The challenge facing the American people now - both as a nation and as individuals - is the maintenance of that spirit. Europe Too Must Export A Europe again prosperous, producing to her full capacity, must have markets for her goods. She must have markets, above all, in the United States if she is to earn the dollars she needs to buy here. That she must earn them is obvious since we cannot continue giving them to her indefinitely. The exact amount of the goods Europe needs to sell here can be simply estimated. It isn't a difficult figure to calculate. In 1948, to use a recent figure, American exports to the ECA countries totaled approximately $4 billion. European goods sold here in the same period amounted to just under $1 billion. The difference was made up by ECA financing. To bring the trade between those countries and ours into a healthy balance their experts to must be increased by an additional $2.5 billion. This figure represents only about one percent of our annual gross national production but it is Page Eighteen not viewed too happily by certain segments of our industry. The objections have not come, of course, from those fields dependent upon the export market. Hostility to the threatened competition of such an increase in Europe's exports to this country promises to be one of the hurdles the recovery program must face in this second and critical year. None of the arguments presented, unfortunately, offers a solution of the problem when ECA aid to Europe stops, as it must under the Act, in 1952. The overall need to sell American goods overseas, however, is generally admitted. It is equally true that a fully productive Europe must sell in other areas, admittedly competing with American goods. That again, however, is something American industry must accept as the price of world economic stability. Actually, the unfavorable repercussions if they do develop cannot help but be temporary. Traditionally, we have accepted the theory that competition is one of the great reasons, perhaps the greatest, for the vigor of the American economy. Translated into world terms, it should promise just as surely a vigorous world economy. And that is, of course, the aim of the recovery program. Fundamentally, the murmurs (they may develop into howls) against this country's building up its competitors in world trade are based upon a wrong picture of the economic world; the belief that one nation can flourish economically only at the expense of others. Viewing the world's wealth as a pie this would, of course, be true. If one received a bigger slice the others necessarily would have to accept less. In the old days this was the common conception. Thomas Mun in 1630 wrote: "The ordinary means to increase our wealth and treasure is by foreign trade, wherein we must observe this rule: to sell more to strangers yearly than we consume of theirs in value." In 1630 that probably made sense. In 1949 it does not. That ancient conception of the way to national wealth and prosperity has been thoroughly disproved by the United States itself. Within our own borders we have proved that the way to prosperity for all is through an over-all expansion of trade and production. Our national economic pie has grown larger by cutting. ECA's field is primarily economic, but in the world today it is not possible to separate the lives of either men or nations into tidy little compartments, economic, political or social. America's overriding interest is world peace. Our entire foreign policy is directed toward that goal. ECA is a very definite part of American foreign policy. The goal of that policy is peace, and a worldwide prosperity that will give stability and durability to that peace. If that goal is obtained, the investment the American people have made in the recovery program will be the wisest and most fruitful in their history. NOTE: This is the last of a series of articles explaining the operation of the Marshall Plan. Among the First Early contributors to Democratic Women's Day of 1949 include various groups of the regular party organization, clubs and individuals. The new quota is $150 per Congressional District, and the honor roll will be made up in that manner, after DWD on September 27. In the meantime, the Women's Division is happy to acknowledge receipt of other contributions. Those not previously reported include a substantial donation from North Dakota Democratic women under the leadership of Mrs. Daphna Nygaard, National Committeewoman. Democratic women of Harvey County, Kansas, raised money with a food sale and sent the proceeds to national headquarters. Individuals who have recently contributed include Mrs. George Mesta of Rhode Island, new Minister to Luxembourg; Miss Mary W. Dewson of Maine, former head of the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee, and Mrs. John Garland Pollard, Democratic National Committeewoman for Virginia. Club contributions have been received from the Women's Jefferson Democratic Club of Cole County, Missouri; Harrison County Women's Democratic Club, Missouri, and the Democratic Public Affairs Study Group of Akron, Ohio. The Democratic Digest Candidate for Congress IMAGE: MRS. KELLY MRS. EDNA F. KELLEY, for seven years director of research for the Democratic delegation in the New York State Legislature, has been designated as the Democratic nominee for Congress in a special election to be held this fall. Mrs. Kelly will run in the 10th Congressional District in Brooklyn for the seat made vacant by the death of the late Andrew L. Somers, also a Democrat. If elected, she will be the first woman ever sent to Congress from New York City. Slim, dark-haired, and attractive, Mrs. Kelly is the widow of a New York City court justice, the late Edward L. Kelly. Her son, William E. Kelly, 19 - named for his paternal grandfather, who was Brooklyn postmaster from 1916 to 1929 - is a student at Columbia College, which is the men's undergraduate college at Columbia University. She has a 15-year-old daughter, Maura Patricia, who attends Marymount School. The daughter of Mrs. Ellen Flannery and the late Patrick Flannery, Mrs. Kelly is a graduate of Hunter College, New York City, where she majored in history and economics. She is 42. Married soon after she left college, she has long been active in Brooklyn philanthropic and civic affairs. As research director for the Democrats in Albany, Mrs. Kelly has been in the thick of the fight for progressive legislation waged by the Democrats in the Legislature - better schools, better housing, a sounder fiscal policy on the part of the Dewy administration. She has pledged her support in Congress to the Truman program, including, in her own words, "full aid to Israel, extension of civil liberties, housing for all, full educational opportunity for all our children, just labor laws, full employment, extension of social security to protect our aged, our indigent, our crippled, and our young." Commenting on her designation as the Democratic nominee, the New York Times stated: "The naming of Mrs. Kelly is in line with the Democratic Party's 'New Deal for women' in politics as shown in recent appointments of Mrs. Perle Mesta as Minister to Luxembourg and Mrs. Georgia Neese Clark of Kansas as Treasurer of the United States." How Big Is Big? President Truman recently threw the resources of 12 Government departments and agencies behind a Congressional investigation of monopoly power in this country. The inquiry began on July 11 under the leadership of Representative Emanuel Celler of New York, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. A special subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee, in studying monopoly power, plans to make special studies of "business bigness" and interlocking directorates. Supporting the investigation, President Truman asked the following agency heads to do everything possible to aid in the inquiry: the Attorney General; the Secretaries of the Treasury, Defense, Agriculture, Interior and Commerce; the chairmen of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and the Securities and Exchange, Interstate Commerce, Federal Trade, Federal Power, and Federal Communications Commissions. In a letter to Chairman Celler the President said that he is "wholeheartedly in favor" of the committee's objectives - to determine how and where the anti-trust laws need strengthening. "There is no more serious problem affecting our country and its free institutions," President Truman said, "than the distortions and abuse of our economic system which result when unenlightened free enterprise turns to monopoly." The President said further that "this long-standing tendency toward economic concentration was accelerated" during the war with the result that "to a greater extent than ever before, whole industries are dominated by one or a few large organizations which can resist production in the interest of higher profits and thus reduce employment and purchasing power." The then Attorney General, Tom C. Clark, was the first witness before the subcommittee. He stated that most people are the victims of three "erroneous" assumptions: "(1) It is too often assumed that competition continues to thrive as long as there are at least two or three or four in the field. In my opinion, this is not so. (2) It is assumed that the bigger the producer the better the quality of goods and the cheaper the price to the public. (3) It is assumed that companies become big because they deserve to be big - in other words, that they outdistance their competitors because they do a better job, render greater service or furnish better goods. Personally, I doubt if this is often true." Mr. Clark said further, "The fundamental issue is whether the economy of this country is to remain free and competitive, or whether it is to be subjected to private regimentation through monopoly control." The hearings, which began on July 11, were concluded on August 5. The subcommittee is now developing the agenda for more detailed investigations which are expected to extend through next year. August-September, 1949 Page Nineteen At the Woman's National Democratic Club The Woman's National Democratic Club is located at 1526 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington 6, D. C. Please address all communications to the Club there. Affiliated Clubs ARIZONA Arizona Federation of Democratic Women's Clubs, Tucson Tucson Democratic Women's Club, Tucson ARKANSAS Arkansas Democratic Women's Club, Little Rock CALIFORNIA Alameda County Woman's Democratic Club, Oakland Berkeley Women's Democratic Forum, Oakland California Federation of Democratic Women's Study Club, Glendale Democratic Forum of Glendale, Glendale Democratic Women of San Bernardino, San Bernardino Democratic Women's Progressive Study Club, San Francisco League of Democratic Women of San Diego County, San Diego Pasadena-Foothill Democratic Club, Pasadena Sacramento County Democratic Women's Club, Sacramento San Bernardino County Woman's Democratic Club, San Bernardino Woman's Democratic Study Club, Long Beach Woman's Democratic League of Southern California, Los Angeles Women's Regional Democratic Club of Northern California, Oakland COLORADO Jane Jefferson Democratic Club of Colorado, Denver CONNECTICUT Salisbury Democratic Women's Club, Lakeville DELAWARE Women's Democratic Club of Delaware, Wilmington FLORIDA The Duval County Democratic Women, Inc., Jacksonville Woman's Democratic Club of Dade County, Miami Women's Democratic Club, St. Petersburg GEORGIA Georgia Woman's Democratic Club, Inc., Atlanta IDAHO Democratic Study Club, Wendell ILLINOIS Adams County Women's Democratic Club, Quincy Federation of Illinois Women's Democratic Clubs, Chicago Woman's Democratic Club of Fulton County, Lewistown INDIANA Indiana Women's Democratic Club, Terre Haute IOWA The Union County Woman's Democratic Club, Creston KANSAS Jeffersonian Women's Club, Liberal KENTUCKY Democratic Woman's Club of Kentucky, Louisville MARYLAND Democratic Women's Luncheon Club of Baltimore, Baltimore The United Democratic Women of Baltimore County, Inc., Baltimore The woman's City Wide Democratic Club of Baltimore, Baltimore Woman's Democratic Club of Chevy Chase, Chevy Chase Woman's Democratic Club of Montgomery County, Rockville MASSACHUSETTS The Democratic Women's Club of Third Bristol District, New Bedford MICHIGAN Eleanor Roosevelt League of Women, Inc., Lansing MINNESOTA Ramsey County Democratic Women's Club, St. Paul The Minnesota Democratic Farm-Labor Women's Study Club, St. Paul MISSOURI Franklin D. Roosevelt Women's Democratic Club, Springfield MONTANA Lewis & Clark County Democratic Women's Club, Helena NEW YORK Southern Women's National Democratic Organization in New York, Inc., New York City OHIO Democratic Women's Organization of Greater Cleveland, Cleveland Federated Democratic Women of Portage County, Ravenna Federated Democratic Women of Ohio, Cleveland Jackson-Roosevelt Federated Democratic Women's Club, Youngstown Women's Democratic Club of Cuyahoga County, Cleveland PENNSYLVANIA Democratic Women's Guild of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh Washington County Council of Democratic Women, Washington Women's Democratic Club of Chester County, West Chester Women's Democratic Club of Dauphin County, Harrisburg TENNESSEE Hamilton County Democratic Woman's Club, Chattanooga Marion County Women's Democratic Club, Jasper The Democratic Woman's Luncheon Club, Chattanooga The Know County Women's Democratic Club, Knoxville TEXAS Alamo City Woman's Democratic Club of San Antonio, San Antonio Harris County Democratic Women's Club, Houston Houston Woman's Democratic Club, Houston Tarrant County Woman's Democratic Club, Fort Worth The Democratic Women of Dallas County, Dallas VIRGINIA Woman's Democratic Club of Norfolk, Norfolk Woman's Democratic Club of Roanoke, Roanoke Women's Democratic Club of Arlington County, Arlington WASHINGTON City Wide Women's Democratic Club, Seattle WEST VIRGINIA Berkeley County Woman's Democratic Club, Martinsburg Jefferson-Wilson Woman's Democratic Club, Shepherdstown Roosevelt Women's Democratic Club, Charles Town Women's Democratic Club of Mercer County, Bluefield WYOMING Laramie County Democratic Women's Club, Cheyenne HAWAII Woman's Democratic Club of Honolulu, Honolulu Page Twenty The Democratic Digest Women Honor Women MRS. TRUMAN was the ranking guest at a reception in Washington August 3 honoring Mrs. George Mesta, the American Minister to Luxembourg, and Mrs. Georgia Neese Clark, Treasurer of the United States. Hostesses for the event, which was held at the Carlton Hotel, were Mrs. Charles W. Tillett, Vice Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and Mrs. India Edwards, Executive Director of the Women's Division. The reception was held to give several hundred top women in Government the opportunity to greet the honor guests; it was "hail" to Mrs. Clark, who is new to Washington, and "farewell" to Mrs. Mesta, who sailed August 16 for her post abroad. Most of the 10 women who poured share with Mrs. Mesta and Mrs. Clark the honor of having been appointed to their present offices by President Truman. A few of them were first appointed by President Roosevelt. Nearly all of them hold the distinction of being the first women appointed to their respective posts. This applies also to Mrs. Clark, the first woman Treasurer, and to Mrs. Mesta, the first woman minister to Luxembourg. Mrs. Mesta was preceded by only two other women in top diplomatic posts - Mrs. J. Borden Harriman as Minister to Norway and Mrs. Borge Rohde (then Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen) as Minister to Denmark, both appointed by President Roosevelt. Those pouring were Miss Frieda Hennock, first woman member of the Federal Communications Commission; Mrs. Georgia L. Lusk, member of the War Claims Commission, who served in the 80th Congress as the first woman U. S. Representative from New Mexico; Miss Frances Perkins, only woman member of the Civil Service Commission, who as Secretary of Labor in the Roosevelt Administration was the first and only woman Cabinet officer; Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross, Director of the Mint, the first woman to serve in that post and also the first woman to be elected Governor of a state (Wyoming); Judge Marion J. Harron, only woman judge of the U. S. Tax Court; Mrs. Hattie W. Caraway, only woman member of the Employees' Compensation Appeals Board, who was also the first woman to be elected to the U. S. Senate; Judge Edith H. Cockrill of the D. C. Juvenile Court and Judge Nadine Gallagher of the D.C. Municipal Court. Others pouring were Mrs. Ellen S. Woodward, director of Inter-Agency and International Relations, Federal Security Agency, who in the Roosevelt Administration was a member of the Social Security Board; and Mrs. May Thompson Evans, field representative, Office of the Administrator, Federal Security Agency, who before her Government service was Assistant Director of the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee. In addition to the several hundred Government career women attending, guests included wives of members of the Cabinet and Little Cabinet, women members of a Congress of both parties, and a number of Democratic National Committeewomen and women State Vice Chairman. TEA FOR TWO- Chatting at the reception and tea given to Mrs. Mesta and Mrs. Clark are, left to right, Mrs. Mesta, Mrs. Truman, Mrs. Clark, Mrs. Edwards, Mrs. Tillett DEMOCRATICODE No.4 Democraticode is a cryptogram- writing in cipher. Every letter is part of a code that remains constant throughout the puzzle. In this feature The Digest presents quotations from famous Democrats and other world-renowned figures in the fields of politics, history, and literature. ZYX WZUS RYQP ONMZP LNUKN JM ZYK PJRN-OYP LNUKN HZK USS PJRN. Answer to Democraticode No.4 will be found in the next issue. Answer to Democraticode No.3: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. - Franklin D. Roosevelt. Interest in Democraticode increases with every issues of The Digest. Some readers are so much interested that they vie with one another in being the first to solve it, and some even send their solutions to national headquarters. Sorry we can't award prizes as fabulous as those that go with most quiz programs, but we are gratified to see such response to our new feature. First to solve Democraticode No. 1 was Webster K. Nolan of San Francisco, Pacific Coast editor of King Features Syndicate and Vice Chairman of the Democratic County Central Committee. First to solve No. 3 was someone on the Washington, D. C., staff of the Philadelphia Inquirer, for the solution was carried in "Washington Background," a regular column edited by John C. O'Brien. Some of our most avid fans are on the staff at national headquarters, but, just as if we were one of those quiz programs that offer a-trip-around-the-world-and-a-house-and-everything-to-go-in-it, we can't consider them eligible in the competition. CAMPAIGNS ARE WON BETWEEN ELECTIONS August-September, 1949 Page Twenty-one MEET THE NEW CHAIRMAN (Continue from page 4) Massachusetts, Mrs. Florence M. Lynch of Iowa. Reports made to the Democratic National Committee included that of India Edwards, Director of the Women's Division, who laid particular stress on the many appointments President Truman has made of women to important posts. She pointed out that President Truman has reappointed all the women appointed by President Roosevelt as their terms have expired and commented "a reappointment is almost better than a first appointment, for giving a woman a second term shows that she has made good." She continued: "Yes, women are fortunate that the man whom they helped to keep in the White House acknowledges their contribution by giving women consideration and recognition. However, President Truman's willingness to give qualified women places of trust and responsibility is based not just upon the belief that women have earned some reward, but upon the belief that women's voices need to beard in national and international councils. "I am sure that President Truman agrees with Woodrow Wilson in many respects and particularly in Wilson's estimated of the need for women to participate in government. Wilson said shortly before women were given suffrage: 'Our comprehension of matters that touch society to the quick will depend upon direct and authoritative participation of women in government. Without their counseling we will be only half wise..." Space does not permit printing the various resolutions adopted at the meeting, but the praise was given through them to various party leaders and workers from President Truman and Vice President Barkley to the staff at national headquarters, and there was a special resolution urging workers at all levels to take effective action to assure full registration and voting. Members serving as the Resolutions Committee were Earle C. Clements of Kentucky, chairman, Edward J. Kelly of Illinois, John J. Nangle of Missouri, O. S. Warden of Montana, Mrs. John L. Whitehurst of Maryland, Mrs. William H. Good of New York, Mrs. H. H. Weinert of Texas. REPORT OF CREDENTIALS COMMITTEE ALABAMA -- In view of the statement made before your Credentials Committee by Marion Rushton of Alabama and his admission that he actively opposed the election of the Democratic nominees for President and Vice President chosen by the National Convention of the Democratic Party at Philadelphia in its 1948 convention, we find that a vacancy in the office of the Democratic National Committeeman for Alabama exists and we recommend that his name be expunged from the rolls of the Democratic National Committee. This action is taken pursuant to Rule 11 of the Democratic National Committee. This report is unanimously submitted by the members of the Credentials Committee. LOUISIANA -- In view of the statement made before your Credentials Committee by William H. Talbot of Louisiana and his admission that he actively opposed the election of the Democratic nominees for President and Vice President chosen by the National Convention of the Democratic Party at Philadelphia in its 1948 convention, we find that a vacancy in the office of the Democratic National Committeeman for Louisiana exists and we recommend that his name be expunged from the rolls of the Democratic National Committee. This action is taken pursuant to Rule 11 of the Democratic National Committee. This report is unanimously submitted by the members of the Credentials Committee. MISSISSIPPI -- In view of the statements made before your Credentials Committee by J. B. Snider and Mrs. Hermes Gautier of Mississippi and their admissions respectively that they actively opposed the election of the Democratic nominees for President and Vice President chosen by the National Convention of the Democratic Party at Philadelphia in its 1948 convention, we find that a vacancy exists in the office of Democratic National Committeeman and a vacancy also exists in the office of the Democratic National Committeewoman both for the State of Mississippi, and we recommend that their and each of their names be expunged from the rolls of the Democratic National Committee. This action is taken pursuant to Rule 11 of the Democratic National Committee. This report is unanimously submitted by the members of the Credentials Committee. SOUTH CAROLINA -- We recognize that J. Strom Thurmond is no longer a member of the Democratic National Committee, and therefore we find a vacancy in the office of Democratic National Committeeman from South Carolina exists, and we recommend that his name by expunged from the rolls of the Democratic National Committee in conformity with Rule 11 of the Rules of the Democratic National Committee. This report is unanimously submitted by the members of the Credentials Committee. In view of the statements made before your Credentials Committee by Mrs. Albert Agnew that she did not actively support the Democratic nominees for President and Vice President chosen by the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in 1948, and the further fact that she permitted her name to be used by another political party in the furtherance of the promotion of its nominees for the offices of President and Vice President, we find that a vacancy in the office of the Democratic National Committeewoman for South Carolina exists, and we recommend that her name be expunged from the rolls of the Democratic National Committee. This action is taken pursuant to Rule 11 of the Democratic National Committee. This report is unanimously submitted by the members of the Credentials Committee. Your Committee finds that Senator Burnet Maybank of the State of South Carolina has been elected and duly certified as the Democratic National Committeeman from the State of South Carolina, and we recommend that he be seated. TEXAS -- After a full hearing of the protest relative to H. Dwight Morrow, the Democratic National Committee for the State of Texas, a majority of your Credentials Committee feels that the evidence did not sustain the charges. WISCONSIN -- The Honorable Robert Tehan having been duly elected and certified as the Democratic National Committee from the State of Wisconsin, having recently resigned to accept an appointment as Federal District Judge in the State of Wisconsin, we hereby declare a vacancy and recognize as the duly elected National Committeeman for that state the Honorable Carl W. Thompson. We recommend that he be seated. IN CONCLUSION -- In conclusion, your Credentials Committee wishes to express its high appreciation of the action of the Democrats in these states who loyally supported the nominees of the Democratic National Convention, held in Philadelphia, in 1948. ACTING MEMBERS On August 25 Chairman Boyle announced recognition of Clarence E. Hood, Jr., and Mrs. John Clark as Acting National Committeeman and Acting National Committeewoman for Mississippi. They were active in working for the election of President Truman and Vice President Barkley in the 1948 campaign. The situation in regard to the recognition of loyal Democrats to fill vacancies in South Carolina, Alabama and Louisiana is now under study. ELECTIONS ARE WON IN THE PRECINCTS Page Twenty-two The Democratic Digest WOMEN IN NEW POSTS (Continued from page 13) Following her tour of duty in the WAC, where she attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the Legion of Merit, Miss Brown became the first woman ever named to a staff position in the Veterans Administration. Until her appointment to the Board of Veterans Appeals, she served as adviser to General Omar N. Bradley on matters pertaining to women veterans. Miss Brown was president of the Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia at the time of her enrollment in the WAC. Her first assignment was as battalion adjutant of a WAC training regiment. Later she was executive officer to the director of the WAC, and in March 1944 was appointed staff director at General MacArthur's South Pacific Headquarters, serving in Australia, New Guinea, Leyte and Manila. MISS LOCKWOOD -- On the state level, a recent important appointment is that of Miss Lorna E. Lockwood to the position of Assistant Attorney General in the state of Arizona. A forceful, attractive woman, she has been active in Democratic politics in her state for many years. Miss Lockwood served several terms in the Arizona State Legislature, resigning at the expiration of her 1946 term. She is also familiar with the Washington legislative scene, having worked for several years as executive secretary to the Honorable John R. Murdock, Representative-at-Large from Arizona. STATE VICE CHAIRMEN Continuing the series of thumbnail sketches of women State Vice Chairmen, we present those from whom we have heard since the round-up in the June Digest. MINNESOTA MRS. FLORENCE M. FREDRICKSEN of St. Peter - Is associate professor of French at Gustavus Adolphus College... holds M. A. degree from the University of Minnesota... active in political and professional organizations... married and has two sons. NORTH CAROLINA MRS. D. A. MCCORMICK of McDonald -- Was County Vice Chairman for 10 years... member of State Executive Committee for four years... has been active in politics for many years, beginning as precinct chairman... has held progressively responsible offices in Democratic women's clubs in North Carolina... active in educational and church organizations ... a widow with one daughter and two grandchildren. OREGON MRS. JOADA LEONARD of Klamath Falls - Former school teacher and social service worker... former chairman of local Juvenile Court Advisory Committee... has been county organization chairman since 1945...active in a number of civic and political organizations ...married and has three sons. TENNESSEE MRS. T. P. HENDERSON of Franklin -- Formerly connected with the State Department of Education ... former teacher in Tennessee School for the Blind... active in various political and charitable organizations ... delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940... has two children and five grandchildren. WEST VIRGINIA MRS. LUCILLE N. SHORT of Ravenswood - Has been Associate State Chairman since 1948... co-publisher of the Ravenswood News... owns and operates a jewelry store... executive secretary of the Jackson County Tuberculosis Association... has reported the proceedings at each session of the State Senate since 1939... active in community and church organizations. PHOTO CREDITS Cover -- Wide World page 3 -- Wide World page 5 -- Harris & Ewing page 9 -- Wide World page 10 -- Frank Alexander page 13 -- Judge Cockrill, Underwood & Underwood; Mrs. Mesta and Secretary Acheson, Wide World page 19 -- Gabor eder page 21 -- Julia King, Carlton Hotel page 22 -- Hawaii, Jack Matsumoto; Alaska, Wide World page 23 -- Mrs. Leonard, Wesley Guderian, Herald News; Mrs. McCormick, Siddell THE DEMOCRATIC DIGEST Vol. XXVI Aug.-Sept., 1949 Nos. 8-9 Published Monthly by the DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE WILLIAM M. BOYLE, JR. Chairman MRS. CHARLES W. TILLETT Vice Chairman INDIA EDWARDS Director of Women's Division MARY C. ZIRKLE Acting Treasurer Edited by the Women's Division DOROTHY FELKER GIRTON Editor Business and Editorial Offices, Ring Building 1200 18th Street N.W. Washington 6, D. C. Telephone DIstrict 1717 August-September, 1949 Page Twenty-three WHAT TIME IS IT? That depends on where you are. 3 to 3:15 P.M. Eastern Standard Time is 2 to 2:15 Central Standard Time is 1 to 1:15 Mountain Standard Time is 12 noon to 12:15 Pacific Standard Time is President Truman's Broadcast to American Women on DEMOCRATIC WOMEN'S DAY Tuesday, September 27 on the coast-to-coast networks of the American Broadcasting Company Mutual Broadcasting System It doesn't matter where you are. What does matter is that you tune in and hear the President speak to you with this special message. What does matter is that you plan a meeting to listen in, to rally Democratic women, and other women, to the causes in which they believe, in which President Truman believes-peace and progress. What does matter is that Democratic women use the occasion to raise their quota for Democratic Women's Day-$150 per Congressional District- so that the Democratic National Committee can do its part in the 1950 campaign to reelect a Democratic Congress to help President Truman carry out his program for the people. If you miss the live broadcast, a transcription of the program will be carried coast to coast over the Columbia Broadcasting System from 5:30 to 5:45 EST, 4:30 to 4:45 CST, 3:30 to 3:45 MST, 2:30 to 2:45 PST. Contact your local ABC, MBS, and CBS stations to make sure they carry the President's DWD broadcast. Listen to it twice! STOP to hold a meeting. LOOK to raising your quota. LISTEN to learn. REGISTER EARLY! WOMEN'S DIVISION DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE RING BUILDING WASHINGTON 6, D.C. Sec. 562, P.L. &R. U. S. POSTAGE PAID WASHINGTON, D.C. Permit No. 6309 MRS CHARLES E HENNING 1010 5TH AVE NEW YORK 28 N Y 3 Forward of Woman's Rights Tracts. At the time when this little volume was compiled, the subject of Woman's Rights was greatly misunderstood, or was not understood at all. These speeches set forth clearly the meaning and scope of the movement. In my eagerness to get them before the public, I forgot to add the date of publication. But it was probably in 1853 or 1854. The first National Woman's Rights Convention was held in Worcester, Mass., in 1850; the next was held in 1851. On his return from one of these conventions, Wendell Phillips met Theodore Parker, who said to Mr. Phillips, learning that he had been to a Woman's Rights Convention: "Wendell, don't make a fool of yourself." Mr. Phillips replied: "Theodore, this is the gravest question of the age. You ought to understand it." Thus admonished, Theodore Parker studied the subject, and before the close of the year he saw, as Wendell Phillips did, that it was "the gravest question of the age." He preached four sermons on it. One of these was, "The Public Function of Women". It was preached in March 1853. As public duty was the thing most forbidden to women at that time, I asked Mr. Parker for this sermon. He readily gave it to me. I then compiled the little book, and so am able to fix the date very nearly. I took them to my Woman's Rights Meetings. The sale of them helped to pay for halls, advertising, etc. That was before there were any Women's Rights Societies. When there were few to "lend a hand". Lucy Stone HISTORICAL DATA The National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed on February 17, 1890, by the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association (organized in 1869) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (organized in 1869). Purpose: The object of this Association shall be to secure protection, in their right to vote, to the women citizens of the United States, by appropriate National and State legislation. The organization was incorporated on April 16, 1890, under the laws of the District of Columbia by Susan B. Anthony, Vice-President; Jane H. Spofford, Treasurer and Lucia E. Blount, the term of the corporation to expire April 1940. CALENDAR OF ANNUAL CONVENTIONS 1890 - Washington, D. C., Union of American and National Associations 1891 - Washington, D. C., February 22-26. 1892 - Washington, D. C., February 19-21. 1893 - Washington, D. C., February 16-19. 1894 - Washington, D. C., February 15-20. 1895 - Atlanta, Ga., January 31 to February 5. 1896 - Washington, D. C., January 23-28. 1897 - Des Moines, Ia., January 26-29. 1898 - Washington D. C., February 13-19. 1899 - Grand Rapids Mich., April 27 to May 3. 1900 - Washington, D. C., February 8-14. 1901 - Minneapolis, Minn. June 1-5. 1902 - Washington, D. C., February 14-18. 1903 - New Orleans, La., March 15-25. 1904 - Washington, D. C., February 11-17. 1905 - Portland, Ore., June 28 to July 5. 1906 - Baltimore, Md., February 7-13. 1907 - Chicago, Ill., February 14-19. 1908 - Buffalo, N.Y., October 15-21. 1909 - Seattle, Wash., July 1-6. 1910 - Washington, D. C., April 14-19. 1911 - Louisville, Ky., October 19-25. 1912 - Philadelphia, Pa., November 21-26. 1913 -- Washington, D. C., November 29 to December 5. 1914 - Nashville, Tenn. November 12-17. 1915 - Washington, D. C., December 14-19. 1916 - Atlantic City, N.J., September 5-10. 1917 - Washington, D.C., December 12-15. 1918 - and 1919 - St. Louis, Mo., March 24-29. 1920 - Chicago, Ill., February 12-18. 1921 - Cleveland, Ohio, April 13. 1925 - Washington, D. C., April 23. Executive Section. 1929 - New Rochelle, N. Y., Executive Section, March 14. 1936 - New York, N. Y., Executive Section, March 19. 1938 - New Rochelle, N.Y., Executive Section, May 2. CALENDAR OF BOARD MEETINGS. continued. 1939 - Mrs. Catt's home, 120 Paine Avenue, New Rochelle, N.Y May 12th 1940 - November 27th Women's University Club, Hotel Biltmore, New York, N. Y. 1941 - January 7th Headquarters, Grand Central Terminal Bldg., New York, N. Y. 1942 - April 8th Mrs. Catt's home, 120 Paine Avenue, New Rochelle, N. Y. 1942 - December 14th (Annual Meeting for 1943 ) Mrs. Slade's home, 49 East 67th Street, New York, N.Y. 45TH CONGRESS 2d Session SENATE. REPORT No. 523. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES JUNE 14, 1878. - Ordered to be printed Mr. WADLEIGH, from the Committee on Privileges and Elections, submitted the following REPORT: [To accompany bill S. Res. 12.] The Committee on Privileges and Elections, to whom was referred the resolution (S.Res.12) proposing amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and certain petitions for the remonstrances against the same, make the following report: This proposed amendment forbid the United States or any State to deny or abridge the right to vote on the account of sex. If adopted, it will make several millions of female voters, totally inexperienced in political affairs, quite generally dependent upon the other sex, all incapable of performing military duty and without the power to enforce the laws which their numerical strength may enable them to make, and comparatively very few of whom wish to assume the irksome and responsible political duties which this measures thrusts upon them. An experiment so novel, a change so great, should only be made slowly and in response to a general public demand, of the existence of which there is no evidence before your committee. Petitions from various parts of the country, containing by estimate 30,000 names, have been presented to Congress asking for this legislation. They were procured through the efforts of woman-suffrage societies, thoroughly organized, with active and zealous managers. The ease with which signatures may be procured to any petition is well known. The small number of petitioners, when compared with that of the intelligent women in the country, is striking evidence that there exists among them no general desire to take up the heavy burden of governing, which so many men seek to evade. It would be unjust, unwise, and impolitic to impose that burden on the great mass of women throughout the country who do not wish for it, to gratify the comparatively few who do. It has been strongly urged that without the right of suffrage women are and will be subjected to great oppression and injustice. But every one who has examined the subject at all knows that without female suffrage legislation for years has improved and is still improving the condition of woman. The disabilities imposed upon her by the common law have, one by one, been swept away until in most of the States she has the full right to her property and all, or nearly all the rights which can be granted without impairing or destroying the marriage relation. These changes have been wrought by the spirit of the 2 FEMALE SUFFRAGE. age, and are not, generally at least, the result of any agitation by women in their own behalf. Nor can women justly complain of any partiality in the administration of justice. They have the sympathy of judges and particularly of juries to an extent which would warrant loud complaint on the part of their adversaries of the sterner sex. Their appeals to legislatures against injustices are never unheeded, and there is no doubt that when any considerable part of the women of any State really wish for the right to vote it will be granted without the intervention of Congress. Any State may grant the right of suffrage to women. Some of them have done so to a limited extent, and perhaps with good results. It is evident that in some States public opinion is much more strongly in favor of it than it is in others. Your committee regard it as unwise and inexpedient to enable three-fourths in number of the States, through an amendment to the National Constitution, to force woman suffrage upon the other fourth in which the public opinion of both sexes may be strongly adverse to such a change. For these reasons, your committee report back said resolution with a recommendation that it be indefinitely postponed. [*Christian-A?-Work May 27 1916*] A RELIGIOUS WEEKLY REVIEW [*Historical*] 701 WOMEN'S WORK OF TO-DAY Conducted by Edith Wilds The Spirit and Growth of the Woman Suffrage Movement By Annie Matthews THE spirit of which the Woman Suffrage Movement is the incarnation is woman's faith in woman, her conviction that the heights of human attainment are as accessible to her as to her brother, her determination that all hindrances to her free and natural development and activity shall be removed. Free and natural development of woman there never has really been, for since the beginning of authentic history man has held the reins of power in all phases of human life. What conditions in prehistoric, in savage, or in feudal times led to and acted to perpetuate this condition is not a part of our consideration in this article. Probably there never was a time, even with woman most ignorant and most inarticulate, when some women did not rebel against their sphere, but it was not until the nineteenth century and in America that the voice of womanhood began to make itself heard amid the other great voices which, at that time, were clamoring for a very great extension of the rights of common humanity. Americans noting the position occupied by woman to-day sometimes regard the cry of "Votes for Women" as a purely academic fad and insist, "Women have practically everything to-day and without a vote will be given anything else there is that they can prove they need." This view ignores the fact that the free man or free woman is unwilling to receive from anyone above, Emperor, King, or Male Voter, those elementary human rights which he regards as his own. Also it ignores the positive proof which the history of the past seventy years presents that, through nearly two thousand years of Christian civilization, woman had practically no rights or privileges either, until she arose and began a hard and bitter struggle to gain them. A very graphic picture of woman's position in our own enlightened land in the early nineteenth century is given by Helen Montgomery in her volume celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of woman's work in missionary fields, "Western Women in Eastern Lands," from which we produce a few extracts: "In all the English-speaking world the only woman whom the law recognized as a person was the unmarried woman. The married woman, in the eyes of the law, ceased to exist the moment her vows were said. She could neither sue nor be sued, could hold no property, could testify in a court of law, had no legal right to the money she might earn nor to the control of her own children, the legal guardianship being solely vested in the father. It was not until the New York legislation, in regard to property rights of married women in 1848, that any State began the change of the old common law provisions in regard to woman's rights." Startling is the change which the century has brought in the ideas of the world in regard to women's education. The first American schools for boys were established with the very first days of Colonial history; but it was not until the nineteenth century was well under way that any serious attempt was made to provide generously for the girls. In 1792 the records of Newburyport, Mass., show that the town meeting voted: "During the summer months when the boys in the school are diminished, the master shall receive girls for instruction in reading and grammar after the dismission of the boys, for an hour and a half." Northampton as late as 1788 voted, "Not to be at the expense of schooling girls." In 1826 Boston rather peevishly abolished its girls high school (so-called) because so many girls were clamoring for admission. The story is told that when the question of taxing the town to provide schooling for girls was discussed in Hatfield, one indignant citizen exclaimed, "Hatfield school? Never!" Out of such necessities came, in 1848, at Seneca Falls, the first organized effort of the women to secure some rights and opportunities. Here the women formulated their needs, and the remarkable wisdom and courage of these early leaders is manifested by the fact that it has never been necessary to add to their platform - "Personal liberty, education, the right to earn a living, to own property, to sue and be sued, to make contracts, to testify in court, to obtain a divorce for just cause, to possess her children, to obtain a fair share of the accumulations during marriage, to vote." The justice of most of these demands will be conceded by any fair minded man, and yet after half a century of effort by the suffragists, only in a minority of the States have the women equal guardianship with their husbands over their own children. Fifty-five years were needed by the unenfranchised women of Massachusetts to convince their legislators of the justice of this plea. One year in Colorado and California after women were enfranchised saw the necessary laws on the statute books. Among the signers of the original declaration of rights were the father, mother and sister of Susan B. Anthony, and in 1850 702 THE CHRISTIAN WORK she met Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and organized work to obtain these rights began. From the first National Woman's Rights Convention, held in Worcester in 1852, an account of which was written for the "Westminster Review" by Mrs. John Stuart Mills, the English suffragist movement began. From these beginnings, interrupted it is true by the stress of the Civil War, the modern suffrage movement has with accelerating growth emerged. Fifty-four years the noble and indomitable Susan B. Anthony headed the forces. Ridicule, hardship, prejudice and misunderstanding assailed her in vain; her faith, the faith she has passed on to her spiritual children, never failed. For her there was only one cause, the cause of woman's freedom. When, in 1906, at the age of eighty-five she reluctantly passed from this world's activities she had the joy of knowing that four states - Wyoming, in 1869; Colorado, 1893; Idaho, 1896; Utah, 1896 - had granted their women the franchise. The tremendous growth in the ten years since is not fully realized even by most suffrage workers. In this period seven states -- Washington 1910, California 1911, Arizona 1912, Kansas 1912, Oregon 1912, Nevada 1914, Montana 1914, and one territory, Alaska 1913, have since been added to the "White List." Partial suffrage has been granted in others -- notably Illinois, where women have Presidential and municipal suffrage; while outside our country Norway, Finland, Denmark and parts of the Dominion of Canada have granted women full enfranchisement. (New Zealand and Australia have already given their women full rights.) But far more significant than even these victories won are the hosts of organized workers throughout the civilized world. In every corner of the earth woman is reaching out for the life abundant, the opportunity for self-development and service. The daughters and granddaughters of the pioneers have grown nobler womanhood, well educated and equipped for service in colleges and schools which their mother's struggles secured for them. In these last years women have proved their capacity for organization and their ability to work together. Seven years since, in New York City, under the direction of Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, the Woman's Suffrage Party was founded. The idea in this organization was to work under a system following exactly the lines of the great political parties, with county leaders, assembly district leaders and even election district captains. This plan of work, tested very fully is the great campaign in New York State, which resulted, last November, in a vote of 553,000 men for the suffrage amendment, has, in the testimony of our legislators, proved itself irresistible, and will probably spread rapidly into other States. In New York State the adoption of this scheme of work means that in every one of the 150 assembly districts of the State there is a strong body of local workers, women who know their district, and in many cases their neighbors who also make a point of knowing their district's representative in the Assembly and in Congress. In most districts the work is again sub-divided and election captains take charge of still smaller [crews][*groups*]. These women personally call and canvass, and in a variety of ingenious methods, which only women could devise, try to bring together in small social groups for instruction or work all who can be interested. The chief obstacles to the even more rapid progress of the woman movement have always been, prejudice, ignorance of its real meaning, and indifference. It is evident that no better method of meeting these enemies could possibly be found than this persistent, patient, personal work. Prejudice among the open-minded is removed by the proximity of good, sensible and esteemed neighbors ardently sacrificing strength and pleasure for the great cause. The real meaning is opened up to others by personal explanation and by the unlimited distribution of enlightening literature. Even the indifferent, hardest of all classes to arouse to interest in any good work, are often kindled into life by the contagion of enthusiasm. Never was there in all time a more convincing proof of human capacity for sacrificial devotion to an ideal than is furnished by the present day work of the woman suffragists. Of the bi-products of this great effort two are worthy of special mention. First, there is the great educational value to the worker, the enlarging of her vision, and the increasing of her interest in other women and in all that makes for better living conditions, the joy that also comes from a realization of work; second, the growth of a really democratic spirit among the workers. All the old conditions of woman's life tended to develop in her the spirit of class and exclusiveness. She was encouraged to avoid contact with all outside of her very limited [*circle*] encouraged, "to pass by the unfortunate on the other side." But women soon realized that if suffrage was to be won all women must be reached and interested, and in this effort woman has proved herself; has come to understand her sisters, the fortunate to sympathize with the unfortunate, and the prosperous have had a glimpse of the sufferings and injustices of the poor. The bond of a common womanhood has proved infinitely stronger than class distinction, and in the suffrage workers there exists the truest democracy of woman the world has yet produced. "Failure is impossible," said Susan B. Anthony at the last convention she was able to attend. "We can never lose, for once the whole world was against us; so every convert won is a victory," resolutely smiles Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, when an election shows a "complete victory postponed." "With eternal justice on our side we must win," says our present able and beloved leader, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt. "Only we must have increased faith, faith in the [work] [*worth*] and greatness of our cause so alive and vital that it will kindle an answering flame in the hearts of all who meet us." THE BACKWARD CHILD DR. OLIVER P. CORNMAN, making a statistical survey of five city school systems, found 21.6 per cent. of Boston School children a year or more behind the normal grade for their age; 30 per cent. behind grade in New York; 37.1 per cent. behind grade in Philadelphia; 47.5 per cent. behind grade in Camden, N.J., and 49.6 per cent. behind grade in Kansas City. Mr. Leonard P. Ayres, acting in behalf of the Russell Sage Foundation, investigated fifteen New York city public schools (having 20,000 pupils, and found a degree of retardation ranging from 10.9 to 36.6 per cent. Scrutiny of the school reports of more than thirty other cities revealed an average retardation of 33.7 per cent. Taking this as a fair average for the whole country, we have a total of between six and seven million American school children who are a year and more behind grade." -- H. Addington Bruce, in the June "Century." ANNOUNCEMENT Owing to stress of editorial matters it has been necessary to postpone the prize letters on "How I Saved Money" until the June 10 issue. -- EDITOR Transcribed and reviewed by contributors participating in the By The People project at crowd.loc.gov.