WALT WHITMAN PRINTED MATTER 1892-1915 Box 2 Folder 1PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT The Critic An Illustrated Monthly Review of Literature, Art & Life Vol. XLI October, 1902 No.4 The New Pagan Lilt By J. P. MOWBRAY Leaves from Whitman's Later Life By HIS LITERARY EXECUTORS Young's "Night Thoughts" By Sir LESLIE STEPHEN 25 cts. a Copy $2.00 a Year Published for THE CRITIC COMPANY By G.P. PUTNAM'S SONS New Rochelle New York Copyright, 1902, BY THE CRITIC COMPANY ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE, NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y., AS A SECOND-CLASS MATTER The Critic An Illustrated Monthly Review of Literature, Art, and Life CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1902 Walt Whitman. From the portrait by Mr. John W. Alexander...Frontispiece The Lounger...291 "Elizabeth of the German Garden" to visit us...291 Count Tolstoy arranging for his obsequies...291 "Mrs. Osborne's Playhouse"...291 Mr. Austin Dobson's well merited pension. (Portrait)...292 "Love with Honor" chosen by Mr. Charles Marriott...292-293 A literary Prime Minister--The Rt. Hon. Arthur J. Balfour. (Portrait)...294 "The Unspeakable Scot" and Mr. Crosland. (Protrait)..294 "Monna Vanna" will be performed in New York...294 Mr. Adolph Och's many ventures and marked successes. (Portrait)...294-295-296 "Mr. Jack" and the opening of the theatrical season. (Illustration)...296 An inadvertent error corrected...296 "A Broad Sheet" and its makers. (Illustration)...297,299 The Stoddard family and its sad fortunes. (Portraits)...298-299 The passing of Mrs. Alexander. (Portrait)...299 A promising novelist's career cut short. (Portrait of George Douglas Brown)...300 Mr. E. A. Dithmar now directs the fortunes of the N. Y. Times Saturday Review...300 The late Dr. Edward Eggleston and his career. (Portrait)...300-301 "The Virginian" and Mr. Owen Wister...301-302 The author of "Flora McFlimsey of Madison Square" passes away (Portrait)...302 Philip James Bailey joins the majority. (Portrait)...302-303 "Borrowed Plumes" (With portrait of Mr. Seaman)..OWEN SEAMAN...304 At Last!...307 The New Pagan Lilt...J. P. MOWBRAY...308 Letters and Reminiscences from Last Century...314 (First Paper) Leaves from Whitman's Later Life-Illustrated...By HIS LITERARY EXECUTORS...319 Washington Irving. (From the painting by Charles R. Leslie, R. A.)...328 Where Irving Worked and Wandered-Illustrated...ELLA STRYKER MAPES...329 Edward Eggleston-A Memorial Sonnet..O. C. AURINGER...332 Literary Landmarks of New York-Illustrated...CHARLES HEMSTREET...333 (Fourth Paper.) Young's "Night Thoughts"...SIR LESLIE STEPHEN...341 Hotels as Homes?...LADY GROVE...353 Thermidor and Waterloo...A. I. DU P. COLEMAN...360 Salt and Sincerity...FRANK NORRIS...363 Literary Notes from Paris...THEODORE STANTON...367 The Book-Buyer's Guide...370 Library Reports on Popular Books...380 IMPORTANT NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS--Changes of address cannot be made later than the 15th of the month previous to that in which the change is to take effect. In ordering a change of address, both the old and the new address should be mentioned. SUBSCRIPTION RATES:--One year (12 numbers), $2.00. Six months, $1.00. Briefer periods, 25 cents per month. Foreign postage, in Postal Union, one year, 60 cents. Subscriptions begin with current number, unless otherwise ordered. Jeannette L. Gilder, Editor EDITORIAL OFFICE...27 & 29 WEST 23D ST., NEW YORK Leaves from Whitman's Later Life (The Editor takes pleasure in presenting to readers of THE CRITIC the accompanying paper on the personal side of Walt Whitman. The article is an extract from the introduction to the forthcoming Camden Edition of "Whitman's Works," which introduction has been prepared for the edition by Whitman's literary executors, the late Dr. Richard Maurice Bucke, Mr. Thomas B. Harned, and Mr. Horace Traubel.) THOUGH Whitman is often labelled he escapes all labels. There is no one influence by which he can be enclosed. He is too big for parties, partialisms, or schisms. He is too free for the bondsman and too much in bond for the licentious. Whitman is thoroughly oriented. He has caught the sacred spell. And yet in the very process of orientation he wings his spirit beyond the obligations of its ceremonialism. But Whitman could not be roundly valued with the mysticism left out. He is the rallying centre of East and West. In his symbols the mystical abstract strikes light with the mystical concrete. Because Whitman was a big man who weighed two hundred pounds, and could laugh at a joke, and could write poems about sex, some good people, even some of his biographers, have spelled his name in letters too gross even for censure. But Whitman will get his own only in that day and generation which recognizes in his text the majesty of its superphysical ascents. To write of Whitman and omit the mystical is to write of the universe by ignoring it. For Whitman comes to literature not out of New York alone, but just as much from Singapore. He has no altar which will not serve as well in a Buddhist temple as in a Christian church and honor both. Or even on the highroad. The roots of Whitman go back of visible men and verified history to races and zones pretercivilized. Whitman for years lived with his brother George in Camden. He was particularly fond of George's wife and had a very wholesome respect for her worldly judgment. He named her finally as his executrix. He respected George's mechanical talents, but never looked to him for any literary sympathy. From the marriage of George had come a boy who was named for Walt, but who lived only a few years. Walt never looked to his family for spiritual acquiescence. He would say of George: "We have all brotherly feelings for each other. But George does not know me. Maybe I don't know George, either." And he also said on one other occasion: "'Leaves of Grass' might just as well never have been written, so far as George is concerned. I guess George would have preferred me in another occupation." Nothing need be superfluously added about Walt's life in this household. So far as we know, it was serene, unruffled, and in the main lines of satisfactory. Yet Walt was always looking forward to a "ranch" of his own. He was often found talking about it. So when the Massachusetts incident occurred Walt felt flush, and took its first returns, along with five hundred dollars borrowed from George Childs, and purchased the frame "shack," as he would call it, in Mickle Street, where he remained until his death. From this time he was better contented. He could do more or less as he pleased. Some of his discomforts were perhaps 319320 The Critic Column One: increased. But the practical consciousness of freedom, at least, secured, more than compensated for the disadvantages of the move. He was not easily fixed into the domestic routine, and this abstraction, therefore, to a habitat of his own was of real significance. It is true he afterwards had a housekeeper. But the house was never formally "kept." It always more or less kept itself. This had both good and bad results. But Whitman came and went as he pleased, dispensed the sort of hospitality he preferred, and tied himself down at no time to scheduled meals and the formulas of sleeping and waking. He lived in a certain sense lawlessly. In the years during which this arrangement continued he was fond of his horse and carriage (the gift of his friends), fond of walking, and fond, last of all, in being taken out-doors in his wheel-chair. He kept going beyond all prediction. He loafed in the streets and on the ferry-boats and took trips into the open country. He was occasionally called upon to lecture somewhere. He wrote. He never seemed to be doing anything, and yet always got a good deal done. This must have been an old trick. For while every one writing of Whitman in earlier years described him as lethargic and unsystematic to the degree of laziness, we discovered by the voluminousness of his note-books and the vast body of his miscellaneous literary remains that he must have worked like a Trojan. This quietism was his norm. He could tell a good story. He was full of quiet humor. He was without wit or epigram. He had hauteur without quills. You could never get nearer than near. He never wholly unbosomed. He always kept ways open for retreat. He was not a frivolous talker. He was not given to quick reply. Everything he said impressed you as having come out of matured reflection. In business transacted by us together he was always deliberate. If he was asked to decide a point for the printers or binders he would call for time. Leave it with him till evening. Let him browse with it overnight. But when finally he had decided and the decision Column 2: proved to be a mistake he expressed no regrets. He was too wholesome to have remorses or despairs. Even on his deathbed he would laconically observe: "Death may be next door, but we won't live with death in view." His temper was imperturbable. Traubel worked with him for six years daily and saw him profoundly aroused to anger but twice. Piques were impossible to him. No querulous humors afflicted the invariableness of his courtesy. In the days of his severest physical depression he remained sweet and without irritation. He was fond of saying good things about people. He got the better of all his enemies by treating them with the justice they refused him. He was at home when he was at home and he was at home where he was not at home. He could have given courts pointers on essential manners. And yet his range of behavior included the foot of the scale. Without being tough himself he could make the tough see that he asserted no priorities. He was not literary. He read books and wrote books and yet he never got into biblical habits. You always got the human impression first. It is supposed by guessers that Whitman was not familiar with literary history. No man ever got more from books than Whitman. But he never assumed for books the precedence that belonged to life. He postponed all professional grandeurs to the inarticulate humanities of the average. He seemed to deport himself with the same humility before the simplest man and woman as if saying; "After you." For years Whitman spent his Sundays in Harned's home This was neutral ground. Here the visitors would come to find him. Here he would open his heart freely. Nothing under sun or moon escaped his observation. He would talk philosophy, religion, poetry, science. He had no opinions that he was interested in hiding and no opinions that he would brag about. You were struck with the vastness of his information. And yet you found him always more ready with questions than declarations. He was far more willing to have you talk thanLeaves from Whitman's Later Life 321 Photograph of BIRTHPLACE OF WALT WHITMAN, WEST HILLS, LONG ISLAND Column One: to talk himself. If he discovered that you had a specialty he was sure to get round to it and humbly sit at your feet. He made no attempt to shine. He was a man of spontaneous good-will, who gave to every occasion his prevalent humor. The Harneds did not find him an uncertain quantity, sometimes to be loved, sometimes to be feared. He was given to referring to Harned's house as his "other home." He was a deferential guest. He fell in rationally with the plans and circumstances of the house. He liked to sit alone before the fire at the window. He loved to have the children playing about even when he did not play with them. He was not disturbed by their noise. Often he would be asked to recite and would do so, but he refused to recite his own poems. "I know none of them." He was equable without compromise, compassionate without weakness. In the Harned household he became such a necessary figure. Yet he anticipated no dates. He came every week. He did not come because he had promised, but because he loved to. "Every Sunday when I get up I say to myself: 'I guess I'll go to Tom's to-day.'" This resolution would come Column Two: to him as freshly as if he had not said to Harned the day before: "I guess I'll be there." It is not hard to see the connection between such personal habits and the sort of scripture we discover in the "Leaves." Whitman seemed always new--always just made. When he lay there dying he gave us the notion of a man about to make a fresh start. Life in him never looked despair or surrender. At Harned's he would discuss the last letter, the morning's paper, the new book, and best of all, somebody down the street perhaps-- some generally unknown man or woman, who had an accident and was recovering, or had a run of good luck, or had got left in the accidents of trade. Elbowing on so many epochal days next a man of this stripe, Harned found himself enjoying a perpetual endowment. Though the visits ceased the visitor has always remained. Whitman was such a neighbor. He never took and never allowed the least familiarities. And yet everybody felt themselves full size in his presence. He did not make you think he was a man of genius and you were not. You suspected there was genius in the room, but you wondered who had it. A great322 The Critic Column One: book expands you to its own size. A great man shares his level with you. You may be sure that if book or man makes you feel mean, that book or that man has spoken only in temporal accents. Whitman was looked up in Camden by the so-called great and small of the world. He received them with equal courtesy and with the same reserves. His democracy always afforded the individual his escape. The individual was entitled to some primacy as against the crowd. But only enough. Not enough to make individual and crowd enemies. Whitman Photograph of Whitman: THE EARLIEST PORTRAIT OF WHITMAN Column Two: was apt to prefer the greatly simple to the simply great. He did not run after men of power or parties. He saw no tuft brilliant enough to excite his ardor. He saw no ignominy ignominious enough to disarm his faith. He had friends whom others among his friends shook their heads about. But with Whitman these friends were not to be saints or sinners---they were to be friends. In consorting with his neighbors he was charged with lacking discrimination. But to one who had got past man's crimes to man, discrimination would be of no use; there is nothing to discriminate between. He was unfailingly collected. We have seen him in trying and almost tragic situations absolutely aplomb. He was the coolest man in any crowd. In a case in which his horse was back-ing the carriage overboard, and in one instance of runaway, and in a railroad wreck, he kept his nerve. This triumphant manner carried him through the most difficult social passes. A woman who met him with some misgiving,re-marked: "He has wonderful manners---they are not formal and accustomed, but they are manners." He gave right and left. He served with money and served with service. He had poorer relations with whom he shared his little. He was loyal to the bone. He was loyal to family and friends. But, best of all, he was loyal to the crowd. For our primary debts are owed to the crowd. Whitman received praise with humility, and blame with delight. But he always pursued his own desires. His birthdays were great occasions. It was in 1888 that the first of his birthdays wasLeaves from Whitman's Later Life 323 Column One: celebrated. This was an occasion arranged at Harned's home. No birthday since has been neglected. Its observance in 1889 was a big affair, requiring the largest hall in Camden. In 1890 Whitman was still able to be about, and met us at Reisser's in Philadelphia. This was the year Ingersoll got over and impromptued across the table to Whitman for fifty-five minutes in a speech which Whitman thought the greatest piece of oratory he had ever enjoyed. The next year was our last with Whitman. He was at that time home-tied. So we arranged to have the dinner in his house. Until the last moment we were doubtful whether he would ever be able to get downstairs to join us. But he came, and we had a halcyon evening together. An account of this may be read in "Round Table with Walt Whitman," which, Symonds wrote us from Switzerland, affected him "with a great solemnity and to tears." Whitman was never more royally simple, more proudly the democrat, than when detected thus in the bosom of his family---that family of comrades whose lives and his own were so inextricably one. The evening of the last meeting between Ingersoll and Whitman was a sad one. Walt never got up from that bed. While Ingersoll fought to be cheerful, he realized that the stream of life ran low. But the two big men had their talk out and parted like lovers who were resigned to events. Ingersoll's practical generosity to Whitman had been unprecedented. Whitman spoke of Symonds and Ingersoll as his best victories--"Symonds one of the the most scholarly, Ingersoll one Photograph: THE LITTLE HOUSE IN MICKLE STREET, CAMDEN, N.J. Column Two: of the most magnetically spontaneous men on the planet." But he never dwelt upon this as being final. To him only the general effect was final. He looked for native men and women with native moments to correlate the substance of the "Leaves." Some of his friends came to him urging that Ingersoll and Bucke were extreme. How could the "Leaves" be made responsible for any extravagance? "They are men of first rank," he replied "men of the first remove or no remove; and I love men of that sort." And he argued again: "What have I to do with men's ideas, good or bad?" And he would intimate that he was neither for nor against ideas, but chiefly con-cerned about love. A woman at Harned's asked him: "What kind of love, Mr. Whitman?" and he replied: "Just love." We never discovered him in a324 The Critic Column One; Image of Whitman: WHITMAN, AGED SEVENTY-TWO mood to argue men good or bad. He finally deposited every man in forgiveness. Yet he was full of fire for the great ideas. He was capable of intensest emotion and of emotional expression rigorously prophetic. No man loved America better. And yet his America was not an affair of political hurrahs, but of spiritual amens. His America was not built on geographical, but on human lines. He lamented certain then recent tendencies: "They are momentary. They leave the real work undone. The real America is not to establish empires, but to destroy them. Any America that stopt with America would be a story half-told." In Harned's parlor he warmly declared to a group of arguers: "America is not railroads, but men. No matter how good your railroads, your men must be better. The chief thing is men. America is the influence that will make men possible. And this America can be as active in soil not technically America's as in America itself." When Whitman said religion, he meant all religions. When he said America, he meant all races. And when he saw America expanding, he did not see it going armed with gun and club. He was not a controversialist in these later years, yet he entertained convictions whose virile utterance was pentecostal. He opposed all policies in state or social life which threatened to set the courts Column Two: and customs against the people---which victimized the people to privilege and caste. He was in favor of intercontinental emigrations. Speaking of America he said: "Let them all come. We can digest them all." He was sometimes quoted as an enemy of churches. But one of the last things he said was this: "I am only opposed to churches because I am in favor of the church." Such reminiscent evidence, which could be indefinitely extended, shows how well sustained was his interest in contemporary life. He did not share in any scholarly antipathy to the newspaper. He looked to it for the "abstract and chronicle" of his time. Whitman was only physically a sick man. He did no sick thinking. He had no sick passions. One hour before he died he counted his own pulse, and announced that he was about done for. He labored under no delusions. He practiced no self-deception. He had none of the old-man querilities. The youth of this man's old age kept his thinking perennially in seedtime. He died from the bottom up. His head was the last to go. Said the autopist after his death: "He must have lived weeks by mere force of will." Knowing from near by all the trying conditions of his last sickness, we marvelled that no extension of physical feebleness dimmed the lustre of his brain. In the three months from December 17, 1891, to March 26, 1892, he died a thousand deaths. It is a thing, however, that need not be dwelt upon. For most other men die plucky deaths, fighting to the last ditch. Whitman would say himself, referring to the boys in the hospitals: "They all died handsomely." He died handsomely. Whitman died March 26, 1892. The last entry in his diary was this: "Dec. 2 x 4th x 2d, 3d day & night g't suffer-ing." Whitman's funeral was wholly without parallel in America. It is not difficult to create a furore over the remains of the generals and the statesmen, whose grandiose statute excites an immediate reward. It is far more difficult to gain the public eye or ear for an ab-Leaves from Whitman's Later Life 325 Column One: straction; and literary, philosophic, and religious effects are abstract. So that Whitman's appeal was to an element in the human psychus hard to Photograph: WHITMAN ON THE WHARF AT CAMDEN, N.J. reach and puzzling to hold. Yet the appeal was made and its success was eminent. While the outpouring was vast, it seemed concerted. It resembled the flow and overflow of some irrevocable and inexplicable but archaically Column Two: uncorrupted emotion. For hours, while the body lay exposed in his home, a stream of many thousands in number passed by, and was only finally cut off by a necessary time limit. From the Delaware ferries to Harleigh, a distance of perhaps three miles, the roads were busy with the people coming and going, and with fakirs who sold fruits and a strange miscellany of wares. It326 The Critic Whitman during his last illness was not so much the funeral as the merrymaking. It possessed the kaleidoscopic features of the country fair. The faces of the people were even glad faces. For while the people were not glad that Jesus [*Whitman*] was dead, they were glad that He had lived. It may be that few of the strolling monsters knew more than vaguely why they had undertaken their errand. Some fundamental urge had swept them from their moorings into a current. Whitman had always been familiarly one of the people's own. He had gone among the people with their own manners and with their own sympathies and with their own entire unaffectedness. He had dedicated his virile faith to the average service. These crowds showed some apprehension of that unequivocal award. For it was award. He had awarded his being to them. He had given all. Not an atom was left alien. If Whitman could have wished for any tribute it would have been the gift of the popular gladness. He had come among them strange and distrusted, and had departed as one of the conceded kin. Whitman did not like lachrymose funerals. The funeral was not a moral confessing defeat, but a pilgrimage chanting victory. And it was in this, never in a dejected, spirit, that we assembled at Whitman's grave. We had desired to escape all attitudinizing. No rote of church, no chemistry of criticism, would have harmonized with a life so optimistically and so impulsively charged. The words addressed to Whitman's death by the several friends who were chosen to speak were, therefore, free of all amalgams on the one hand of ecclesiastical, and on the other of philosophic, despair. And the scripture of the occasion was drawn from all sources, with relevancy and resolution. Whitman often repeated an old remark of his own: "If I regret anything it is perhaps that I have not said enough for the criminals and the outcasts." When asked what he thought he had done by living, he replied: "I think I have got a foothold on whichLeaves from Whitman’s Later Life 327 honestly to die.” Traubel, just a couple of days before Whitman’s death, plied him in this way: “Your books are not the Walt Whitman who will die tomorrow. They are the Walt Whitman who will live eternally.” To which Whitman himself added: “You are right—they are that or they are nothing; and they are by the same sign not the John Smith or any other fellow who will die, but the John Smith who is doomed to go on eternally and live.” “Leaves of Grass,” at Whitman’s death, had paid all its debts to criticism and wiped off most of its scores with tradition. It had got away from the simply diatribal aspects of its controversies. Whitman was only modestly confident when he said: “We came to measure a few sights and sounds ourselves, and I think our measurements will keep.” It is often announced with a precipitate sniff of victory that though Whitman wrote for the people, the people have refused to hear him. Even if that was wholly true, it would not dispose of Whitman. It leaves him where it found him—prophet. In an unpublished letter we find Emerson referring to Whitman as “the people’s darling and their champion.” Whitman did not die feeling that he was understood, but he died confident that he was to be heard. He felt that his message was fundamental—that its meanings came out of the deepest backgrounds of history; that it was, perhaps, so far the most pregnant revelation from the god in man to itself. This colossal supposition was relieved of all stain of egotism by Whitman’s abstractions of its claims from himself. He delivered the message in his own name. But any other name would have served as well. He felt that the universe was utilizing him. And while he was proud enough to make preposterous demands, he was humble enough to dissipate these demands in a universal benefaction. He was not distressed because any present half democracies failed to connect with him. He saw democracies die in democracy. And he knew that, whatever happened to democracies, democracy would know its own face in the glass. THE TOMB OF WALT WHITMAN, HARLEIGH CEMETERY, CAMDEN, N. J.THE CHICAGO FIRE. —Illustrated. AUGUST, 1892. By Joseph Kirkland. 25 Cents. THREE VIEWS OF WALT WHITMAN NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY CONTENTS ROUND ABOUT GLOUCESTER, Edwin A. Start HANS GUTEMAN'S WINNINGS, MacGregor Jenkins JUST TAXATION, J. Whidden Graham HEAT, Clinton Scollard DUSK, Julie M. Lippmann WALT WHITMAN, George D. Black WALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON, Sylvester Baxter WALT WHITMAN'S DEMOCRACY, Walter Blackburn Harte THE CHICAGO FIRE, Joseph Kirkland OFF MONOMOY POINT, William Earle Baldwin PROFESSIONS AND TRADES FOR WORKINGMEN'S BOYS, Forrest Morgan YE ROMANCE OF CASCO BAY, III., Herbert M. Sylvester WHEN I AM OLD, Arthur L. Salmon THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, Don Juan S. Attwell ONE OF A THOUSAND. I. AND II., Eben E. Rexford FREE SUMMER PLEASURES FOR THE PEOPLE IN BOSTON, Kate Bennett Wells THE CANDIDATE AT BINNACLE, Benjamin Asbury Goodridge MARCO POLO'S EXPLORATIONS, AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON COLUMBUS, Helen P. Margesson THE EDITOR'S TABLE, Edwin D. Mead $3 a year Copyright, 1892, by New England Magazine Corporation. NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE CORPORATION: BOSTON, 86 FEDERAL STREET.NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE CORPORATION, 86 Federal Street, BOSTON, MASS.—New York Office: 500 Temple Court. Officers: E. P. DODGE, President, I. J. POTTER, Treasurer, J. M. POTTER, Manager. Board of Directors: C. A. COFFIN, E. P. DODGE, A. A. GLASIER, J. M. POTTER, I. J. POTTER. EDWIN D. MEAD, Editor. W. BLACKBURN HARTE, Ass't Editor. NEW SERIES, VOL. VI., No. 6. OLD SERIES, VOL. XII., No. 6. THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE 25 Cents a Number; $3.00 a Year. CONTENTS FOR AUGUST, 1892. Gloucester Harbor.....Frontispiece. From a Water Color Painting by J. B. Foster. Engraved by M. Lamont Brown. Round about Gloucester.....Edwin A. Start.....687 Illustrated by Jo. H. Hatfield, Louis A. Holman, and Sears Gallagher. Rafe's Chasm; Old Ellery House—once used as a Tavern; The Gloucester Court House; Mother Ann—Eastern Point, Gloucester; Main Street; One of the Residential Streets; A Bit of Gloucester, seen from East Cloucester; Low Tide at Magnolia; On Eastern Point; The Willows, near Annisquam; Fish Curing: Coffin's Beach; Gloucester from East Gloucester; The Reef of Norman's Woe; An old Timer; A Modern Gloucester Fishing Schooner, High School; Rev. John Murray; Rev. Eli Forbes; A Bit of Annisquam; Gate House, Eastern Point; Sketches around Cape Ann. Hans Guteman's Winnings. A Story.....MacGregor Jenkins.....703 Just Taxation.....J. Whidden Graham.....706 Heat. A Poem.....Clinton Scollard.....709 Dusk. A Poem.....Julie M. Lippmann.....709 Walt Whitman.....George D. Black.....710 Walt Whitman in Boston.....Sylvester Baxter.....714 Walt Whitman's Democracy.....Walter Blackburn Harte.....721 A Portrait of Walt Whitman from a Photograph taken just before his death.....725 The Chicago Fire.....Joseph Kirkland.....726 Illustrated from photographs kindly furnished by Mr. Henry H. Belfield, and the Dibble Publishing Co., the publishers of Mr. Kirkland's work "The Story of Chicago," Illustrations: Door of Republic Insurance Company Building (still standing); House now standing where the Great Fire originated; Historical Society Building, Dearborn Street; Tribune Building, Before and After the Fire; The Court House before the Fire; The Court House, seen through the Ruins of Clark Street; Booksellers' Row, Before and After; Post Office; Post Office Ruins; First National Bank; Field and Leister's Store; Chamber of Commerce; Michigan Southern R. R. Depot; Armour's Block; St. James's Church Before and After; Door of Unity Church; Ruins of N. E. Congregational Church; Unity and N. E. Congregational Churches after the Fire; St. Paul's Church Before and After: Looking South down Clark St.; View from Tribune Building Looking East; Crosby's Opera House; View of Wabash Avenue; Van Buren Street Bridge. Off Monomoy Point. A Story.....William Earle Baldwin.....743 Professions or Trades for Workingmen's Boys.....Forrest Morgan.....752 Ye Romance of Casco Bay. III.....Herbert M. Sylvester.....756 Illustrated by the Author, Chas. H. Woodbury, V. L George, and Louis A. Holman. When I am Old. A Poem.....Arthur L. Salmon.....766 The Argentine Republic.....Don Juan S. Attwell.....767 Illustrated chiefly from Photographs by the Amateur Photographic Society of Buenos Aires, kindly loaned for the purpose by Don Carlos Röhl, Consul-general of the Argentine Republic, New York. Illustrations: Government House, Buenos Aires; Provincial Bank, City of La Plata; Poor People's Huts, Buenos Aires Province; Private Residences on one of the Fashionable Avenues of Buenos Aires; Cathedral, Buenos Aires; Callao Street, Buenos Aires, — Jesuit Convent on Right; Station of the Southern Railroad, Buenos Aires; Broker's Rings, Stock Exchange, Buenos Aires; Façade of Opera House, Buenos Aires; Grand Stand, Race Course, Buenos Aires; A "Rodeo," Small Herd of Cows on a Ranch; Scene in the Park of Buenos Aires; Municipal Building, La Plata; New Docks, Buenos Aires; An old Spanish Corner in Buenos Aires—a relic of Colonial Times; "El Challao," Andes Mountains; Ruins of Santo Domingo Church, Mendoza; Three Public Schools of Buenos Aires; Entrance to the Riachuelo. One of a Thousand. A Serial Story. I. and II......Eben E. Rexford.....783 Free Summer Pleasures for the People in Boston.....Kate Gannett Wells.....789 The Candidate at Binnacle. A Story.....Benjamin Asbury Goodridge 796 Illustrated by Jo. H. Hatfield. Marco Polo's Explorations and their Influence upon Columbus.....Helen P. Margesson.....803 Editor's Table.....815 An English Book on Walt Whitman; Reminiscences; Whitman and Emerson. Copyright, 1892, by New England Magazine Corporation. Entered at Boston Post-Office as Second-Class Mail Matter. Typography by New England Magazine. Presswork by Potter & Potter.In turning over the leaves of some magazine a dozen years ago, my attention was attracted to a little poem, of five or six d i t h y r a m b i c lines, over the name of Walt Whitman. Save for the general impression it left, I have no recollection of it further than that it was one of his sea poems. Go down from the sultry inland to the seashore on an August afternoon, and it will seem to you like stepping into a new and more highly vitalized world when you get the first whiff of the salt sea breeze. You seem to have taken a quaff of the grand elixir, your breathing is easier, and your step grows buoyant as you feel the bounding pulse of an unwearied life. The poem affected me mentally as the sea breeze affects one physically. It imparted something new and fresh— fresh as the winds that blow over his own loved Paumanok. The clew to Whitman’s poetry is found chiefly in the formative stamps of the man’s character. There was first what he would call “The subterranean tenacity and central bony structure “ of his life on Long Island— Long Island with its endless sight-seeings, it’s miles of coasts, it’s light-houses and ships and fishermen, it’s summer life of gathering the sea-gull’s eggs, swimming, boating, digging for clams, going out into the inland and mingling with the herdsmen and half-breed Indians, and watching the long processions of milch-cows winding along on their way home, it’s outlook upon the Atlantic with its tragedies of storms and wrecks, its slow- measured sweep, and its far-away mystic suggestions from mingled sea and sky. In the course of time came his New York and Brooklyn experience as scholar, teacher, compositor, editor, house-carpenter, and observer. Frequently he would go off and remain for a week along the seashore, reading the Bible, Shakespeare, Homer, Ossian, the ancient Hindoo poems, Dante, and Æs- chylus. Perhaps the mighty harmonies of these great books mingled with the inrolling of the sea and the vistas of sky and water, to give him his vastness of conception of nature. He could be seen stopping to chat with the woman that sold coffee in the market-place, or the old man at the corner with his pea-nut stand, — not patronizingly, but on equal terms, for he held them to be as good as any, and only temporarily obscured. And last there came his war experience. It is difficult to re-tell it in measured WALT WHITMAN 711 terms. It was not so much because he slept in a garret and dined on a crust and water, not so much because he used every leisure moment in writing for the press to get money to spend for little luxuries for the suffering and homesick soldiers, that we feel our hearts stir so when we think of him; but because he went into those hospitals, those sanctuaries of human agony, as a high priest of pain, and took upon himself the miseries of the poor creatures lying there. He held his own life not dear unto himself. There rises before one the picture of the man going the rounds of the hospitals, a haversack thrown over his shoulder, full of pins, paper and ink, apples, tobacco and pipes, little trinkets to gladden the soldiers' hearts, --his great face, so human, so benediction-like, beaming upon all; putting his hand upon this one's head, inquiring how that one is, giving a word of cheer or advice to each, -- and then, as he is leaving late at night, going around at the solicitation of many and kissing them good-night. Walt Whitman is first of all a radical democrat. From the beginning he has been inspired by a great idea, for the expression of which he has used the language of the imagination. In thought, in purpose, in practice, through poverty and sickness, through sneers and calumny, he has stood for this old common, toil-begrimed, sorrowing, erring humanity of ours; not for a part of it, but for all of it, especially for the great averages of the race, that bear the heat and burden of the day. He has been a great-hearted man, loving life, loving his fellows, trying to live the life of the democratic bulk of the people, and celebrating them boldly and freely in his verse. He looks out over creation in his large and liberal way, and he approves the word, "Behold, it was very good." He is not ashamed of it. He does not regard it as essential to goodness to go with veiled face, or to speak of things under one's breath. He gladly accepts Emerson's philosophy. "Let me go where'er I will, I hear a sky-born music still; 'Tis not in the high stars alone, Nor in the cups of budding flowers, Nor in the redbreast's mellow tone, Nor in the bow that smiles in showers,-- But in the mud and scum of things There always, always something sings." Democracy is the faith that no beauty, or grace, or comfort, or treasure, is too great for any human being. The true democrat loves all that is excellent, and he desires for his fellows all that is excellent; but he finds his mission to be not in leaving the crowd to trudge along behind while he sweeps up the goal, but in lagging along to help it up to the real life of humanity. Whitman has recently restated his creed: "We are all embarked together like fellows in a ship, bound for good or for bad. What wrecks one wrecks all. What reaches the port for one reaches the port for all...Nothing will do eventually but an understanding of the solidarity of the common people, of all peoples and all races. And that is behind 'Leaves of Grass.'" In taking an inventory of my debts to him, I find the chief of these to be in his shivering for me once for all the whole tinseled, fixed-up world of aristocracy. For me, as for Stevenson, and for many others, Whitman has turned the world upside down and I have not been able to put it back in its old place. Is it true that the fate of democracy and the fate of Christianity as a working philosophy for the world are indissolubly united? If Christianity has its foundation in the eternal nature of things, democracy must more and more win its way in the world; and as it wins its way, the poetry of Walt Whitman, and especially that magnificent prose-poem, "Democratic Vistas," will be found to be one of the evangel-voices of the world. And this man's sympathies are in keeping with the unprecedented breadth and loftiness of his philosophy; he has a large tolerance like that of the sun, which shines for good and bad alike. The story is told of his meeting in a by-street in Boston a poor ruffian,-- one whom he had known as an innocent boy, but who was then vicious beyond his years, and who was flying from police for wounding some one in a brawl in New York. He hurriedly told Whitman his story, keeping back nothing,-- and the good poet, after helping him from his scant means, held him for a moment with arm[*712 WALT WHITMAN.*] around his neck, and bending to the pre-maturely old and crime-marred face, kissed him on the cheek, and the poor hunted wretch hurried away in tears. Walt Whitman's rejection of the formal method of verse-making was not the act of one who is indifferent to how he writes, but of one who is very particular as to how he writes. As Milton found it necessary to his purpose in his great poem to reject rhyme, as "the invention of a barbarous age, to set off wretched matter and lame metre," so Whitman thought it was necessary to his purpose to cast aside the technique of the schools as too undemocratic and restricted. Whitman himself states that he came to his method after many trials and much groping to find a fit medium for his purpose. His poems, however, have a kind of deep under swell of rhythmic motion all their own. They resemble the great oriental poems, are broken, untrammelled, ejaculatory; and yet while resembling them, and while having a suggestion of William Blake's poetry, their style is unique. It is true that some of the greatest poetry in the world is not in verse. The Old Testament poetry and that of the Apocalypse stand unapproachably alone. Such is the real poetic substance of the matter in them that it loses nothing by translation, which can be said of no mere verse in any language. It is a curious fact that Shakespeare in his highest tragedy, as, for instance, in the sleep-walking scene in "Macbeth," departs from verse, as if it were incapable of the austere grandeur of effect that he is aiming at. One feels that the verse-diction at the end of that scene is a letting down from the simple sublimity of the prose preceding it. But all this is not saying that fine verbalism, cunning collocations of words, and aesthetically wrought out musical effects are not to be sought after by the word-artist. Managed by a great poet— a Tennyson or a Dante—they give magic to the matter that they accompany. In one of his letters to Schiller, Goethe says: "All that is poetic in character should be rhythmically treated—such is my conviction; and if ever a sort of poetic prose should be gradually introduced, it would only show that the distinction between prose and poetry has been completely lost sight of." Whitman had aimed at poetic prose, and while seemingly careless of aesthetic verbalism, he is a great literary artist. He has a luscious richness of language. His words are chosen with an exquisite sense of their color, tone, their effect both upon the ear and the eye, and his chanting periods show the fine choice of a master of expression. Perhaps his constantly hearing the great singers in New York, and his habitual haunting of the seashore, have tuned his ear to a rich and noble harmony. One sometimes feels that the rhythm of his verse is to the ordinary verse-melody as the great German music is to ordinary marches and waltzes. The titles of some of his pieces are poems in themselves. His war poems he calls "Drum-Taps." Another class he gives the name "Calamus"; another, "Autumn Rivulets"; another, "Whispers of Heavenly Death"; another, "Sea-Drift", another, "From Noon to Starry Night"; and the last little collection he calls "Good-Bye, my Fancy." Or take the names of his books—"Specimen Days," and "November Boughs," and "Leaves of Grass." No one but a poet and democrat could have hit on such a name as the last. The old common grass, so free, so universal, so unaristocratic,—Whitman has shown his philosophy, and the justness of his taste in securing witching word-effects, in naming his book for it. "A child said, What is the grass? fetching it to me with full hands; How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he. I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful green stuff woven . . . . . . . . . . . . . Or I guess it is a uniform hieroglyphic, And it means sprouting alike in broad zones and narrow zones, Growing among black folks as among white . . . . . . . . . . . . . And now it seems to me the beautiful uncut hair of graves." Whitman's poetry has a freshness that savors of the earth. It is one with the green leaves, the growing grass, the falling rain, the sea with its endless rocking[*WALT WHITMAN. 713*] and moaning, the song of a bird, chirp of cricket, the whistling of the wind, and day and night; it is one with Saturn and ruddy Mars and "the splendid silent sun." As one reads he seems to have gone back to some pristine age before the artificiality of modern society had crept in and made us too eager to trick out our thoughts in gayly-ribboned dress. It is as if a strangely large-throated bird had sung it, or a waving, boundless prairie had uttered it, or the sea had told it to the shore. He has the Greek's love of life, and his highest strains are not unworthy of the praise we accord to the greatest poets of the world. If any one doubts the justness of such a criticism, let him read "Proud Music of the Storm," or "When Lilacs last in the Door-yard Bloomed," or "Song of the Open Road," or "Passage to India"—let him read these carefully, alone, and he will forget to censure, and will praise the master of such majestic tones. Suppose you were to happen on these lines for the first time: "Ah, from a little child, Thou knowest, soul, how to me all sounds became music; My mother's voice, in lullaby or hymn, (The voice, O! tender voices, memory's loving voices, Last miracle of all, O! dearest mother's, sisters' voices): The rain, the growing corn, the breeze among the long-leav'd corn, The measured sea-surf, beating on the sand, The twittering bird, the hawk's sharp scream, The wild fowl's notes at night, flying low, migrating north or south, The psalm in the country church, or 'mid the clustering trees, the open-air camp-meeting, The fiddler in the tavern, the glee, the long-strung sailor song, The lowing cattle, bleating sheep, the crowing cock at dawn—" —would they not refresh you like a newly-ploughed field, or like the odor that comes up from the meadows and woods? Whitman's verse smacks of the soil. Imagination is the final test of the poet. It is the seeing, divining, creating faculty. As one stands in the mellow light of eventide and thinks of the glory of grass-beauty, flower-beauty, tree-beauty, cloud-beauty, star-beauty, day-beauty, and night-beauty; or as he listens to the wind sighing among the trees, or the surf's complaint to the shore; or bows his head before the irresistible flood of music that comes upon him from some master performance,—there is awakened in him, dimly struggling it may be, the sense of another beauty, august and heavenly bright, compared with which all that first beauty is as a rushlight to the sun. This beauty flashes across the firmament of his inner world and leaves him inebriate with its holy ravishment. It is the witchery of the imagination. It is the gift of the gods. To him who has it there is meaning after meaning, height above height, and depth below depth. It is the very touchstone of genius. Walt Whitman is of imagination all-compact. No one ever lived who was more so. This is seen in his resting everything upon something else, always suggesting something else; in his flashing glances into the indefinite dynamics which subtly underlie all relations and things, and in his sudden subjective transports. Here is a specimen of his daring rapture, in his apostrophe to The Man-of-War-Bird,— "Thou who hast slept all night upon the storm, Waking renewed on thy prodigious pinions! . . . Thou born to match the gale (thou art all wings), To cope with heaven and earth and sea and hurricane, Thou ship of air that never furl'st thy sails, Days, even weeks untired and onward, through spaces, realms, gyrating, At dusk that look'st on Senegal, at morn, America, That sport'st amid the lightning-flash and thunder-cloud, In them, in thy experiences, had'st thou my soul, What joys! what joys were thine!" Walt Whitman is deeply—perhaps most of all—spiritual. No writer has ever been dominated more than he by the consciousness of the spiritual and eternal relations of man. He is habitually contemplative of the inscrutable and boundless which hem us in, of the mysterious kinship of man's life to the unseen; and in all his higher musings his ecstacy is like that of those of old. All that darkens life, all that glorifies it, all thwartings, all successes, all pains, all joys, find explanation for him in the divine possibilities of man's nature and the sovereignty714 WALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON. sovereignty of God. His hope for the world is boundless. The bravest of the transcendentalists cannot match him for contentment with the order of the universe: "No array of terms can say how much I am at peace about God and about death." "I find letters from God dropt in the street, and every one is signed by God's name." Finally, this man is our greatest singer of death songs. The Greeks luxuriated in life, but they had not the calm thought of death that their ancestors, the brooding Orientals, had. Death was the end of the dance, of the race, the dramatic exhibitions, the walk in the academic groves, the warm thrill of life. Whitman has the Greek's love of life, and he has the Oriental's reverence for death. It is as well to die as to live. Death is God's minister and comes when we need it. It is in the good plan. Whitman deeply feels and boldly sings this truth. In his superb "Ode to Lincoln" are lines like the following—and with these we must part with the poet—effulgent with hope and faith: "Come, lovely and soothing Death, Undulate around the world, serenely arriving, arriving, In the day, in the night, to all, to each, Sooner or later, delicate Death. Praised be the fathomless universe, For life and joy, and for objects and knowledge curious, And for love, sweet love,—but praise! praise! praise! For the sure-enwinding arms of cool-enfolding Death." WALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON. By Sylvester Baxter. In the course of the eventful life that covered nearly three- quarters of the century now almost at its close, Walt Whitman, in his journeyings, wove himself pretty thoroughly into the texture of the land that formed the grand theme of his verse. The central prairies, the high plains of the far West, The Rocky Mountains, the shores of the Atlantic and of the Pacific, the Mississippi, the great lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, cities and towns in all parts—the spirit of all these he absorbed in his wanderings up and down in the United States, distilling its essence in his great book, "Leaves of Grass." There are, however, four great cities with which he is peculiarly identified. New York, of course, first of all—Manhattan he always called it, with that curious insistence of his upon naming things in his own way. Whitman was a New Yorker of New Yorkers. Born almost in its outskirts, he passed the greater part of his life in and about the vast city, which he loved with an affection such as has been accorded it by few of its children, singing its praises, characterizing and depicting it in his verse with a wholeness, a universality, a sympathy, and a delicacy of perception such as no other city has received from any other poet. If all American literature down to date save two books should be destroyed— Whitman's "Leaves of Grass," and Howells's "Hazard of New Fortunes,"—a remote posterity might be able to gain a very accurate idea of the New York of the nineteenth century. Whitman's relations with Boston were of quite another kind. From Boston came his first recognition from an authoritative source ; the recognition of one grand spirit by its peer, in the shape of the hearty and unreserved greeting of the great Emerson. In Boston "Leaves of Grass" was first regularly published, and nearly a generation later Whitman's poems received in the New England [*WALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON.*] [*715*] metropolis that form of indorsement which, with a book, is comparable to the reception of a person into the best society,— publication by a house that ranked among the first in the country. In Boston, too, his work found a larger number of admirers than probably in any other place in the country. The poet spent less time in Boston than in any other of the four cities. His visits were three in number, the first and the last of several weeks each, and the second of but a few days. But these visits were notable occasions in his life. Whitman was also ancestrally connected with the Boston neighborhood. The Whitman stock in America originated in the Old Colony, and the family is numerously represented in the towns on the south side of Boston Bay. What was formerly South Abington became the town of Whitman a few years ago. The third of the great cities with which Whitman had to do ranks next to New York in the important bearing which it had on his life. It was in and about Washington that he spent most of the Civil War period and the several years of his service as a department employee. Last comes Philadelphia,—for Camden, though in New Jersey, is essentially a part of that city. So long as health permitted, Whitman was wont to cross the Delaware in the ferry-boats, repeating his favorite East River experiences, immortalized in "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry." He was bound to Philadelphia by strong ties of personal friendship and by the Quaker element in his blood that left characteristic marks upon his personality and even affected to a notable extent his literary style. It was to a Philadelphia publisher that he transferred his "Leaves of Grass" after the unfortunate outcome of its Boston publication; the several subsequent editions were issued there by David G. MacKay, besides his volume of prose and his supplementary poems. It was on his second visit to Boston, in April, 1881, that I first met Whitman, beginning a friendship that will always form one of the pleasantest memories of my life. Whitman had been invited to Boston by a number of his younger admirers connected with the Papyrus club— prominent among them John Boyle O'Reilly—to read his paper on Lincoln; a sort of memorial service which the poet made it a point to observe somewhere every year on the anniversary of the death of the great President, whom Whitman honored as the most representative of Americans,—an incarnation of the spirit of modern democracy. As a member of the Boston Herald staff, I had been requested to write an article on Whitman—not an interview, but one of those personal sketches of literary and public persons that had become a feature of that newspaper and of which I had contributed a number. The task in question, however, would naturally have fallen to my colleague and intimate friend, Frederic Russell Guernsey—now resident in Mexico and prominent in journalism and business there—for Guernsey was an old admirer of Whitman and had written charmingly about him. When John Burroughs came to Boston—the summer before, I believe—he dropped in upon Guernsey at the Herald and introduced himself with the words: "My name is John Burroughs. We are both friends of Walt Whitman, and that is enough to make us friends,—so let's take a walk together. I don't care anything for the sights of the city; I want to see the people." But Guernsey had other work on his hands at the time of Whitman's visit, and so the assignment came to me. It was about noon, and I found Whitman in an easy-chair in the parlor at the Revere House. Several friends were with him, among them Trueman H. Bartlett, the sculptor. Making known my errand, he greeted me cordially. His hand, which was rather small, but relieved from any effect of daintiness by an unusual hairiness, had a warm, magnetic touch, like that of a man of strong physical nature. His peculiar attire agreed so perfectly with his appearance that it seemed as if any other must have looked out of place. It had that effect of an entire appropriateness, of perfect adaptation to personality, that all dress, considered from the ideal point of view, should have. Therefore the idea of its eccentricity hardly entered716 WALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON. [entered] one's head, so comfortable did he look. It clothed Walt Whitman as a tree is clothed by its bark, or an animal by its fur. With all its apparent carelessness, it was evident that Whitman was very scrupulous about his dress. It had the look of perfect adaptation to his person - very much as his rough-seeming verse, as the poet confessed, was brought into conformity with an adequate expression of himself only after most careful study and continuous experiment. In the easy-setting garments of Quakerish drab, in the flowing collar and loosely-knotted handkerchief, and the large, broad-brimmed hat, there was evident a consummate neatness, as of a person instinctively clean and with an innate aversion to slovenliness. As he sat there with his big stick, it seemed to me that if I should come across him in just that position, seated on a gray, lichen-covered boulder in the depth of a wood, under old trees draped with moss that flowed like his hair and beard, and with rabbits and squirrels sporting over his feet in entire fearlessness, it would not be in the least surprising. He talked about himself, not loquaciously nor with egotism, but with a quiet, matter-of-course candor. His voice was high-pitched, but agreeable and without twang; a sort of speaking tenor - a Middle State voice, Guernsey called it. He had just come in from a drive to Cambridge to call on Longfellow, and expressed great pleasure over his visit and a sincere admiration for Longfellow's verse. He found Longfellow most beautifully and aesthetically surrounded, but Whitman declared that he himself could not possibly work in a luxurious environment; it would oppress him, as if for lack of breathing space. Various callers came in ; among them John T. Trowbridge. There was a most joyous meeting between the two poets, who were intimate friends of long standing, and they had been together much in the Washington days. Trowbridge called him "Walt," in the comrade-like way in which Whitman preferred to be addressed by his friends, old and young, and it seemed quite the thing to speak to the Poet of Democracy thus familiarly. Trowbridge was an old admirer of Whitman's verse, and could recite from "Leaves of Grass" by the page, with genuine eloquence and deep feeling. The two had not met for a long time, and the talk was largely reminiscent. Whitman said that he was about ready to give up in discouragement, feeling perhaps there could not be anything in his poetic mission after all, when Tennyson's magnificent letter came, almost taking his breath away with its surprising heartiness, and filling him with new cheer and courage. "And Tennyson has shown his admiration for you in no more genuine way than in being directly influenced by you in his later style," said Trowbridge. "Do you think he has?" asked Whitman simply. "Most undoubtedly," said Trowbridge. It was the morning after the reading (the sixteenth anniversary of Lincoln's death) which took place the evening before, April 15, --a sort of semi-drawing-room occasion, in the pleasant Hawthorne Rooms on Park Street, before a representative and distinguished audience. There was considerable talk about the affair, and what Whitman said of his impressions was afterwards included in the memoranda of his "Specimen Days." I particularly remember how struck he was by seeing so many fine-looking gray-haired women, and in his notes he says: "At my lecture I caught myself pausing more than once to look at them, [plentiful] everywhere through the audience--[healthy] and wifely and motherly, and wonderfully [charming] and beautiful -I think such as no time or land buts ours could show." Whitman was strongly impressed by the growth of Boston, not only materially but in the higher aspects. He compared the change of the facts, revealed by Schlieman in his excavations, where he found superimposed remains of cities, each representing either a long or rapid stage of growth and development, different from its predecessor, but unerringly growing out of and resting on it. "In the moral, emotional, heroic, and human growths (the main of a race in my opinion), something of this kind has certainly taken place in Boston," he wrote. "The New England metropolis of to-day may be described as sunny (there is something elseWALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON. 717 Column One that makes warmth, mastering even winds and meterologies, though these are not to be sneez'd at), joyous, respective, full of ardor, sparkle, a certain element of yearning, magnificently tolerant, yet not to be fool'd; fond of good eating and drinking—costly in costume as its purse can buy; and all through the best average of houses, streets, people, that subtle something (generally thought to be climate, but it is not—it is something indefinable amid the race, the turn of its development) which effuses behind the whirl of animation, study, business, a happy and joyous public spirit, as distinguish'd from a sluggish and saturnine one. Makes me think of the glints we get (as in Symond's books) of the jolly old Greek cities. Indeed, there is a good deal of the Hellenic in B., and the people are getting handsomer, too—padded out, with freer notions, and with color in their faces." The contrast with the Boston that he knew on his two former visits must indeed have been remarkable. It was then in the last stages of its hereditary and traditional Puritanism; it was now the least Puritanical of all the great American cities so far as the native social element, that which distinguishes them as American, was concerned. The ferment of its intense radicalism, generated by its very Puritanism, had liberalized and transformed it. One of Whitman's pleasantest experiences during his short stay was a visit with the sculptor, Bartlett, to the house of Mr. Quincy A. Shaw in Jamaica Plain, where two hours passed quickly in looking at Mr. Shaw's superb collection of the pictures of J. F. Millet. He was profoundly moved by the work of the great Frenchman, and he declared that never before had he been so penetrated by that kind of expression. The scenes of homely peasant life told him the full story of what went before, and necessitated, the great French revolution: "The long precedent crushing of the masses of a heroic people into the earth, in abject poverty, hunger—every right denied, humanity attempted to be put back for generations—yet Nature's force, titanic here, the stronger and hardier for that repression—waiting terribly to break forth, revengeful—the pressure on the dykes, and the bursting at last—the storming of the Bastile— the execution of the king and queen—the tempest of massacres and blood." He found the true France, base of all the rest, in those pictures. "If for nothing else, I should dwell on my brief Boston visit for opening to me the new world Column Two of Millet's pictures," he wrote, and he asked: "Will America ever have such an artist out of her own gestation, body, soul?" At the end of the visit he wrote: "It was well that I got away in fair order, for if I had staid another week I should have been killed with kindness, and with eating and drinking." The next August, Whitman wrote me asking if I could find him a quiet boarding- place where he could stay several weeks while he was overlooking the publication of the complete edition of his poems by the house of James R. Osgood & Company, in accordance with a proposition made by the firm at the time of his visit in the spring. I found him a pleasant room in the Hotel Bulfinch, on Bulfinch Place, a quiet and characteristic old West End street, a few steps back from the Revere House. The Hotel Bulfinch is one of several in Boston which have the reputation of being the original of "Mrs. Harmon's Hotel" in Howells's novel, "The Minister's Charge." But that celebrated hostelry is a "composite," and Lemuel Barker was not running the elevator, which proved a great convenience to the venerable poet, with his difficulty of locomotion. Bulfinch Place, even if it cannot lay exclusive claim to "Mrs. Harmon's," deserves to rank among Boston's historic streets, for, on the other side of the way, near the corner of Bulfinch Street—the name was given in honor of the architect of the State House—is the old boarding-house, celebrated and beloved among actors; for many of the famous figures of the American stage have known it, and William Warren, the great comedian, lived there for many years, until the end of his honored life. Whitman arrived about the middle of August, and during the two months of his stay felt himself comfortably at home. He passed the time leisurely, and many pleasant attentions were paid him in an informal way. Not being hurried for time, these attentions did not fatigue him. A large portion of the day he spent in his sunny room on the south side of the house, reading over his proofs, which littered the table in characteristic disorder, carefully marked in his firm, strong, and718 WALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON. somewhat crabbed hand. Friends dropped in on him for a chat, now and then, and of an evening he enjoyed having one of the young men of the Herald counting-room, who lived in the house, come to his room and play the violin for him. Walking at that time was not painful or particularly fatiguing for him, and a favorite diversion for him was to go out to Scollay Square, near by, where he would take an open car for South Boston, going to City Point and back, sitting on the front seat and occasionally talking with the driver, something after the manner of the old-time days on the Broadway stages in New York. He enjoyed the water-front at City Point exceedingly; the views of the harbor and the swarms of yachts, and the democratic aspect of the place, with the crowds resorting there. Another favorite spot was the Common. In "Specimen Days," under date of October, 10-13, he wrote that he spent a good deal of time there, every mid-day from 11.30 to about one o'clock, and almost every sunset another hour. "I know all the big trees," he wrote, "especially the old elms along Tremont and Beacon Streets, and have come to a sociable, silent understanding with most of them, in the sunlit air (yet crispy-cool enough), as I saunter along the wide unpaved walks." And he told how, on a bright and sharp February mid-day, twenty-one years before, he walked for two hours up and down the Beacon Street mall with Emerson, listening to his argument against a certain part in the construction of his poems, "Children of Adam"; while each point of Emerson's statement seemed unanswerable, he felt at the end more settled than ever to adhere to his own theory. "Whereupon we went and had a good dinner at the American House." This most interesting account, in which he lifts the veil from a most important episode, appears to be about the only thing in Whitman's works relating to his earlier visits to Boston. An episode that gave Whitman rare pleasure was a visit to Concord as a guest of Frank B. Sanborn, meeting Emerson for the first time after many years. It was delicious autumn weather, and that evening many of the Concord neighbors, including Emerson, A. Bronson Alcott, and Miss Louisa M. Alcott, filled Mrs. Sanborn's back parlor. The next day, Sunday, September 18th, he dined with Emerson and spent several hours at his house. He also visited the "Old Manse," the battle-field, the graves of Hawthorne and Thoreau in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, and the site of Thoreau's hermitage at Walden Pond. Another pleasant incident was a roadside chat with Dr. William T. Harris, the scholar and philosopher, as he halted in front of his house on the drive back from Walden Pond. This Concord visit is charmingly described in "Specimen Days." One evening I took Whitman to the Globe Theatre to see Rossi, the celebrated Italian tragedian. A feature of Rossi's art was to depend for effect upon the naturalness of his impersonation, the subtlety of his delineation, the fineness of his shading—all of which was remarkable —and to dispense, so far as he could, with the aid of extrinsic things, like the simulations of "make-up." The man, Rossi, was therefore in evidence in all that he did. The piece was "Romeo and Juliet," and Rossi played his part with much ardor, as well as delicacy. Whitman sat quietly through the performance, but at one point— I believe it was in the midst of an impassioned love-scene —he gave a little involuntary laugh. I think the sight of a middle-aged Romeo, slightly bald on the back of his head, was a bit too much for his sense of the ridiculous. At the close his only comment was: "I'm afraid an old fellow like me is not so impressionable as he was in his old theatre-going days." With all his progressiveness, his enthusiasm for the modern, for the great inventions of the age, a bit of conservatism cropped out concerning the electric light, which was just coming into general use. Passing under some arc-lights in the street, on our way back from the theatre, he remarked: "This white, intense glare is too cold and harsh; over on the Common I noticed some new gas-burners shedding a full, rich, mellow radiance; that light is very pleasant." Garfield's death occurred while WhitmanWALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON. 719 man was in Boston. The analogy to Lincoln's death, which had affected him so profoundly and which he had celebrated with one of the noblest odes in the English tongue, seemed to bring it peculiarly near to the poet. The next day, when it was mentioned, he simply said that he had heard the bells in the night. He contributed, however, the following lines to the Boston Sunday Globe: "The sobbing of the bells, the sudden death-news everywhere, The slumberers rouse, the rapport of the People, (Full well they know that message in the darkness, Full well return, respond within their breasts, their brains, the sad reverberations.) The passionate toll and clang—city to city, joining, sounding, passing, Those heart-beats of a Nation in the night." A memorable evening was one spent in Bartlett's studio with a little company informally gathered in honor of Whitman. The studio was a most unique and picturesque place at the very end of the wharf of the Boston Terra-Cotta Company on Federal Street, bordering the river-like Fort Point channel—one of the most interesting portions of the water-front. The room was spacious and hall-like, something like twenty or twen- [sic: twenty-] five feet high, with a quaint stairway in one corner, leading to rooms in a clerestory. The walls and ceiling were unfinished; the walls of brick, and ornamented with relief-casts and large cartoons. About the place stood sculptures - cast in plaster, or unfinished in the clay and muffled in mysterious-looking wrappings. The recesses of the great room were dim in the flickering gaslight, which but sparsely penetrated into the corners, and the shadows danced among the beams of the ceiling. If the scene could have been painted it would have made a real picture, with some notable portraits. Among the company were John Boyle O'Reilly, Joaquin Miller, Francis H. Underwood, Arlo Bates, Frank Hill Smith, Fred Guernsey, and myself. The evening was one of quiet sociability. There was a bowl of good punch, some lager beer, and crackers and cheese. There was no formal conversation, and talk ran on at random. I believe Joaquin Miller's play, "The Danites," was having a run in Boston at the time, and that was why "the poet of the Sierras" happened to be in the city. Boyle O'Reilly spoke of the play which he had in mind, part of whose scenes were to be in Australia. Miller was much interested in the idea, and he dilated with enthusiasm upon the great effect that might be produced by an Australian forest scene, with huge snakes squirming among the trees! Miller had then none of the frontierish eccentricities of costume, long hair, etc., that had distinguished him a few years before. He was quiet and somewhat retiring in manner, gentle in speech, and manifestly of a romantic cast of thought. There was a picturesque contrast between Whitman and Underwood. Both were white-haired and full-bearded— Whitman of a rough hewn type, rugged as an ancient oak; Underwood—"the Assyrian" of that unassuming but idyllic and thoroughly charming little book, "A Summer Cruise Along the Coast of New England," written a generation since by Robert Carter—with classic features, clear cut as a cameo. Whitman sat quietly through the evening, not saying much, but keenly observant and attentive, fully a part of the occasion and absorbing it all in the way his friends know so well. There was always sociability in the very silence of the dear old man. Towards the end of the evening, Bartlett announced that Whitman had consented to recite something for us. We sat in an expectant hush as he began; but it was not one of his own poems that he gave us in tones strikingly natural and eloquent with deep feeling; it was a translation from the French of Murger's beautiful verses on death, "The Midnight Visitor," closely akin to Whitman's noble treatment of the theme. It was profoundly impressive; an episode that must remain memorable with all of the little company. Whitman returned to Camden shortly before the publication of his poems. The appearance of "Leaves of Grass" under such conditions was generally received as a literary event of exceptional importance. The criticisms and reviews were naturally of the most diverse character720 WALT WHITMAN IN BOSTON. It was, of course, to be expected that certain lines would be seized upon most eagerly by certain critics, but in all the comment that was made there was little, or nothing, to prepare Whitman's friends for the unfortunate occurrence that ruined the sale of the book when prospects were most promising. A storm of indignant protest followed the notification from the attorney-general of Massachusetts to the publishers. A most scathing letter from William Douglas O'Connor was published, consigning Mr. Marston, who filled the office at the time, to the depths of infamy. Mr. O'Connor was unjust to Mr. Marston, however. The attorney-general's act was simply an official one; his attention having been called to the subject, under the law, there was no other course left for him. It turned out, some time after, that the incentive came from a certain clergyman, well meaning enough, no doubt,—but it may be questioned if a keen scent for impurity is a corollary of a pure mind. It was extremely improbable that the attempt at suppression could have been successful in court, but the publishers did not care to run the risk; Whitman firmly and consistently declined to change a line and he took over the plates himself. Whitman had made many true friends in Boston, and from time to time he received pleasant remembrances from them. Learning how confined he was to his house, by reason of his growing infirmity, Boyle O'Reilly, Bartlett, and a few others, started very quietly a subscription for a horse and carriage to enable him to take an outing in pleasant weather. The handsome new team was driven up to his door in Camden one fine day, taking him completely by surprise. The gift added immensely to his comfort and pleasure for several years. An attempt to secure him a pension by reason of his hospital services, which were the cause of his crippled condition, was made, Congressman Lovering, of Lynn, interesting himself actively for the measure. Pensions had already been given to nurses, but somehow the project failed; possibly because Whitman had not been regularly employed, but was a volunteer in the work. Whitman firmly refused to become an applicant for a pension, but would probably have accepted it had the efforts of his friends been successful. Probably the most intimate and devoted of Whitman's younger friends in Boston was William Sloane Kennedy, the essayist, whose studies of Whitman are of the finest quality. Kennedy was away from Boston at the time of Whitman's last two visits. Returning from a visit to Whitman at Camden, in 1887, he reported the uncomfortable life that the poet led in the summer weather in the hot and close atmosphere of an inland city. What a blessing it would be, he said, if he could have a little cottage in the country somewhere, amid the natural surroundings that he loved. The idea was favorably received, and so, the next year, Boyle O'Reilly, Kennedy, and I endeavored to realize it. Our original project was to raise the money quietly, build the cottage, and have somebody drive Whitman out there and take him by surprise. But the matter leaked out and got into the newspapers, causing us to change our plans. We found little trouble in raising the modest sum required. Two or three subscriptions came from outside Boston, among them a handsome one from "Mark Twain," who wrote: "What we want to do is to make the splendid old soul comfortable and do what we do heartily and as a privilege;" and he added, "There couldn't and wouldn't be any lack of people ready and willing to build a cottage for Walt Whitman; and as long as a rope-walk if he wants it." Frank Hill Smith, who is an architect as well as a painter and decorator, contributed an artistic design and plans for a simple cottage of the kind needed, and John G. Low gave the tiles from his Chelsea works for a handsome fireplace. Mr. Montgomery Stafford, the owner of the land at Timber Creek, in Kirkwood, New Jersey, the idyllic spot where Whitman went when so ill at the end of his Washington life, and where he was restored to comparative health, offered to give the site for a cottage. But, when we raised the money, we sent it to Whitman for him to build how and where he pleased, thinking he wouldWALT WHITMAN'S DEMOCRACY. 721 take delight, as an old builder, in looking after the matter himself. He intended to do this, but never got round to it. I think the lethargy of age was creeping over him fast, and he lacked the energy to make a beginning. At his death, we learned that he had built a tomb for himself and his parents in the Camden Cemetery, taking much interest in the work and supervising the construction himself. Perhaps he finally used the means we raised for a summer cottage in thus preparing for himself a lasting resting-place. WALT WHITMAN'S DEMOCRACY. By Walter Blackburn Harte. The scroll of fame in American annals is more largely devoted to the heroes of action than those of thought, for reasons easily explained by these same annals. American literary history, opening with Washington Irving, but only assuming any great significance and coherence with Emerson, Longfellow, Thoreau, Poe, and Hawthorne, is too recent to include many heroes of thought. But the few on the rolls belong to the whole world in their universality and achievement; and in calling the names of these heroes we must add the name of Walt Whitman. He was the unique figure of his generation. He was unfalteringly the hero of his convictions. He waited and waited, serene, confident, uncompromisingly true to his conception of his message and its importance, and unmoved by the contempt and indifference of his contemporaries. He showed throughout his long career the patience of a seer, though it is very much to be doubted whether his patent of prophecy can stand the test of time. Abuse and ridicule left him undismayed, and poverty and unsuccess never added one touch of bitterness to his philosophy of life. He was a sublime egoist, and he played the hero from beginning to the end. If his aim has been merely to gratify his vanity by gaining success in literature, he would surely not have pursued the course he did. He was at least too great to make any compromise with the prevalent conventions and innocuous commonplaces of the merely literary purveyors and critics. He scoffed at compromise, and remained heroically steadfast to his ideas of illuminating the common. Whitman aimed to be something more than a singer; he aimed to be an evangel of a new gospel of humanity. He was greater than his work, and whether he will be anything more than a name to succeeding generations or not, he will always hold a place in literary history as a tonic and impulse for this generation, and as one of the heroic figures of our literature. America has been the democratic heart of the modern world for a century, and it has produced five great Democrats, of varying degrees of greatness, and of wholly different intellectual texture— Jefferson, Lincoln, Emerson, Thoreau, and Walt Whitman. It has been remarked over and over again that as the poet of democracy Whitman failed to obtain acceptance or comprehension at the hands of the masses. If Whitman had only failed in this particular he would have succeeded more than his judicious admirers can admit that he did. This is not at all strange. The poet of the masses who finds immediate recognition as a popular poet is usually no more significant than Moore or Dibdin—a poet of the sentimentally commonplace, and not of the eternal common - for there should be no confounding them. Burns, too, was a great democratic poet, an722 WALT WHITMAN'S DEMOCRACY. incomparably greater poet than Whitman, and his songs of the common and the people appealed to the "classes" long before the masses learned to accept them as a new gospel of [freedom]. The real voice of democracy is, in fact, usually more readily understood by the "classes" than by the multitude bowed in the bondage of necessity and ignorance, and ever indifferent to all things that do not directly affect their bread and butter getting. This is the real bitterness of all reform endeavor; it is not that one can accomplish so little in the face of established oppressions, but that custom, ignorance, and today's expediency and interest close the ears of the very people for whom one sacrifices time, happiness, and all the prizes and consolations of life. The masses have ever open ears to all sorts of cheap-jack philosophers, but they are deaf to those who offer them only the kernels of true philosophy. A true democrat is necessarily a hero; for the practice and preaching of real democracy not only antagonizes the "classes," who naturally cling to their prerogatives, but it insures the unintelligent condemnation of those who seek to emancipate themselves with blind or corrupt leaders, and are, and always have been, the toys of parties and selfish minorities. The wholesome instinct of democracy is indeed more rare than genius; and to those critics who find it puzzling that Walt Whitman, tearing all systems and conventions to tatters, could not obtain the ear of the masses, I would say that the solution lies, to a great extent, in our existing social scheme itself. Let us be perfectly candid about this matter. The practice of genuine democracy in a democratic land stamps a man as peculiar, just as much as it does in countries in which the Church and State recognize and uphold the principle of hereditary class distinctions. Walt Whitman was, first of all, a great democrat; and, if his poetry does not survive, he deserves to be remembered as a preacher of a vital democracy in a generation which, never having accepted the spirit of democracy, strove hard to vitiate the very letter of it. Walt Whitman was all his life a great turbulent spirit, a revolutionary in the world of letters, but he never had any taste for literary or political polemics. There is, in my opinion, more philosophy than poetry in "Leaves of Grass." He was, as I have said, primarily a great democrat, unconcerned with the party politics of his time, insomuch as they did not touch upon the eternal rights of mankind, and he had absolutely no sympathy with those whose creed is, "art for art's sake." But though he despised the music in literature that comes from the selection of beautiful words in a carefully considered form, he did not reject the form completely. He realized that he had considerable lyric power, and so curiously enough he clung tenaciously to a certain rough, unhewn metre. Most writers, upon finding the forms of verse irksome, would have resorted to prose as their sole medium; the fact seems to be in Whitman's case that a good prose style was beyond him. His retention of the metrical form showed inconsistency and weakness in his character and in his literary creed, which it is probable had its origin in the very real indolence of his disposition. His biography seems to indicate that the line, "I loafe and invite my soul," was autobiography and no mere figure of speech. The very small quantity of work he actually accomplished, and its often superficial and sporadic discussion of different subjects, leaving no new finite something in the reader's mind, apparently supports this idea. He evidently lacked the qualities that a good prose writer must possess: he lacked energy, concentration, and the capacity of reducing his ideas to language in logical consecutiveness, plus that magical instinct for the tones in the words, and the elimination of everything superfluous, which is style;—and no prose can endure without this indefinable quality. He therefore chose a medium that admitted of the exposition of his ideas without compelling him to be definite, final, and immediate. Thus, though he was glad to avail himself of the latitude of prose in his verse, he could not trust himself to use it as his ordinary medium. The most elastic form of literary expression, for a mind independent of conventions, but properly regardful of the logicWALT WHITMAN'S DEMOCRACY. 723 of style, was not sufficiently elastic for Whitman, whose style was simply a violation of form carried into a formula. The few things of Whitman's which contain any promise of life are all cast more nearly in the ordinary form; and they certainly make one regret his rebellion. Such are, "The Man-of-War Bird," "O Captain! My Captain!" "Pioneers! O Pioneers!" "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed," and "The City Dead House." There is the immense toleration and universal sympathy and grandeur of the man expressed in these last three, and there is, too, a grand sonorous music in the lines. If Whitman had always written in this strain, instead of burdening a world already groaning under a weight of words, with catalogues of trades and implements and the names of peoples and places, there would have been less necessity to beg his position among the poets. He certainly was occasionally possessed of the poetic imagination which kindles the imaginations of others, and often in a couple of words he paints a picture, and not only that, but he gives it at once the mystery of his imagination. "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" contains a good example of his power in this direction. It is as vivid a picture as any ever written by an American singer of the old Sea-mother and its influence upon the childish imagination, recalled with the clear and strong imagination of the mature philosopher. It sticks in the memory of all who are possessed of imagination; and none can read and love true poetry without bringing to the poet's lines something of a poet's imagination. The awakening of the poet's heart in the boy is a description which all who love to dream under the influence of earth's greatest symbol of eternity—the sea— will read with a heart aflame with sympathetic recognition. All can feel the secret of eternity, listening to the "fierce old mother incessantly moaning"; but none can tell the secret,—not even the greatest of singers, for Nature is an ironical commentator and [never] reveals the heart of the mystery. There is latent poetry in every man, or else there could be no humanity. This may seem untrue, for it is hard to explain, but it is a part of Nature's mystery, and if it escapes the grasp of logic, that is only another of Nature's ironies. "O solitary me listening, never more shall I cease perpetuating you, Never more shall I escape, never more the reverberations, Never more the cries of unsatisfied love be absent from me, Never again leave me to be the peaceful child I was before what there in the night, By the sea under the yellow and sagging moon, The messenger there arous'd, the fire, the sweet hell within, The unknown want, the destiny of me. "O give me the clew! It lurks in the night here somewhere, O if I am to have so much, let me have more! "A word then, (for I will conquer it,) The word final, superior to all, Subtle, sent up—what is it?—I listen; Are you whispering it, and have been all the time, you sea-waves? Is that it from your liquid rims and wet sands? "Whereto, answering, the sea, Delaying not, hurrying not, Whispered me through the night, and very plainly before daybreak, Lisp'd to me the low and delicious word death, And again death, death, death, death, Hissing melodious, neither like the bird nor like my arous'd child's heart, But edging near as privately for me rustling at my feet, Creeping thence steadily up to my ears and laving me softly all over, Death, death, death, death, death." This passage, interpreting the thought of millions, is true poetry. Whitman when he gives the burden of the sea's murmured song as "Death, death, death," tears perhaps the greatest secret from its heart. Whitman has written some of the most tender and beautiful lines about the last great mystery. Poetry, seeking to make articulate the mysteries of Nature, must deal with its greatest mystery. Not only when death is the subject is it the inner mainspring of haunting melody, but also when it is merely the oft-recurring contrast suggested by a song of the joys of life; for what poet can sing deeply of this mystery of life without suggesting the mystery of death? Although he had occasional lyrical outbursts, the bulk of Whitman's work consists of a philosophical or semi-philosophical review of contemporary life with its eternal questions cast in an arbitrary724 WALT WHITMAN'S DEMOCRACY. metre without any regard for the laws of prosody. It is said of Pope, by many modern critics, that he was not a poet, but a maker of apothegms. This may be partially true, and it is partially true to say of Whitman that he lacked music, although he sometimes gave us good philosophy; but, it is to be remembered, these are only half truths. If the various opinions of what constitutes poetry are not wholly wrong, a poet should first appeal to the hearts of men. Whitman sometimes does this and succeeds; but more often he appeals to the minds of men, and is incoherent and fails. He so often expressed his contempt for those who used the recognized forms of verse, that it seems to me a little extraordinary that he did not abandon the metrical form altogether. I certainly think he would have left much more that would live if he had done so, though he would not have been so much discussed during his lifetime. He was probably not aware of the fact on the threshold of his career, but in cutting adrift from the usual forms he simply substituted for them an old form, which is full of possibilities and dangers. Whitman occasionally realized its possibilities, but his egoism made him more often wreck his cargo in carrying his freedom to excess. There are hundreds of passages in Carlyle, Ruskin, and Dickens more rhythmical than is the body of Whitman's verse, and what is more, they are not overloaded with tautology and superfluous emphasis, as is too often the case in "Leaves of Grass." And it must be remembered that Whitman claimed there was in all his work (and there is in some of the best of it) an undercurrent of music like the murmur of the sea on the seashore. He did therefore strive to produce music, as well as to convey his thought. This was an important admission for him to make, for it at once convicts him of either a lack of art or of carelessness in the perpetration of those abominable catalogues in "A Song for Occupations" and "The Song of the Broad Axe," and elsewhere. Some critics may say Homer also enumerates. So he does, and Homer is sometimes tiresome. It does not, however, really matter very much whether a man invents or copies the form he works in, if he satisfies in both form and matter. I think the real trouble with the bulk of Whitman's work is not that he neglected the form for the matter, but that his matter was dominated by his infatuation for form; in other words, his ideas were put upon the Procrustean [bed] of his grotesque absurdities of expression and were either lost or so mutilated as to become almost valueless. He was too conscious of being a rebel, and often was nothing more. He had, however, his heroic moods, and then his real gift of imagination resumed its sway, and he produced those vivid pictures and apt descriptive phrases scattered through his books. And now a final word about his egoism, which was an essential part of his doctrine of democracy. All the world's greatest men have been egoists, in the sense that they have believed in themselves and in their divine endowment; without this belief they could accomplish nothing. Whitman's egoism was too much in evidence, because he was destitute of humor; and no man, perhaps, can be classed among the greatest who lacks this noble humanizing quality so little understood. God does not put tools into men's hands without also giving them a cognitive urge to use them. It is through the creature that we can learn something of the Creator; and it is through egoism, rightly understood, that men can come to know themselves, and so teach others, lacking this faculty of self-knowledge, what they really are. Some may indulge the notion that every man knows himself. The truth and the trouble is, the majority of men do not know themselves at all; and they do not realize the vital importance of self-knowledge. An acquaintance with the real self, which most men subdue, or which is subdued in them, from childhood, would produce better citizens, honester men, and a vital religion. This, I think, is the burden of Whitman's insistent egoism, and it is a genuine part of his democracy. He would teach men to respect the real ego, to know the ego of the closet; and, knowing it, to substitute it for the false ego worn in the drawing- room, the street, and the market.Walt Whitman.The Outlook September 5, 1903 [*image of Leo Tolstoy] COUNT LEO TOLSTOY DRAWN BY AL PASTERNAK Illustrated Magazine Number PRICE TEN CENTSRing Around A Nestle NESTLE'S FOOD NESTLE'S FOOD FOR HAPPY BABIES Nestle babies have rosy cheeks, bright eyes, and the brain, brawn, and sinew to develop the helpful men and women of the future. Nine-tenths of the trouble with fretful, peevish infants can be directly traced to unsuitable food. Let us send you, free of charge, a half-pound package of Nestle's Food for trial and our "Book for Mothers," which is full of helpful hints for the care of babies and young children. Write a postal card to-day to HENRI NESTLE, 73 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK Everyone is Reading just now Mr. JAMES LANE ALLEN'S new novel The Mettle of the Pasture Cloth, $1.50 "A mighty, masterful book, not only the finest work Mr. ALLEN has done, not merely the "best book of the year" but one of the most vital American books of the last generation. If any book written in this country since the Civil War is to endure in our literature The Mettle of the Pasture will endure, - abiding as a triumph of American art and as a tribute to American character, - for it is one of the small number of "books that have immortal souls, - books that make for righteousness," - St. Paul Dispatch. Mr. JACK LONDON'S tingling novel The Call of the Wild Illustrated. $1.50 "Its romance is fascinating....It takes hold of the attention irresistibly." - HAMILTON W. MABIE. "One of the best books of its kind that has ever been written...it is distinctly original ...and sounds a new note in literature." - Town and Country. "The book is exceptionally good." HARRY THURSTON PECK BARBARA'S People of the Whirlpool FROM THE EXPERIENCE BOOK OF "A COMMUTER'S WIFE" Fifth edition, illustrated, $1.50 "Truly one of the most delightful books of this or any other year" - Baltimore Sun. "It is by a woman who evidently writes from ample knowledge, who is keen without bitterness, satirical without malice, and pre-eminently sane and clear in her judgements." - The Outlook. Mrs. ELY'S A Women's Hardy Garden "Elizabeth and The Commuter's Wife are my dearest friends. The affinity of our natures drew us together, but we have opened our small circle and taken you in. Elizabeth charmed me, fascinated me, and is my bewitching friend. The Commuter's Wife is my sympathetic friend, but you - you have filled the gap, the aching practical side, and are my helpful friend." - From a Reader to the Author of "A Woman's Hardy Garden." Send for the new Fall Announcement List of forthcoming books, including new novels by Mr. WINSTON CHURCHILL, Mr. F. MARION CRAWFORD, Mr. CHARLES MAJOR, Mrs. EDITH ELMER WOOD, Mr. CUTCLIFFE HYNE, Mr. QUILLER-COUCH, Miss BEULAH M. DIX, Miss CAROLINE BROWN, Mr. RICHARD L. MAKIN, etc., etc. Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Ave. N.Y.BOOKS ON APPROVAL TO TO OUTLOOK READERS The list of THE OUTLOOK BOOKS undoubtedly contains some books which you would like to own but which you do not care to order without seeing them. We shall be glad to help you in your selection by sending you any of THE OUTLOOK BOOKS on approval. They can, of course, be obtained from booksellers, but if there is no bookshop in your immediate vicinity, send us the blank below with those titles marked which interest you. We will forward the books at once. If after examination you wish to keep them, send us a check or money order; if not, return the books to us. THE OUTLOOK COMPANY, 287 Fourth Ave., New York: Please send me on approval the following books: ....PARABLES OF LIFE Hamilton Wright Mabie $1.00 net (postage 9 cents) ....THE OTHER ROOM Lyman Abbott $1.00 net (postage 9 cents) ....THE ASCENT OF THE SOUL Amory H. Bradford $1.25 net (postage 14 cents) ....RELIGIOUS LIFE IN AMERICA Ernest Hamlin Abbott $1.00 net (postage 15 cents) ...THE OUTLOOK STORY BOOK FOR LITTLE PEOPLE. Edited by Laura Winnington $1.20 net (postage 24 cents) ....THE TRAGEDY OF PELÉE George Kennan $1.50 net (postage 13 cents) ....FOLK TALES OF NAPOLEON Translated by George Kennan $1.00 net (postage 9 cents) ....THE PHILIPPINES William H. Taft and Theodore Roosevelt $1.00 net (postage 12 cents) ....SEEN BY THE SPECTATOR $1.00 net (postage 10 cents) ....THE MAN WITHOUT A COUNTRY Edward Everett Hale Birthday Edition. $3.00 net (postage 10 cents) ....FROM GRIEG TO BRAHMS Daniel Gregory Mason $1.50 net (postage 12 cents) ....BRITISH POLITICAL PORTRAITS Justin McCarthy $1.50 net (postage 15 cents) ....THE STORY OF A BIRD LOVER William E. D. Scott $1.50 net (postage 15 cents) ....A PRAIRIE WINTER By an Illinois Girl $1.00 net (postage 7 cents) NAME . . . ADDRESS . . . 70th Thousand THOMAS NELSON PAGE His most successful novel GORDON KEITH THE extraordinary sales of this novel during the late spring and all summer fully justify this prediction of the N. Y. Times Saturday Review : "It is not only racy and admirable as fiction, but historically valuable as a study of actual conditions and ethically elevating in its ideals. Like all Mr. Page has written, it is on the side of 'whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are pure.' It deserves the large public it is sure to have, and will leave them the better for the reading." Illustrated by George Wright $1.50 JOHN FOX On September 12th we shall publish in book form The LITTLE SHEPHERD of KINGDOM COME FROM the start the great success of this novel is assured. No serial for many years has attracted more enthusiastic comment, North and South. This is owing to many attractive qualities, but above all to the simplicity and pathos of its characters and the admirable writing which Mr. Fox has shown on every page. He has pictured sympathetically boy life among the Kentucky mountaineers; life at a blue-grass college in the simple days before the war; class feeling between the mountaineer and the "furriner," which persists to the present day; the way in which Kentucky was rent asunder by the Civil War; and the romantic glory of Morgan's men. The whole book is bound together by a beautiful love-story. Beautifully illustrated by F. C. Yohn $1.50 FREDERICK PALMER A remarkably vivid and interesting novel THE VAGABOND THE first novel of a man already distinguished as a correspondent, and known to many readers as the author of "Ways of the Service:" a novel into which the Civil War enters, though both the character of its plot and its chief strength are determined by the individuality of its hero, a memorable character whose search for "a mountain, a mine, and a girl" is strenuous and concentrated enough to belie his nickname. Mr. Palmer's fighting has about it neither nonsense nor exaggeration. Illustrated by Harrison Fisher $1.50 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, - NEW YORKA LIMITED EDITION LETTERS from a FARMER in Pennsylvania to the inhabitants of the British Colonies, By John Dickinson. With an historical introduction by R.T. H.Halsey. THE "Farmer's Letters" were published in the "Penn- sylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser" in 1767 and 1768. Such was their instantaneous popularity that they were reprinted in almost all of the Colonial newspapers, and were immediately published in book form in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Williamsburgh, London, Dublin, and Paris. Moses Coit Tyler, in his "Literary History of the American Revolution," says of the "Letters": "Their appearance may, perhaps, fairly be described as constituting, upon the whole, the most brilliant event in the literary history of the Revolution." Owing to the beauty of its page and typography, and the excellence of its binding, one of the Boston editions has been selected for reprinting at The Gilliss Press in a limited edition to be published October first. This edition is prefaced by an historical introduction by R. T. H. Halsey, and has for illustrations a portrait of John Dickinson (photogravure on copper by Gilbo, after a contemporary print), and a gelatine print in colors, or a contemporary Chelsea-Derby porcelain statuette upon which Dickinson's name appears associated with the names of Sydney, Hampden, Milton, Locke, Ludlow, and Marvel. The type used is the Caslon Old Style, the nearest approach to the type used in the original that can now be obtained. The book is a large octavo and is bound in blue paper boards with vellum back, after the style of the original edition. The edition consists of two hundred and sixty copies on Van Gelder hand-made paper, price $7.50; and thirty-nine copies on Japan paper, price $15.00. THE OUTLOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK ORDER FORM THE OUTLOOK COMPANY, 287 Fourth Avenue, New York. Please send me _cop_of "Letters from a Farmer," _edition, for which I will remit_on receipt. Name_ Address_ The Outlook The New International ENCYCLOPAEDIA It's a Glorious Thing to Know, and to Know That You Know How to know—where to go for informa- tion—that's the question Here's a Rich Mine That's Open to You The New Inter- national Encyclopaedia Is new, thorough, com- prehensive—superior to all other works of similar nature. That's a very positive statement, but the facts justify it Under the searchlight opposite, incontrovertible evidence is shown The NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA Includes 65,000 titles—over 100,000 subjects. 30,000 more than are covered by any other encyclopaedia. In other words, The New International En- cyclopaedia answers fully fifty per cent. more questions than any other encyclopaedia. It contains 100 full page colored plates— over 7,000 other excellent illustrations. Com- prises 17 large volumes—over 16,000 pages. It's wholly new—brought down to to-day by the country's ablest specialist and editors. It has the endorsement of America's leading thinkers, teachers and scholars. And that's what the searchlight shows. Wish to know more about the New Inter- national Encyclopaedia? Write your name and address plainly on the margin below, and send it to DODD, MEAD & CO., Fifth Ave. and Thirty-fifth St., New York Send me, without expense, illustrated sample pages Name............. P.O................. State..............The Outlook New Books OLD PATHS AND LEGENDS OF NEW ENGLAND Saunterings over Historic Roads, with Glimpses of Picturesque Fields and Old Homesteads, in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. By Katharine M. Abbott. 8o. With 186 illustrations and a Route Map. $3.50 net. (Carriage, 25 cents.) ROMANCE OF THE BOURBON CHATEAUX By Elizabeth W. Champney, author of " Romance of the Feudal Chateaux," " Romance of the Renaissance Chateaux," etc. 8o. With colored frontispiece, 7 photogravures, and 40 half-tone illustrations. Net, $3.00. (By mail, $3.25.) ROME AND THE RENAISSANCE: THE PONTIFICATE OF JULIUS II. By Julian Klaczko. Translated by John Dennie, author of "Rome of To-day and Yesterday," etc. 8o. With 52 full-page illustrations. Net, $3.50. (Postage 25 cts.) THE ART OF THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE By Prof. Heinrich Wolfflin. A Handbook for the Use of Students, Travelers, and Readers. 8o. With over 100 illustrations. Net, $2.25. THE SHADOW OF VICTORY A Romance of Fort Dearborn (Early Chicago). By Myrtle Reed, author of "Lavender and Old Lace," etc. 12o. Net, $1.20. (Postage, 15 cts.) LITERARY NEW YORK Its Landmarks and Associations. By Charles Hemstreet. 12o. With about 60 illustrations. G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London Send for Illustrated Announcement List Important publications in the History of Religion Babel and Bible Two Lectures on the Significance of Assyriological Research for Religion, Embodying the Most Important Criticisms and the Author's Replies. By Dr. FRIEDRICH DELITZSCH. Translated from the German by Thomas J. McCormack and W. H. Carruth. The illustrations of the American edition are of larger size than those of the German original. They have been supplemented by pertinent additional pictures, and by those materials which have done so much to make these lectures interesting, especially the Emperor's letter, and the most important passages extracted from essays written by Delitzsch's critics. Complete, 167 pp., bds., 75c. net. The Mysteries of Mithra History of Their Origin, their Dissemination and Influence in the Roman Empire, Their Doctrines and Liturgy, Their Struggle with Christianity, Mithraic Art, etc. By FRANZ CUMONT, Professor in the University of Ghent, Belgium. Translated by Thomas J. McCormack. With 50 illustrations and a map of the Roman Empire. Pp. xvi+239. Price $1.50 net (6s. 6d. net). This work is a sketch of one of the most important but historically most neglected religious movements of the Roman Empire. Mithraism was the rival of Christianity, and greatly resembled the latter religion. The story of the struggle between the two creeds, here told in its entirety for the first time, is unmatched in its thrilling interest. Send for illustrated circular, catalogue, etc., etc. The OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY, Chicago 324 Dearborn Street When calling please ask for Mr. Grant Save on Books Whenever you need any book, or any information about books, write to me and you will receive prompt attention and low prices. My Stock of Books in all departments of literature is very complete. An Assortment of Catalogues and special slips of books at reduced prices sent for a 10-cent stamp. F. E. GRANT 23 West Forty-Second Street, New York Mention this advertisement and receive a discount. Liquidation Sale HIGH CLASS BOOKS So-called "bargains" are offered daily by merchants in the various lines of business, but it is only once in a while that a real bargain opportunity is offered and usually it results from the forced sale for the express purpose of closing up the affairs of some business house. The stock we offer includes writings of the standard authors of the world. There is nothing in literature which has taken, or ever will take, the place of these books. They will be read with interest as long as the English language is spoken, and since these books are offered to you at great reductions from the regular price, we believe there will be some among this exceptional list which you certainly will desire to possess--particularly when we inform you that this is a genuine going out of business sale, and the goods must be sold, and sold quickly. It is the sole purpose of this sale to dispose of all the magnificent stock of special library editions of the great writers of the world that the important publishing house, Coryell & Company, have on hand. It is not expected to be a money-making sale. Stock must be turned into money as quickly as possible and the prices offered should attain this end in a very short time. These beautiful sets of books must be sacrificed in order to liquidate the business of Coryell & Company, who are renowned for their fine editions of standard authors. It is really the best book-buying opportunity ever offered. The books themselves are ideal in every respect-- extra fine paper especially manufactured for these high-class editions, beautiful clear type, exquisite illustrations, title page in colors, and bound in the best of imported English cloth, with head bands, gilt tops, full gilt backs, stamped with panel design and fleur-de-lis ornaments. Every lover of books should read this announcement with care, for the prices offered in connection with the easy monthly payment plan afford an exceptional opportunity to add to your library that which is not only of interest to you, but must be to your family and friends. You will notice that only a few sets of the writings of some of the authors are to be had, and as these goods are being sold for liquidation purposes only, the figures announced are absolute ; and the books given are all that we have on hand and that we shall have to dispose of. We do not wish you to send any money when ordering sets of books of us. Please use coupon when ordering, designating the works of such authors as you desire, and we will send the books to you, prepaying all delivery charges. You can retain them five days so as to have plenty of time for inspection. If you decide to keep them, you are to pay us in accordance with the prices and terms offered in this advertisement. If you should not care after seeing the books to retain them, you may return them to us, delivery expenses collect. This is an opportunity you should embrace, for it is not often that fine books are sold at prices we offer, and since you do not obligate yourself to purchase the books until you have seen them, you are taking no chance whatsoever. Those sending request for inspection for books to be sent to them after our stock has been exhausted, we will notify promptly. Do not send any money until the goods have been delivered to you by us, received by you and found satisfactory. CORYELL & COMPANY 61 Chambers St. New York THIS IS THE STOCK OFFERED READ CAREFULLY--ACT PROMPTLY Thomas Carlyle 10 volumes--Complete Edition 56 illustrations. Larage 12mo size. Only 40 sets. Payable $1.00 Month for 15 Months J. Fenimore Cooper 16 volumes--Complete Works and Tales. Frontispiece each volume. Large 12mo. Only 62 sets. Payable $1.50 Month for 16 Months J. W. von Goethe 10 volumes--Complete Works, including Novels, Poems, Dramas, Travels, and Letters, with Autobiography. Portrait of Author and 61 Wood Engravings. Large 12mo. Only 54 sets. Payable $1.00 Month for 15 Months John Ruskin 13 volumes--Complete Works, including all his Art Works, Miscellaneous Writings, and Complete Autobiography, etc. 260 illustrations, including all Wood Engravings, all half-tone and colored illustrations of the London Edition, with all Notes. Large 12mo. Only 38 sets. Payable $1.50 Month for 13 Months. INSPECTION COUPON CORYELL & CO., 61 Chambers St., N. Y. Please send me for my inspection complete set of the following authors: If I decide to keep the books after having seen them, I will pay you for them in accordance with the terms offered in this advertisement. 8THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT PACKARD 45TH Year COMMERCIAL SCHOOL The Packard graduate is the best Packard advertisement. Thousands of its former students are now prosperous business men and women. Thorough Preparation for Any Line of Business DAY AND EVENING. ENTER AT ANY TIME Fourth Ave. and 23d St. Phone 101-18. Call, Write, or Phone for Catalogue O. You Can't Fail If There's Any "Go" in You In a rut? Then get out of it. Learn advertising, the new profession ; it's uncrowded ; it pays well ; competent men and women are in demand. The Helms course of ad-writing has been successfully taught by mail for the past two years. The graduates, without a single exception, endorse it. They're all quite willing to do this, because they're all in good positions, obtained and held because They Know the Business This course is not taught by " form letters." Every lesson is prepared and corrected by Mr. Helms himself, and is accompanied by a letter personally dictated by him. He has no assistants. Consequently, but two hundred pupils can be taught at one time. Only thirty more will be accepted now. If you're willing to give up about three hours a week, and to ask questions about whatever features of the work are not clearly understood, you may be one of the thirty, and you'll be equipped in four to six months. Only earnest men and women are wanted in this course. Their instructor will be no less conscientious in his work. Interested? Write at once, for further details to ELMER HELMS, Room 22, 9 East 16th St., New York Formerly ad-writer for John Wanamaker I invite my pupils to ask questions, with the assurance that they will be clearly answered. NEW YORK CITY University Training FOR BUSINESS Accounting Banking Brokerage School of Commerce Accounts and Finance, New York University Evening Sessions. Washington Square. FALL TERM OPEN OCTOBER 1 THE HORACE MANN SCHOOLS of the Teachers College, Columbia University KINDERGARTEN, ELEMENTARY and HIGH SCHOOL Special attention to college preparation. A larger staff of teachers and more complete equipment for the coming year. Nearly all grades are full, and applications should be made promptly. Fall term will open Monday, September 21st. Letters may be addressed to SAMUEL T. DUTTON, Superintendent. ETHICAL CULTURE SCHOOL Central Park West and 63d St. HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT. Careful preparation for all colleges and professional schools. NEW SCHOOL BUILDING; enlarged facilities--Gymnasium, Roof Garden, Library, Shops, Laboratories, Studios, etc.; opens October 5, 1903. For catalogues and information regarding this as well as the Elementary Department, address FRANK A. MANNY, Superintendent, 109 W. 54th St. Union Theological Seminary 700 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY The next term will begin Wednesday, September 23d, 1903. The Faculty will meet to receive applicants for admission, in the President's room at 9:30 A.M. Rooms will be drawn at 2:30 P.M. The Opening Address, by the President of the Faculty, will be delivered in Adams Chapel Thursday, September 24th, at 4:30 P.M. CHARLES CUTHBERT HALL, President. NEW YORK CITY NEW YORK, New York, 315 Riverside Drive and Annex. Riverside School for Girls. Ideal location. Exceptional advantages for those valuing highest standards of scholarship and exclusive home privileges for their daughters. Special : Music, Art, Languages. Travel classes. Mrs. Edith Leila Cooper Hartman. The Veltin School for Girls College Preparation. Number of pupils limited to twelve in each class. Fire-proof building, thoroughly equipped. 160-162 West 74th Street. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL Sixty-ninth year opens Oct. 1, 1903. Day Classes with sessions from 3:30 to 6 P.M. Evening Classes, sessions 8 to 10 P.M. Graduate classes lead to LL.M. and J.D. Tuition $100. For circulars address L. J. TOMPKINS, Registrar, Washington Square, N.Y. NEW YORK, New York, 13 and 15 W. 86th St. Mrs. Leslie Morgan's Boarding and Day School for Girls Reopens Wednesday, October seventh. DEAF OR PARTLY DEAF persons can be taught to follow conversation by the Warren Method of Expression Reading (U. S. Patent awarded) by mail or personal lessons. Prospectus free. LILLIE E. WARREN, Prin. WARREN SCHOOL OF ARTICULATION AND EXPRESSION READING 124 E. 28th St., New York. Branches : Boston, Philadelphia, Washington. KRAUS SEMINARY for KINDERGARTNERS and Extension Course for Kindergartners and Teachers. Mrs. KRAUS-BOELTE, 640 Madison Ave , N. Y. Opens Oct. 1, 1903. Miss MARY JEAN MILLER will open a Kindergarten and Primary Class in the Tuxedo, 637 Madison Ave. (cor. 59th St.), October 14, 1903, under the auspices of Mrs. KRAUS-BOELTE. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT NEW YORK CITY The Pratt Teachers' Agency 70 Fifth Ave. New York Recommends teachers to college, schools, and families. Advises parents about schools. Wm O. Pratt, Mgr. American and Foreign Teachers Agency. Supplies Colleges, Schools, and Families with Professors, Teachers, Tutors, and Governesses resident or visiting, American or Foreign. Parents aided in choice of schools. MRS. M. J. YOUNG=FULTON 23 Union Square, New York City. NEW YORK LAW SCHOOL Day School Evening School 35 Nassau St., New York City. "Dwight Method" of instruction. LL.B. in 2 years. LL.M. in 3 years. High standards. Send for catalogue. GEORGE CHASE, Dean. THE BARNARD CLASSES College Preparation and Special Courses for Girls. Address Miss OSBORNE, 430 West 118th St., Morningside Heights. KINDERGARTEN NORMAL DEPARTMENT ETHICAL CULTURE SCHOOL Will open October 5, 1903, in its new building, Central Park West and 63d St. For information address 109 West 54th St. N. Y. City. CLARA de L. BERG, A. B., A. M. Graduate of Barnard College and Columbia University. Three years' experience in college preparatory tutoring. College references. Address 301 West 91st Street. NEW YORK, Pelham Manor. Mrs. Hazen's Suburban School for Girls Pelham Manor, N. Y. Half hour from New York. The Misses Ely's School for Girls General and College Preparatory Courses. Large recreation grounds. Riverside Drive, 85th and 86th Sts., New York City. THE ELLIMAN SCHOOL No. 167 West 57th St., opp. Carnegie Hall. Normal Training Class for Kindergarteners. 20th year. Mr. H. G. ELLIMAN. St. Martha's Industrial School BRONXVILLE, N. Y.--Under the care of the SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH OF NAZARETH (Episcopal). NEW YORK, New York, 733 and 735 Madison Ave., cor. 64th St. Mrs. Finch's Classes and Boarding School for Girls. A school with a college atmosphere. Mrs. JAMES WELLS FINCH, A.B., LL.B., Principal. CLASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Resident and Day pupils. Regular and Elective Courses. Special Music, Art, Literature, and Language, College certificates. Summer travel in Europe. Gymnasium. Home care and social recreation. Mrs. HELEN M. SCOVILLE, 2042 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. City. Chevr. Prof. A. FRABASILIS, D. Philol. of the University of Athens (Greece). Lessons and translations in European and Oriental Languages. Greek and Latin special studies. Also college work. 142 West 62d St., New York, N. Y. CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA, Belmont. BELMONT SCHOOL (FOR BOYS) sent its entire first class to Harvard, and it has never since been without representation there. It is fully accredited at our California Universities. A book of views gives a fair idea of the attractiveness of our buildings and grounds. The school year begins in August. W. T. REID, A.M. (Harvard), Head Master, W. T. REID, Jr., Assistant Head Master. Mills College & Seminary for Young Women California Confers degrees and grants diplomas. Seminary Course accredited to the Universities and leading Eastern Colleges ; rare opportunities offered in music, art, and elocution. Thirty-eighth year. Fall term opens Aug. 12th, 1903. Write for catalogue to Mrs. C. T. Mills, Pres., Mills College, P. O., Calif. CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES GIRL'S COLLEGIATE SCHOOL (Casa de Rosas) Perfect climate, beautiful home, thorough school. Certificate admits to Smith College, Wellesley College, Stanford University. Reopens September 24. Principals ALICE K. PARSONS, B. A. JEANNE W. DENNEN. CALIFORNIA The Harvard School (Military) LOS ANGELES, CAL. A Classical and English Boarding School. GRENVILLE C. EMERY, A.M., Head Master. Reference. Hon. WM. P. FRYE, Pres. Pro Tempore. U. S. Senate. CANADA ONTARIO LADIES' COLLEGE and Conservatory of Music and Art. Patronized by Premier of Dominion, Premier of Ontario, Minister of Education, etc. Pronounced by Governor General "The best of the kind he had seen in Canada." Catalogue, Rev. J. J. HARE, Ph. D., Principal, Whitby, Ontario, Canada. CONNECTICUT Black Hall School for Boys 28th YEAR Certificate admits to Amherst, Brown, Williams, and other colleges. By a system of individual instruction, with recitations in small classes, each boy has the special care and drill he needs in addition to the interest developed by class room work. Practical physical training ; new gymnasium ; large athletic field, running track, etc. Terms $600. Send for circular. CHARLES G. BARTLETT, Principal Black Hall, Connecticut The Fannie A. Smith KINDERGARTEN TRAINING SCHOOL One and two year courses. 863 La Fayette St., Bridgeport, Conn. CONNECTICUT, Brookfield Center. IT IS A BOY'S SALVATION ofttimes to receive training in the amenities and responsibilities of home together with those of the school room. THE CURTIS SCHOOL (for 22 boys) offers this in a unique degree. Founded by the present management 28 years ago, it has grown into a peculiar life which every boy under its roof shares and helps to maintain. Well organized home life is a great developer of character. Our book may reveal many possibilities of school life quite beyond your plans or hopes. $600. No new boy taken over 13 years of age. A separate room for each boy. FREDERICK S CURTIS, Principal. The Taconic School FOR GIRLS, Lakeville, Conn. Certificate admits to leading colleges. Special courses. Music, Art, Literature. New building. Near beautiful lake in the Berkshire Hills. Golf, tennis, basket ball, boating. Miss Lillian Dixon, A. B. (Wellesley and Bryn Mawr).THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT CONNECTICUT Connecticut--Norwalk. MISS BAIRD'S Home School for Girls. Receives about thirty-five resident pupils. 42 miles from New York City. An ideal environment for study and recreation. Broad culture and real training of mind, body, and manners. Parents appreciate the motherly interest and attention shown their daughters, the thorough mental culture, and the gains in health and happiness. It is a home school in the highest sense. Intermediate, Academic, and College Preparatory classes. For catalogue address MISS CORNELIA F. BAIRD, PRINCIPAL. Miss Porter's School, Farmington SIXTIETH YEAR The fall term will open Thursday, October 1. The school will be under the charge of Mrs. ROBERT PORTER KEEP, who will conduct it on the lines laid down by Miss PORTER. For circulars and other information address Mrs. KEEP, Farmington, Conn. MR. NEWTON B. HOBART, Principal of Greenwich Academy, Greenwich, Conn., would receive two boys into his home, carefully supervising their studies and giving his personal attention to their welfare in school and out. Board and tuition $700. References : Hamilton W. Mabie, LL.D.; Rev. Josiah Strong, D. D. HARTFORD THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Open to college graduates of all denominations on equal terms. Practical training for active pastorate. Specialization in all departments. Courses in Missions and Religious Pedagogy. Year opens Sept. 30, 1903. CONNECTICUT, New Milford. Weantinaug School for Young Boys Opens Sept 23d. Boarding School of high grade. Prepares for secondary schools. Gymnasium and outdoor sports. References. Send for pamphlet. Rev. FRANK BARNARD DRAPER, Head Master. Hillside, Norwalk, Connecticut Mrs. mead's School for Girls Thorough instruction. Small classes. Certificate admits to several leading colleges. Aim: personal development of the individual pupil in all that makes for character and scholarship. Miss Butts's School for Girls NORWICH, CONN. The next year will begin Thursday, Sept. 24, 1903. Boxwood School For Girls Old Lyme, Conn. College preparatory and elective courses. Unusual advantages in Music and Languages. Gymnasium, and all outdoor sports. The " Annex " for girls under fourteen is in care of trained nurse. For catalogue address MRS. RICHARD SILL GRISWOLD, Principal CONNECTICUT The Catharine Aiken School for Girls Stamford, Conn. Near New York. College preparation or academic course. Special advantages in Music, Art, Modern Languages, History and Literature. Physical, social, moral and mental development. For new catalogue address Mrs. Harriet Beecher Scoville Devan, A. B. (Wellesley). Betts Academy STAMFORD, CONN. 65TH Year For full information regarding Selected Courses Address WM. J. BETTS, M. A. (Yale), Principal. MANOR SCHOOL STAMFORD, CONN. College Preparatory. Manual Training without extra charge. New Dormitory, handsomely furnished throughout, hot and cold water in every room, shower baths, steam heat, electric light. Gymnasium 100 by 50 feet. Bowling Alleys, Billiards, Tennis, Athletic Field. Boating and fishing under direction of a master. Write for catalogue and book of photographs. LOUIS D. MARRIOTT, M.A., Head Master. THE KING SCHOOL. Stamford, Conn. College or business preparation. Attention given to physical culture and manual training. Special care for young boys. Refers to Dean of Yale College. Ten boarding pupils. Illustrated catalogue. H. U. KING, Principal. Deaf and hard-of-hearing adults can learn Lip=Reading at Home Easy, practical, rapid system. Lessons by mail. Results uniformly satisfactory. Terms moderate. Send for circular. DAVID GREENE, Southington, Conn. (Formerly in New York) 1833 1903 Suffield Academy A refined, homelike and thoroughly equipped boarding school for fifty boys. New chemical and physical laboratories, class rooms, dining hall and sleeping rooms. Heated by steam and lighted by electricity. Hot and cold water on every floor and in the best rooms. Thorough preparation for all leading colleges and technical schools. Certificates issued. 71st year September 8th. For catalogue, address Prin. H. L. THOMPSON, A. M., Suffield, Conn. CONNECTICUT, WALLINGFORD, 23 Academy St. The Phelps School for Girls College preparatory and special courses Address Miss SARA S. PHELPS KELSEY. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT NATIONAL PARK SEMINARY For YOUNG WOMEN Washington, D. C. (Suburbs) ADVANTAGES--CHARMING LOCATION, 20 minutes from Washington, 400 feet above the city, 20 trains a day, also electric cars, stations for both on grounds ; city and country advantages. PROXIMITY TO WASHINGTON, whose wonderful educational facilities are offered by no other city. Libraries, Museums, Departments of Government, Congress, Foreign Legations, Official and Social Life, studied carefully. EQUABLE CLIMATE, free from the rigors of the Northern winter, inviting outdoor life. Tennis, Basket Ball, Bowling, Golf, etc. COMPLETE EQUIPMENT, eleven buildings, including five Club Houses and Odeon, Library, Laboratory, fine Gymnasium, picturesque grounds. COURSE OF STUDY planned to produce womanly women. College preparation. Special advantages in Music, Art, and Elocution. Domestic Science Department. Thirty-three teachers and officers. A bright, cheery, happy, artistic and loving HOME. Health A MATTER OF FIRST CONSIDERATION. Personal care. Trained nurses. Abundant table. Every home comfort. Promotions dependent on daily grades, not examinations. TRAINING IN CHARACTER BUILDING given by a mother who has made it a study. PROVISION MADE FOR PLEASURE AND HAPPINESS as well as study. See our calendar of Pleasant, Home Happenings. Expenses $500 to $600. Early application necessary. 33 States represented last session. See August Century for pictures of several buildings. Send for catalogue containing pictures of the school and opinions of enthusiastic patrons. Address NATIONAL PARK SEMINARY, P. O. Box 118, Forest Glen, Md. Washington College A school for girls and young women located on a beautiful estate of 10 acres, within the National Capital. Surrounded, and within easy reach of the many and varied educational institutions for which Washington is famed. Faculty of cultured instructors of the highest grade. Enlarged building. Elegantly furnished rooms. Refined home life. College physician. Preparatory, Certificate and College Courses. Music, Art, Elocution. Terms $500 a year. For catalog address, F. MENEFEE, President, 3rd and T Sts., N. E., Washington, D. C. CONNECTICUT CONNECTICUT, Windsor. The Campbell School for Girls Prepares for any college for women. Regular and Special courses. Music, Art, Languages. Particularly attractive home and social life. For circular of full information address. A. H. CAMPBELL, A.M., Ph.D. DELAWARE Wilmington Military Academy Ideal and healthful location. Prepares for College, Government Schools, or Business. Special care and training for young boys. Scholarships. Send for illustrated catalog. WILLIAM H. MORRISON, B.S., Wilmington, Del. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BLISS ELECTRICAL SCHOOL Offers a theoretical and practical course in applied electricity, complete in one year. Students taught the actual construction of electrical instruments, dynamos, motors, etc., and trained for good positions. Opens September 28. Send for Catalogue to L. D. BLISS, Pres't. Station G, Washington, D. C. District of Columbia, Washington, Lafayette Square. Hamilton Institute. OPPOSITE THE WHITE HOUSE. Boarding and Day School for Girls and Young Ladies. Exceptional Educational and Social Advantages. Write for illustrated catalogue. Mrs. PHOEBE HAMILTON SEABROOK, Principal. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington. CHEVY CHASE SCHOOL for Girls French the language of the house. Woodley Road and 20th St., Washington, D. C. Mlle. L.M. BOULIGNY, Prin. MISS BRISTOL'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS College preparatory general and special courses. Morris Method of Singing--produces fine voices where none were supposed to exist. 1865 Mintwood Place, Washington, D. C. FRANCE Two Hours Paris Blois, France Villa de la Terrasse YOUNG LADIES' SEMINARY Comfortable Home. Large garden. Careful education. Courses by University professors. Examination. Pure French accent. References. MLLE. PIQUOT, Officer of the Academy, Directrice. GEORGIA SELECT HOME SCHOOL in South for young girls who need a mild climate. Highest references. Address No. 6,413, The Outlook. EUROPE The Thompson-Baldasseroni School of Travel For the superior education of young ladies. Nine months abroad visiting seven countries under university leadership, at usual school rates. Principal sails in October. Catalogue. Mrs. HELEN T. SCOTT, Secretary, Dover, N. H. ILLINOIS The University of Chicago offers over 275 elementary and college courses in 26 academic subjects by CORRESPONDENCE Especially helpful to teachers and those wishing to prepare for or supplement college work. Instruction is personal. Credit is allowed for college courses successfully completed. Work may begin at any time. For circular address THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO, ILL. STOP FORGETTING ! THE KEY TO SUCCESS Is the Dickson School of Memory's Mail Course Simple, inexpensive, easily acquired. Increases business capacity and social prestige by giving an alert, ready memory for names, faces, details of business, study. Develops will, capacity for thought, concentration. Booklet and trial copyrighted lesson FREE. Write now. Thousands of Successful Students. DICKSON SCHOOL OF MEMORY, 739 The Auditorium, Chicago.THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT " The school for young ladies celebrated throughout the West, where our mothers and grandmothers were taught--Monticello."--THE CRISIS. Old Monticello, (Founded 1835.) Long before the days of which Winston Churchill wrote, was famous for sound scholarship and influences that developed noble womanhood. The New Monticello (Rebuilt 1891.) begins its 66th year Sept. 24. true to the spirit of its founders. It meets the wider demands of the present with fine modern buildings and a well balanced Course of Study. Departments, each in charge of trained specialists, for English, Classic and Continental Languages, Science, Music, Art, etc. Completely equipped Gymnasium. Beautifully shaded Campus of 60 acres with Tennis Courts, Golf Links and Basket Ball Field. Apply early ; forty applicants on the waiting list last year. Address MISS H. N. HASKELL, Principal. MONTICELLO SEMINARY, GODFREY, ILLINOIS. KENTUCKY ASHLAND SEMINARY $250 a year. Graduates admitted on certificate to Wellesley and other colleges. Special courses. Fine advantages in Music, Art, Elocution, and Physical Culture. A delightful church school in the heart of the beautiful Blue Grass region. For catalogue address Mrs. H. OTTO-PACKARD, Principal, Versailles, Ky. MARYLAND MARYLAND, Baltimore, Roland Park The Baltimore Country School FOR GIRLS This school is situated in one of the most beautiful suburbs in the country, and is 20 minutes by electric cars from Baltimore. There is a large campus and well-equipped buildings, and the home life is simple and natural. Prepares for the leading colleges and is indorsed by prominent educators. For catalogue apply to Miss CORINNE JACKSON Miss BERTHA CHAPMAN Heads of the School. MARYLAND, Baltimore, Charles Street Avenue. Notre Dame of Md. College for Women and Preparatory School for Girls. Regular and Elective Courses. Extensive Grounds. Location Unsurpassed. Suburbs of Baltimore. Spacious Buildings, completely equipped. Conducted by School Sisters of Notre Dame. MASSACHUSETTS MASSACHUSETTS, ANDOVER. The Oldest Congregational Seminary ANDOVER Begins its 96th year Sept. 16th, 1903 Inspiring New England historic environment. Student associate work in Boston and other city churches. Central location. For catalogue, map, and views, fully descriptive of location, buildings, courses of study, lectureships, and special facilities. Apply to Prof. C. O. DAY. Lasell Seminary AUBURNDALE, MASS. A school of the first class for young women. Gives thorough training in a liberal arts course planned wholly for young women adding its specialty of Household Economics. Boston Masters in Music and Art. Annex department of household practice a decided success. For catalogue, address C. C. BRAGDON, Principal. Massachusetts, Boston, 97 Huntington Avenue BOSTON NORMAL SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS (Established in 1889 by the late Mrs. Mary Hemenway.) Will begin its fifteenth year September 22, 1903. Number of students limited. Miss AMY MORRIS HOMANS, Director. Perry Kindergarten Normal School 18 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Mass. Mrs. ANNIE MOSELEY PERRY, Principal. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT THE ALLEN SCHOOL WEST NEWTON, MASS. RECORD counts for something: In 50 years between four and five thousand students have been instructed here, coming from every state and territory in the U. S. and 40 foreign countries. BACKING counts for something: The present corporation includes some of the most prominent citizens of Newton. The list of references presents men of international reputation. EQUIPMENT counts: The new school house approaches the perfection of opportunity. It contains laboratory for sciences, workshop for manual training, library, maps and illustrative material, pianos and a two manual pipe organ, gymnasium of large area, and a white tile 33ft. swimming-tank, that boys and girls find irresistible. The environment is beautiful. Opportunities for all sports are abundant. TEACHERS count: The teaching force the past year included three Doctors of Philosophy. The ratio of regular teachers to pupils was one to five ; besides this thee were 9 special teachers. These facts alone give a tremendous advantage over the average public or private school. And the teachers know how to teach. They fit for any college or scientific school. SPIRIT counts: This is a happy school. The atmosphere of culture elevates the homes, mutual respect in the school room removes friction, kindness that is not weakness anticipates discipline. This School is Worth Investigating. 51st year begins Sept. 16, 1903. Boys and girls received in separate homes. Send for illustrated circular to ALBERT EDWARD BAILEY, Head Master, West Newton, Mass. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT MASSACHUSETTS Mitchell's Military Boys' School BILLERICA, MASS. A strictly Select Military Home School. Eighteen miles from Boston and six miles from Lowell. Fits for business, technical schools, and any college. Special care and training to young boys 7 to 10. Limited to 50 boys. $500 per year. Excellent military raining. No day pupils received. No examination for entrance required. Only requisite--good character. All teachers instructors of experience and graduates of college. Receives boys form 7 to 16 inclusive. Manual training department thoroughly equipped. Send for illustrated booklet. M. C. MITCHELL, Prop'r. Miss Weeks & Miss Lougee's SCHOOL For Young Ladies 252 MARLBOROUGH ST., BOSTON, MASS. A select school for a limited number of carefully chosen day and resident pupils. Instruction thorough. Courses elective. Preparation for college when desired. Unusually strong faculty in the languages. French, German, Spanish, English and Latin. Pupils enjoy the privileges of a pleasant congenial home, with suitable opportunities of availing themselves of the advantages in music, art, lectures, theatres and social recreations afforded by a city residence. Opens October 1st. For Catalogue, address the Principals. BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, 401 Beacon Street MISS FRANCES VOSE EMERSON'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS who wish city opportunities and thorough class work. College Preparatory, Regular and Advanced Courses Golf and horseback riding. Miss Annie Coolidge Rust's Froebel-School Kindergarte Normal Classes Two years' course Preparatory and post-graduate courses. Music on kindergarten principles. 12th year. Catalogue. Address MISS RUST, 811 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS--Boston, 324 Commonwealth Avenue. THE COMMONWEALTH AVENUE SCHOOL, FOR GIRLS Preparatory course fits for the best colleges. General course offers highest advantages in History, Literature, Modern Languages, Art Study, Music. 22d year begins Oct. 7, 1903. The Misses Gilman, Principals. For Prospectus address Miss FANNY C. GUILD, Acting Principal. MASSACHUSETTS, BOSTON, Room 29, Pierce Bldg., Copley Sq. School of English Speech and Expression Graduating, Normal, Artistic or Professional courses. Elocution, English, Physical Culture Class and private work included in each course. For circular address Miss MARIE WARE LAUGHTON, Prin. The Gilman School for Girls Also Called The Cambridge School Resident pupils, $1,000. ARTHUR GILMAN, A.M., Director, Cambridge, Mass. The Browne and Nichols School Cambridge, Mass. For Boys. 21st year. Course, 8 years. Classes limited to 15. Pupils continuously under head teacher in each department. Exceptional facilities for fitting for Harvard. Illustrated catalogue. THE LEE SCHOOL 9 Channing St., Cambridge, Mass. Miss M. L. KELLY, Principal. MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Admission to the Freshman Class Examinations for admission to the Freshman Class of Harvard College, and the First-Year Class of the Lawrence Scientific School will be held in Cambridge, from September 21 to 26, 1903. For the programme of examinations, the rules governing them, and specimen papers, application should be made to JOHN G. HART, Secretary. 6 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. Admission to the Graduate School Graduates of approved colleges and technical schools are admitted to the Graduate School without examination. For information concerning the requirements of residence and study, and the terms of admission to candidacy for the degrees of A.M., S.M., Ph.D., and S.D., application should be made to the DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, 6 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. Admission as Special Students, or to advanced standing Persons who give satisfactory evidence of their ability to pursue courses of study under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, may be admitted without examination as Special Students in Harvard College or the Lawrence Scientific School, or be assigned to whatever class in those departments (above the Freshman Class) their previous training may qualify them to enter. Application should be made to JOHN G. HART, Secretary, 6 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. BRADFORD ACADEMY FOR YOUNG WOMEN Miss Laura A. Knott, A. M., Prin. 100th year. College preparatory and general courses. Two years' course for high school graduates. Music, Art. 25 acres. One hour from Boston. Catalogue and book of views, address Bradford Academy, Bradfor, Mass. SCHOOL FOR BOYS Located in the beautiful town of historic CONCORD. Prepares boys for college or scientific school. For circulars address THOMAS H. ECHFELDT. Head Master, Concor, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS, Easthampton. Williston Seminary An endowed academy for boys. 62d year begins in September. Cottage system. Biological, Physical, and Chemical Laboratories, Gymnasium and athletic grounds. Catalogue free. JOSEPH H. SAWYER, L.H.D., Principal. Framingham Training School FOR NURSES Tenth year : Systematic instruction in Domestic Science [in co-operation with State Normal School of Household Arts}, Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, Hospital Nursing, Private Nursing, etc., etc., covering a graded course of three years. Model laboratory kitchen for scientific instruction in cookery for the sick ; Home nursing under charge of especial instructor ; Hospital work in conjunction with the Framington Hospital. Fall term begins October the first. FRANK W. PATCH, M.D. Supervisor A. L. STEWART Supt. South Framington, Mass. WALNUT HILL SCHOOL NATICK, MASS. A college preparatory school for girls. Catalogue sent on application. Miss CONANT and Miss BIGELOW, Principals LAWRENCE ACADEMY, Groton, Mass. Endowed, limited school for boys over ten. Founded 1793. Fits for all colleges, scientific and technical schools. $500. No extras. For year book address H. H. BINGHAM, Principal. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT Worcester Academy 70th Year Begins Sept. 8th, 1903 A Preparatory School that has realized high educational ideals, training boys to use their powers of observation, concentration, and reasoning. We aim not simply to get boys into the Universities, but prepare them to do profitable work in college, scientific school, and business. Facility of eye and hand is obtained by laboratory work and manual training. Physical improvement and sound health result from compulsory exercise in gymnasium and out-of-door sports on the oval and cinder track. Write for illustrated catalogue, showing some of the distinctive advantages of Worcester Academy. D. W. ABERCROMBIE, LL.D., Principal, Worcester, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS ROGERS HALL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Healthfully located. Faces Rogers Fort Hill Park. Beautiful grounds devoted to outdoor sports. Golf, Tennis, Basket Ball, Field Hockey. Certificate admits to Smith, Vassar, Wellesley, Wells, and Mt. Holyoke. Each pupil a subject of personal care, influence, and instruction. For catalogue address Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, M. A., Principal, Lowell, Mass. DEAN ACADEMY FRANKLIN, MASS. Young men and young women find here a homelike atmosphere, thorough and efficient training in every department of a broad culture, a loyal and helpful school spirit. Liberal endowment permits liberal terms, $225 per year. For catalogue and information address ARTHUR W. PEIRCE, Litt. D., Principal, Franklin, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS, Greenfield. PROSPECT HILL SCHOOL for Girls 36th year. Graduate, elective, and college preparatory courses. Golf, tennis, and basket ball. Illus. catalog. Miss CAROLINE R. CLARK, M.A., Prin. VERITAS SUPRA OMNI Mount Ida School for Girls. Six miles from Boston. College preparatory, general courses. Music and Art. Beautiful, healthful location. Gymnasium and all outdoor sports. Address GEORGE F. JEWETT, A.B. (Harvard), NEWTON, MASS. WHEATON SEMINARY for Young Women Norton, Mass. (Healthfully located within 30 miles of Boston.) 69th year begins Sept. 16, 1903. Endowed college preparatory, with advanced courses for high school graduates and others. Art and music. Experienced teachers. Native French and German. New brick gymnasium, with resident instructor : tennis, basket-ball, field-hockey, golf. Steam and electricity. Catalogue and views on application to the President, Rev. SAMUEL V. COLE, A.M., D.D. MASSACHUSETTS Miss Hall's School In the Berkshire Hills On a handsome estate 1,000 feet above sea level, girls are given an outdoor life, a college preparatory or a general education by a carefully chosen faculty. For catalogue address. Miss MIRA H. HALL, Principal, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The MacDuffie School FOR GIRLS Springfield, Mass. Combines the best features of a college preparatory and finishing school, with exceptional advantages for post-graduate work. Unusual facilities in music, art, and domestic science. Occupies the beautiful mansion and grounds of the late Samuel Bowles, of the Springfield Republican. 2+ pictures on request. JOHN MACDUFFIE, Ph.D. MASSACHUSETTS, Merrimac. Whittier Home School College Preparatory and Elective courses. Cultured home, exceptional individual instruction to limited number of girls. Music, Art, Gymnasium, Golf, Tennis. Catalogue on application. A. B. and W. C. RUSSELL, Principals. WINDSOR HALL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, Send for circular. Anna M. Goodnow, A.B., Principal, Waban, Mass. Howard Seminary For Girls and Young Ladies Famous for the excellent results it has achieved, for the earnest spirit of its staff of teachers and the homelike atmosphere of its school life. Large endowments have made low terms, possible-- $350 to $400 a year. Academic, College Preparatory and Special Courses. Miss SARAH E. LAUGHTON, Principal, West Bridgewater, Mass. HOWARD SEMINARY DISCE UT VICTURUS WEST BRIDGEWATER MASS. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT MASSACHUSETTS The HIGHLAND Military Academy Worcester, Mass. 48th Year. (1) A commanding, healthful situation in the residential part of the "Academic City." (2) Its graduates are found in the best collegiate and scientific institutions in American, hence : (3) It maintains a high grade of scholarship and an enviable standard of deportment among its pupils. (4) It combines the best approved methods of military discipline with (5) the comforts and watchful supervision of a well ordered home. (6) Amply appointed laboratories. (7) Wholesome and abundant food. Visitor: The Rt. Rev. ALEX H. VINTON, D. D. , Springfield. Head Master: JOSEPH ALDEN SHAW, A.M. WABAN SCHOOL WABAN, MASS. A superior preparatory school for boys. J. H. PILLSBURY, A. M., Principal. ROCK RIDGE HALL A school for boys. High and dry location. Laboratories. New gymnasium. Mechanic Arts. Scholarships. A vigorous school life. American ideals. Descriptive pamphlet, with many carefully executed full page illustrations, sent free on request. Dr. G. R. WHITE, Principal, Wellesley Hills, Mass. MISS KIMBALL'S SCHOOL For Girls. Woodland Ave., WORCESTER, MASS. 18th year. Prepares for any college. General course. Special advantages in Music and Elocution. Gymnasium. Out-of-door sports. Delightful excursions. Permanent home and care for motherless girls. MICHIGAN Study Law At Home Our way of teaching law by mail has prepared our students for practice in every State, for success in business and public life. The original school, established 13 years. Write for catalogue Sprague Correspondence School of Law, 313 Majestic Building, Detroit, Mich. MINNESOTA YOUR BOY'S EDUCATION Climate is all important with other advantages. No school has the invigorating climate of Shattuck. Boys seven to twelve years of age in ideal school by themselves. Address SHATTUCK SCHOOL, Faribault, Minn. GRAHAM HALL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. ZULEMA A. RUBLE CARRIE F. BARTLETT NEW HAMPSHIRE The Phillips Exeter Academy 1781=1903 123d year will open on Wednesday, September 16, 1903. For catalogue, with pamphlet of views, address HARLAN P. AMEN, Principal, EXETER, New Hampshire. NEW JERSEY NEW JERSEY. BORDENTOWN. BORDENTOWN MILITARY INSTITUTE Every influence tends to start a boy right, physically, morally, mentally. Courses prepare for college or business life. Catalogue on request. Rev. T. H. LANDON, A.M., Prin. Maj. T. D. LANDON, Commandant. New Jersey, Bridgeton IVY HALL SCHOOL for Girls Near Philadelphia Founded in 1861 College Preparatory and General Courses. Basket-Ball, Tennis. Miss SARAH BEDELL MACDONALD, A.B. Principals. Miss JANE CORWIN FINN, A.B. NEW JERSEY DWIGHT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Combines the best features of the college preparatory and finishing schools, with special advantages for post-graduate work. Offers the congenial atmosphere of a refined home for a limited number of resident pupils. For illustrated year book, address Miss E. S. CREIGHTON, Miss E. W. FARRAR, - - Principals Englewood, New Jersey. St. Mary's Hall BURLINGTON, NEW JERSEY Rev. JOHN FEARNLEY, M.A., Rector. Mrs. FEARNELY, Principal. Opens Sept. 30. THE VAIL-DEANE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Preparation for college by a corps of teachers representing the leading institutions. Endorsed by President of Vassar and Dean of Barnard. Attractive home and social life. Limited number of pupils insures individual care. Advantages of New York. For catalogue address LAURA A. VAIL, Principal, Elizabeth, N. J. New Jersey Military Academy FREEHOLD, N. J. $400 per year. Experienced teachers assure thorough and quick preparation for college or business. Handsome buildings, newly refitted and provided with all modern improvements. Gymnasium. New manual training department Healthful location. 42 miles from New York, 12 miles from Lakewood near the pines. A visit requested. Circular upon application. COL. C. J. WRIGHT, A. M., WALTER HEWETSON, A. B., Principals. FREEHOLD Military School FOR YOUNG BOYS 9 to 17 Home school. Thorough instruction. Small classes. Military training and discipline, but not of a reformatory nature. Refined surroundings. Gymnasium. Athletic sports. We prepare for any college. Only five vacancies. For illustrated catalogue address MAJOR DUNCAN, Principal, Freehold, N. J. NEW JERSEY--Montclair, fourteen miles from New York Cloverside School for Girls Early application necessary. Address MISS E. TIMLOW. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT NEW JERSEY NEW JERSEY, HIGHTSTOWN. Peddie Institute. A high-grade college preparatory school for both sexes. Also prepares for Law and Medical Schools. Classical, Scientific, and English courses. Exceptional advantages in Music and Art. A separate business course, with stenography and typewriting. Magnificent buildings, chemical and physical laboratories, gymnasium, athletic field, and cinder track. 36th year opens September 16th. Catalogue free on application. R. W. SWETLAND, A. B., Principal. MONTCLAIR MILITARY ACADEMY Just enough of the military life to reap its physical benefits, and to promote a spirit of obedience and respect for authority. Boys are not treated collectively--the aim is towards the highest attainments of the individual in his preparation for college or business life. Large gymnasium. Every provision for outdoor sports. Healthful location. U. S. Army officer detailed. For catalogue, address JOHN G. MacVICAR, A.M. Walden Pl., Monclair, N. J. TRINITY SCHOOL (Inc.) MORRISTOWN, N. J. A Perfect system of Individual Instruction, making advancement rapid and satisfactory. THOROUGH INSTRUCTION IN HORSEMANSHIP. (U. S. Cavalry regulations.) Army "setting-up" drill. All outdoor sports. For Catalogue address Rev. W. H. C. LYLBURN. Miss Dana's School for Girls MORRISTOWN, N. J. (Suburban to New York.) Exceptionally broad curriculum. Certificate admits to four leading colleges. Music and Art. Resident pupils, $900. Catalogue on request NEW JERSEY, NEWARK, 54 Park Place. Miss Townsend's School for Girls Academic and special courses. Certificate admits to Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, and other colleges. Pleasant home for a limited number of pupils. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY New Brunswick, N. J. Founded 1784. Year begins Sept. 22, 1903. Definite training for the ministry. B.D. and P.G. courses. Special facilities for mission study and work. Library, 47,000 volumes. Gymnasium. Dormitory. Open to all denominations. Catalogue on application. W. H. S. DEMAREST, Secretary Miss Beard's Home School for Girls COLLEGE PREPARATORY Suburban to New York. 112, 118, and 124 Berkeley Ave., Orange, N. J. KENT PLACE SCHOOL for Girls SUMMIT, NEW JERSEY (Near New York City) An incorporated school which strives to give girls the best training for body, mind, and character. Graduates in Wellesley, Vassar, Smith, and Bryn Mawr. Certificate rights. Extensive grounds. New Gymnasium. All sports. Year Book and views on application. Mrs. SARAH WOODMAN PAUL, Principal. Hamilton W. Mabie, LL. D., Pres. Board of Trustees. NEW JERSEY SUMMIT ACADEMY, Summit, N.J. FOR BOYS. A limited number of resident pupils received into the Principal's family. Home comforts and refinements combined with firm discipline. JAMES HEARD, A.M., Principal. NEW YORK The Wells School : For Girls Offers thorough training for all the leading women's colleges. Also a strong General Course of Study. Attractive and healthful outdoor life. For illustrated catalogue, address Miss ANNA R. GOLDSMITH, A B., Principal, Aurora-on-Cayuga, N. Y. THE DOOLITTLE SCHOOL For Children of Retarded Mental Development Wonderfully successful in enlarging physical and mental powers of defectives. Calisthenics, military drill, sloyd ; usual school studies and music, according to capacity. Comfortable home, spacious grounds, ample facilities. For particulars address Miss Sophia A. Doolittle, 82 Fairview Ave., Binghamton, N. Y. THE LADY JANE GREY SCHOOL Binghamton, N. Y.--Mrs. Hyde and Daughters' School for Girls. Special and regular courses. Preparation for College and European travel. Address Mrs. JANE GREY HYDE. 15 BOYS CLINTON PREPARATORY SCHOOL CLINTON, N. Y. (9 miles from Utica) Boys 10 to 14 at time of entrance preferred. Primary, Academic, and College Preparatory studies. Beautiful grounds, 10 acres, 6 teachers, the best of care, influence, and instruction. J. B. WHEELER, A.M., Principal. References : BISHOP HUNTINGTON, BISHOP WHITEHEAD, FOUR COLLEGE PRESIDENTS. Fort Edward Collegiate Institute For young women and girls. 46th year. September 22d. For illustrated catalogue, address JOS. E. KING, D.D., Pres., Fort Edward, New York. MISS BENNETT'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS IRVINGTON-ON-HUDSON, N. Y. 40 min. from N. Y. Faculty of thirteen specialists. Thirteenth year begins October, 1903. LARCHMONT MANOR SCHOOL LARCHMONT MANOR, N. Y. An ideal location, eighteen miles from New York. An excellent school with home influence. Two or three more girls can be taken as boarding pupils. Illustrated booklet sent on request. MARY E. HULL. Address HULL AND HUNTINGTON. GRACE HUNTINGTON. NEW YORK, Ludlow-on-Hudson (half-hour from New York). Ingleside French-English School An ideal home school for ten girls. General and elective courses. Girls are taught to support themselves in case of need. Exceptional advantages. $400 to $600. Highest New York references. Entrance any time. MME. M. DE LINELLE-COOPER Principal. NEW YORK. Mount Vernon 25 minutes from N. Y. City. The Lockwood Collegiate School for Girls. Beautiful suburban home with all the advantages of the Metropolis. Thorough instruction in music, languages, and art. Certificate received at Vassar, Wellesley, and other colleges. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT CINNCINATI CONSERVATORY of MUSIC. ESTABLISHED 1867. Miss Clara Baur. Directress. Instructs, trains and educates after the best methods of Foremost European Conservatories. The faculty numbers some of the Leading Musicians and Artists of today. MUSIC ELOCUTION LANGUAGES Location Ideal with respect to home comfort and luxurious surroundings. The handsomest and most completely equipped buildings devoted to music in America. Day and resident students may enter at any time. For illustrated Catalogue, address MISS CLARA BAUR Highland Ave., Oak St. and Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, O. NEW YORK Nyack Military Academy NYACK ON HUDSON, N.Y. 29 miles from New York City. A SELECT MILITARY BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. Address The SUPERINTENDENT. New York--Nyack-on-Hudson. Mrs. Salisbury's Home School for Girls Twenty-first year. Limited number secures the advantages of home life and individual instruction. Prepares for college or social life. Annex for younger girls. Terms $500. For circulars and references address . Mrs. IMOGENE SALISBURY. "Stone Upon Stone" is not only the translation of its name, but describes the thorough conservative building of character and education given to pupils of The Ossining School for Girls [Suburban to New York.] Special attention given to the acquirement of grace, dignity and refinement of bearing and manner. Prepares for college. Certificate admits to leading colleges. Also academic course with advanced courses in Art and Music. Fully equipped gymnasium. 36th year. Year book with views of the school on application. Miss C. C. FULLER, Principal, Ossining-on-the-Hudson, N. Y. New York, Ossining-on-the-Hudson. Mount Pleasant Military Academy Founded as the war of 1812 closed, still maintains its honest and honorable record for nearly a century. For its year book, which you will like, address CHARLES FREDERICK BRUSIE, Principal. Worrall Hall Military Academy Peekskill, N. Y. Excellent instruction by experienced teachers; individual, if necessary, without extra charge; thorough and quick preparation for college or business: $400 per year. Address PRINCIPAL. Peekskill Military Academy Peek-on-Hudson, N. Y. 70th year. Prepares for College Government Academies, and business. U. S. Army officer detailed. Gymnasium. Athletics. For catalogue address The Principals. POSITIONS secured for all graduates of EASTMAN's complete commercial course. Instruction by mail or in person. Expenses low. No vacation. Send for free catalogue. C. C. GAINES, Box 790 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., or 119 West 125th Street, New York, N. Y. Miss C. E. MASON'S SUBURBAN SCHOOL for GIRLS THE CASTLE Tarrytown-on-Hudson, N. Y. An ideal school. Advantages of N. Y. City. All departments. Special courses in Art, Music, Literature. Languages, etc. For illustrated circular Y, address Miss C. E. MASON, LL. M NEW YORK THE MISSES METCALF'S Boarding and Day School for Girls Tarrytown, N. Y. College preparation. Physical Culture, Tennis, Basket-ball. Reopens September 22nd. New York, Tarrytown-on-Hudson. Irving Institute, Non-Military Fall term, Sept 23d. J. M. Furman, A.M., Principal. New York, Poughkeepsie. Riverview Academy Military training gives the self- control and alertness that make the accomplished man. Classical, Scientific, and Business Courses. U. S. Army Officer. 68th year. For catalogue address J. B. BISBEE, A.M., Principal. LYNDON HALL, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. A Home School for Girls. Vassar Preparation a specialty SAMUEL WELLS BUCK, A.M., Principal PUTNAM HALL SCHOOL Vassar Preparation a specialty. Frances A. Welbasky Ellen Clizbe Bartlett POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y. Rye Seminary Rye, New York. For particulars address Mrs. S. J. LIFE, The Misses STOWE. OHIO Ohio Military Institute College Hill, Cincinnati, O. Ideal school and home. Improvement in health and vigor specially marked. Illustrated catalogue. Rev. John Hugh Ely, A.M., Regent. CINCINNATI, OHIO, Lenox Place, Avondale. The H. Thane Miller School for Girls Home and Day School. Limited in numbers. Preparatory and advanced courses. Special advantages in Languages, Literature, History and Art. Preparation for Foreign travel. Address Mrs. EMMA P. SMITH MILLER or Miss E. LOUISE PARRY, A.M. The Bartholomew-Clifton School FOR GIRLS An attractive home department for a limited number of resident. pupils. Fits for the best colleges. Special advantages in Music, Arts, and Languages. G. K. BARTHOLOMEW, Ph.D., Regent. MISS E. A. ELY, A.M., Principal. MISS M. F. SMITH, Associate Principal. Evanswood, Clifton, Cincinnati. OHO, Cleveland, 1020 Prospect Street, Miss Mittlebergers's Home and Day School College preparatory and general courses. KENYON MILITARY ACADEMY An unexcelled school [with] unsurpassed environment. Sixty acres of grounds [golf] [?] and complete gymnasium. Prepares for all colleges and [technical] schools. Flexible two years' business course. 80th year. C. N. WYANT, Regent, Gambier, Ohio. OBERLIN ACADEMY 71st year begins September 23d, 1903 Seventeen instructors. Thoroughly equipped to prepare for any college or scientific school. New courses in History and Science. New gymnasium. Expenses reasonable. For catalogue apply to JOHN FISHER PECK, Principal, Box F 55, Oberlin, Ohio. THE OUTLOOK EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT OHIO OHIO, Oberlin. Kindergarten Training Best instruction -- Lectures from Professors of Oberlin College -- Literary and Musical advantages -- Charges moderate. 10th year begins Sept. 23d, 1903. For catalogue address SECRETARY OBERLIN KINDERGARTEN ASSOCIATION, Drawer H. PENNSYLVANIA PENNSYLVANIA, Bethlehem. MORAVIAN SEMINARY FOR GIRLS Founded 1749. Address J. MAX HARK, D.D., Principal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, Pa. Within 12 years 166 pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine fireproof stone building. 25 acres of beautiful grounds. For circular address the Secretary. FLORENCE BALDWIN, Ph.B., Principal JANE L. BROWNELL. A.M., Associate Principal Pennsylvania Military College Chester, Pa. 42nd Year begins September 16th. Degrees in Civil Engineering, Chemistry, Arts. Thorough Preparatory Courses. Infantry, Artillery, Cavalry. "A Military School of the best type in every respect."-- WAR DEPT. Catalogues of COL. CHAS. E. HYATT President. Chestnut Hill Academy Wissahickon Heights Chestnut Hill, Pa. A boarding school for boys. 30 minutes from Broad Street Station, Philadelphia. JAMES L. PATTERSON, Head Master. Haverford Grammar School A College Preparatory School for Boys. Nine miles from Philadelphia. Surroundings beautiful, healthful, refined. A Boarding School emphasizing the best influence of a home. Numbers limited to secure the best individual development. Equipment complete and thoroughly modern. New Recitation Halls, Athletic Shed, Swimming Pool and Gymnasium. Its graduates among the alumni of all the leading colleges. Its prominence in all branches of athletics due to its superb natural facilities for out-door sports, and to the policy of providing for every boy the most thorough physical training under staff supervision. A school thus planned to give the best at any cost cannot offer low terms, but merits the careful investigation of thoughtful parents. Vacancies are filled from the waiting list. Illustrated circular on application. CHARLES S. CROSMAN, Head Master, Haverford, Pa. Maplewood, Concordville, Pa. 40 boys prepared for business or college. Gymnasium. Athletic field. Former students now successful business men, doctors, lawyers, legislators, etc. One in U. S. Senate. PENNSYLVANIA Germantown, Philadelphia Walnut Lane School and Wellesley Preparatory. For Girls. Highest attainments in scholarship. Attractive home and social life. Golf, tennis, basket-ball. Mrs. THEODORA B. RICHARDS, Principal. Pennsylvania -- Overbrook. MISS SAYWARD'S SCHOOL for girls, in charming, healthful suburb of Philadelphia. Delightful home, modern building recently enlarged, college preparatory and special courses, musical department, out-door sports. Develops character, mind and body. MISS S. J. SAYWARD, Prin. PENNSYLVANIA Swarthmore Preparatory School A co-educational school, cottage system, with separate cottages for boys and girls. The excellent educational work, the privileges extended to students by Swarthmore College, the beauty of its location and surroundings, the fine gymnasium, running track, athletic field, and the comfortable home life of students, explain the remarkable success of this school. 16 of last year's graduates were enrolled at college. The terms are moderate, and as but few vacancies exist new students are requested to register early. A visit to the school is usually convincing to those in doubt. Illustrated catalog and athletic circular sent on request. Arthur H. Tomlinson, Principal, Swarthmore, Pa. OGONTZ SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES Twenty minutes from Philadelphia, two hours from New York. Mr. Jay Cook's fine property. For circulars address MISS SYLVIA J. EASTMAN, Principal, Ogontz School P. O., Pa. Miss GIBSON'S FAMILY & DAY SCHOOL For Girls. 2322 (formerly 2037) DeLancey Pl., Phila., Pa. 32d year. Full term begins October 1st, 1903. College preparatory. THE EDUCATIONAL CLUB of PHILADELPHIA solicits the patronage of schools of all grades requiring the services of teachers and tutors of superior qualifications. S. E. Corner 13th and Locust Streets, Philadelphia. The Stevens School FOR GIRLS. 35th year. Certificate admits to leading colleges. Experienced teachers. Attractive home life. Gymnasium. Telephone. Address for circulars, MRS. J. F. DRIPPS, Prin., 211 W Chelten Ave., Germantown, Phila., Pa. PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia, 822 N. Broad St. Philadelphia Conservatory of Music 27th season. Offers all facilities for a thorough musical education. 40 artist teachers employed. For catalogue, apply to RICHARD C. SCHIRMER, Director. PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia, Oak Lane. Marshall Seminary For Girls Academic and Music Departments. College Preparatory and Special Courses. Ideal location Comfortable and cultured home life. For particulars and illustrated circulars, address Miss E. S. MARSHALL ARMITAGE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS WAYNE, PA. Main line P. R. R., near Philadelphia. Tuition $550. Healthful location, pure water, extensive grounds, thorough instruction, College Preparatory and Finishing Courses. Special advantages in Music and Arts. For illustrated year book address The Secretary. PENNSYLVANIA ST. LUKE'S SCHOOL WAYNE, PA. (14 Miles from Philadelphia) Forty years successful in preparing boys for college or busi- ness. Careful individual instruction. Buildings all new last year. 30 acres for all sports. Gymnasium, with swimming pool. CHARLES HENRY STROUT, A.M., Headmaster. The Darlington Seminary A high-grade school for girls. Convenient to New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. Courses: Collegiate, Conservatory, Art, Special. Athletics. Location ideal. $210 per year. Superior opportunities at moderate cost. Send for catalogue. F. P. Bye, Pres. ; R. DARLINGTON, Vice Pres., West Chester, Pa. The Beeches A Home School for Mentally Retarded and Nerv- ous Children. Twelve miles east of Harrisburg, Pa. For particulars address Miss EDITH E. SHAFFER, Principal, Or E. E. B. SHAFFER, M.D., West Hanover, Dauphin Co., Pa. RHODE ISLAND FRIENDS SCHOOL Founded by Friends over a century ago : but open to all denomi- nations. Endowed. 280 pupils enrolled, boys and girls. Ideal com- bination of school and home life. $350 a year. Catalogue. AUGUSTINE JONES, LL.B., Principal, Providence, R. I. TENNESSEE Ward Seminary For Young Ladies, Nashville, Tenn. 38th year begins Sept. 24. LIterary Courses, Music, Art, Elocution. $300 to $500. Certification to Wellesley, Baltimore Woman's College. Faculty 30. Patronage 37th year 22 states. Mild, equable climate. For Catalogue H address J. D. BLANTON, President, P. O. Box 4. THE PRUDENTIAL HAS THE STRENGTH OF GIBRALTAR THE ONLY ROCK On Which You Can Place Absolute Reliance is Life Insurance. Lift the Cup of Future Happiness for Your Family by Securing a Policy in The Prudential INSURANCE CO. OF AMERICA. John F. Dryden, Prest. Write for Information Dept. 19. Home Office: Newark, N. J. The Outlook Vol. 75 September 5, 1903 No. 1 CONTENTS THE WEEK: The Indian Land Investigation ..... 1 Vardaman Chosen in Mississippi ..... 1 The Democratic Conventions ..... 2 Child Labor Reform Rejected in Georgia .. 2 The Wrong King Of Industrial Harmony .. 3 The New Governor-General of the Philippines ....4 The Macedonian Insurrection ....5 Religious Strife in England ...6 The Zionists ....6 The Christianizing of Japan ....7 The Brotherhood of the Kingdom ....8 Frederick Law Olmsted ....9 Charles C. Bonney ....9 International Contests ....10 Two Minutes "Flat" ....10 EDITORIALS: The Change in the War Department ....11 Turkey and America ....12 Chamberlainism and Canada ....13 "All and in All" ....15 Jacob A. Riis ....16 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES: Has Reform "Made Good"? ....18 By Jacob A. Riis The Life of a Locomotive Engineer ....25 By Frank H. Spearman Tolstoy To-Day ....35 By Edward A. Steiner The Gargoyle's Secret (Poem) ....42 By Merivale Philbrick-Reed With the Gloucester Fisherman ....43 By A. W. Dimock The First Chief of Staff (Portrait and Sketch of General Samuel B. M. Young) ....53 The New American Navy: Work of the Navy Since the War with Spain ....55 By John D. Long American Life in Whitman's Poetry ....67 By Hamilton W. Mabie Georges Bizet ....79 By Daniel Gregory Mason The Imperturbability of Mikey Finnegan ....88 By Ruth Craft Books of the Week ....91 The Outlook is a Weekly Newspaper an an Illustrated Monthly Magazine in one. It is published every Saturday-- fifty-two issues a year. The first issue in each month is an Illustrated Magazine Number, containing about twice as many pages as the regular weekly issue, and many pictures. Price.-- The subscription price is Three Dollars a year, payable in advance. Ten cents a copy. Postage is Prepaid by the publishers for all subscriptions in the United States, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Islands, Guam, Porto Rico, Tutuila Samoa, Canada, and Mexico. For all other countries in the Postage Union add $1.56 for postage. Change of Address.--When a change of address is ordered, both the new and the old address must be given. The notice should be sent one week before the change is to take effect. Discontinuances.--If a subscriber wishes his copy of the paper discontinued at the expiration of his subscription, notice to that effect should be sent. Otherwise it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. How to Remit.--Remittances should be sent by Draft on New York. Express-Order, or Money-Order, payable to order of THE OUTLOOK COMPANY. Cash should be sent in Registered Letter. Letters should be addressed: THE OUTLOOK COMPANY 287 Fourth Avenue, New York Copyright, 1903, by The Outlook Company. Entered as second-class matter in the New York Post Office.IF you are using Ivory Soap for the bath alone you are getting only part of the satisfaction that it gives. Its purity and quick, thorough action fit it for many purposes, and the safety with which it can be used on any surface gives it peculiar value as an all-round cleanser. Where snow-white freshness is required Ivory Soap is needed. IT FLOATS. The Outlook Published Weekly Vol. 75 September 5, 1903 No. 1 The Indian Land Investigation Accusations against officials in Indian Territory have been added this week to those already made. Many of the statements, however, are qualified by the words " it is said " and the like. The letter of Mr. Brosius, summarized in The Outlook last week, remains the most specific description of the state of affairs that has yet been made public. Still, some of these accusations relate to transactions which, if untrue, could easily be disproved. For instance, it is asserted that the offices of one of the land companies are in the same building with those of the Dawes Commission, and indeed in the same rooms formerly occupied by the Commission ; and that Indians who desire to deal with the Dawes Commission walk into these offices, transact their business, and depart unaware that they have disposed of their lands to a company whose purpose it is to make all the money it can out of the Indians' possessions; and yet among the directors of this company are, it is declared, Government officials appointed to protest the Indians' rights. Members of the Dawes Commission have written to Secretary Hitchcock declaring that " a work unparalleled in the history of civilization . . . is threatened by fanatical reports and questionable journalism," and asking for an investigation. Secretary Hitchcock has replied that their request " has been anticipated," and that " arrangements are in progress which will be consummated with the least possible delay." The announcement also comes from the Department of Justice that the acts of its officials in Indian Territory are to be scrutinized. There seems to be no doubt that the methods of dealing with the Indians in the distribution of their lands will be thoroughly investigated and that wrong-doers will be given short shrift. Vardaman Chosen in Mississippi On Thursday of last week the Democratic primaries in Mississippi resulted in the choice of Vardaman, the reactionary candidate for nominee as Governor, by a majority of about four thousand. His opponent, Judge Critz, had until a few days before the primaries the better chance for election ; but then there appeared a canard that his election was favored by President Roosevelt, and there were enough simple-minded Mississippi Democrats to believe it and turn the scales against him. Vardaman has been going up and down the State indulging in personal revilings of the President, and has dared even to venture a low jest about a Southern woman. Apparently a majority of Mississippi Democrats are not sensitive to indignities toward Southern womanhood when they are indulged in by one of their own number. Vardaman, too, has been furious in his contempt for the negroes of his State ; he has advocated hotly the withholding from the colored race of all public schools except those that can be supported by small taxes paid by colored men themselves. Apparently the majority of Democratic voters are willing to injure their own State--for the proposition to keep a majority of its inhabitants in ignorance is a proposition to injure the State as a whole--under the curious idea that thereby they assert their own superiority. Of all the citizens in this country, those most disheartened at this result will be among Mississippi Democrats themselves. Governor Longino, an enlightened, able man, has been defeated for the United States Senate 12 The Outlook [5 September by Senator Money, a hard, implacable contemner of the negroes; and now Judge Critz, a man who stands for humane and intelligent dealings with the black race, has been defeated by a vulgar demagogue. It looks as if Mississippi had decided, temporarily at least, to make of itself a promoter of ignorance and illiteracy, and no one can deplore this so much as loyal Mississippians. Fortunately, the State Constitution stands in the way of Vardaman's policy, as well as the enlightened public sentiment of the whole South. The Democratic Conventions Next to the Democratic primaries in Mississippi last week, the most important political events were the Democratic conventions in Ohio and Nebraska. In Nebraska it was known in advance that the Democratic Convention would be dominated by Mr. Bryan, and would favor fusion with the Populists, but the attitude of the Populist Convention, assembled at the same time in another city, was in doubt, as ex-Senator Allen, the Populist leader, had recently signed a declaration against continued fusion with the Democrats. In both conventions, however, Mr. Bryan's programme was accepted almost unanimously, and the two parties enter another campaign with a single ticket. In Ohio the close contest between the radical and conservative factions of the Democratic party, led respectively by Mayor Johnson and Mr. Zimmerman, was settled in favor of the former by a series of decisions for his side wherever two sets of delegates claimed seats in the Convention. Mayor Johnson was then nominated for Governor by acclamation, and a platform was adopted indorsing Mr. Bryan's programme on all National issues and Mayor Johnson's on all State issues. It was noteworthy, however, that in reaffirming the Kansas City platform the Convention merely denounced "financial monopoly," instead of demanding the restoration of silver to the currency. On the questions of imperialism, trusts, tariff, and the direct election of United States Senators, its reaffirmation of the Kansas City platform was specific and unqualified. A separate resolution was incorporated in the platform inviting Mr. Bryan to take part in the Ohio campaign. On State issues the platform demanded the equal taxation of corporate property, home rule for cities, and the public ownership of municipal monopolies. For United States Senator, in the event of the election of a Democratic Legislature, the Convention named John H. Clarke, of Cleveland, a leading Gold Democrat in the campaign of 1896. This nomination was bitterly opposed by the extreme silver men, but was finally accepted through Mr. Johnson's influence. It was a Johnson convention, and is certain to be followed by a vehement Johnson and anti-Johnson campaign. Child Labor Reform Rejected in Georgia The Georgia Legislature has defied the rising public sentiment against the exploitation of child labor in factories by defeating the very moderate bill urged by the reformers. By reason of this adverse action Georgia holds the unenviable position of being the only manufacturing State in the South without a child labor law-the recent agitation having brought Virginia, the two Carolinas, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Tennessee, and Kentucky all in line for restriction. The commercial majority in the Georgia Legislature evidently feels that its course requires apologies, and it has offered an interesting variety. One of the most noteworthy is that the defeated bill, which had been eloquently championed by the Hon. Thomas E. Watson, the Populist leader, was really a Populist measure, and therefore had been rejected by the Democratic Legislature. For a Democratic Legislature to reject any measure because of prior Populist indorsement is certainly a droll proceeding, of which none but a Rip Van Winkle who had been asleep since 1896 could fail to see the humor. Another excuse only less futile is that the child labor bill was urged by the trades-unions as their measure, and therefore was rejected as class legislation. This excuse does indeed call attention to the lack of diplomacy and also of disinterestedness shown by 1903] The Week 3 the labor unions in their support of the reform. Like many other societies, they seemed more anxious that their organization should get the credit of the legislation than that the legislation should be secured. But certainly it is a little incongruous that Legislatures which pass bills to further manufacturing, commercial, and farming interests at the instance of manufacturers', merchants', and farmers' organizations, should refuse to pass an act to protect the children of wage-earners because the organizations representing the wage-earners demand it. The third noteworthy apology offered by the Legislature for its rejection of the child labor bill urged by the reformers has been the passage of a bill urged by no one-and combated by no one- decreeing heavy penalties against idle fathers who permit themselves to be supported by their little children. Of this statue a Southern correspondent aptly says: This law was passed to placate the conscience of the State. It is very well as far as it goes, but I personally regard it as a "fake" pure and simple. 1. It is itself a confession that a child labor law is necessary. 2. It crudely and ostentatiously attempts to meet this necessity by throwing the odium upon the poor parent rather than on the mills. 3. The law is so loosely framed that it can do little real good. It will hardly be seriously applied, but if it is applied and if parents are imprisoned or heavily fined, its economic effect must be more child labor rather than less-inasmuch as the burden of need in the family will be sharply increased. There should certainly be condemnation of the faithless parent, but the mills-in many cases-have been conscious and deliberate parties to their faithlessness. Their defeat of a child labor law and their attempt now to throw the burden of responsibility wholly upon the fathers and mothers in a singularly ignorant and helpless class of operatives is ignoble. Such legislation is so clearly a makeshift that its passage cannot long delay the adoption of the measure demanded by the public conscience of all advanced communities. The Wrong Kind of Industrial Harmony Apart from the action of Recorder Goff in sentencing Samuel Parks to imprisonment for two and a half years for the crime of extortion, and the decision of Judge Gray mainly in favor of the Alabama miners in the arbitration case submitted to him as umpire, the most interesting labor news of the past fortnight has related to the new form of alliance between employers and employed recently brought to light in Chicago. This alliance-or "conspiracy" as it is naturally termed by some of its victims- has grown out of agreements between employers' unions and labor unions in various trades. In these agreements the employers' union agrees not to hire any men not connected with the labor union, and the labor union on its side agrees not to work for any employer not connected with the employers' union. Under these agreements the employers advance the men's wages, and through them are enabled to advance prices to the public, as they are all assured that their competitors are paying as much more for labors as they are. But the advance in prices has not stopped at this point. The employers' union, being secured against outside competition by its contract with the labor union, has in some instances set to work to put a stop to competition among its members. Among the roofers, for example, according to a statement recently made by one of their number, the employers' association finally went to the extreme length of determining by lot which one of their number should put in the lowest bid for work offered. "The man who won would set his price, add enough to give those in the pool a big share of the spoils, and then add five per cent. more so as to enable the association to build up a general fund." Of course such conspiracies have been frequent where the public has let contracts and the number of probable bidders has been limited, but such a comprehensive conspiracy against private bidders is practically without precedent. The Sheet Metal Contractors' Association, according to the charges recently filed against them in a suit for $100,000 damages brought by an aggrieved contractor, has even gone so far as to abet the use of intimidation to prevent employers not in the Association from securing employees. Of course such charges must be taken4 The Outlook with allowance, but the fact remains that these associations through their contracts with the unions are really able to exclude outside competition, and within a certain range fix what percentage of profit, the association must get on all work done by its members. The whole chapter further enforces the lesson that the privilege of combination on the part of capitalists, on the part of laborers, and on the part of capitalists with laborers, must be carefully guarded by law and by alert public sentiment, or the public is sure to be victimized. The New Governor of the Philippines If there were any doubt as to whether complete harmony in regard to the policy of the United States in the Philippines exists between President Roosevelt, Governor Taft, who is to succeed Mr. Root as Secretary of War, and the new Governor-General of the Philippines, General Luke E. Wright, that doubt would be instantly dispelled by reading the utterances of General Wright at a banquet held in his honor at Memphis last November. Apart from this, it would seem an absurdity on the face of it that such a disagreement of policy should exist, as there is no law or custom requiring the promotion of a Vice-Governor to the office of Governor-General, and it might reasonably be supposed that the President would select for that important office a man whose views agreed substantially with his own. But as some newspapers have professed to see in the selection of General Wright a concession to that sentiment in the Philippines which would disregard the interests of the natives and would prefer more of the military and less of the civil element in the government, it may be worth while to recall the fact that General Wright long ago took strong and positive positions on these subjects. Thus, in the speech above referred to-- an address which we may next week present to our readers in full--General Wright expressed full approval of President McKinley's belief that in inaugurating a scheme of government it should be assumed that "however inexperienced and unfit the Filipino people then were to govern themselves, they could by education and proper guidance in time probably become fit," and that from the beginning they should have " such a share in the government as they were capable of undertaking, that share to be increased from time to time as might be warranted by experience." Of Mr. McKinley's instructions to the first Civil Commission--instructions which General Wright said he understood were actually drafted by Secretary Root-- General Wright says : So far as could be done by precept and injunction, Mr. McKinley sought to establish government in the Philippines primarily for the benefit of the Filipino people themselves. These instructions were an appeal to their intelligence and confidence. No Filipino could read this message of good will without a sentiment of thankfulness for the future it promised. No American could read it without an increased admiration and affection for the President and his great War Secretary, and a firm purpose to deal justly with this long-suffering and unfortunate people, so suddenly placed in our hands by a strange providence. This document will take rank as a classic among state papers, and is worthy of comparison with the best productions of American statesmanship. To the Commission it was not only chart and compass, but an inspiration impelling their best efforts. It is interesting also to note that in this same address General Wright declared positively that the alleged friction between the military and civil authorities had been greatly exaggerated, and " speaking broadly, had no real existence." The fact that Governor Wright has been in National political matters a Democrat is an assurance, if such assurance were needed, that the policy of absolute non-partisanship in the government of our insular possessions is paramount. General Wright has a long and honorable record for executive service and for ability in the legal profession. He was for eight years Attorney-General in his native State, Tennessee, was later made a member of the Philippine Commission, and his personal force and administrative skill soon led to his appointment as Vice-Governor-General under Judge Taft. While the latter was in this country and in Rome, General Wright was the Acting Governor, and his conduct in that position was entirely GENERAL LUKE E. WRIGHT acceptable alike to the Americans in the Philippines and to the Filipinos themselves. The Macedonian Insurrection On Thursday of last week the daily express from Budapest to Constantinople was blown up twenty-five miles south of Adrianople. Seven persons were killed and fifteen injured. The cars were ruined by dynamite bombs, perhaps thrown by revolutionists who traveled on the train. This is the first fruit of the notice served week before last on all railway companies with lines running through the Balkans that the rebels would blow up trains as one feature of their campaign against the Sultan. The railway companies were urged by the revolutionists to discon- 5 6 The Outlook [5 September discontinue carrying passengers; it now remains to be seen whether this additional and terrible warning will have any effect. In Adrianople itself a massacre of Christians has taken place; and at twenty places throughout the vilayet or district fighting is reported to have occurred, with heavy loss on both sides. In the western districts also fighting continues; the additional information which has now come to hand concerning the capture of Krushevo would indicate that the treachery, pillage, and murder of the revolutionists were quite as horrible as any ever perpetrated by the Turks. The revolutionists are now fighting the Turk with his own weapon; there can be little to choose between the opposing forces so far as methods are concerned. The excitement in Bulgaria and Servia is increasing. In both lands a general feeling exists that the time has come for national expansion-that is to say, that, if Bulgaria becomes the protector of Macedonia, Servia shall become the protector of the mountainous region across its own border. The Sultan is not unmindful of the critical condition of his empire in Europe. He has called to the colors all of the remaining reserves, thus bringing the total of his army in Macedonia to almost double the force utilized in the Greco-Turkish war. The question now is, Can he keep his troops from further fearful excesses? The sky has thus grown blacker week by week in Macedonia. It may be that, through horrible savagery on both sides, the Macedonians may obtain that autonomy promised to them by treaty in 1887. Let us hope so; for without it there can be seemingly no peace in the Balkans, and any unrest there must necessarily be a menace to all Europe. Religious Strife in England The enforcement of the new Education Act in England shows that the "passive resistance" to it, described in Mr. Horne's recent article in The Outlook, is not confined to the Nonconformists. Several members of the Established Church appear in the lists of persons summoned for refusal to pay the education rate. Among these a prominent layman positively refused to pay for the maintenance of Roman Catholic schools, four of which were in his district. The law now puts the support of these, as well as the Anglican Church schools, upon the public. An Anglican clergyman has joined the passive resisters, and another has denounced the imposition of sectarian tests upon the head masters of schools supported by public money. The English papers report the commencement of legal proceedings in over fifty places against persons who refuse to pay the education rate. Actions against such persons are brought into court in batches, in the city of Bath seventy at once, and distress warrants for the seizure and sale of household or other goods are issued against the recusants. These legal proceedings are not without occasional excesses: in one case goods of the minimum value of $50 were distrained to satisfy a rate of less than $2. In some cases magistrates retire from the bench to avoid participation in the proceedings; in other cases auctioneers decline to sell the goods seized. At the sales of goods they are bought in by friends of the recusants. After the proceedings in court public meetings in denunciation of the Act fan the flame of opposition. The passive resistance movement now includes some twenty thousand avowed supporters, and seems to be spreading. Its immediate consequence is an embittered feeling against the Established Church, which the clerical promoters of the Act could hardly have foreseen. The animus of the resistance to the Act is the emancipation of the public schools from the control of the Established Church. In Wales, where the population is overwhelmingly Nonconformist, a great majority of the County Councils have declared hostility to the Act, and threaten to render it unworkable. The special Education Act for the city of London, which has just been passed, may not work any more smoothly. The Zionists Last week the annual Zionist Congress convened at Basle, Switzerland. It will be notable in the history of Zionist conferences 1903] The Week 7 because of the British offer to establish a colony in East Africa. Sir Clement Hill, Superintendent of African Protectorates under the Foreign Office, through Mr. Greenberg, a delegate to the Congress, made an interesting proposal on behalf of the Marquis of Lansdowne, British Foreign Secretary. The latter's plan will attract attention from all Jews and from very many who are not Jews. Sir Clement says that Lord Lansdowne is prepared to entertain favorably proposals for the establishment of a Jewish colony in East Africa in such manner as to enable its members to observe their national customs, and is prepared to discuss the details of the scheme. These would include the grant of a considerable area of land, the appointment of a Jewish official as chief of the local administration, and permission to the colonists to have a free hand in municipal legislation. On its part the British Government would have the rights of general control, and of reoccupation if the settlement should be unsuccessful. It is said that the territory to be offered for this purpose is an elevated tract two hundred miles long on the Uganda Railway. If the latest report of the Commissioner for the Uganda Protectorate is justified, the oppressed Jews of Russia and Rumania who may go thither are to be congratulated. The Commissioner describes this region as almost unparalleled in tropical Africa, being admirably watered, fertile, cool, covered with noble forests, almost uninhabited, and as healthy for Europeans as is Great Britain. We are not surprised, therefore, that the Zionist Congress appointed a committee to be sent to East Africa to investigate the situation. It is not understood that the acceptance of the British offer will end the efforts which have been directed towards re-establishing the Jewish nation in Zion, that is, in Palestine. East Africa may be a desirable place for colonization, but, as some American Zionists said last week in discussing the matter, "it is not our country." It is probable, however, that an acceptance of the British scheme might, for a time at least, somewhat check the effort toward Palestine colonization. At all events, it will probably change a little the aspect of the Zionist movement; henceforth the religious aspect may not be so dominant as it has been; the practical aspect will come more to the fore. Even among Zionists who hold as an ultimate ideal that the Jews ought to return to Jerusalem and to its surrounding country, there is a strong feeling, especially since the Kishenev massacre with its revelation of oppression, that some Jewish colony ought to be started somewhere at once. The Christianizing of Japan Just now Japan is of special interest politically, but its condition seems to us of even greater significance as regards religion and morality. Last winter and spring the interest in religion was evident in the large attendance at the lectures of President Hall, of Union Seminary, throughout the country. We are gratified to hear that converts to Christianity are steadily increasing in numbers, as a result of the faithful labors of the missionaries in Japan, and that a real interest in Christianity now pervades every rank in society. At a recent anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Association in Tokyo, Baron Maejima, an ex-Cabinet officer, said: I firmly believe we must have religion as the basis of our national and personal welfare. No matter how large an army or navy we may have, unless we have righteousness at the foundation of our national existence we shall fall short of the highest success. I do not hesitate to say that we must rely upon religion for our highest welfare. And when I look about me to see what religion we may best rely upon, I am convinced that the religion of Christ is the one most full of strength and promise for the nation. Another Cabinet officer, and this time a Prime Minister, recently sought to obtain a principal for a Government school in which men are to be educated for official political position. He chose Dr. Motoda, the Rector of Grace Church, Tokyo, and Vice-President of the Young Men's Christian Association. Among other vice-presidents, we note an admiral and a chief justice, while the President of the Association is Mr. Kataoka, the President of the Lower House of the Japanese Parliament. If Christianity is8 The Outlook [5 September thus recognized by the political powers that be, the educational influences in Japan are also being moved. The new Professor of English Literature at the Tokyo Imperial University is the Rev. Arthur Lloyd, one of the most indefatigable Christian workers in Japan. He was not chosen because he was a Christian, but neither was he debarred on this account, as might have been the case some time ago. Christian Morality in Japan Another interesting fact in connection with the University of Tokyo is the establishment by the Rev. B. T. Sakai, a Japanese Christian, of a hostel, or lodging-place. Three buildings have already been secured, and rooms are rented to students who do not object to Christian instruction although they may have no intention themselves of becoming Christians. At present the house is full, and there is a large waiting- list. The reason for this popularity in a student population of five thousand is that many Japanese non-Christians now recognize the permeation through- out the nation of the Christian ethical code. They may not be ready to accept Christianity as a religion, but, unless we greatly mistake present conditions, they are more than ready to accept the Christian morality. For instance, Count Okuma, the ex-Premier, in a recent address said: It is a question whether as a people we have not lost moral fiber as a result of the many new influences to which we have been subjected. . . . Development has been intellectual and not moral. The efforts which Christians are making to supply to the country a high standard of conduct are welcomed by all right-thinking people. As you read your Bible you may think it is antiquated, out of date. The words it contains may so appear, but the noble life which it holds up to admiration is something that will never be out of date, however much the world may progress. Live and preach this life, and you will supply to the nation just what it needs at the present juncture. These evidences of the progress of Christianity and morality show the fruit of the work which America began many years ago in making a new nation, Japan. The wonderful progress there in every department of life is due, we believe more to American influences than to all others combined. Such success should make us at once proud and humble. The Brotherhood of the Kingdom The Brotherhood of the Kingdom is an interdenominational organization of clergymen and others who view social questions from a Christian point of view. In its annual Conference, held recently at Marlborough, New York, the central topic, the reorganization of society under the domination of the teachings and character of Jesus, was freely discussed. Such reorganization of society was conceived as identical with the kingdom of God, and everything which could be included in the field of human activity as pertaining to that kingdom. In accordance with this idea, every effort for righteousness being a force for the furtherance of this one end, there was continued emphasis on the thought of human brotherhood. A series of addresses on the social teachings of the Bible afforded admirable illustration of the modern method of Bible study as bringing out practical results, yielding clearly ascertained facts, and leading to wide application. The series showed the value of a systematic, historical study of the Old Testament as leading to clearer views of the New Testament, which in turns leads to belief in the present-day revelation of God. As one speaker expressed it, "the infidelity that does most harm to-day is not the infidelity outside the Church of Christ, but the infidelity within the Church that does not realize that God can be seen and known within our own souls." One of the evidences of the wisdom of those who took part in the Conference is the fact that a distinction was made between the application of the teachings of Jesus to present conditions and any particular social programme. Such a Conference as this bears witness to the increasing numbers of those who conceive of Christianity not merely as a means of saving individuals here and there from destruction, but as a positive force for the establishment of a divine order of life in the earth. 1903] The Week 9 Frederick Law Olmsted The death last week, at the age of eighty- one, of Frederick Law Olmsted, the landscape architect, removes not only the greatest man of his profession in this country, but the actual founder of the profession. To him and to the men whom he trained and inspired are due in a large measure the unsurpassed beauty of many American parks and the planning and execution of many schemes of municipal adornment. Mr. Olmsted's early training as a farmer and horticulturist led him to take a special interest in parks and pleasure-grounds, and about fifty years ago he studied these and kindred subjects through the practical method of a pedestrian trip through Europe. Later on, a horseback journey of four thousand miles in the United States, undertaken with a view to study the economic condition of the Southern States, gave further opportunity for observation and criticism on rural subjects. This observation and special study were continued abroad and at home for several years, and it was the fund of knowledge gained in this way about pleasure-grounds, botanical and zoological gardens, and the laying out of suburban districts, that enabled him in 1857 to assume the task of laying out Central Park in New York City, with ability and skill of a kind possessed by no other man in this country. The beauty of Central Park developed as years went on, and Mr. Olmsted's fame continually increased; it is thought by experts that nowhere in the world can be seen a finer adaptation of means to ends, a more intelligent use of a limited space in such a way as to disguise the limitations and enhance the beauty, than in Central Park to-day. Immediately after the Civil War (throughout which Mr. Olmsted served as the organizing member of the National Sanitary Commission) he associated with him Mr. Calvert Vaux, whose skill as a landscape architect was almost equal to his own. Together, and with later associates, Mr. Olmsted and Mr. Vaux were employed upon about eighty public recreation- grounds and innumerable private enterprises. To give a list of the works done would almost be to give a list of the municipal pleasure-grounds of the country. A few of the more noted are, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, the design for the grounds of the Capitol at Washington, the plan for the Reservation at Niagara Falls, the laying out of the grounds for the Chicago World's Fair, Riverside Drive and Morningside Park in New York, the Arnold Arboretum and Back Bay Fens in Boston. Mr. Olmsted's primacy in his profession was recognized not only in this country, but abroad. He bore honorary degrees and titles from many institutions in America and Europe. He not only wrote articles and books on his own special subject, but published several works on industrial and agricultural topics, while the narratives of his journeys, and particularly his "Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England," were cordially received by the general reading public. Charles C. Bonney Probably Charles Carroll Bonney, who died in Chicago last week, was best known to the general public as the President of the World's Congresses of the Columbian Exposition, but to all who are interested in the cause of civic righteousness he will also be remembered as one of the most active originators of the Law and Order League, and as President for many years of the Society, which had as its prime purpose the enforcement of obedience and respect for existing laws. In a quiet and unobtrusive way Mr. Bonney was a most effective worker in many directions. He had the cause of education warmly at heart; he was a lawyer of great ability and wrote treatises of value on the subjects of railway law and insurance; he was a successful teacher and had much to do with establishing the educational system of Illinois as it exists to-day; he was a public speaker of force and ability. The so- called Parliament of Religions at Chicago owed its inception as well as its practical working out largely to Mr. Bonney's efforts, and it has been said that he was president in fact as well as in name of each and every congress held under the general plan of the World's Congresses. His administrative ability10 The Outlook [5 September and his unflagging energy were exerted throughout to make this undertaking of permanent value and of world-reaching scope. International Contests The victory of the Reliance over the Shamrock III. in the second of the actual races for America's Cup makes the final result of the series almost unquestioned. It is true that the second race was comparatively close, as in a distance of thirty nautical miles the Reliance won by only one minute and nineteen seconds, corrected time, while the general opinion of yachtsmen was that the Shamrock was poorly handled at the start of the race. Yet the triangular course sailed was, it is thought, likely to be more advantageous to Shamrock III. than the windward run, while the relative speed of the yachts in the attempt to race on Thursday, which proved a failure, was such as to strengthen the opinion that the Reliance has nothing to fear from her English competitor. The failure to make a race on Thursday, and the abandonment of the race on Saturday because of the tempestuous weather, undoubtedly had the effect of somewhat dampening public interest in the yacht races. Two interesting suggestions have been made for bringing about races in which the interest would certainly be extremely eager; one is that the Reliance and Shamrock III. should race with an interchange of crews; the other that the Columbia, the Constitution, and the Reliance should race with Shamrock II. and Shamrock III. The first suggestion could hardly prove as acceptable to the yacht-owners as it would be to the general public; the second is said not to be practicable, but would certainly afford the finest race ever seen in these waters. The American public continue to admire and like Sir Thomas Lipton, and his conduct under defeat has strengthened this feeling. It is to be regretted that sensational papers have published stories, without the slightest foundation, which have rightly annoyed Sir Thomas. The only feeling of indignation he has ever displayed in this country has been because of insinuations that his designer or captain or crew were unfaithful to him. Such insinuations were not only baseless but might easily have been shown to be so by proper inquiry; any reputable paper would have declined to print them.-For the first time the American lawn-tennis championship has been won by a player who is not an American. H. L. Doherty champion of Great Britain, won the National Tournament and then defeated Mr. Larned, the defender of the title, American champion. Mr. Doherty and his brother have won the honors in "doubles" in this country. They have won also the high regard of all who value thorough sportsmanship. An international bond based on moral qualities is none the less strengthened because displayed in athletic games. Two Minutes "Flat" One American ideal has at last been attained. An American mare has trotted a mile in two minutes. That mare, Lou Dillon, is now more famous than many an able man. She has appeared in public on the track only five times, and her feat is regarded for that reason as all the more wonderful. "To go like two-forty" is a phrase that even to-day survives as a memory of the time when a horse was considered fast that trotted in two minutes and forty seconds. In 1867 Dexter, whose name figured for years on many a boy's sled, trotted the mile in 2.17 1/4. Year by year these figures were reduced; 2.10 became the ideal, and Jay-Eye-See reached it. Then Maud S. passed that mark to 2.08 3/4. Improvements in the construction of the racing sulky partly accounted for the achievement of Nancy Hanks when she trotted in 2.04. Then fractions of seconds were taken off the record until this past week, when Lou Dillon reduced the record by two seconds and a half in one clip. She was aided by a canvas shield borne before her by a running horse to keep the wind from retarding her speed. Nevertheless, her record shows indubitably an improvement in the breed of horses. An interesting test would be to send her over a mile track with a high sulky and under the same 1903] The Change in the War Department 11 conditions that obtained in 1885, when the record was 2.08 3/4. The Change in the War Department In the resignation of Elihu Root as Secretary of War, made public last week, the country suffers a serious loss. Mr. Root has held his position since July, 1899, when he was appointed by President McKinley. In his letter of resignation Mr. Root mentions the completion of this four-year term of office and the establishment of the General Staff of the army (which he devised and promoted) as furnishing an opportune occasion for following his own wish to retire to private life. They may furnish an occasion for retirement, but they furnish at the same time abundant reasons for profound regret that he is to cease his great public service to his country. His resignation will probably not take effect until next January. President Roosevelt has designated William H. Taft, now Governor of the Phillippines, as Secretary Root's successor. Vice- Governor Luke E. Wright, of whom we speak elsewhere, will take Governor Taft's present office, and Mr. Wright's place will be filled by Judge H. C. Ide, of the Philippine Commission. In the meantime Mr. Root will continue to act as Secretary of War. In accepting Mr. Root's resignation, President Roosevelt, after expressing his own sense not only of personal loss, but also of the loss to the Nation as a whole, and congratulating him on the success which has crowned his various projects and recommendations, states his own appreciation of the peculiar qualities of Mr. Root's achievements in these words: Your duties have included more than merely the administration of the Department and the reorganization of the army on an effective basis. You have also been the head of the department which dealt with the vast and delicate problems involved in our possession of the Philippine Islands, and your success in dealing with this part of your work has been as signal as your success in dealing with the purely military problems. To very few statesmen, indeed, in any country, is it given, alone and at the same time, to achieve signal and striking triumphs in the administration and reform of the military branch of the Government and in the administration of what was in effect a department of insular dependencies, where the problems were new to our people and were in themselves of great difficulty. As time shows the effect of Mr. Root's achievements, the truth of the President's words will become increasingly apparent. Without the stimulus of a big war, such as that which the Civil War furnished to Stanton, rather with the drag of a reaction following the excitement of a small war, Secretary Root was confronted with the peculiarly complicated problem of utilizing a military machine, which itself needed reconstruction, for a piece of work that the Nation had never before undertaken. In the four years he not only did the work, but he reconstructed the machine at the same time. His reconstruction of the machine was consummated by Congress in the passage of the Militia Bill and the General Staff Bill. By the former bill the several States are given the chance to affiliate their citizen soldiery with the Federal army, so that they may be able to furnish in time of war volunteer troops already prepared in organization, discipline, and accouterments for efficient service. By the General Staff Bill the army is furnished adequately with what Mr. Root himself describes as "the directing brain which every army must have." It is the General Staff which studies the conditions which the army may be called upon to meet and devises practicable methods by which military undertakings under those conditions may be carried out. Thus Mr. Root has developed both body and brain of the American army. In the meantime, while reorganizing the army, he has used it. He has had the genius to see what the possibilities of an army in a democracy are. Under his direction it has carried out sanitary measures, stamped out disease, maintained hospitals, administered laws, conducted schools, preserved order, relieved want, guarded the rights of electors. Mr. Root has made of the army, not a mere fighting machine, but a great constructive power. In addition to bringing about these12 The Outlook [5 September specific innovations, he has reorganized his department. His predecessor, General Alger, had shown remarkable talent in making confusion worse confounded. Secretary Root found chaos, he has brought out of it order. He has untied some Gordion knots and has cut others. He has, for instance, established a system of records as a basis for making promotion the result of efficiency instead of favoritism and seniority. And he has proceeded in his course of reorganization, creation, and administration in spite of opposition from the inertia of officialdom, from public indifference, from the hostility of corruption and favoritism, and from some reckless journals eager to magnify every mistake and dumb as echoless rocks regarding every good service rendered by the army. In it all he has been ready to give information when asked for it courteously, as we know by experience, and yet has been, as to all flings at his personal motives, absolutely silent. At the same time Mr. Root has been a sane and influential counselor in the Cabinet. The President in his letter recognizes with words of praise Mr. Root's high services outside the province of his department. Not the least regrettable effect of Mr. Root's resignation is the loss of Governor Taft to the Philippines. In those islands he has stood immovably against all those tendencies that would make of them merely rich fields for exploitation. He has made enemies of whom he has a right to be proud; and friends as well. He has succeeded in transforming the suspicion of the Filipinos into loyalty. In all this there is nothing mysterious; the reason for his success is plain to those who read these words of his, as he told both Americans and foreigners that "if they found fault with the way the government was being run here, they could leave the islands; that the government was being run for the Filipinos." Governor Taft leaves the Philippines, however, only to take an office where his authority and influence concerning their administration, though not so direct, will be even greater than it is now. He belongs to that rare type of public man whose ambition is solely to render indispensable indispensable service as efficiently as possible. He has illustrated what to many is a hard saying, "He that is the greater among you, let him become as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve." To the Cabinet, too, he will bring those judicial qualities of mind which made it natural for people, even after he was made Governor, to call him Judge Taft. Turkey and America Although the report that William C. Maglessen, American Vice-Consul at Beirut, Syria, had been assassinated proved incorrect as regards the actual death of the Vice-Consul, it remains true that a representative of the United States was attacked with murderous intent and that this attack was an outcome of Turkish misrule and fanatical hatred of foreigners. On the receipt of the report of the murder our State Department demanded the immediate arrest and punishment of the guilty persons, and President Roosevelt instructed Admiral Cotton, commanding the European squadron, to move to Beirut to support these demands. This order was not countermanded when the original report was denied. This event, following so closely upon the assassination of the Russian Consuls at Mitrovitsa and Monastir in European Turkey, has created strong feeling against the Sultan. The attack upon our Vice- Consul was presumably the work of some local fanatic; there is probably no connection between it and the murders of the Russian Consuls in European Turkey, or between it and the Macedonian insurrection. But it is indeed unfortunate for the Sultan that during this rebellion there should be serious evidence of disorder in his Asiatic dominions, not only in Armenia, but even in more civilized Beirut. The reign of terror, outrage, and oppression in Turkey has for centuries been a blot on the world's civilization. Europe has not been able to put an end to the disgrace; it is now the world's business. Just at this moment it is that of the United States in particular. Not 1903] Chamberlainism and Canada 13 only must proper investigation be made as to this attempt on an American official's life, but the centers of missionary civilization, Beirut, Harput, Constantinople, Salonika, must be protected, first of all in our interests, but also in the Turk's own. As with the "open door" in China America succeeded where England did not, so in ridding Europe of an intolerable situation America may possibly succeed where the Powers have failed. For, in our opinion, and in that of the best European observers, American missionaries, teachers, and physicians have already done more than all others to civilize Turkey proper, while the Bulgarian principality (still under the Turk's nominal suzerainty) owes most of its well-being to the American teachers at Robert College, Constantinople. It is thus not surprising that the physical value of American institutions in the Turkish Empire should equal that of all the institutions there belonging to the European Powers. So little do the Turks appreciate American education, however, that at this moment a professor at our Euphrates College at Harput is imprisoned on unproved charges of sedition and the college buildings are in danger of destruction. They have been destroyed once (during the Armenian massacres of 1895), but have risen from their ashes, as should every temporarily checked cultural enterprise. The intolerable situation at Harput has led the American Board to make a direct appeal to President Roosevelt, based not only on the attack on Euphrates College, but on a despatch from Mr. Peet, the treasurer of the American Board at Constantinople, which states that the fanaticism at Harput is almost beyond control and that delay in action will be dangerous. Again, as Americans obtained new ports in China because they had no territorial ambition to make the natives suspicious of our motives, so we have the same vantage- ground for dealings with Turkey. Finally, American diplomacy is a policy of frankness and firmness, not of evasion and shiftiness. To gain his point with China, Secretary Hay did not engage in a game of "bluff" by threatening a war in Asia, neither did he enter the tortuous tortuous labyrinth of European diplomacy. Frankness, kindness, firmness, and tact succeeded where the old-fashioned diplomacy failed. These advantages should stand us in good stead in now demanding, not only ample reparation for the attack upon our Vice-Consul and protection for the college at Harput, but also, what should be ours under any circumstances, the concession to our civilizing institutions in Turkey of the immunities and privileges already enjoyed, for instance, by the German religious, educational, and charitable institutions there. Chamberlainism and Canada With characteristic keenness, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, British Colonial Secretary, has seized upon a psychological moment to institute his protectionist propaganda. He proposes to benefit the British Empire in general and England in particular. Englishmen have recently been somewhat alarmed at their commercial position. More than ever they are overwhelmed by "Made in Germany" goods at home, while throughout the world their markets are invaded by American trade. They have become pessimistic on the subject. Just at this moment Mr. Chamberlain deftly takes advantage of their morbidness. He has a sovereign remedy ready for them-protection! He thinks that people will not stop long enough to inquire whether his may not be a quack remedy. It has made America and Germany great, he tells them, and would restore whatever of England's greatness may have been seemingly lost. He omits to say, however, that enormous natural resources and the quality of our people have given America success despite a protection long since no more needed than in England, and that German greatness is due, not to protection, but to a geographical position in the center of Europe giving advantage as a distributing agency, to natural resources, and to superior commercial education. But England has another and more important interest to serve by the use of14 The Outlook [5 September the Chamberlain remedy, says its compounder, namely, the integrity of the British Empire. The Colonial Secretary declares that without a substantial fiscal inducement to the colonies the Empire cannot continue. This statement will hardly be regarded as reasonable by any but the small number of English protectionists or by the larger number now commercially distracted enough to turn to any one who promises them relief. The "substantial fiscal inducement" by which, according to Mr. Chamberlain, England is to be saved, is a preference in English markets for colonial goods, especially foodstuffs-he is careful not to add that, in the long run, a tax on food would be paid by the consumer, however much the process might be disguised. In return for this, the colonies are to grant (1) a preference for English goods in their markets; (2) a contribution for the general Imperial defense. Thus, while Mr. Chamberlain's object is probably more political than commercial, the commercial must precede the political in order to make the latter possible. In other words, if he can secure a new tariff arrangement his efforts to obtain military contributions from the colonies would be made far easier. Instead of any assurance of Imperial unity, Mr. Chamberlain's proposal seems to have started an endless bickering, as Mr. Carnegie, in a pertinent open letter, declared it would. The immediate burden to England is seen to be a real one, the future benefit from the colonies problematical and perhaps imaginary. Economically, the position of the manufacturing interests in England was well put by the resolution recently passed at a meeting of all the cotton trade organizations, that their industry "owes its pre-eminence to, and can only be maintained by, the policy of free trade," and that they "will oppose any proposals which, by imposing taxes on food or raw materials and so raising the cost of production and living, will cripple the industry in its already severe struggle to uphold its position in foreign markets." It may be added that four-fifths of the English cotton product is absorbed by foreign markets. Politically, the session of Parliament just closed leaves the country gravely disquieted; the Chamberlain issue may disrupt the political coalition which during the past seventeen years has governed England. The name "Unionist" has now an ironical sound. Indeed, we may say that if Parliamentary rules of debate had not been restricted there might have been a Cabinet dissolution. It is hardly necessary to add that this is the Liberals' opportunity. It has already brought the veteran leader, Sir William Harcourt, from his sick-bed again into the political arena; one could fancy a far worse fate for Englishmen than to find themselves again under Liberal rule and with Sir William as Prime Minister. Whether this happens or not, many hope that a scheme of colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament will be pushed-a scheme which might do more to bind the colonies not only to the mother country but to one another than could any Imperial Zollverein that has been suggested. Among the colonies, Canada justly takes a leading place in the general discussion. Despite the one-third tariff preference now given to Great Britain, opinion in the Dominion is by no means altogether in favor of Mr. Chamberlain's proposals-indeed, many Canadians believe that the trade privilege already granted to the mother country and denied to the United States is a mistake. They are right. It is of more importance to Canada to be on commercially good terms with neighboring America than with far-away England. The day may even come when Englishmen themselves will prefer to have good trading relations with their neighbors, the French, than with the distant Australians. We should not be at all surprised if fear of the growth of this neighborly feeling between Canada and the United States first led Mr. Chamberlain to propose his Imperial unity scheme. He sees, as we do, that freer trade between Americans and Canadians would bring them closer together. Continental unity would stand in the way of Imperial unity. Hence, flattering Canadian pride by supposing that some day the Canadians will be able to supply the entire 1903] "All and in All" 15 English market (which exports no foodstuffs and imports almost all the nation's needs in that direction), Mr. Chamberlain makes an offer of advantage to Dominion farmers, but the preference to them must be compensated by a further reduction of duties on English imports into Canada. But this does not please the Canadian manufacturers at all. They have already been attacking the Government because the present preference seriously interferes with their trade. They have been pressing for an increased tariff, though so far without success. The question therefore in Canada-as recently in Germany-is between the agricultural and manufacturing elements. Commercially and politically more independent as Canadians have become, we believe that they will ultimately turn back from the discussion of reciprocal trade with England to the discussion of reciprocal trade with America. Fortunately for them and for us, the Liberal Premier, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, may be regarded as in considerable degree a continentalist-at least he has always been inclined towards the greatest possible commercial union between his people and ours. He recognizes, as every open-minded observer must, that the condition under which commerce in Canada and the United States can be thrive is, if not free trade, at all events a commercial arrangement involving mutual concessions. The fact that American trade with Canada has increased despite tariff walls is no argument for their retention. It would have increased at least by so much more but for their presence. Let us break them down by a policy of commercial co-operation. We believe that the longer the adoption of this policy is delayed the harder it will be to secure favorable treatment for our manufacturers in Canada-especially in the event of a definite Conservative victory in the next general election there. Some of our traders expect an ultimate Chamberlain triumph for protection in England as well as an immediate Conservative triumph for protection in Canada. This should induce them in their own interest to seek now for that which long since ought to have been an accomplished fact-Canadian reciprocity. "All and in All" A correspondent writes quoting from Dr. Lyman Abbott's "The Theology of an Evolutionist" the statement, "All life is God," and asking how this can be reconciled with Christ's statements, "Ye must be born again," "Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father it is your will to do," and with the Evangelist's words, "As many as received him, to them gave he the right to become children of God." He inquires whether it is not more reasonable to suppose that the glory and beauty of God's dealing with man consists in the fact that man, in the process of his development from the animal, can, by a new birth, become (not is) a son of God. The secret and source of all life is God. He is over all and in all. In Him we live and move and have our being. All forces are one divine force. All laws are the methods of His operation. All human activities of every kind have the source of their power in the Infinite and the Eternal. But he gives to us freedom of will to use within certain narrow limits this power which comes from Him. We may use it wisely or foolishly, rightly or wrongly, lovingly or selfishly, for justice and righteousness or for oppression and wrong-doing. This it is which constitutes what Paul calls the exceeding sinfulness of sin, that we take the divine gift of life, the divine equipment of power, and then use it against Him who has given it to us, in a blind endeavor to thwart His righteous will and hinder His loving purpose. To some extent the question whether man is by nature a son of God or not is a question of words. Let us for a moment drop the phrase and restate in different words the doctrine involved in the phrase. God made man in his own image. This declaration in the first chapter of Genesis underlies the whole Scripture teaching of the relation of man to God. We are all God's offspring. This direct assertion by Paul in his sermon to the Athenians, who were pagans, interprets the whole New Testament teaching on the relation to God. Spiritually man springs from God and16 The Outlook partakes of the divine nature. He has a conscience which recognizes the difference between right and wrong, hope and aspiration which looks to the future, faith which enables him to see the invisible world, love which binds him to his fellow- men and which should bind him to God. This is what is meant by the statement that man is by nature a son of God. He has come from God. He possesses elements of the divine character, in his reason, his conscience, his higher affections. He is an animal; he has come from lower animals; but he is more than an animal. Whether this something in him which is more than animal has been developed from the lower animal nature, as Darwin and Drummond believe, or has at some epoch in the evolutionary process been implanted in him by the creative energy of God acting on him from without, is a question of philosophy, not of religion. However man has obtained this conscience and reverence, this faith and hope and love, he has them; they constitute his nature; they impose upon him obligations; they should be the supreme and dominant motives of his conduct. Like the son in the story of the Prodigal, man may wander away from God, but he cannot escape from himself, and therefore he cannot escape from the divine in himself. However far he wanders, however self-debased, he may become, he is still one of God's children. Jacob A. Riis Readers of "The Making of an American" need neither an introduction to Mr. Riis nor a eulogy of him. The portrait opposite brings out his aggressive vigor and eager earnestness, but no portrait can render his buoyancy of spirit, his simple directness, his fighting grit against corruption and oppression. These qualities permeate his article on another page called "Has Reform Made Good?" This may well be regarded as a companion picture to Mr. Riis's "What Has Tammany Done for the People?" published in The Outlook two years ago. It is impossible for any sensible, straight-thinking citizen of New York to compare the true story of what Tammany stands for, and the true story of what reform has done and is doing, without joining Mr. Riis in his appeal for decency, honesty, and good government. Later on The Outlook will present in more detail the achievements of the several departments of the Low administration; here, through Mr. Riis, it offers a general survey that is at the same time an indictment of Tammany and a clear statement of the points gained during the past two years in the hard fight against tenement abuses, protected vice, blackmail, neglect of children's rights to health, education, and playgrounds, and all that Tammany stood for and still stands for. If the city of New York returns to partisan political methods, it will be in the face of overwhelming evidence; and with downright blows from the shoulder Mr. Riis strikes again, as he often has before, at fraud, vice, and oppression. Another phase of Mr. Riis's activity will also have especial interest for The Outlook's readers. The friendship of many years between Jacob Riis and Theodore Roosevelt began in their common work for good citizenship. In writing a series of articles about the President's personal and public life Mr. Riis has aptly chosen the title "Theodore Roosevelt the Citizen." In these articles (the first of which will appear, with illustration, in the October Magazine Number of The Outlook) the author will show why, in his opinion, Mr. Roosevelt represents a high type of Americanism. "Nothing can ruin Theodore Roosevelt," writes Mr. Riis, "except his proving unfaithful to his own life, and that he will never do." It is because that life has been that of a man who "is square and will do the square thing always," because, to quote Mr. Riis again, "Theodore Roosevelt's message to his day is that honor goes before profit, that the moral is greater than the material," that The Outlook has planned and Mr. Riis will tell the story of the President's career from the point of view of one who has had opportunity to know at first hand its personal and intimate side. PHOTOGRAPH BY ARTHUR HEWITT JACOB A. RIISHas Reform made Good ? Jacob A Riis I MET a man on the street, the other day, whom I have known for years to be, in a general way, for decency in municipal politics ; by which I mean that he was expected to vote the ticket that stood for that, if there was one, in opposition to Tammany, even if he took no other active part. " Business," he used to say, " business !" As though the rest of us had none. Our talk drifted to the coming campaign. " I hear," he said, " Tammany is coming back." " Eh," said I ; "why so?" " Well," as thought it were a conceded fact, " reform has been a failure. They haven't made good !" I suppose he traced a note of impatience in my reply, for he passed on--he is a man of peace--with a shake of the head and a departing " Plenty others say so." Now, he was not the first one to say it ; he was right in that. I had heard it before. And I am old enough in the ways of Tammany to know that that is one of its favorite tricks : passing the headshake down the line early, as a tip to the people whose one ambition in life is to be on the winning side. There are more of them than you would think, forever waiting and watching to see " how the cat will jump," so that they may jump with it, and land, and they make the " strength of Tammany" in a doubtful year. I suppose it is part of the gambling mania that has our country by the throat, which makes a man think that he " throws his vote away" unless he votes with those who get in. I hope it is. For then it may pass over. In cold blood that sort of thing would mean hopeless unfitness for self-government. But since they say it so glibly, I propose to challenge them to the proof. How haven't they made good ?--the reform administration , that is to say. 18 Let us see what it was it came to mend, and promised. Two years is not so long a time that New York can have forgotten the organized blackmail, the ruthless persecution of the man without a pull who would not " give up ;" the piracy of the people's playgrounds, acquired at such cost of toil and treasure, that Tammany heelers might have stands rent-free for peddling their wares ; the sneer from Tammany's Mayor, when protest was made, that " vaudeville for the masses destroyed Rome ;" the neglect of the schools that confronted us once more at the end of four years of Tammany misrule with an army of children on the streets for whom there was no room ; the police rottenness, of which we are still probing the depths ; the dirty streets ; smallpox rampant once more in our city ; the slum rearing its head defiant in the homes of the poor, for had it not backing in the district leaders so long as it was loyal to the Hall and to the pockets of its rulers ?--these and the rest, the whole foul conspiracy that was arraigned by the Bishop of New York in his diocesan address in these ever-memorable words : The world was presented with the astounding spectacle of a great municipality whose civic mechanism was largely employed in trading in the bodies and souls of the innocent and defenseless. . . . This infamous organization for making merchandise of the corruption of girls and boys and defenseless men and women-- meaning Tammany. If two years have made us forget that, it is time Tammany came back, for our sins. That was what reform came to mend. Has it " made good "? Who now hears of protected vice ? Who believes that millions are being made out of it, as was the case then ? Do you say there are dishonest policemen still ? Possibly--likely even. There has not been time to get PHOTOGRAPH BY HOLLINGER HON. SETH LOW Mayor of New York City. them all out ; until we have beaten Tammany twice in succession they will burrow in the force waiting for the turn that shall bring back their day. But the gambler or the dive-keeper who pays blackmail to a policeman to-day is a fool beside a rascal, for he knows that it will not buy protection. And their kind are not fools in that sense. Where are the infamous " cadets " that betrayed the daughters of the poor for a price, and offered organized resistance to the rescuers of their victims--organized in the interest of the vice that paid the blackmail to police and politicians ? In jail. Their organization is gone. The tenement-house is safe. A fine of a thousand dollars hangs over the head of the 1920 The Outlook landlord who knowingly permits the defilement of his tenement, and the landlord knows that reform will collect the fine. I glanced over the balance-sheet for 1902 of the city's law department the other day, and noticed that its collections were $553,992.99, as against $137,242.47 in 1901, the last of Tammany's four years, while the expenses were less. And in the same time 571 suits went against the city, involving $511,240.25, as against an average of 1,912 lost suits in the four years of Tammany, with an annual loss to the city of $1,836,935.46. That was the difference between business and politics. The Corporation Counsel's office as a political organization was just a Tammany club to coerce men. As Roosevelt used to say : it was not that the laws were not enforced. They were very much enforced in those days, but with a difference : the man with a pull went free : the other paid. I remember the story of a Jew who kept a small store on the East Side in the last campaign. They ordered him to pay five dollars a week for keeping open Sunday. He paid, and they asked ten. He shut his store, and the next week he was sued for a hundred dollars by a man from whom he never borrowed anything. Therefore he did not defend the suit, and it went against him. In three days the sheriff was in his store, and he--he went out and mortgaged his store and paid the money he did not owe. He knew it was useless. Over against the record of that I have kept a copy of a general order issued from Police Headquarters last spring. I give it entire : To all Members of the Uniformed Force : Patrolman Peter P. Alwell has this day been dismissed from the police force after a trial in which he was found guilty of conduct unbecoming an officer, of attempted extortion, The evidence showed that the said Patrolman Alwell took candy from the push-cart of a peddler on the Bowery, and was attempting to extort a small sum of money from this push-cart peddler, when he was discovered by Captain Albertson, whereupon Patrolman Alwell started to run away, but was overtaken and apprehended by Captain Albertson. A more contemptible exhibition on the part of a patrolman than that shown by Patrolman Alwell can hardly be imagined. He has disgraced his uniform, and unfortunately it is believed by the public that he is not the only one on the police force who has been guilty of this cowardly oppression of push-cart peddlers. I appeal to the honest and self-respecting members of the force to co-operate with me in driving out the men who thus disgrace their uniform. Such practices cannot exist without their being known to a large number of the members of the force ; and if this petty stealing is regarded in its proper light by members of the force, they will not associate with any one guilty of it and will promptly report any one suspected of it. This order will be read at the 7 o'clock and 11 o'clock roll-calls morning and evening on the day after it is received at each station-house. FRANCIS V. GREENE, Police Commissioner. Did reform make good there ? The streets were dirty. When the tenants of a Henry Street block whose ideals had been set high by Waring protested to the Tammany Mayor, the reply was a contemptuous " Go to ! Your block is not dirtier than the rest." And it was true. In the teeth of the general uprooting of the foundations of the city by the subway diggers, the Street-Cleaning Department under reform has brought back the day of Waring, has stopped filling the harbor with garbage and made with the waste a new island up the Sound to which can be transferred the jails and the hospitals on Blackwell's Island, which may then be made a public park along with the other islands in the East River--the greatest of all public improvements that touch the lives of the people direct. In five years, if graft does not again get its grip on our city, the sale of its refuse should pay its whole bill for cleaning, and Waring's dream be realized. Have they " made good " ? They fed the poor in the almshouse on dry bread and weak tea under Tammany --it is no figure of speech, but fact proven--starved them, for so there was more money for salaries that were not earned. The old and the helpless went ill-clad and shivered in bed in cold weather, upon the admission of the Commissioner who asked, just before he went out, for better clothing and more blankets that they might not freeze. He was of better stuff than most of the Tammany officials, but he was frankly a politician, a "machine man " upon his own showing, and the machine brand PHOTOGRAPH BY PACH BROS. WILLIAM T. JEROME District Attorney for New York County. COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY GESSFORD MAJOR-GENERAL FRANCIS VINTON GREENE Police Commissioner, New York City. COPYRIGHT BY GESSFORD HOMER FOLKS Commissioner of Charities, New York City. PHOTOGRAPH BY DAVIS & SANFORD DR. JOHN M'GAW WOODBURY Street Cleaning Commissioner, New York City.22 The Outlook [5 September was upon his work for all he tried. The hopelessness of decay upon those islands which Mayor Strong's administration found in 1895 no one can ever imagine who was not a personal witness of it. Go now and see what it was like. Reform put a man specially trained for the work through years of patient labor in charge of the city's charities. The Outlook will later on tell in detail how he made good, and how to-day he leads in the effort to give to our millions hopeful consumptives' hospitals, that at last we may fight effectively the "white plague" which all year round scourges the homes of the poor as no epidemic of cholera ever did. Aye! nod your head: "plenty others say so." I know. I can pick them out for you, five hundred and thirty-four strong in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, whose children were found in the institutions there, being fed and schooled at a cost of $104 each to the city, though their parents were able but not willing to care for them. Those parents will tell you that "reform did not make good," and they have kin on both sides of the river in plenty. I should be willing to rest my claim that reform did make good, upon the showing of the schools alone. New York has spent thirty-seven millions and a half in building new schools since the school census of the first reform government showed us in 1895 fifty thousand children adrift in the streets. Tammany in its four years grudgingly allowed three millions a year to keep up the work. In the first fourteen months of Mayor Low's administration, from February 1, 1902, to April 1, 1903, eleven millions and a half were appropriated for new buildings. At the beginning of the present year 973 classrooms with room for 61,670 children were under construction, and once more the day was in sight when every child in New York will be able to go to school a full day. Will you vote to postpone it again? The day has come at last when the schools are the neighborhood centers we have been longing for. They belong to the people in fact as in theory. Clubs meet there, and the fathers and the mothers. The band plays on the school roof in the summer evening and the children dance there. And the grip of politics has been shaken from off the teachers. They are free if they choose to be. Would you enslave them once more? Much later than that, when Tammany came in last, an impudent clerk cashiered offhand two of the people's parks which the Small Parks Committee had laid out and Mayor Strong's administration taken the first steps to acquire in the last weeks of its existence, because "we haven't the money," he told me- "hardly enough to pay the salaries." So that they might be paid, Tammany fashion, two and three and four where but one was necessary, the people's playgrounds that were already begun were allowed to lie, like the Mulberry Bend in its day, useless wastes. Reform has turned them to use. East and west the neighborhood parks are growing-links, in the long vacation, in the splendid out-of-door school machinery that draws children and parents and teachers together as never before. That promise I made for reform during the last canvass, and I bear testimony here that it has "made good." We have heard from Tammany on the people's parks since then, when its commissioners charged for condemning the Fort George Park one-fifth of the entire cost of the property, while the Comptroller grimly commented that there was another coming in which the fees exceeded the property value by many thousands. What, after that, does it signify that reform tried and dismissed one-fourth of the dockmasters, wiped out seven of their twenty-seven districts, added by Tammany, on the showing that they turned in a revenue of, in one case, only $12 a year, in another $18.38, in no case over $600, though they cost the city $2,450 each; and that, with this reduction, 23 per cent. more wharfage was collected? It was all the same old robbery that never asked any other question than "What can I make?" That was, that is, what Tammany is for. A hundred years has not changed its plan; nothing ever will. You cannot reform Tammany, for that presupposes that there is something else than fraud and 1903] Has Reform Made Good? 23 theft somewhere in its plan. There is not. It exists frankly for spoils; and spoils in politics, with an annual budget of a hundred millions, means the biggest steal of the ages. There is still Jerome. Has he made good? I think I should be willing to rest my claim for the administration on him, if it came to that. He is out in the open. We can all see what he is doing and no one need be in doubt about what he means. There is the new Tenement-House Department. Reform was pledged to the protection of the people's homes. When last winter all the forces for evil united in an attack upon the Tenement- House Law, which was bad, we were told, wholly bad, we heard from the people themselves in tones that caused the politicians to take off their hands in a hurry. "Let it alone," was the message, and it was let alone. Reform had "made good" there also, and New York will for all time be the better for it; good enough, we dare hope, to unload Tammany for good and all when the generation that is now growing in the tenements and in the new public schools and the neighborhood settlements comes to the polls. We had built up a Health Department in the three years of Mayor Strong that was the pride of our country. It had forced the death-rate down-the mortality among the tenants' babies-from its scandalous range up among the twenties to nineteen and a fraction in a thousand of the living. Tammany put the district leader in control, and in four brief years he wrecked the splendid machine. Smallpox ravaged the city. Why not? The inspector who was sent to vaccinate the children told his chief to go to grass: he took his orders from his district leader, who appointed him. The death- rate went up again to twenty. Reform came back, swept out nearly two hundred useless employees, reduced expenses, and reduced the mortality. For the first six months of the current year it was 18.67, the lowest in all the city's history. It meant, as nearly as I can figure, five thousand less deaths in the year-four thousand of them, probably, the children of the poor. I wonder if they think reform "made good"? But I cannot blame Tammany for the smallpox epidemic, you say. It was all over the world. So it was. Why? Because, so forgetful are men that when it no longer killed their children by the thousand they thought the danger over and waved the vaccinator off. It was a bother to have the arm scratched; what was the use? There were those who said it was of doubtful benefit, or none at all. Vaccination had not made good its promise. Better go without. And the enemy came back and took its toll of the world's life. Men have to foot the bill for their forgetfulness and their folly in all days. The mother's cry no longer goes up from the humble home bewailing the birth of a daughter because of the lot she knows awaits her; blackmail is dead, the shame of it forgotten. Settle back now complacently in your seat and nod wisely, "They have not made good," and Tammany will come back. No doubt of it. But remember, please, that you brought it back. You did it. They told me the other day that old faces that boded no good had reappeared in Allen Street; that they were making leases down there and getting ready for a wide-open town "when Tammany comes back." No doubt it is true. The bawdy- house keeper knows his interest and looks to it. The dive-keeper looks to his interest, the skin builder to his, the slum landlord to his, the gambler to his, and the "respectable" merchant who would rather square things with Tammany than be bothered by reform looks to his interest. And Tammany looks to its interest, which is theirs. In the fight that is coming they will all be on one side, be sure of that. You who believe in decency, in honesty, in good government, in our fair city-whether you voted for McKinley or for Bryan, whether you were German, Dutch, Irish, or Danish before you became American- you who belong on the other side, will you be there? Then stand up and be counted. Reform has "made good." If its friends stand by it, it has nothing to fear from its enemies. Sit and shake your head, wait to see how the cat will jump-it will jump all right! Too late you will find that the cat is a tiger, and that it was you who let it in.OFF FOR THE NIGHT RUN. 9:15 P.M. THE LIFE OF A LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER BY FRANK H. SPEARMAN AUTHOR OF "HELD FOR ORDERS" AND OTHER RAILWAY STORIES. ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY ARTHUR HEWITT DELAYED once on an overland train at the foot of a mountain pass, with everything in the landscape and the hour to suggest the question, I heard a pretty traveler ask the engineer to tell her something about the romance of the cab life. He laughed frankly : " There is none." But the life that lends itself badly to romance may do very well in the heroic, for while romance is based on self-consciousness, heroism--the American sort at least--is essentially unconscious. If there are two things above all others that develop those sterner qualities of character which men love to pay tribute to, they are responsibility and danger. These are the touchstones, and because we are always children we watch with never-failing interest to see how a man will meet them. Nor does heroism itself, any more than the human heart, grow old. Its fragrance, like that of kindliness, to which it is akin, helps to keep men young ; perhaps that is why they crave it. The mere spectacle of danger encountered does not move. The peril must be unavoidable and the encounter necessary ; otherwise the hazard of life and limb is condemned in the mere words coined to express it--territory and bravado. The racing automobilist gets scant sympathy for his hurts ; but when the locomotive engineer is carried from the wreck, men are instant in sympathy. So we call the man in the cab that faces danger well the hero, and we term his post one of responsibility, because, in the 25 26 The Outlook precise meaning of the word, he must answer back. Every day as he sits in his narrow window we catch glimpses of him. He may sit there for a few days or for many years, but the question always hangs over him. The answer may not be required until the close of a long life, or it may be called for within an hour; still, the question is there, and, knowing it, we look on a locomotive engineer with ever-curious interest and ask ourselves, How will he answer back, and when? And because we know how his fellows have met the question, we believe he will answer well. It is the bearing of this constant responsibility that shapes the character of the locomotive engineer. Responsibility is the keynote of his life. Naturally, no test can be devised to ascertain his mental fitness for this. But the most severe physical examinations are made for admission to the engine service. An applicant must be young, of a prescribed weight physically, and in perfect bodily health. Above all, his vision must be perfect. The tests upon his vision are endless, not alone for diseases of the eye and for errors in refraction, but for that subtle failing of the sight known as color blindness, which is fatal to the ability to distinguish a green or a white from a red signal. The physical requirements are high because the engineer learns his cab business as fireman, and the feeding of coal into steam in a modern locomotive is comparable in its stupendous physical strain only to the stoking required on an ocean liner. The stoker is a laborer, but the locomotive fireman for his future duties must possess intelligence and education. When the fireman is at length promoted to the charge of the engine-and sometimes the years of waiting are long- the physical strain is taken off him so far as it can be. His engine is groomed, fed, and watered by other men. His strength is reserved now for the mental strain and for the emergency of a breakdown in the machine while on the road. When the engineer is promoted from the freight train to the passenger train, his responsibilities are again enormously increased, and, representing the highest type of skill and excellence that his profession develops, he faces its greatest perils. It is thus that possibly beyond all other men in the train service of a railroad the locomotive engineer becomes by habit cautious, and his chief anxiety is lest other men fail in the caution needed in their contributory capacities. He realizes keenly how much his own life, as well as the lives of those in his keeping, is dependent on the care of other men-the train-despatcher, the telegraph operator, the freight crew, the switchman, and the artificers of his engine, back to the very melter that tempers the silicon in the drivers under him. To reflect, for example, on the uncertainties attending the transmission of train orders by telegraph is to realize only one feature of what the engineer faces continually while on duty. In every tissue handed by the conductor to him is a possible death message. It may carry orders which, even if executed faithfully by him as they read, may still prove fatal through the mistakes of other men; and though his train be given every right of way that ingenuity can confer, his movements are unavoidably subject to the control of another man, the despatcher. Thus every association of the engineer's life follows the lines of precaution. To the best exercise of this homely faculty all safely in travel is due. It is the engineer who will never accept an order in which there is a possibility of a doubt, who will in rare instances question a positive one, who will consider not alone every rule laid down for safety, but who brings to every situation the exercise of the highest reason and judgment -this is the engineer who lasts for a lifetime at his post. Of all insurance policies for Forty Years in the Service, luck is the poorest; precaution the very best. Relieved of all drudgery incident to the preparation of his engine for its work, the passenger engineer swings into the cab with a free hand. The perplexities of his early day are past. Overrated engines, long hills, broken freight trains, and the severest of the traction problems are behind him. All the earlier demands upon him are FORTY YEARS IN THE SERVICE28 The Outlook fused into one new demand--speed. With the factor of safety he is expected to combine its antithesis, speed. Speed is insistent and insatiable, and from the minute the heavy coaches of a limited train roll out of the station until the end of the run the engineer has at his side a phantom to appease. The problem is made for him as hard as human ingenuity can frame it. If it were not difficult to make a schedule of " THE MAN WHO RUNS THE EXPRESS " a mile a minute, two miles a minute would be demanded. All that the cunning of man can supply in mechanism is at his service ; he is expected to get out of the means furnished him the limit of possibilities, and he becomes at his post a taciturn, contained man, his mind concentrated continually on his problem. He knows every mile of his track and all that can be got out of it. With all the cleverness in the world, he can hold in reserve but very few spare minutes for the whole four or five hours of his run. The game he is playing every second that his drivers are leaping one hundred feet under him, has been played so often and by so many pretty men that he can hardly hope to develop new possibilities in his schedule. One minute lost is well-nigh gone forever, and will lie, a reproach, on the dial before him for hours, unless by straining every resource he can recover it. This, when the top round has been gained, is the cruel strain of the locomotive engineer's work--the call for speed. On a still, clear day the stretch of a tangent track, with its trailing switches, signal towers, and safety blocks, invites to speed ; Mr. Hewitt has marvelously shown in one of our illustrations the beauties of such a picture from the cab window at the high pace of a limited train. Unfortunately, schedules cannot be varied for the night or the fog or the storm. Under such difficulties the passenger engineer has been forced thus far while flying through space to depend for his guidance on signals outside of the cab. TAKING WATER GETTING READY TO TAKE OUT "NUMBER FOUR" 30 The Outlook Covering a trunk line on which traffic is at all times crowding the limit, he is beset by the uncertainties of catching his track signals under adverse conditions. The marvel in railroad travel is not that so many accidents occur, but that so few occur, and of these but the smallest percentage can be laid at the door of the cab. How to account for the ease with which the passenger runner at high speed makes out his track code through rain and sleet and wind and snow, I do not know. No instance is more striking of the fineness to which instinct may be trained. It is this particular marvel that accentuates a tragedy such as the one which occurred last winter near New York, when a passenger engineer, behind time, missed his signal and telescoped a train ahead. Released, fatally injured, from the wreck, he took promptly on himself all the fault of the disaster. Not until the inquest long afterward did it appear from his dying statement to his doctor that for a month he had been sent out on his run every day with a cracked steam-chest. There was little significance to the public in the statement, because they did not understand what it meant; but no more terrible indictment than this was ever laid against a railroad management. That a man running at high speed should be expected to read semaphores and blocks through winter storms is at least fair; that is the game, and the engineer cuts into it with his eyes open. But what man can be expected to make time and read signals at a mile a minute through a cloud of white vapor pouring up from a leaking chest in front of his cab window? Dying, this engineer told his doctor that he was compelled to slow down in order to see the signals at all. Still, the engineer knows he must make the time or get off his run. It was a problem that this unfortunate man could not solve-nor could any human being. But one day he took a chance and passed a cautionary signal. Doubtless he had safely done it before, but this day he missed a peremptory signal immediately afterward, and fate solved the problem and the engineer gave up his life; not only that-he took all the blame. This is where the acute vision is needed-in reading the track signals at high speed; and with it another specter confronts the engineer. There is always the possibility of color-blindness or the gradual failure of his eyesight that may at any time wreck his usefulness. Very few aids to his own organs of sight in detecting distant track signals can be afforded him. It is popularly supposed that the picturesque headlight, such as that which shows in Mr. Hewitt's admirable night picture on another page of a modern passenger locomotive, helps the engineer to detect danger ahead. In reality, however, it is of the slightest possible value to the man in the cab behind it, though it is of value to the engineer in the distant cab, who knows on seeing it what it stands for; yet even then its rays are easily mistaken for those of other distant signal lamps. What has robbed the headlight of much of its usefulness is speed; when the danger revealed by its aid is apparent, it is too late to avoid. Every feature of the engineer's work tries his eyes, and the hazards to his sight are at times of the least expected. Such a prosaic matter as "taking water" is a simple one in a fireman's duties. But let us suppose that on a stormy winter day the spout- chains are frozen, the train late, and the engineer impatient. Under such circumstances, and with an apparatus not so modern as that shown in the picture, a fireman jerked at the spout-chains until they broke and the heavy iron spout fell, striking him on the head. A year afterward glaucoma following the blow upon his head attacked his right eye. He gave it no attention. Meantime he was promoted to be engineer. Telling no one, he held his post until he was stone blind in the right eye, and in that condition he actually ran a passenger engine month after month. During the interval he successfully took all the tests for vision and color blindness in that eye-it was unfairly done, of course, but done. The deadly disease at length through sympathy attacked the remaining eye, and he resigned. He knew he could deceive the doctors with one blind eye, but not with two. This man at twenty-eight was a perfect physical THE "668"32 The Outlook specimen, with eyes of rare beauty. Yet he was then totally blind, and his whole life had been wrecked by the one accident while taking water. Happily, the cab life is not all storm and danger. Men love achievement, and the locomotive engineer strong enough to meet squarely the perplexities that beset his position, and careful enough to steer clear of its perils, has before him the constant inspiration of new victories on the part of the road-builders and the engine-builders. They bring forward continually their own achievements in mechanical excellence, and the engineer determines upon their real value to the system of which he is a part. The higher development of an air-brake, a substantial promise of success in the longed-for electric cab-signals, the expansion of a fire-box, all mean something new in the life of the engineer. If he knows his business thoroughly, he himself is a master in mechanics, and neither the master mechanic nor the superintendent of motive power is above considering his suggestions when the sketches of the new machine are brought from the draughting-table. Between the designer of the locomotive and the man who runs the express there exists not alone a community of interest, but often the closeness of confidence and affectoin. The pride of the one is to supply the very best engine in the world; of the other to demonstrate in actual wear its claim to the title. Certainly in the later types of giant passenger locomotive there is something inspiring to the most indifferent traveler. Consider for a moment "The 668": first, the looming height of the great engine, which our photographer artfully brings out by catching at its side the pygmy master of its destinies-his shoulders reaching hardly above the cylinders and his uplifted hand still below the elevation of the steam-chest. Observe how with every new step in modern construction the monster driving- wheels have been set farther and farther ahead to release the imprisoned fire-box behind. They stand as if they would crowd from the front the modest wheels of the engine-truck itself. The boiler rises quite a whole second story above the man that controls it. Note how every detail of the creation conveys the impression of strength, the climax A CAMERA SHOT FROM THE CAB WINDOW TAKEN AT SEVENTY-TWO MILES AN HOUR "CLEAR THE TRACK!" of all its lines of beauty and force rising in the short, thick neck of the stack and the extended front end, pushed forward, deep-breathed and ready, like the swelling chest of an athlete. The arrival of a new type of locomotive on a system is to the engineer like the coming of a new marvel to a boy. If the designer be the superintendent of motive-power of his own road, his delight is the greater. Shortly after the successful trial of a new class of high-speed engines on a Western road, a passenger happened forward to visit with the engineer of a through train. They were west-bound, and fell at once to talking about the new engine that was pulling the train. The runner could not say enough about the locomotive, and he spoke with awe of its designer, the head of the motive-power, whom he had never met. It chanced that the man he was speaking of lay at the moment in one of the rear sleepers en route to the coast for a much-needed rest, an overworked man, broken in health and hope. When told that the official he so wanted to meet was a passenger on that very train, pulled by one of his own new locomotives, the engineer's face lighted like that of a boy. So exacting were his duties that he could not take the moment required to go back to greet the superintendent; the latter had not strength enough to walk from his car forward. The two men, only a train length apart, could not grasp each other's hands, and it fell to a passenger to convey the greetings from the cab back to the stateroom. When division had been reached, and the engineer was free, the tired head of his department was sleeping and the doctor would not wake him. Not trainmen alone are worked to death in the railroad service. That the engineer's affections should become centered on the engine itself is not at all strange, and while much that is fanciful is told of such attachments, there is really sometimes foundation for the telling. The exigencies of modern traffic usually do away more or less with the old fashion of running one man on the same engine, so that the sense of ownership an engineer once might have cherished has been thus far weakened. Running first in, first out, shifts the 3334 The Outlook engine crews from one cab to another, yet preferences continue, as to types particularly, and often as to individual machines. The cranky engine, the unlucky engine, and " Old Faithful " still have their stalls in the legends of the service, if not actually in the round-house. But while neither steel nor steam is entirely free from vagaries, the advent of the educated man into the department of motive power is constantly working out venerable superstitions concerning their depravities. No one feature of modern locomotive engineering is more striking than the advent into it of the more highly trained men who begin their railroad life in the motive power and frequently in the cab. This does not mean more faithful engineers, nor, necessarily, more competent men for their work as runners. It means that better technical acquaintance with the science of construction, combustion, and the dynamics of steam are reacting from the cab upon the shop and upon the experiments of the thinkers who toil continually to increase the efficiency and to reduce the cost of operation of the locomotive. The same leaven of technically trained men is working in every branch of American industry ; the only cause for care in the motive power, as perhaps elsewhere, is lest its importance be overvalued and the credit due the older type of locomotive engineer lessened. The railroad will never get more capable, reliable men than those that have brought the American engine service to the high standard it reaches to-day. Through the organization which embraces the enginemen of nearly all the railroads in this country the members have secured for themselves and for all other enginemen an adequate wage scale. No labor order in the world has a record more honorable than that of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. It is old, conservatively managed, and reflects as a body the qualities that make its members so respected individually. With but one disastrous and probably ill-advised strike on its record of differences adjusted between labor and capital, the Brotherhood, under the late Chief Arthur, has been and is to-day a model for every successful labor union in existence ; and nothing shows more clearly the great good sense of its members than that they should so long have kept him at their head. The very traits that make the American engineer safe to ride behind make him the best of American citizens. In public affairs he is not led astray by popular fallacies or by the clamor of cheap men. he sets an example for those who preach of public duties by attending very strictly to his private affairs. He pays his debts, saves his money, educates his children, often in the best of the universities, and in his home neglects neither books nor music. To the many who as travelers put their lives continually in his keeping it rarely occurs even to think of the locomotive engineer--still less to thank him for the care that in the cab or under the eccentrics, in the night or in the wind or the storm, he takes of them. Perhaps our young President, he who never forgets an acknowledgment where one is due, meant in part to atone for the neglect of others of us when recently, after completing a long railroad journey, he publicly thanked the railroad men for their good care in carrying him so safely over so many thousand miles. Of his gratitude, frankly expressed, it would be safe to say that a generous portion was meant for the man to whom the average traveler rarely gives a word, hardly a thought--the Locomotive Engineer. DRAWN BY L. PASTERNAK TOLSTOY TO-DAY BY EDWARD A. STEINER ILLUSTRATED WITH PAINTINGS BY L. PASTERNAK This is the first of a group of articles by Mr. Steiner, the result of several months' literary work in Russia as the representative of The Outlook. The time was spent wholly in study of " Tolstoy the Man," in interviews with him and his family, and in gathering literary material from the Tolstoy circles in Moscow and elsewhere. The articles to be printed in The Outlook, with many others not to be published in any periodical, will later appear in book form. The book will be called " Tolstoy the Man," and will be published by the Outlook Company.--THE EDITOR WE hesitated long before asking if we might visit Tolstoy on the particular occasion here described. Rumors of serious illness checked both the artist's and the biographer's desire to see him, and only after we heard that his condition had improved did we venture our request. "Come and bring N---- with you," read the telegram which we received in answer to our letter. N--- is a musician of note, and the feeling that through his playing Tolstoy would receive much pleasure made our going easier, for usually we felt that we gave nothing in return for the inspiration received. To start from Moscow at midnight, to be locked in a train whose compartments are so hot that they can well serve the purpose of a Russian bath, to 35 36 The Outlook [5 September inhale cigarette-smoke which everywhere makes the atmosphere stale and thick, is no great pleasure, especially as the train stops longer at the stations than it travels between them, and, being the only so-called fast train, is uncomfortably crowded. No air either enters or leaves the compartment, and when we reach our destination, and can really breathe the fresh, ozone-laden air, it is as exhilarating a moment as if we had stepped from a prison cell into freedom. The little depot is almost covered by snow, and after being wakened for a moment by the stopping of the train it sinks again into the deepest quiet. Here and there from among the white birches the rising smoke tells of some mujik's cabin in which the housewife has bestirred herself and has kindled the fire. The horse and sleigh of Countess Tolstoy are awaiting us in the station yard, and almost simultaneously we ask the coachman, "How is the Count?" "Slava Bogu [Praise God], he is much better," answers the faithful servant, whose broad, good-natured face smiles at us from his wrappings of fur, which make him look like an overgrown infant ready to be carried away by its nurse. He remembers the Count's guests, and has a particular smile for those who know that Tolstoy's philosophy about money has not at all influenced his servants, who are just as eager for their tips (Na Tschay) as if they were living in the most materialistic atmosphere. Swiftly we glided along through the increasing quiet; the noise of the passing train had almost ceased, and its deep breathing grew fainter and fainter. From the east a tinge of golden red poured over the silvery landscape; for a moment there was a hovering between twilight and morning, then the sun rose, bringing light but no warmth, and the great conqueror who in the summer colors earth and skies in varied hue seemed unable to affect the mass of white or to change the great shroud into a wedding garment. The noisy crows alone made dark spots upon the landscape and brought discord and disturbance into silence and harmony. No one in the village had yet stirred out of doors; the peasants were still lying upon their warm bake-ovens hibernating until the springtime, when the increasing hunger would drive them out of doors and press the plow into their hands. The snow lay up to the windows of the low cabins, which were kept from being lost in the colorless landscape by the dirt of doors and outer walls. Horses, cattle, and fowl were indoors with the peasants, and within many a hut was heard the faint cock-crow, followed by the grunting of an unfed pig or the hoof-beat of a restless horse. From above the snow, like strange-shaped mushrooms, peeped with their Chinese roofs the white towers flanking the gateway to the Tolstoy estate, and the trunks of the trees within made dark lines upon the whiteness, showing the well-worn road between them. At the door we were met by Maria Levovna, the Count's favorite daughter, who has been constantly at his bedside, and who at this time was acting as his private secretary and is his confidential friend. Among the Count's children the daughters had the greatest sympathy with his teachings, although since they have married they have gone the way of the world, much to his regret. When we arrived, Countess Tolstoy was still in her room; she rises very late, her work keeping her up until past mid- night. She is now correcting a new edition of her husband's works, and between the struggle with publishers and proof-readers she is taxed to the utmost, although she preserves both her youth and strength in a remarkable way. Any one who saw her a few evenings before at the symphony concert in Moscow, radiant in a light gray silk costume, her bright eyes shining from pleasure, would not have realized how much work and how many years are burdening her. We were immediately shown to our rooms, but great was our astonishment when we found one of them to be the Count's former study, which had been converted into a guest-room after his removal upstairs was necessitated by his severe illness. Mr. P- immediately called an indignation meeting to protest against such sacrilege, and we unanimously declared our disapproval of the change. The room should have been kept as it was. Those scattered books, that table full of loose pages of manuscript 1903] Tolstoy To-Day 37 manuscript, the large ink-pot, the Count's picturesque but crude scythe, and his working garments-all are gone; the books are transferred to and straightened our in book-cases, where they stand like soldiers in perfect order, and our unpoetic satchels stand upon the table where he wrote all the books which made him famous. Surely there will be no holy shrine to which enthusiastic Tolstoyans may make a pilgrimage in after years, for the devastation seems complete. A physician who now is a member of the household lives in the Count's former bedroom, but the simple furniture has been left just as and where it was. At the breakfast-table we find the usual contingent of strangers, and we look at one another in rather an unfriendly way, as much as to say, "What in the world brought you here to trouble a poor old sick man-can't you leave him alone?" We are good mind-readers, all of us, and we stare at each other during the informal meal, drinking our hot tea in silence; and no friendlier look comes over the facts of these somebodies and nobodies when our party is asked to go upstairs to see the Count. The room which we enter is spacious and comfortable; two large windows look out over the tree-tops and upon the silent fields of Yasnaya. The eye instinctively seeks the Count, and we are much startled as we see him. He is so thin that his features stand out with unusual sharpness. The eyes are still searching, but show the effect of much suffering, and a veil like the shadow of a passing cloud hangs over them. His voice, too, has grown weak, and his hand-clasp is like the touch of gloved fingers, without warmth or strength; but the greeting is not less cordial than ever. Now, struggling with approaching death, he is fastening upon paper memories and impressions of bygone years, and when every moment is precious he yet denies himself to no one, and does not stint the time which he gives to his friends. It is such a large welcome as only a large soul can give one. It is in striking contrast to the welcome which one receives from every other member of his household. Every one, from the Countness down to the guests of yesterday, makes you feel that you are here by grace alone, but he makes you feel immediately that you have done him a favor by coming. It is this natural and grateful outflow of his noble soul toward another that charms every one who comes in touch with him. Yet I cannot say that one feels comfortable so close to him. He searches too deeply. He penetrates down to the impurest motive which brought you here, and you feel as if you were a thief caught in the act of breaking one of the commandments. I find that all those who come "in spirit and in truth" share this feeling with me, and I should not wonder if in the other world I see him sitting on one of those twelve thrones "judging the tribes of Israel." The conversation first turned upon his own health. He has been near death's door; the heart almost ceased its task of sending blood through his body, the limbs were cold and motionless, and around his bedside through many an anxious night stood loving watchers who feared the coming of a lightless morning. But no fear was his; he was not being dragged to his grave. Calmly he awaited the moment of his departure, and he struggled neither for life nor with death. He dropped no pious phrases as he told us of his nearness to the other world; it was the story of a traveler who came near to the gate of a city whose name and location he knew not, but of the existence of which he was quite sure. He did not tell as much of himself as we should have liked to hear; he quickly turned the conversation to the artist's and writer's work and plans, to N-'s children, whom he loves, and to all the living things which interest him so much. The praise of Yasnaya's quiet he turned into a sarcastic polemic against the effort in the cities to build houses of entertainment for the laborers. "You take them out of the pure air into a place crowded by people, you compel them to breathe dust, dirt, and disease, and you call that "helping the poor to enjoy themselves." My praise of the People's Palace in St. Petersburg, built by the present Czar, found no echo in his heart. He does not believe in "throwing sweet morselsFROM THE STATION TO THE TOLSTOY HOME Tolstoy To-Day 39 to a starving peasantry," although he was glad to hear of my observation of increasing temperance, or at least of a decrease of drunkenness, in the Russian cities where the dives have been entirely closed and people's theaters and tea- houses have taken their place. Upon our inquisitive looks at his writing-desk, he told us that he was then hard at work writing his reminiscences, and that he had finished a new story based upon his experiences in the Caucasus, and he read us page after page of the simple but beautiful narrative from his life in those wild mountain regions. His style seems simpler than ever; clear and sharp stand out his characters. The background is faint, scarcely touched, but the men and women whom he portrays are alive, and the truth they speak is clear and their words are pure. They are created by his love for all the men he met and knew in those young years of his eventful life. The manuscript is as unreadable as ever, and Maria Levovna had to be called upon to decipher those passages in which her father's pen had tangled the thought of the story by successive corrections. He was greatest and most precious when he laid down the manuscript and began to tell of his own feelings and emotions in those days. How little he spares himself! he gathers up every scrap of the past, even if by so doing he tarnishes his halo; but he tells truth and loves truth, even if truth makes him unlovely. We know now that the stories of his childhood and youth which were the first products of his pen were not entirely autobiographical; that, in fact, they contained much which, while it grew in him, he did not experience in actual life. He made us all laugh by telling the story of his first dancing-lesson. He was so ungraceful that the dancing-master tied a stick of wood to his legs to make them stand out straight. "I could make better use of that stick of wood now," he said, pointing to his limbs, which were wrapped in a blanket. "But I shall surprise you to-morrow. I shall go for a walk." After dinner, N- was asked to play. The poor musician was so nervous that he had scarcely eaten anything, and when he sat down to the piano he fairly trembled from stage fright. First on the programme were Tolstoy's old favorites, Gluck, Brahms, and Handel. "They are so quiet," he says; "their passion was lofty and never base." Mozart came next, and charmed him most, for he loves him above all the composers. "He never stirs the evil and the low within us," he says of him, "and when he touches the emotions, he does it with delicacy and purity." Chopin Tolstoy enjoys very much, and among Slavic composers he finds him the most sympathetic. During the playing of one of Beethoven's sonatas he grew visibly agitated; and that much-condemned "Kreutzer Sonata" he heard with pleasure. Schumann's songs brought tears to his eyes; "it touched my heart so," he said, in excuse for his seeming weakness. What a rapt listener he is, this iconoclast of art! how every fiber of his being responds to it, how he draws it in and how it intoxicates him! He knows, as did the Hebrew prophets, how art itself may become man's temple and his God, and he fights against his natural devotion to it, fearing that it might lure him from the narrow path which he has marked out for himself. Long after the piano has echoed its last vibrant note we sit in silence and muse. The snowflakes fall thick and fast upon the already heavy-laden treetops, and it is winter without and within. The Count sits with his head sunk over his breast, the fingers of both hands pressed against each other, and tears in his eyes. Schumann's "Du bist die Ruh" has brought them out of his heart. Quiet, quiet everywhere but in our hearts; and is there quiet in his now that he is snowed in by old age and feels the approach of death? With peace upon his brow, there is also much pain, and such furrows seam his face as no other plowman draws but he who comes with labor and with tears. The glow of artistic success, the gratitude of those whom he has helped into the light, these ought to make the evening of his pilgrimage glorious. Yet each life has its tragedies, and those of us who know realize that he will carry to the yonder side some greatPAINTED FROM LIFE BY L. PASTERNAK TOLSTOY AT WORK IN HIS STUDY Tolstoy To-Day 41 sorrows. His tears are for a little boy, "Vantshek," as they called him, the only one of his thirteen children into whom seemed to have been breathed the same spirit by which he was filled by the Creator. The little one looked into the world with the same clear eyes as did his father, and clung to him conscious of that inner relationship, the kinship of the soul. He died. The hurt in the father's heart seemed healed; but out of the treasure of song which Schumann gave to the world, and to which he listened that afternoon, there came one tenderest note and tore open the old bleeding wound. Strangers crowd his doorway asking his blessing, and go out into the world to live as he has taught them; strangers listen with reverence to each one of his words and become his disciples; but among his own there is none to preach his message or to live it. No complaint has ever passed his lips, and the tragedy of his heart has no witness except his own great soul, which has taught itself to love, and in love to suffer. His philosophy of life has not changed, his belief in the efficacy of Christ's law for the salvation of man and of society is as firm as ever, and his theological views have still the same agnostic ring; but he knows God, prays to God, loves God, and truly "loves his neighbor as himself," and does not ask, "Who is my neighbor?" It would belittle those great hours to tell all that he said and how he said it, to narrate his condemnations or write down what he approved. This was no day for a biographer to make notes or an artist to make sketches, but it was a day for men to look into the great heart of one of God's great men. Russia knows no spring. April is still only winter painted green, and then all at once it is summer. Long, not over-straight furrows are being drawn upon the great fields which surround Yasnaya Polyana. Patient mujiks are led across the fertile acres by the more patient if not more intelligent horses; and where the wooden harrow has glided over the clods, women beat them into dust. A horseman comes from between the whitewashed towers, and the peasants say one to another, "Praise God, it is our master." It is a long time since they have seen him, and a longer time since they have seen him on horseback. The rider of fast horses who renounced that luxury years ago, and walked many a hundred miles, had been lifted by servants into the saddle, as he had been lifted a few months ago from voluntary hardship into involuntary ease. The aristocratic peasant has become an aristocratic invalid, and the man who struggled for years against the conditions in which he was born will die in the same conditions, a prisoner to environment. He deplores it, mourns over it, and laments over an unreached ideal. He still envies the peasant, who, after a hard life, will lie down upon his bake- oven and die a happy death; but as little as Tolstoy could live just like a peasant, so little can he die like one. If he had the strength, he would now, in spite of the commands and the entreaties of his physician and his wife, take the handle of the wooden plow and follow it across the fragrant upturned sod. I venture to say: "Count, you have done your plowing; you have drawn a straighter furrow and a longer one right across Russia and into the heart of Europe and the New World," and the man who all his life believed in his power of achievement shakes his head doubtfully as he views the work he has done. The sower follows the plowman and the women who beat the clods into dust. Majestically, rhythmically, and slowly he walks across the black, rich earth, casting his seed, more worshipful than the village priest who scatters incense for more or less holy purposes. The sower carries his seed in a white linen sheet which hangs from his shoulder, and he thrusts his hand into it as does an artist his brush into his colors, or a generous man his fingers into his treasury. With wistful eyes Tolstoy follows his movements, quite unconscious of the fact that he has been sowing more precious seed upon larger fields; but if you call his attention to this, he will say, "The best of it was only chaff." Yet undisguised pleasure shows itself in his face when42 The Outlook one speaks of his influence which has gone over the whole world. This very spring two American millionaires came, repeating the words of the rich young ruler and receiving the same answer, but not going " away sorrowful." Each day brings tidings of new fields upon which the seed has fallen, each day brings some ripened fruit, some apostles, more disciples, admirers most of all. If you speak to him of this, he will answer, " Thus I know that His word is truth." Yet he envies the sower with his white sheet and his golden seed. " That man will die with nothing to regret and everything to expect," he says, and he would willingly change places with him immediately. " Why not ?" he says to the astonished listener. " Is he not happier than the Czar, or the Emperor of Austria, or the Kings of Saxony or Servia ? Has he not a more guiltless conscience ? Who in this world is to be envied if not he ? Has he not a saner philosophy than Nietzche, has he not a loftier theology than the Metropolitan of Moscow, has he not a healthier enjoyment of art than Wagner, is he not in closer touch with nature than millions of the wealthy who lock themselves into fireproof cages and know nature only from the railroad ars and affection only from sentimental novels ?" Such is the flow of his thought each day ; not so pessimistic as it sounds when coined into words, for hopefully and joyfully he is waiting for the harvest, and although he will not again be able to thrust his sickle into the ripened grain, he believes that God's in his heaven--all's right with the world ! He is really ages ; his form is bent, his step is slow, but his vision is not dimmed. He is young and vigorous in his condemnations, and younger still in those things which rejuvenate themselves each day, and which never fail--Faith, Hope, and Love. He is still Russia's greatest living writer, in spite of the new stars which have arisen--Gorky, Tschechoff, Andrejeff. He is still the one bold, unmuffled voice which protests against the wrongs perpetrated by State and Church, by Czar, priest, and populace. His name is still the password which leads into the homes and hearts of all the lovers of freedom and believers in the law of Christ, but all he desires is to remain one of the Master's humblest disciples "even unto the end." The Gargoyle's Secret By Merivale Philbrick-Reed On yonder house-wall, centuries hurt, and gray As Death itself, the trailing jessamine Has spread a mantle, richer, lovelier far Than that famed Fleece of Gold which Jason sought ;-- Its jeweled tendrils ever reaching higher Climb till they touch the useless Gargoyle's head Beneath the eaves, and learn the secret kept Through glowing days. . . . Hid in those savage jaws A wood-dove broods upon her patient nest, Fearless, at peace within her strange retreat. With the Gloucester Fisherman By A. W. Dimock Illustrated with Photographs by Julian A. Dimock "STAND by the boats !" I rolled out of my bunk aboard a Gloucester seiner and tumbled up the companionway in the clothes in which I had slept. There is little undressing in a fishing schooner off the coast of Nova Scotia. Climate and the exigencies of the business forbid. The blackness of the night was dotted with the red and green eyes of the fishing fleet which, under shortened sail, to the number of a score, was cruising near. Each eye was jealously fixed upon us ; our change in heading of a few points had been noted ; half a dozen schooners had shaped their courses to correspond with ours and like great bloodhounds we were following the phosphorescent trail, the ' water fires,' of a school of mackerel swimming near the surface of the water half a mile ahead. The crew, clad in oilskins, rubber boots, and an occasional sou'wester, had obeyed the call to oars, and already the boats were manned. Silence was broken only by low-voiced orders from the captain in the shrouds to the man at the wheel. The schooner bore away, her course parallel with that of the fish, and a quarter of a mile distant therefrom, until, having passed the school, she was thrown up in the wind. Sliding to the deck, the captain jumped for the seine-boat, which with the dory melted into the night. Mackerel are alert and shy. We followed them in silence and darkness, our solitary lantern hidden in a bag at the bow of the dory. The stern of the seine-boat was heaped with half a mile of net, one hundred feet deep, weighing with its sinkers three thousand pounds. Beside the net, ready to pay it out, were two of the crew. Another handled the long steering oar, while the captain, in command, stood upon the piled-up net where he had jumped. The forward end of the boat was filled with nine oarsmen. There was no room for a drone, and I was stowed away in the dory with two of the crew, charged only with the obvious duty of effacing myself. Only the cook and the gasoline engineer were left on the schooner. The former was at the helm, with duties enough to keep him awake. He was to trim the sails, to follow the boats by the hour through Egyptian darkness, always to be near, but not too near, and never to 43 SEINING UNLOADING HADDOCK FROM A CLOUCESTER FISHING SCHOONER alarm the fish. He was not to be run down, and, if possible, was to avoid running down any other member of the fishing fleet, or even the unlighted seine-boats with which they might crowd the waters. He was to have a hot supper and warm beds always ready for seventeen hungry men. When within two hundred yards of the mackerel and a little ahead of their course, one end of the net was given to the dory, which remained stationary while the net was paid out from the larger boat as it was rowed rapidly in front of the school. When half surrounded the fish struck the net and dashed hither and thither in wild alarm. They swam toward the dory, but were frightened back by the splashing of oars. Before they found the gap in their environment,, it was closed and they were prisoners. A long line running through iron rings fixed to the bottom of the net was drawn in, pursing the net as it was pulled aboard the seine-boat by a windlass, until the portion remaining in the water inclosed twenty thousand pounds of mackerel in almost solid mass. His work on the seine-boat finished, the captain came on board the dory and was quickly rowed to the schooner. With his hand upon the wheel, as he laid the schooner beside the net with exactness, he spoke of needful haste, for the curious reason that in very cold water the fish soon become exhausted and their dead weight unmanageable. Twenty feet of the top of the net was made fast along the schooner's rail, while in the seine-boat a dozen Titans heaved and strained and struggled with ten tons of wriggle, flop, and slime. Deep in the mass the captain plunges a Brobdingnagian scoop-net, with handle twenty feet 45 46 The Outlook long and iron mouth three feet in diameter. When filled it called for six men at the tackle to hoist it on board. Each minute a solid stream of fish poured on the main deck, filling every space and crevice, burying boxes, barrels, and coils of rope, and mounting above the quarterdeck until that, too, was covered, and men were working in a sea of fish, the incoming tide rising to their waists. For a strenuous hour the light of torches illumined the faces and silhouetted against the night the forms of men pursuing the burdened net. A single false note marred the harmony of their sweeping action. "Who is that man?" I asked the captain during one of his brief intervals of respite. "That's the hobo-a good man, but a bad sailor; one who works hard, but wouldn't make a fisherman in a thousand years." The emptied net was piled upon the quarter-deck and sprinkled with salt "to keep it cool," but no rest came to the men. No fisherman may undress until all the fish are dressed. Occasionally one of the crew plunged into the forecastle for a few minutes to "mug up," which means sampling the perennial breakfast which the cook is expected to maintain. Trays were hastily erected for splitting, gibbing, and salting. Fish were shoveled upon these trays and split from head to tail by a slash of the knife along the side, sometimes at the incredible rate of sixty to the minute by a single man. When split they are tossed to the gibber, gibbed with like celerity, and dropped into barrels, which are flooded with salt water as fast as filled. Gib is euphemism for a less pleasing word. When the decks have been cleared of fish, the trays are covered with salt, in which are dipped the mackerel taken from the wash-barrels. The migrations of mackerel are established, and a well- settled itinerary regulates the visits of their schools to our coast. They are scheduled to arrive at the Nova Scotia shore on the twentieth of May, and any variation is believed to be due to leap year or some other calendar discrepancy. They remain two weeks, sail for the Orient on the third of June, and are lost to civilization until the late fall. Their schools are up to date; only dunces can be caught to-day on the old-time hand line, and even modern methods fail with the mackerel of experience, who, when surrounded by the seine, promptly dives and escapes. We rounded up one small school which sank into the depths after the net closed about it and before it could be pursed. Our net return was a photograph of a circle of corks inclosing undisturbed water. In many respects crews differ, like creeds. Ours was a sober crowd, with no liquor save in the medicine- chest, while another schooner was reckoned short-handed if half the crew happened to be sober at the same time. One crew in the fleet did not play cards, but on the other boats poker shortened the many long days between catches. I asked one of the crew if they played cards all the time. He said they did, excepting on Sundays, when they knitted. These sailor-fishermen are a democratic lot, making small distinction between forecastle and cabin. They are partners in the business, entitled to one-half the profits, although certain expenses reduce their share nearly to one-third. The capitalist who owns the outfit and partially provisions the boat receives the other half. The captain gets a bonus of from five to eight per cent. of the gross profits in addition to his pro rata as a member of the crew. If the boat has a gasoline engine, it is reckoned as one of the crew and paid as such. The cook gets the share of a member of the crew, and in addition the latter chip in and pay him wages. Every half-hour during the night the watch inspects the sleepers in the cabin to guard against asphyxiation. There was no story-book sailor on the schooner. When I was seasick, no one seemed amused. I was coddled and cared for, and fruit and sympathy tendered me. The men were genial, independent, and intelligent, with a good sense of humor. A careless man at the wheel was asked if he was tying knots in the wake. One who drew a long bow was warned that he would get to believe that story himself if he told it so often. The Gloucester fishing schooner just begins to enjoy herself in storms that make ocean greyhounds dizzy. Skip- THE SEINING FLEET RUNNING INTO WHITEHAVEN HARBOR, N.S.BAITING UP TRAWLS FOR HADDOCK pers glory in the seaworthiness of their craft, and of one it was said that he never ran for harbor in a storm, and never shortened sail until he had carried away his topmast. Good sense controls in the seining fleet, and it seeks the nearest harbor when the weather becomes too stormy for fishing. So the captain told me as I stood beside him at the wheel while a storm was brewing. " Why don't you run now ?" I asked him. " Nobody likes to start first," he replied, as at the turn of his hand the schooner fell off several points and bore straight for Halifax. In another minute every boat in the fleet was on the same course. One day, as I was cultivating the demeanor of an old salt, a sudden squall caused the mainsail to jibe. As the boom swung over our heads and the main sheet swept the deck, I maintained 48 my dignified air of indifference until I saw the captain on his face hugging the deck. Then I, too, flopped. While detained in the harbor of Halifax by some food regulations of the custom-house, a Nova Scotian came aboard complaining that some sailor had stolen his dog. Regardful of the reputation of his countrymen, our skipper took the man aboard the other boats of the fishing fleet to convince him that Americans didn't steal dogs. Fisherman enjoy a practical joke, even if it proves a boomerang. As Captain Ruggy was entering Beaver Harbor during a blow, in advance of the rest of the fleet, he was closely followed by a schooner whose captain had never made the harbor. Ruggy sailed across the mouth of the harbor ; then, tacking, began to zigzag, as if following a tortuous channel. The green captain followed the first course, and then sailed for the middle of the harbor, straight over all Ruggy's imaginary obstacles, and was the first to anchor. There was cheering in the fleet, and things were said and are yet said to Captain Ruggy--lest he forget. Our captain was called a " lucky skipper." It was the kind of luck that kept at the masthead in fishy weather, that read every ripple in the water and every sail on its surface. One day he was bothered. We were homeward bound, with a fair wind, making a straight wake from Cape Sable to Boston, with the patent log reeling off knots at a wonderful rate. Land was due, but didn't show up, and there were no soundings where soundings ought to have been. A fog closed around us, and as we hove to the captain took in the log, saying to it, " According to you, Ananias, we are twenty miles inland and liable to run down a church any minute." The log was lying. The gambling instinct that turns so many wheels of human enterprise mans the Gloucester fishing fleet. The daily life is prosaic, the pay poor, but every day contains the chance of a prize in the lottery of the deep which may equal the wages of months of hard work on shore. Good fishing days are few ; fog spoils many and high winds more. While cruising, one man is at the helm, another keeps watch from the masthead, as the schooner sails to and fro under light sails. The rest of the crew are scattered about the deck, playing poker in the forecastle, or laying in stores of sleep and food against the days when 4950 The Outlook they will have time for neither. During this the playtime of the seiner the occasional calms are utilized to supply the home larder with cod for the year. These are caught with hand lines from the schooner, usually in about thirty fathoms of water. Swordfish are perquisites of the crew, and when sighted are pursued with harpoons, to the vast entertainment of all hands. Lines are graven early on the faces of the women of Gloucester. The girl who marries a fisherman in her early twenties takes more than even chances of being a widow in her thirties. Memorial day in Gloucester is unique in its celebration of the terrible tax levied upon human life by a human industry. On that midwinter day children cast flowers upon the freezing waters of Gloucester Harbor ; one child to each flower, one flower for each victim of the sea during the preceding year. After the exercises in the harbor there is a memorial service at the City Hall, with addresses, reading the names of the dead, and prayers. Seining, which lasts from April to October, is the play of the fisherman ; if the play gets rough, he slips into harbor. But in the winter he must fight to a finish his battle with the elements, for on the Banks there is no harbor. He must brave storms which sweep his decks with waves to high that even a seaman HANDLING FISH ON A GLOUCESTER WHARF PLAYTIME ON A SEINER No mackerel in sight, so the crew catch codfish on hand lines for the home supply. dares not estimate them, and which roll his craft until the coals burning in the galley are spilled upon its roof, and the common name of all his stores of food is hash. He struggles with the wheel in weather that exhausts him in a fifteen-minute shift, and in the bitterest cold beats ice from rigging and decks knowing that neglect means more flowers in the harbor on memorial day. He rides out winter gales at the end of half a mile of cable, which it then often takes a full day to hoist aboard. If an anchor fouls a telegraph cable, it is cut loose and a bill for the lost anchor and cable sent to the cable company, which pays it with promptness. The skipper of a schooner on the Banks with eight or ten dories afloat lives anxious hours. There is menace in every change of wind or barometer, and peril in each bank of fog--that 51 52 The Outlook winding-sheet of the fisherman. On the last day of a successful season the captain of a Gloucester fishing schooner sent out eight dories, in one of which were his only son and the brother of his wife. As the boy pushed off, his father reminded him that he would be homeward bound on the morrow. Two hours later a great bank of fog blotted out sea and sky. Seven dories found their way home, but not the one bearing the boy and his uncle. As the day wore on and the swelling waves gave premonition of a coming storm the crew launched dories, and, rowing in every direction, sounded their horns in the vain hope of finding the boy and his mate, until the captain forbade the useless risk of life. Soon after the blackness of night had joined the impenetrable fog the rising wind became a gale from the northeast, laden with needles of ice which swept away the fog but left small hope for the lost fishermen. With the coming of day the cable was cut and the hopeless search began. During two days the schooner boxed the compass, sailing on every course, and zigzagging until her wake had spider-webbed a hundred square miles of turbulent water. Then a grave, silent man, whose face had aged ten years in a few days, slowly turned over the wheel as he ordered the tautened sheets slackened until the bow of the boat pointed toward the descending sun. For five hundred monotonous miles the schooner, without change of course or the starting of a sheet, alternately climbed the heaving waves and plunged through hissing, foam-covered water to the valleys between. Then the gale died out quickly, as it had arisen, and was followed by vexations of fog and of calm, which wasted many days before the twin lights of Thatcher's Island outlined themselves to the sorrowful fishermen. As the schooner entered the inner harbor, with its colors at half-mast, it was greeted with cheers from the boats at anchor and from the wharves. To the returning fishermen bearing their message of sorrow the welcome seemed ill-timed, and they made no response until, as the wharf was neared, a keen-eyed sailor sprang to the signal halyards and quickly ran up the half-masted flag, chock-a-block, while the crew cheered wildly and big tears rolled down the bronzed cheek of the skipper. On the wharf waving her shawl stood the wife of the captain, with her son and brother beside her. when the fog swallowed up the boy and his uncle, they were struggling with their anchor, which had fouled, and before it was cleared they had lost their bearings, and, being without a compass, had probably pulled straight away from the schooner. They passed a terrible night, laboring at the oars to keep from freezing, and were nearly dead with cold and exhaustion when morning broke upon a pitiless sea, whose every wave threatened destruction. Hope came to them once in the guise of an Atlantic liner, a greyhound of the deep, until the ocean Pharisee passed by on the other side. But the good Samaritan followed in the form of a tramp steamer bound for Boston, which rescued the fishermen at about the last moment when rescue would have been worth while. Last year half a dozen fishing schooners spent the winter frozen up in the ice of Newfoundland, where they had gone for bait. The fishermen made occasional trips over the ice for firewood, and lived generally as safely and comfortably as Arctic explorers. There is free trade in fishing on the banks. No trust controls the waters and standardizes men and machinery alike until any missing fragment of either can be duplicated from its stores. Nor has any trade- union stretched upon its Procrustean bed the fishermen of Gloucester. They are a rugged race, these fishermen, with the independence of their lives reflected in their characters. I was indebted to them for many favors, but when at the end of a cruise I sought to pay for my fare, my board, and my pleasure, I found that I had been a guest and that what had been done for me had not been done for money. A few hours later, in the roar and confusion of the great city of my home, I wondered how far I would have to look for as much hospitality, although as a stranger there were many who would have taken me in. The First Chief of Staff GENERAL Samuel B. M. Young, who will be the first Chief of Staff of the Army of the United States, has had the unique experience of having served for one week only as the General Commanding of that army. Under the new army law, General Young succeeded General Miles, whose retirement we have already noted, but after the expiration of a single week this title, which has been held since the Civil War by Grant, Sherman, Schofield, and Miles, lapses, and the new system, under which the Chief of Staff forms a most important part, comes into existence with General Young as its first head. It is expected that General Young will retire from active service next January, and it is probable that he will be followed as Chief of Staff by General Chaffee. General Young is now sixty-three years old. He entered the army of the United States as a private in 1861, and has had a career marked in an unusual degree by brilliant and gallant services. Throughout the Civil War he was promoted rapidly for individual achievement and for executive and military ability. When he was mustered out from the volunteer service, the order noted especially his "gallant and meritorious services during the campaign terminating with the surrender of the insurgent army under General R. E. Lee." He almost immediately entered the regular army as captain, and his more than thirty-five years' service in the regular army is marked also by frequent promotions and by many special commendations. Our readers will remember his notably brilliant work in the recent Philippine campaigns. 53DRAWN BY HENRY REUTERDAHL THE NEW ORLEANS ENTERING THE HARBOR OF SHANGHAI TO PROTECT AMERICAN INTERESTS THE NEW AMERICAN NAVY BY JOHN D. LONG SECRETARY OF THE NAVY FROM 1897 TO 1902 WORK OF THE NAVY SINCE THE WAR WITH SPAIN1 NOR were all the gallant deeds of the war deeds of martial prowess. Peace hath her heroisms no less renowned than war. There was nothing more gallant or inspiring than the rescue of the Spaniards from their sinking ships by our men at Santiago. Sampson says in his report : " The Iowa, assisted by the Ericsson and the Hist, took off the crew of the Vizcaya, while the Harvard and the Gloucester rescued those of the Infanta Maria Teresa and the Almirante Oquendo. the ships were burning fore and aft, their guns and reserve ammunition were exploding, and it was not known at what moment the fire would reach the main magazines. In addition to this a heavy surf was running just inside of the Spanish ships. But no risk deterred our officers and men until their work of humanity was complete." The Indiana also " sent boats," says Captain Taylor, " with surgeons 1 Copyright 1902, by the Outlook Company. All rights reserved. on shore to the burning vessels to assist in caring for the wounded." Captain Philip's tender words, already quoted in a former chapter, have become historic. Our later treatment of our naval prisoners is especially creditable, and was in the spirit of the highest gallantry. The officers, with Cervera at the head, were quartered in the Naval Academy buildings on the delightful grounds at Annapolis, and there treated with the utmost consideration, which he and they cordially appreciated and acknowledged. The sailors were taken to the navy-yard grounds at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, provided with new and excellent barracks, the best of food, medical attendance, and everything that could conduce to their comfort. Nor first among the heroes of that time should be forgotten the name of President McKinley. If ever head and heart and conscience were, in the fear of God and with prayerful sense of duty, 55 56 The Outlook devoted to country and to fellow-men, McKinley's were. No President ever more embodied the common sense and the best spirit of the people. None was ever in closer and more mutually confiding touch and sympathy with them, and none has ever had such a hold on the trust and cordially co-operating responsiveness of their representatives in the National Congress. He sought their welfare in the expansion of their moral, educational, industrial, and commercial activities, and in their peace and harmonious co-operation among themselves and with all the peoples of the world. Peace everywhere he sought. How beautifully and successfully he was all the time casting the balm of healing into the wounds, if any were anywhere still left rankling, after the Civil War! The blue and the gray recognized in him the President of their reunited hearts as well as of their reunited States. He strained every effort to avert war with Spain. When it came, he inspired into it every sentiment of generosity. From his private purse, unknown to many even to this day, he gave thousands of dollars to relieve the necessities of the starving Cubans. He was always on the watch to send his message of good will to every soldier in the field, to recognize quickly every gallant deed done, and to help in every way to lighten the burden and cheer the labors of the campaign. Wherever he could put the rosebud of a kind word or act into any hand-and the humbler and needier the quicker- he gave it straight from his own. He seized the first opportunity for a cessation of hostilities and for terms of peace. The whole atmosphere of his presence and influence was benignant peace. His official life was one long act of heroism. Merciful, pure in heart, peacemaker, reverent, sincere, simple in habit, an ideal of home life, eloquent and persuasive in speech, and wise and far and wide seeing in the conduct of affairs, no detail of which escaped his ken, loyal to friend, kind to all, and in sympathy with every class, progressive, yet never giving cause for the fear of disaster, how safe was the rudder of state in his hand, and how, if we seek the elements of a true hero, he embodied them! How that noble and endeared face still shines upon us through the years! It pleasant to recall the gallant conduct during the war of others than our own. Among these is Ramsden, the English consul at Santiago. As soon as he learned of the capture of Hobson and his men he actively visited them in prison, saw that they were supplied with bedding and good food, and secured their removal to quarters in the city. It was a fine instance not only of individual gallantry, but of the better spirt of the age. After the war Mr. R. U. Johnson, of the "Century Magazine," suggested to me the erection of some memorial to this hero. A heavy bronze tablet, designed by Mr. Robert G. Skerett, of the Navy Department, was cast by it at the Washington Navy-Yard and affixed to the house in Santiago where Ramsden lived. A replica was set up at the Naval Academy at Annapolis. The inscription was prepared by the Hon. Frank W. Hackett, then the accomplished Assistant Secretary of the Navy, always interested in good works. Lord Pauncefote, the English Ambassador, wrote expressing the gratification which his Government directed him to express at this tribute. Then, too, could anything be more gallant than the conduct of the Spanish Admiral Cervera! His rescue of Hobson and his men from watery graves, his considerate treatment of them, his fearless heading of the forlorn hope of the exit of his fleet from Santiago (the order to execute which he bravely obeyed though he knew it probably meant descent into the jaws of death), his generous bearing at all times, especially after his defeat and during his sojourn among us here, made him almost as popular among our people as one of our own heroes. It has seemed to me that there was never a war in which there was so little personal enmity. The fine and devoted spirit of the Spanish queen- mother justly touched the sympathies of us all. Ours was certainly a gallant and an intelligent foe. The Spaniard has always been a brave sailor and soldier. His officers in the recent war were men of marked courage and ability. They went to death in the most COPYRIGHT BY ENRIQUE MULLER THE KENTUCKY58 The Outlook [5 September gallant spirit of loyalty to their country and duty. Many of their reports, letters, and contemporaneous and later writings on the various phases of the naval and military situations are especially creditable to them and full of information and light for us, excellent in description and statement and spirt. We have always been friends with Spain and do not forget her help in early days, but we ought now to be better friends for this recent falling out and then the making- up between us. Spain has lost Cuba and the Philippines, but neither was of any value to her, as she is probably well aware. On the other hand, both of them, relieved from ill-fitting incumbrance, are swiftly moving on to better conditions, which are already in full evidence. As for our own United States, it seems to have borne most of the cost and brunt of the crisis. Let us hope that it will have its reward, not so much in the expansion of its territorial possessions as in the moral, industrial, and commercial expansion of its influence, its institutions, and its republican spirit. In the Philippines, Samoa, and China, American sailors and marines performed service as efficient and valiant as in the war with Spain. Manila was virtually captured on May 1, when Montojo's squadron was destroyed and Dewey notified the Spanish Governor-General that he would fire upon the city if the batteries defending it opened upon his ships. The city was not occupied by us at that time because Dewey could not spare from his squadron the force necessary for this purpose. On February 4, 1899, the insurgents made their first attempt to drive the Americans into the sea. The navy cooperated with the army, shelling the insurgent trenches at points where they could be reached. From that time until the close of the insurrection, American ships were busily engaged and co-operated with the army in patrolling the waters of the archipelago and cutting off war supplies sent to the insurgents from Hong- kong and Chinese ports, and in making surveys and correcting charts for the benefit of trading as well as war vessels. Thirteen small gunboats, purchased by the military authorities from Spain, were turned over to the navy, and, with the addition of those captured by Dewey, an effective mosquito fleet of seventeen vessels was formed. They were commanded for the most part by young ensigns and cadets, who displayed gallantry and, except in a few isolated instances, excellent judgment. The navy was the first to land a force at Iloilo, on the island of Panay, entering the town on February 11, a week after the insurgent attack upon Manila. A military force, under Brigadier- General Marcus P. Miller, followed later in the wake of the naval detachment and took possession. But for the promptness with which the navy had acted, the insurgents would have destroyed the town by fire. Between February 27 and April 4, Ensign Cleland Davis, of the Helena, with three marines, forming a Colt gun crew, joined General MacArthur's division operating north of Manila and "performed valiant service and rendered valuable aid to our troops." Sailors and marines destroyed at Olongapo, in September, 1899, a heavy rifle gun mounted and defended by insurgents. This point lies on Subig Bay, and naval experts claim it is the most advantageous site for a naval station in the Philippines. It was a permanently occupied by marines in December, 1899. The army and navy co-operating cleared the shore line between Manila and Cavite of insurgents, whose fire had greatly annoyed our men-of-war. One hundred and eighteen marines, on October 3, 1899, served under Brigadier-General Grant in an assault upon the town of Imus, south of Manila. Three hundred and fifty-six marines, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel G. F. Elliott, succeeded on October 8, 1899, in capturing Novaleta, which the Spaniards had considered almost impregnable. Vigan, Luzon, was captured on November 26 by the Oregon, Callao, and Samar. Captain B. H. McCalla, commanding the Newark, received in December, 1899, the surrender of the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela, northern Luzon, and turned them over to the army. Five hundred and twenty-two persons, ten of whom were Americans, held prisoners 1903] The New American Navy 59 by insurgents, were rescued by an expedition under Lieutenant J. H. Gibbons, fitted out from the Brooklyn. The gunboat Vicksburg, Commander E. B. Barry, participated in the expedition that effected the capture of Aguinaldo, and Brigadier-General Frederick Funston officially reported upon the invaluable aid thus rendered. These were some of the successes of the navy. There were also disasters. To prevent the massacre or capture and harsh treatment of the Spanish garrison at Baler, a town lying on a river of the same name emptying into the Pacific Ocean, Admiral Dewey, in the spring of 1899, instructed the gunboat Yorktown to effect its rescue. Upon arrival at the mouth of the river, Captain C. S. Sperry, commanding, ordered Lieutenant James C. Gillmore, one of his subordinates, to take a boat with a crew of fourteen men and make soundings while another officer engaged in reconnaissance. Instead of limiting his investigation to the mouth of the stream, as intended, Gillmore directed his men to pull within the entrance. He fell into an ambush. His boat, riddled by shot, was sunk and he and those of his crew who were alive were taken prisoners. For eight months these Americans remained in the hands of the insurgents, suffering torture and hardships, without food or clothing, in northern Luzon. They were found and rescued on December 18, 1899, by a detachment of American troops under Colonel L. H. Hare. Foreign intrigue sowed seed of trouble in Samoa, which produced a harvest of blood. The principal islands of this group are Upolu, upon which Apia, the most important town, is situated; Savaii, a less valuable island, and Tutuila, possessing the magnificent harbor of Pago Pago. Under a treaty entered into in 1889 by Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, Samoa was governed in accordance with native laws and customs, but kept under tripartite control; and the signatory powers were bound to the preservation of order. The United States was further interested by reason of its possession of Pago Pago, Tutuila, which had been granted to it in 1878 as a site for a naval station. Malietoa, recognized as King of Samoa, died in August, 1898, and, after the usual funeral ceremonies, the election of his successor in accordance with Samoan customs occurred as provided by the treaty. The candidates finally narrowed down to two-Malietoa Tanu, son of the deceased king, and Mataafa, a powerful native chief whom the Powers had sent into exile in 1893, but who had been allowed to return five years later to Upolu. In case of dispute the treaty required the Chief Justice to decide who should occupy the throne. Mr. William Lea Chambers, an American citizen, was serving at the time as Chief Justice. Recalling that Mataafa had been excluded from the kingship by the declaration of Prince Bismarck with the acquiescence of the other Powers in 1889, Chief Justice Chambers declared him ineligible and awarded the throne to Malietoa Tanu. The Mataafan faction at once resorted to force and drove Malietoa Tanu and his followers to seek protection under the guns of a British man-of-war lying in the harbor. With the exception of German agents, charged with fomenting the rebellion, the personnel of the tripartite government sought refuge on the British ship. Rear-Admiral Kautz arrived in Apia on March 6, 1899. He found a critical condition of affairs existing. Either on board the English war-ships or under the protection of their guns were the British and American consuls and Chief Justice, as were also Malietoa Tanu and his adherents. Ashore were three thousand natives, well armed, who obeyed the orders of Mataafa. On March 11 the Admiral issued a proclamation in which he stated that the consuls had agreed that the provisional government established by Mataafa and recognized by them in the preceding January had no existence, and could not therefore continue to be recognized. Mataafa and his chiefs were ordered to disperse and obey the provisions of the treaty. The Mataafans started to obey Rear- Admiral Kautz's order, when the German Consul proclaimed that the American officer had made a misstatement.THE UNITED STATES CRUISER ALBANY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA Enlarged from a copyrighted photograph taken by Enrique Muller at a distance of three miles. The New American Navy 61 It was his purpose, he announced, to continue recognition of the provisional government. Following the circulation of the German proclamation the Mataafan forces, on March 13, began an invasion of Apia at various points. On March 14 the British Consul advised the senior British naval officer in the harbor that the rebels had entered and surrounded the Apia municipality and that practically only the beach was free. Many foreigners had sought refuge there, abandoning their property. In the hope of deterring the hostiles, detachments of American and British marines and bluejackets were landed and marched through the streets of Apia. A guard under the command of First Lieutenant C. M. Perkins, United States Marine Corps, was sent to protect the American consulate; a guard of British marines was landed to defend the British consulate, and a force under Lieutenant F. H. Brown, United States Navy, was ordered to a point known as Mulinuu to prevent injury to a number of unarmed adherents of Malietoa Tanu. Strategically, the positions taken by the United States and British detachments were decidedly weak. Surrounding the consulates was a thick jungle, which shut them from support from the ships, though within range of the latter's guns. When Rear-Admiral Kautz delivered an ultimatum to Mataafa requiring evacuation of Apia by one o'clock of March 15, an attack was made upon the consulates, but was repulsed. Before the time-limit of the ultimatum expired a force of hostile natives embarked in their canoes and moved toward Mulinuu. To save the American and British detachments at that point from annihilation the Philadelphia opened fire and compelled the retreat of the assailants. Learning that a camp of Mataafans had been established at Vailele, a short distance from Apia, an expedition was organized to break it up. Commanding the American contingent of sixty officers and men, including twenty marines and a Colt gun, was Lieutenant P. V. Lansdale, executive officer of the Philadelphia. Ensign J. R. Monaghan, Lieutenant C. M. Perkins, United States Marine Corps, and Passed Assistant Suregon G. A. Lung were the American officers serving under Lieutenant Lansdale. The British were represented by sixty-two officers, seamen, and marines, under Lieutenant A. H. Freeman, of the Royal Navy. Between one hundred and one hundred and fifty friendly natives, undisciplined and indifferently armed, accompanied the foreign detachments. The expedition advanced in skirmish order along the beach beyond Vailele. It did not come in contact with the enemy, and, after destroying a village in which were stored ammunition and other supplies, it began the return march. Lieutenant Freeman and Lansdale decided to leave the beach road and proceed to Apia by a road a short distance inland. While cautiously proceeding, some natives were seen in front, hurrying toward the left of the column. The Colt gun was turned upon them, but failed to function. The gun was overhauled and tested, and the column resumed its march. It had not gone more than two miles when, in a place favorable for ambush, it was attacked. The friendly natives became greatly excited, and their fire endangered the Americans and British. Lieutenant Lansdale attempted to operate the Colt gun, but again it jammed, and he was compelled to abandon it. In an unfavorable position and under fire of a superior force, it was necessary to retreat to the beach. Lieutenant Lansdale and two American sailors and Lieutenant Freeman and two British sailors were killed. Five American and two British sailors were wounded. When the survivors reached the shore, they passed under the fire of a British gunboat and were safe. Shortly after this engagement a commission was appointed by the United States, Germay, and Great Britain to investigate the Samoan situation. As the result of negotiations by these powers, Tutuila and several smaller islands were, in the division then made, transferred to the United States. Pago Pago is regarded as the best harbor in the South Pacific, and is in an excellent strategic position for naval operations in that section of the world. Peace and con-62 The Outlook [5 September tentment have blessed those of the possessions there under our sovereignty, which has been administered by naval officers. President McKinley and his Cabinet early appreciated the gravity of the situation in China in the summer of 1900 and the effect that disturbances would have upon Americans and their interests. There were in China in 1899 more than two thousand American citizens. Our trade with the empire, in which the Pacific slope was keenly interested, was valued at almost $32,000,000, and Great Britain and Japan were the only nations which there had larger commerce. Insurrection in the Philippines therefore required the presence of a considerable naval force for patrol duty and co-operation with the army, as well as for independent expeditionary movements. At the same time unrest in China early in 1900 made prudent the stationing of a number of ships in her waters. For commander-in-chief the Department selected Rear-Admiral George C. Remey, who had displayed remarkably good executive ability and judgment while in command of the naval base at Key West during the Spanish war, and as second in command Rear- Admiral Louis Kempff. Before the arrival of these officers in the East the gunboat Wheeling was sent on April 2 to Taku. Conditions improved in the course of the next few weeks, and the Wheeling was withdrawn. The improvement was but temporary. Operations of the Boxers extended almost to the gates of Peking, and they even conducted their propaganda within the walls of the capital. Rear-Admiral Kempff hoisted his flag on the Newark on April 24, 1900, and one month later he was ordered to Taku. The Newark arrived at Taku on May 27, and found there the ships of other nations. On the following day Minister Conger, representing the United States, and other envoys, believing that the Boxer movement had developed into open rebellion, telegraphed to Rear- Admiral Kempff to send a guard. Marines of the Newark, commanded by Captain Newt T. Hall, were added to Captain Myers's detachment, which was landed with a company of bluejackets, a three-inch field gun, and a Colt automatic gun. The entire force was placed under Captain B. H. McCalla, the commander of the Newark, who had done good work at Guantanamo and other Cuban points during the struggle with Spain. The Americans were, at this crisis, the first foreign troops to enter the foreign settlement at Tientsin, reinforcing an English detachment which had been stationed there during the winter. The bluejackets and the field gun, under Lieutenant Daniel W. Wurtsbaugh, were left at Tientsin, and Captain McCalla, with his aide, Naval Cadet C. E. Courtney, Paymaster H. E. Jewett, the marines, the Colt gun, and three bluejackets, pushed on to Peking. The train conveying them also carried English, French, German, Japanese, Austrian, and Italian marines and sailors. As at Tientsin, the Americans were the first to reach the gates of Peking. Having consulted with Minister Conger and seen his men properly encamped, Captain McCalla, with Paymaster Jewett and Cadet Courtney, returned to Tientsin. They arrived on the last train which came through from the capital. The situation daily became more critical, and on June 4 Minister Conger asked Secretary Hay that instructions be given to Rear-Admiral Kempff to concert with other officers commanding naval forces at Taku to take measures, warranted by the situation, eventually to deliver Peking. Rear-Admiral Kempff was at once authorized by the Secretary of the Navy to take all measures that were practicable and discreet to protect the Legation and American interests generally. By his direction Captain McCalla, with forty-seven men and three officers, landed from the Newark and proceeded to Tientsin. This force was subsequently swelled to one hundred and twelve officers and men. The avowed helplessness of the Imperial Government and the insulting and threatening attitude of Chinese soldiers caused Minister Conger to wire to Rear-Admiral Kempff on June 9 that railroad communication ought to be opened. In the light of Minister Conger's messages, and the known seriousness of the situation, 1903] The New American Navy 63 situation, Captain McCalla informed the consular and naval representatives on June 9 that it was inadvisable to remain inactive, and he proposed to start for Peking even if the troops of other nations remained behind. This announcement was effective. An agreement was reached that Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Seymour, commander-in-chief of the British Atlantic fleet, Captain McCalla, the Japanese captain, and the senior Austrian and Italian officers should start for the capital on June 10. German, French, and Russian detachments, unwilling that their governments should be unrepresented in an expedition of such international importance, joined the column when it arrived at Lofa, a point on the railroad connecting Tientsin and Peking. The column, which operated under the command of Vice- Admiral Seymour, comprised 2,066 officers and men, of whom 915 were British, 450 German, 312 Russian, 158 French, 112 American, 54 Japanese, 40 Italian, and 25 Austrian. The expedition reaching Langfang, forty miles from Peking, on June 13, having met with practically no resistance. Here it was ascertained that the railroad in the rear of the troops had been destroyed and that the imperial forces had joined the Boxers, who attacked the column. The railroad between Langfang and Peking had also been cut. With communications destroyed, lacking supplies of ammunition and food, and encumbered with 264 wounded, the council of senior officers, presided over by Vice-Admiral Seymour, decided on June 19 to abandon the advance on Peking and return to Tientsin. In the retreat the Americans were given the post of honor-the advance. Resisted at every point by an enemy who received constant reinforcements, the movement was slow. On June 21 occurred an engagement which showed to the allied forces the bravery of American sailors. Intrenched behind the bank, at a sharp turn of the Peiho the Chinese swept with their fire the embanked road along which the foreign troops were marching. "It is suicidal to attempt it," said an English officer to Lieutenant Wurtzbaugh, in charge, under Captain McCalla, of the advance guard. The danger was great, but Lieutenant Wurtzbaugh's orders were imperative. On the double quick the men charged. Bullets sang about their heads, and some, unfortunately, hit the mark. Two Americans were killed and three wounded, among the latter Cadet Taussig. Captain McCalla was hit by a spent ball, which merely bruised the flesh. Early in the morning of June 23 the column captured the imperial arsenal near Hsiku, eight miles from Tientsin. Ammunition and food were found in the arsenal. Surrounded by a large force, it was decided to remain and to send for relief. This arrived on June 25. In the relief column were 100 American marines, under Major L. W. T. Waller. Major Waller, with 140 men detached from the marine battalion at Cavite, had arrived at Taku on June 18, and on June 19 had landed and started for Tientsin, communication with which had also been cut off and which was in a state of siege. After severe fighting Major Waller, in company with the forces of other nations, reached Tientsin and relieved the foreign concessions. Immediately after the arrival of reinforcements at Hsiku, Vice-Admiral Seymour returned with the entire party to Tientsin. While Captain McCalla and his men were giving evidence of resource and courage under fire, Rear-Admiral Kempff was displaying good judgment and conservatism in connection with the international aspect of the situation. To maintain communication between Taku and Tientsin, Rear-Admiral Bruce, left by Vice Admiral Seymour in command of the British naval force afloat, proposed to the foreign commanders that they take possession of the Taku forts, then held by Chinese imperial forces. Rear- Admiral Kempff properly declined to participate, on the ground that his Government was not at war with China and that he was instructed to protect only American interests, especially against the Boxer insurgents. He was commended by the Department for his wise conduct. Capture of the Taku forts by the other Powers occurred on June 17, after a bombardment in which the64 The Outlook [5 September vessels of the United States took no part. The wall of silence raised about Peking, the lack of information concerning Vice-Admiral Seymour's column, the siege of the foreign settlements in Tientsin, and the unrest which pervaded the entire empire aroused the greatest excitement and anxiety throughout the West. Few believed in those trying days that the Ministers were alive. Even in the Cabinet of President McKinley and at large the feeling prevailed that they had been exterminated. The Secretary of the Navy alone held to the opposite opinion. He based his view on the absence of any evidence of their death and on the unwillingness, even as a matter of self-interest, of a government of the civilization of China to permit the murder of diplomats accredited to it, who, by virtue of their position, were guest of the nation. Despatch by Europe of reinforcement of ships and troops to China, while in part necessary for the protection of foreign interests, was dictated in large measure by the desire of each to guard its own particular interests from the others. In view of the critical condition of affairs, Secretary Hay deemed it advisable to enunciate the policy of the United States, in the hope of obtaining the adherence of other nations thereto. His note, dated July 3, 1900, sent to the other Powers, with the approval of the President and his Cabinet, was the most important diplomatic move in the entire Chinese imbroglio. While stating the purpose of the United States to be the relief and protection of American interests, it reiterated the principles of Chinese territorial and administrative entity, protection of treaty rights in the empire, and preservation of the "open door." More marines and ships and troops from the Philippines were sent to Taku, and on July 14 the native city of Tientsin was captured from the Boxers after a brilliant attack in which the Ninth Regiment of Infantry and 22 officers and 326 enlisted men of the Marine Corps participated. Following the death of Colonel E. H. Liscum, of the army, commanding the Ninth Infantry, Colonel R. L. Meade, of the marines, assumed command of the American contingent. In this battle the navy lost one officer and five men killed and four officers and fourteen men wounded. Further reinforcements arriving, another international expedition for the relief of Peking was organized. Disheartened by the defeat at Tientsin, the Boxers made feeble resistance, and the allied force entered Peking on August 14. Relief of the Legations was accomplished none too soon. From June 19, when Baron von Ketteler, the German Minister, was killed, until July 14, when Tientsin fell, they were subjected to systematic and fierce assault. From the latter date they suffered only occasional attacks, and on August 13, the eve of the arrival of the international expedition, a final and determined movement was made against them, which was fortunately repulsed. The United States Legation lay directly under and was commanded from the wall surrounding the Tartar city. On this wall the Americans intrenched themselves. They held it in spite of repeated assaults by forces immeasurably superior in numbers and armament. On two occasions they were driven back and once compelled to abandon the Legation, but, reinforced, they threw themselves upon the enemy and retook their position. What Minister Conger regarded as the bravest and most successful event of the whole siege was an attack made upon a strongly defended Chinese barricade which threatened the station of the Americans. Fifty-five Americans, Russians, and British participated in this charge, and Captain Myers, who led them, was wounded. The defense of the Legations is one of the most heroic deeds of history, and the American people were gratified that their representatives conducted themselves with such gallantry as to earn the praise of all with whom they fought and to whom they gave protection. The navy's work was not confined to the north of China. Ships were ordered to touch at various southern ports to impress the natives and to reassure American and foreign citizens. The effect of the presence of so many men- of-war flying the flag of the United 1903] The New American Navy 65 States was also great in an international way, and it is not giving to much credit to the navy to say that its work and readiness for duty had much to do with the prestige which the United States has had in its diplomatic relations. While the credit for the admirable work since the war in conferring on the Philippines the benefits of good government is due to the War Department under the intelligent and inspiring direction of Secretary Root, the navy was in at the beginning. There has rarely been anything more creditable than the result. While there have been incidents to regret, the progress has been so rapid and so beneficent that it is an added honor to our country. Under the elevating and consummate administration of the American Commission, of which Governor Taft, so deservedly esteemed, is chairman, and of the seven other members of which three are native Filipinos, the forecast of President McKinley has been assured. Civil government by civilians has been established almost from the first, the personal liberties we ourselves enjoy have been guaranteed and had, officials have been elected by the people, natives have been put in executive and judicial station (the Chief Justice and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court being natives), a good revenue system has been adopted, the currency organized, tariffs adapted to insular interests, commerce stimulated, millions spent for public improvements, good roads made, sanitary precautions assured, free public schools opened with American and thousands of native teachers, a civil service system applied, the question of religious and other land-holdings intelligently considered, and peace and order secured throughout substantially the whole insular area. We have done better in the Philippines than our own fathers did here, who not only "subdued the savage," but dispossessed and exterminated him. We have given the Filipinos a government of laws and not of men, as some mistaken good persons among us would have had us do by leaving them in chaos. We have secured them individually the same personal rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness which we ourselves enjoy. We have made the individual Filipino personally more independent than if his islands, then unequal in their disorganization to the task of a republican form of government by their own dissociated peoples, had been left to what would have been only a nominal independence and to really the local and unstable government of the various and changing forces and factions among them which might be strongest for the time being. In fact, we have done more to make the Philippines free and to insure their ultimate self-governing independence than immediate independence so called or an entangling and trouble-breeding protectorate would have given them. The question of immediate material profit to ourselves may be an open one, but there is no question of the beneficence of our action to them. In Cuba the story of our generous and upbuilding intervention-the noblest chapter in international helpfulness-is familiar as a household word. Here, too, since the war, the War Department under the same wise administration is pre-eminent. In Porto Rico, however, the credit for the institution of the American system with its inestimable benefits belongs to the navy. Little time intervened between the close of the war and the establishment there of civil government, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Charles H. Allen, having been appointed the first Governor by President McKinley, to whom all these insular emancipations are now a historic monument. Without a hitch and with such marvelous success that the very absence of friction and incident has prevented the attraction of public attention to the splendid merit of the work, Governor Allen transformed that island in fourteen months into a condition of good government, of popular legislative control, of industrial development, of free schools, of improved roads, and of public and personal freedom, which, when at the end of that period he left it, founds it parallel only in the States of our own Union.THE GARDEN OF WALT WHITMAN'S HOUSE IN CAMDEN, N. J. WALT WHITMAN'S BIRTHPLACE IN HUNTINGTON, LONG ISLAND American Life in Whitman's Poetry By Hamilton W. Mabie Illustrated with Photographs by Henry Hoyt Moore AT the funeral of William Cullen Bryant the most conspicuous figure was Walt Whitman. Far apart as the two men were in education, association, ideas, and methods of art, there was one striking resemblance between them : they were both elemental poets, dealing with a few fundamental things. Bryant's range was narrow, but the vastness of nature in the New World came into view for the first time in his verse ; and what he lacked in breadth was supplied, in part at least, by his altitude of thought. In Whitman's verse, on the other hand, the sense of space is pervasive ; it is all out-of-doors ; from every point the horizons are visible. One misses the heights of spiritual vision, the power and joy in moral achievement ; but one feels the presence, in an original and powerful way, of the most inclusive human sympathy, the most sincere human fellowship. In the same year Whitman spoke on Lincoln to a small audience in a New York theater, made up largely of men and women interested in literature. The poet was the in his sixtieth year, but looked much older : a large, impressive figure, lacking muscular force and conveying no impression of physical strength, but massive, benignant, with a certain dignity of bulk and carriage. A drab suit, carelessly worn but admirably harmonized with the head and frame, suggested that the poet had not wholly lost the self-consciousness with which he began his career as the founder of a new school of song. His face was large, kindly, and warmly tinted ; his head nobly set off by flowing white hair ; his bearing toward his audience free, cor- 67 68 The Outlook dial, and unaffected. He read his prose as he wrote it, with frequent parentheses, pauses, asides, excursions into neighboring subjects ; but his manner had flavor, individuality, native quality. At the close he recited " O Captain ! My Captain !" with such simplicity and depth of feeling that his audience felt that they were hearing the nobles man of the heroic age celebrated by its most rugged and powerful bard. The appearance of Whitman, the shape of his head, the detachment of his life, the dithyrambic quality of his verse and its irregular and uncertain flow, the richness of his lyrical impulse and the uncertainty of his judgment, the broad, elemental conception of life and art which he held--all these things suggest the bard, the rhapsodical singer of a simple society and an objective age, rather than the many-sided interpreter in song of the rich complexity of modern life. A primitive person Whitman was in many ways ; and he shared with the skalds, bards, and prophets of earlier and less sophisticated races much of their affluence and spontaneity of expression, their rejection of the subtleties and refinements of art ; but he was in more respects the most modern of poets. In his conception of society, of the place and dignity of the individual, of the worth and beauty of the body and all its functions, in his use of forms of poetic expression, in his hearty acceptance of science, he marks the extreme reaction against the classical, the mediaeval, the aristocratic, the aesthetic ideals of the past. In his rejection of the accepted verse-forms he imagined himself creating a new poetic language vitally adapted to the expression of a new poetic thought ; while, as a matter of fact, he was reviving and remodeling some of the oldest verse-forms. No man, however radical in instinct and intention, every really breaks away from his race and creates new things out of hand. The race is far greater in its collective genius and experience than any individual member, and the most original man must be content to give some ancient divination a clearer statement, to touch some old experience with fresh feeling, to open a vista, to set the feet of men again on a path which their fathers once trod, but which they left for some other and more inviting road. Whitman revives, in his underlying thought, one of the oldest Oriental conceptions of the order and significance of life ; in his verse-forms he restores and gives contemporary currency to ancient methods of versification. These elements in his work, which were loudly acclaimed as novel, are of a hoary antiquity ; what is new and significant in him is his resolute acceptance of the democratic order in all its logical sequences, his instinctive and sane feeling that if great poetry is to be written on this continent it must find its themes, not in the interests of the few, but in the occupation and experience of the many ; above all, he brought to his work a vital, searching, pictorial imagination of great compass and power of illumination. There is much that is repellent in his work ; much that is coarse, gross, offensively and pedantically lacking in reticence, in regard for the sanctities of the body and of the relations between men and women, which the ascetic and the sensualist have alike misunderstood and misinterpreted. There is much in his egotism, his aggressive and ill-timed assertion of himself ; there has been much, too, in the ill-advised and unintelligent advocacy of some of his devotees, that have combined to keep sane readers at a distance. These advocates have too often taken the attitude towards other American poets that some missionaries have taken towards the gods of the countries in which they have taught a new faith ; they have sent them all to perdition together. Students of literary history are too familiar with mutations of taste to be affected by the claims of exclusive originality in any poet. They are not disturbed about the security of Shakespeare and Milton, and they are at ease about the survival of Emerson and Poe. They are ready to accept the new, but they do not intend to reject the old ; for the old that survives is always new. They have seen the irruptions of the barbarians before, and have heard the crash of the falling gods ; and they have lived to see the THE OLD WELL OF WHITMAN'S BOYHOOD AT HUNTINGTON destroyers not only replacing the gods, but striving with pathetic eagerness to recall the vanished skill which long ago imparted the touch of divinity. The new artist succeeds by the new illustration of that creative power which bears in every age immortal fruit. If Whitman is to be accepted as a poetic force of high authority, it will not be by dethroning his predecessors, but by establishing his right to reign with them. The real contribution made by Whitman to American literature is the marvelously vivid picture of a democratic society in its workaday aspects, its primal and basal instincts, emotions, occupations. In a very real, though not in an exclusive or ultimate, sense he is the poet of democracy ; that, as Professor Dowden and other discerning critics beyond the sea was when his work first came into their hands, is his fundamental significance, his original quality. In his case, therefore, the background of his 69 70 The Outlook [5 September poetry is one of its formative elements ; it furnished the material with which he worked. That man is fortunately born the conditions of whose early life put him and keep him in intimate and vital relation with the kind of experience, the social habits and circumstances, with which he is later to deal with original insight and power. Whitman was born in a place that gave easy access to open fields, to the sea, and to great cities, and in a condition that brought him into contact with working America. He and Lanier are the only American poets of high rank who have been born out of New England ; and there is in them both a quality of imagination which no other American poets possess. In neither was there that balance between inspiration and achievement, that equality of insight with expression, which the greatest singers possess, but both disclosed an affluent and plastic imagination of a new order in this country. Two men could hardly have been further apart in education, ideal, character ; but they are the two great figures in the opening of the National period which followed the close of the war, and a century hence, when American literature shall have struck deep into the almost unexplored depths of American life, their significance will be very great. Whitman was born at West Hills, Huntington, Long Island, on May 31, 1819. Dutch and English blood was in his veins, and he was the child of working people, farmers, mechanics ; men and women who used their hands as well as their brains. On the father's side there was a strain of sluggishness in the blood, but with latent impetuosity and vehemence of feeling and action on occasion. The Quaker tradition had ceased to affect the dress and speech of the family, but it bore its fruit in a fundamental faith in individual guidance and in a free but reverential attitude toward religion. The elder Whitman had been a carpenter, but during his residence in Wesst Hills was a builder of excellent reputation for skill and thoroughness. The poet's mother was a large, quiet, strong woman, with little education, but of a deep nature ; " benignant, calm, practical, spiritual " are the adjectives with which her son described her. The house in which Walt Whitman was born, which is still standing, was already a century old at his birth, and the farm had been in possession of the family for three generations--a period long enough, as these things are reckoned in England, to make a " county family." "The Whitmans, at the beginning of the present century," writes Mr. Burroughs, "lived in a long, story-and-a-half farm-house, hugely timbered, which is still standing. A great smoke-canopied kitchen, with vast hearth and chimney, formed one end of the house. The existence of slavery in New York at that time, and the possession by the family of some twelve or fifteen slaves, house and field servants, gave things quite a patriarchal look. The very young darkies could be seen, a swarm of them, toward sundown, in this kitchen, squatted in a circle on the floor, eating their supper of Indian pudding and milk. In the house, and in food and furniture, all was rude but substantial. No carpets or stoves were known, and no coffee and tea, and sugar only for the women. Rousing wood fires gave both warmth and light on winter nights. Pork, poultry, beef, and all the ordinary vegetables and grains were plentiful. Cider was the men's common drink, and used at meals. The clothes were mainly homespun. Journeys were made by both men and women on horseback. Both sexes labored with their own hands--the men on the farm, the women in the house and around it. Books were scarce. The annual copy of the almanac was a treat and was pored over through the long winter evenings. I must not forget to mention that both these families were near enough to the sea to behold it from the high places, and to hear in still hours the roar of the surf ; the latter, after a storm, giving a peculiar sound at night. Then all hands, male and female, went down frequently on beach and bathing parties, and the men on practical expeditions for cutting salt hay, and for clamming and fishing." A county family in the English sense the Whitmans were not ; but they had stayed long enough in one place, and 1903] American Life in Whitman's Poetry 71 have been long enough engaged in work, to have taken root in the soil and to disclose the influence of long-continued tasks on a succession of workers. The Whitmans were large, plain, simple people, who possessed the elemental things of life and cared for little else ; they showed no marked intellectual aptitudes ; no passion for education appeared in any generation ; they were industrious, capable working people, curiously devoid, it would seem of the American ambition to " get on " in life. As a boy at West Hills, and later in Brooklyn, Walt Whitman showed the AT COLD SPRING HARBOR Whitman's relatives on his mother's side lived here, and his first glimpse of the sea was from this point. out-of-doors habit that was characteristic of the family, and spent many profitable days not only in exploring the western end of Long Island from the Sound to the ocean, but in letting the atmosphere of the woods and fields envelop and color his imagination. He was then, as later, a loiterer ; a habit of mind and body that made him not only tolerant of " loafers," but disposed to regard "loafing " as a dignified occupation. The trouble with most " loafing" is that it is unaccompanied with an invitation to invite the soul, to recall Whitman's phrase--to be at ease in the world and share its growth while the body is quiescent. There was some attendance on the public schools, but at thirteen the future poet went into a lawyer's office ; then turned his attention to medicine ; became a printer ; taught country schools ; wrote for the country newspapers ; established a journal of his own ; spent the years form 1840 to 1845 in New York as a compositor in printing-offices, spending his summers in the country and working on the farm ; writing essays and tales. In 1842 he published " Franklin Evans ; or, The Inebriate : A Tale of the Times," dedicated to the Temperance Societies. This story has, fortunately, disappeared ; its chief characteristics, according to the report of two of the poet's biographers, were " its flamboyant phrase" and " its puritan odor of sanctity." Whitman's later work did not entirely escape the first of these qualities ; of the second not a trace remained. This stage of his life closed with two years of editorial work on the Brooklyn " Eagle." In 1848, in his thirtieth year, he made a long journey through the Middle, Southern, and Western States, ending with a visit of some length in New Orleans, where he became intensely interested in the picturesque and significant aspects of Southern life. 72 The Outlook [5 September He returned to Brooklyn and to journalism, and finally engaged for a time in building and selling houses in that city. In 1885 "Leaves of Grass" appeared and his life entered on an entirely differenct stage. The years at West Hills, in Brooklyn and New York, and the time given to travel, constitute the educational period in Whitman's life ; and while he was entirely familiar with some great formative books and deeply influenced by them, he was trained for his work out-of-doors. Few men have known so many kinds of people and been so much at home with men simply as men. Whitman had a passion for humanity, without reference to character, education, occupation, condition. The streets, ferryboats, tops of stages, loafing-places, were dear to him because they gave him a chance to see men and women in the whole range of the conditions and accidents of life. He drew n o lines and made no distinctions ; the saint and the sinner, the nun and the prostitute, the hero and the criminal, were alike to him in their fundamental appeal to his interest. He went to the churches, the great reform meetings, the best theaters ; and he went also to hospitals, poorhouses, prisons. He had friends among cultivated people, but he loved the native qualities of humanity, and was most at home with working people--pilots, masons, teamsters, deck-hands, mechanics of all sorts ; men who toil, as his ancestors had toiled, with the hands. He went wherever people were to be found, and spent a great deal of time in the streets and at popular resorts of every kind. " He made himself familiar with all kinds of employments," writes Dr. Bucke, " not by reading trade reports and statistics, but by watching and stopping hours with the workmen (often his intimate friends) at their work. He visited the foundries, shops, rolling-mills, slaughter-houses, woolen and cotton factories, ship-yards, wharves, and the big carriage and cabinet shops--went to clam-bakes, races, auctions, weddings, sailing and bathing parties, christenings, and all kinds of merrymakings. He knew every New York omnibus-driver, and found them both good comrades and capital materials for study. Indeed, he tells us that the influence of these rough, good-hearted fellows (like the Broadway stage-driver in ' To Think of Time') undoubtedly entered into the gestation of 'Leaves of Grass.' No scene of natural beauty, no ' apple-tree blows of white and pink in the orchard,' no lilac-bush ' with every leaf a miracle,' no ' gorgeous, indolent, sinking sun, burning, expanding the air,' no ' hurrying-tumbling waves,' no ' healthy uplands, with herby-perfumed breezes,' give him greater inspiration than the thronged streets of New York, with the ' interminable eyes,' with the life of the theater, bar-room, huge hotel, the saloon of the steamer, the crowded excursion, 'Manhattan crowds, with their turbulent musical chorus,' the rushing torrent, the never-ceasing roar, of modern human life." He was no stranger, however, in libraries and museums, and his walks afield were long and fruitful. With his knapsack, a bit of luncheon, a copy of Shakespeare or Homer, he spent long solitary days on the seashore, often reciting aloud like the older bards whose lineal descendant he was. He was sensitive to music, and the opera gave him unqualified delight. He described the once famous contralto Alboni as " the blooming mother, sister of loftiest Gods." He knew Wagner's music only by report, but that he divined something of its significance is evident from his remark : " I know from the way you fellows talk of it that the music of Wagner is the music of the 'Leaves.' " So far Whitman had seen life chiefly and by choice in it fundamental occupations, its simplest aspects ; he was now to see it on the tragic side, and to be profoundly touched and influenced by it. In the second year of the Civil War he went to Washington and became a volunteer nurse in the army hospitals, supporting himself by writing letters to the New York "Times." At the close of the war he became a clerk in the Interior Department, a position from which he was unwisely removed because of certain passages in the "Leaves of Grass." Later he obtained a place in the Treasury Department, which he retained until 1873, when he was partially 1903] American Life in Whitman's Poetry 73 disabled by a slight stroke of paralysis. In the spring of that year he removed to Camden, N. J., where he had a modest home and saw many friends His means were very limited, but they were supplemented by the devotion of his friends. His health was much impaired, but his cheerfulness was unclouded. There, on the 26th of March, 1892, he died, and lies buried in a Camden cemetery. Against the background of childhood, youth, and the years of active and of reflective life, sketched in the simplest lines, Whitman stands out with great distinctness and in striking contrast with his peers among American men of letters. With one exception, they were university-bred men, born into the gentlest and best social traditions, within the influence of the ripest intellectual influences, in touch with the finest expressions of the human spirit in its long historic unfolding. Whitman's heritage was of a different kind ; the influences which touched him immediately and most influentially issued out of contemporaneous life ; he knew a few books well, and they were among the greatest--the Bible, Homer in translation, Shakespeare, Don Quixote ; he read Hegel, Tennyson, Emerson, Carlyle, and other typical modern writers ; but he found his material and his inspiration in the America which he saw with his eyes, touched with his hand, and divined with his heart--the America of active life, LANE NEAR THE WHITMAN HOMESTEAD AT HUNTINGTON, LONG ISLAND of colossal energy, of native manliness, of free, unconventional, friendly living. This America of the farm, the work-shop, the railroad, the prairie, the mining camp, the rushing, tumultuous play of elemental forces, he saw with a clearness of vision that no other poet has possessed, and described with a freshness and boldness of phrase that are incontrovertible evidence of real poetic power. This physical and social America is the background of his poetry; and in making it his background Whitman struck his one original note and made his one contribution to our literature. An English critic has recently said of William Morris that, passionate as was his reaction against the ugliness of contemporary life and his determination to bring the beautiful back to its old place and function, his inability to turn a personal conviction into an overwhelming movement was evidenced by his failure to give common, modern, useful things beautiful forms. He could give a chest or chair or table the exquisite symmetry or the massive lines that they had in their best estate, but he did not give us artistic lamp-posts and letter-boxes. Whitman did precisely this ; he took the roughest material, close at hand, and not only divined its poetic significance, but resolutely set himself the task of making others recognize it. He was, fortunately, so accustomed to uncouth- 74 The Outlook ness, roughness, crudity, that these early conditions of all vital things did not repel him ; on the contrary, they appealed to his imagination. He had grown up with them and made friends with them in those sensitive hours when the imagination forms its intimacies ; and the great, rough, crude life of the new continent opened its heart to him. Other poets had divined what was in the American spirit and had heard notes that escaped him, but Whitman was the first poet to get into his verse the continental volume of American life, its vast flow through the channels of a thousand occupations, its passionate practice of equality, its resolute assertion of the sanctity of the individual, its insistence on the supreme value of the instinctive as against the acquired traits and qualities. That Whitman lost perspective and blurred the scale of values by breaking even partially with the long line of those who, in the days before him, had seen life at first hand is clear enough ; but it may have been necessary for some poet to take democracy in its most elementary form, without shading or qualification, to clear the way for the greater poet who will some day speak out of a knowledge as searching, a sympathy as profound, but with a clearer discernment of spiritual degrees and orders. Whitman did what no other poet had done ; he accepted not only the democratic ideal, but the life organized under it, without qualification, and with a deep joy in the new disclosure of the human spirit, the fresh evocation of human energy, which is effected. Here and now, he declared, the American poet must claim his hour and his material ; in the meanest and the worst the soul of goodness survives, in the roughest and crudest the soul of beauty hides itself. Some of that goodness he evoked, some of that beauty he made manifest. His attitude is expressed in lines which are prosaic in form but which reveal his point of view and suggest the sources of his inspiration : I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear, Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong ; The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work, The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deck-hand singing on the steamboat deck, The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter's song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown, The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing, Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else, The day what belongs to the day--at night the party of young fellows, robust, friendly, Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs. Emerson expressed the American spirit with singular clarity and beauty of phrase ; Whitman expressed the volume and range of American life ; the greater poet who is to come will compass both spirit and body. He will honor man as man, labor as labor, the common use because it is common, as Whitman honored these things ; he will exalt the basal elements ; but he will not rest in these primary stages of growth ; he will not set the man in his undeveloped strength in antagonism with the man in his trained and ordered maturity. The blunder which many Whitman devotees have made is an old and familiar one ; they have set the crude man in antagonism to the developed man ; they have decried refinement, delicacy, sensitiveness, as signs of weakness and exalted the elementary forms of power as the only kinds of power. The cowboy and the miner are picturesque figures, but the force they represent is not a whit more normal and is far less highly organized than that of countless intrepid, accomplished men who are carrying the burdens of society and doing its work in all departments without publicity or craving for applause. Whitman was a pathfinder, and his joy in the great new world of human experience that he explored no one would take from him. It will be seen some day that there was a true prophetic strain in him, and that he marked the beginning, not of a new kind of literature, but of a new and National stage of literary development in this country. In his verse the sections disappear and the WHITMAN'S GRAVE IN HARLEIGH CEMETERY, CAMDEN Nation comes into view, the provinces fade and the continent defines itself. It is man at work over a continent that stirs him ; he celebrates few persons ; Lincoln alone seems to have moved him profoundly ; even when he celebrates himself it is as a kind of incarnation and embodiment of human qualities and experiences. In this attitude he was instinctively expressing his conception of Democracy as a vast brotherhood, in which all men are on an equality, irrespective of individual traits and qualities. There is nothing finer in Whitman 75 76 The Outlook [5 September than his passion for comradeship ; in his idealization of the fellowship between man and man he not only sounds some great, sincere notes, but he struck out some great lines in the heat of a feeling which seems always to have had quick access to his imagination. To this all-embracing affection, so deeply rooted in his conception of the democratic order, he devotes a large group of poems under the title " Calamus." These friends of the spirit are not chosen by any principle of taste ; they are chiefly " powerful uneducated persons :" I am enamour'd of growing out-doors, Of men that live among cattle or taste of the ocean or woods, Of the builders and steerers of ships and the wielders of axes and mauls, and the drivers of horses, I can eat and sleep with them week in and week out. It cannot be said with justice that Whitman erases all moral distinctions and rejects entirely the scale of spiritual values ; but it is quite certain that he blurs them, and reduces his world to unity by putting aside resolutely the principle of selection. His underlying religious conception of life is essentially Oriental, and dates back to the time before the idea of personality had been clearly grasped. This principle Whitman does not consistently apply, for he lays tremendous emphasis on " powerful uneducated persons ;" but in a certain sense it is wrought into his presentation of the democratic society. In that presentation individuals sink into the vast community whose naked energy, power, vigor, and habit the poet loves to paint. Neither in life nor in art, in the material which he uses nor in the form in which he casts it, does he employ that skill in selection which is one of the prime gifts of the artist. Whitman shows, as a consequence, no power of self-criticism ; no ability to distinguish the good from the bad in his work, to separate poetry from prose. He has left a few pieces of unique quality of imagination and harmony embedded in a great mass of unorganized poetic material. In reading him one feels as if he were going through a vast atelier crowded with blocks of unhewn marble and huge piles of debris, with here and there a statue of noble and even majestic proportions. Whitman is easily travestied, but no one has ever done this impious thing half so well as he did himself in some of his most pretentious pieces. His devotees would render him the truest service if they would stop chanting his praise and thoroughly and critically edit his works. Whitman's great gift is his imagination, which is deep, fervent, pictorial, penetrating ; an imagination , in force, volume, and power of flooding a great theme, quite beyond anything in our literature. In the New England poets generally the thinking faculty is more powerful than the faculty which makes images ; this is the limitation of our earlier poets. There is too much intellect, which analyzes, separates, and defines, and too little imagination, which fuses, combines, and personifies. At his best, Whitman's imagination has a tidal movement and depth. When "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" is read, with that intelligence of feeling which keeps the thought and tune in unison and makes them mutually interpretative, the sensitive listener is aware of a power which lies deeper than that put forth by any other American poet, and which has an elemental energy and sweep ; as if nature had conspired with the poet and given his song a touch of those secret processes which build, out of sight, the beauty of the world. In such poems as " The Mystic Trumpeter," the " Passage to India," " When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," " Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking," " O Captain, My Captain," Whitman establishes himself, not only among the first of our poets, but, in respect of imaginative power, the first of the goodly company. This free and noble use of the creative faculty, at once unconventional and obedient to the law of art, is revealed in such lines as these : Here are our thoughts, voyager's thoughts, Here not the land, firm land, alone appears, may then by them be said, The sky o'erarches here, we feel the undulating deck beneath our feet, We feel the long pulsation, ebb and flow of endless motion, 1903] American Life in Whitman's Poetry 77 The tones of unseen mystery, the vague and vast suggestions of the briny world, the liquid-flowing syllables, The perfume, the faint creaking of the cordage, the melancholy rhythm, The boundless vista and the horizon far and dim are all here, And this is ocean's poem. Whitman, like Wordsworth, took himself at all times as one inspired ; but with him, as with the author of the Ecclesiastical Sonnets, there were long periods of uninspired dullness. And there is no conformity so monotonous as that of the nonconformist. Whitman's irregular dithyrambic verse is immensely impressive when the full tide of his imagination floods it, but when that tide is out it becomes machinery of the most ponderous kind. Much has been said about this verse as something new in the world ; as a matter of fact, it belongs to very ancient poetry. That diminishes not a whit the greatness of Whitman's achievement, but it keeps us to the fact, which is quite essential in any adequate judgment of a man's work. Much has been said also about this verse as belonging to nature rather than to art ; as if art were something other than the best and most natural way of doing a thing. And so sound a critic as Mr. Burroughs has spoken, in this connection, of Tennyson and Browning as "literary poets ;" implying, apparently, that Whitman was of a different kind. Now, in so far as Whitman was a poet he was a literary poet ; when he is at his best his verse conforms to certain laws of art as truly as the verse of the great poets who went before him. When he ceases to be literary in this sense, he ceases to be interesting. Nature and art are never antagonistic ; they are supplementary. Whitman did not react against art, but against artifice, which is a very different matter. No one has defined more impressively than Whitman the quality in writing which gives it that life that is always synonymous with the highest art : " The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of the light of letters is simplicity. Nothing is better than simplicity . . . nothing can make up for excess or for the lack of definiteness. To carry on the heave of impulse and pierce intellectual depths and give all subjects their articulations are powers neither common nor very uncommon. But to speak in literature with the perfect rectitude and insouciance of the movements of animals and the unimpeachableness of the sentiment of trees in the woods and grass by the roadside is the flawless triumph of art. If you have looked on him who has achieved it you have looked on one of the masters of the artists of all nations and times." Nothing could be more just and penetrating than this definition of the quality of a great writer ; by this definition Whitman's work must be tried ; applying this test to that work, it appears that some of it will survive and much of it will be cast aside. In his exaltation of the body Whitman's thought is less gross than his speech ; and at his worst his coarse frankness is more wholesome than the subtle and less offensive but far more corrupt treatment of such themes by some of the contemporary writers of the decadent school. Compared with the exquisitely artistic corruption which D'Annunzio analyzes and depicts with such searching insight, Whitman's nudity of image and phrase is health itself. The objection to Whitman's handling of these delicate and profoundly significant relations is not that it is unclean, but that it is inartistic. It is not immoral in the sense that it is corrupt, but it is immoral because it violates that instinct of reticence which protects these relations by keeping fresh the sentiment which invests them with the poetry of the creative process. This poetry Whitman ruthlessly destroys by denuding the whole mysterious relation of its mystery. In nothing does he more clearly reveal the curious artistic blindness which sometimes made him the most Philistine of poets than in this lack of sensitiveness to the delicacy, the spiritual suggestiveness, the deep and essential privacy of relations which belong to the most intimate life and which become brutal the moment they become public. The lack of fineness in Whitman, the insensibility to the appeal of the spiritual qualities of character, the absence of 75 The Outlook the note of distinction, are very obvious when one studies his work in its relation to women ; there is nowhere any touch of the spiritual chivalry which nearly all the great poets have shared ; no suggestion of the power of beautiful portraiture with which Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Goethe, for instance, have enriched the world with the images of Andromeda, Beatrice, Rosalind, Margaret. The " dream of fair women " seems never to have come to Whitman ; if it had, he could not possibly have treated the most intimate relation between men and women as if it were a public function. There was a whole world of poetry from which, by the limitation of his nature, this powerful man was excluded. And this is the more singular because his was not a purely masculine genius ; there was a large infusion of the feminine in it. It is not so much sheer force and energy that impress one in Whitman as a certain diffused softness of feeling a brooding affection, a seeking after and celebration of brotherliness, comradeship ; most notably, in his striking and original treatment of death the element of tenderness is delicately and beautifully expressed. So many and so various are the qualities which Whitman reveals, so diverse are the moods with which one reads him, that the very difficulty of reaching a final judgment regarding his genius and rank becomes an evidence of something unusual and commanding in the man. It is high time, surely, to see him as he is ; to escape the blindness of those who have never been able to find anything but the " barbaric yawp " in him, and the idolatry of those who think that he has abolished the laws of art. He was great in mass and magnitude rather than in altitude and quality ; he had the richest endowment of imagination that has yet been bestowed on any American poet, but his power of organizing it into noble and beautiful forms was far below the wealth of his material ; he had an ear for the fundamental rhythms, but he often disregarded or violated his musical sense. He entered into the broad, elemental life of the country and caught its sweep of interest and occupation with fresh and original power, disclosing at times a passion of imagination which closely approaches great poetry and predicts the great poetry which will some day be written on this continent. Here Whitman is at his best and stands out as, in a very real sense, the distinctively American poet--the devout lover of democracy and its most ardent and eloquent singer. But even here there are limitations to be observed ; for Whitman speaks for a plane of society, not for its entirety ; he cares for and understands the elemental and basal types ; he does not comprehend nor recognize the sharing of the great human qualities on a basis of equality by the more highly developed types. And democracy, it must be remembered, does not mean the average man only ; it means all men. Whitman has a fundamentally religious view of life which makes him brother with all men and in sympathy with all experience ; but he has no affinity with the higher and holier attainments of character ; he fails to recognize the immense chasm which yawns between the saint and the deliberate and persistent sinner, which may be bridged hereafter, but which is, now and here, a tremendous fact. He is, at his best, master of a fresh, suggestive, deeply impressive phrase, which brings with it something of the immediate and convincing cogency and charm of nature ; at his worst he is ponderous, prosaic, and eminently uninspired. When his inspiration ebbs, he stereotypes himself. He has written a little group of poems which are more distinctive and original than any others that have come from an American hand ; he has written a vast mass of irregular verse which has no possible relation to poetry, and which ought, as a matter of justice to his genius and memory, to be separated from his real work and put into that storage-room to which most of the great writers have made unwilling contributions. After this has been done there will remain a small body of verse that is likely to last as long as anything in American poetry. Georges Bizet By Daniel Gregroy Mason " CARMEN " is an opera that every one loves. Musicians and laymen alike rejoice in its wonderful vitality, its inexhaustible freshness and vigor ; and although, with the exception of " l'Arlesienne," it is the only entirely satisfactory work that Bizet accomplished before his early death, it is enough to secure his lasting fame. Yet probably few of the thousands who have reveled in " Carmen " have ever realized its full value and importance as a work of art. Its very clearness and simplicity make it transparent to our gaze, and we enjoy it too much to stop to think about it. It is the bungling workman who calls our attention to himself ; the master works with the cleanness and self-concealment of nature. When, however, we examine " Carmen " more closely, we gradually recognize in it an extraordinary artistic feat. We see that its vitality is not accidental, that its effects are the result of foresight and skill, and that its atmosphere of beauty, so pervasive and so transfiguring, is the creation of musical genius. In a word, Bizet performed in " Carmen " almost a miracle ; he wrote an opera which was thoroughly dramatic and well adapted to the stage, and yet every page of which is music. In order to understand what a feat that was, and why it almost merits being called a miracle, we must disabuse our minds of a confusion of thought almost as common as it is misleading. A great many people think of " opera " and " music " as the same thing. If you ask them to name a few great musical masterpieces, they are quite as apt to mention " The Barber of Seville," " Don Giovanni," and " Faust," as Bach's Fugues or Beethoven's Symphonies or Haydn's String Quartets. If you ask them if they care for music, they are apt to answer whether they attend the opera or not. By " a musician " they generally mean, not a composer, nor even a violinist, a pianist, or a conductor, but a singer. Now all this is natural enough when we consider how much more widespread among men is the interest in the life of the emotions to which opera appeals than is the sensitiveness to tone-combinations on which rests the love of music. It is natural and right that music should number a smaller band of devotees than opera, just as it is natural and right that there should be fewer people who care for the beauty of a picture, depending on its color, light and shade, and composition, than there are who care for the story of human life that it suggests. But it is not right, it is very mischievous and unfortunate, that people should not see any difference between these two kinds of artistic appeal. It is a stupid error to confuse the plastic beauty of a picture or a statue with its descriptive or narrative quality, and it is an equally stupid error to confuse music with opera. The confusion, of course, is easily enough explained. Both music and opera employ tones to produce an effect ; and from a perception of that similarity it is but a step, though an unjustifiable one, to the assertion that they are one and the same art. In reality they are quite unlike, both in their aims and in their methods. What are ends in one are but means in the other ; what are virtues in one are in the other vices. To attempt a definition, we may say that opera is a very complex art, which aims to represent life, and which uses various devices to this end--actors, scenery, costume, language, and musical effects. Music, on the other hand, is a very simple and pure art ; it aims, not to represent anything, but to present to the ear and mind combinations of tones which are beautiful in themselves, and which express no definite ideas, but only those general moods and feelings which their beauty generates in our minds. The aims, then, of music and opera differ in that the first subordinates expression to beauty, and the second, beauty to expression. Their methods differ in that music begins and ends with 79 BIZET Georges Bizet 81 tones and their combinations, while opera uses tones merely to intensify impressions made by other means, or to idealize the whole effect of a scene by throwing over it the transfiguration of musical beauty. Now, although the differences thus suggested are perhaps in the last analysis not differences in kind so much as in degree of emphasis on the various elements of effect (since opera is hardly ever entirely devoid of musical beauty, any more than music is ever entirely devoid of specific expression), yet it is an interesting fact that there is a sort of natural antagonism between these two forms of art which so many people fail even to discriminate. Their requirements are not only different, but to a certain extent mutually exclusive. If you wish to write good music, you must avoid the operatic quality ; if you wish to write good opera, you will have to sacrifice music somewhat to dramatic effect. It would be interesting to make a philosophical study of this antagonism and of the aesthetic laws on which it rests, but for the present we must be content to point out merely one or two of the more obvious differences between opera and music. A fundamental difference, for example, is that all forms of dramatic art, and of course opera among them, aim to throw into prominence the individual, the special element of effect, whether it be scene, event, or character. Sharp contrast between the figure and its background, the relief of a single persons, emphasis on certain moments, aspects, individuals, is the doctrine and practice of the drama. There are climaxes, situations, heroes and heroines ; all is individualized. The prima donna, of course, is the reductio ad absurdum of this principle as it works in opera. Everything is subordinated to her, and she herself subordinates everything to her high notes and her passionate moments. With music all is the other way. The aim is not individualization, but cooperation ; not personal prominence, but universal congruity. Music, seeking not momentary effects, but a well-rounded totality of impression, compels all details to work harmoniously together. If it permits any special feature to arrest the attention, it is so far bad, just as a man with too prominent a nose, no matter how classic its shape, is on the whole ugly. Adaptation, proportion, order, these are the constant study of music and of other arts which at all resemble it, such as sculpture, architecture, decorative painting. The vocal solo is the lowest form of music, because in it equity between the parts cannot be maintained ; the vocal quartet is better, the chorus better still ; orchestral and instrumental music best of all, because here the personal element is at the minimum. And in any music, however produced, the single tone of melody, the single rhythmic phrase, the single chord of harmony, is nothing. Melody begins only when tones fall into relations, rhythm when phrases balance one another, harmony when chords are grouped together about common tonal centers. The noblest music is that which offers the least violence to our attention. We rightly resent insistent details in an art the aim of which is to build up many factors of effect into a beautiful organism. Just as the highest moral ideals of individuals are those which imply and serve the social order, the highest quality of these factors of effect is their relative rightness and beauty. The opera, consequently, is obliged to serve constantly a dramatic god which, from the musical standpoint, is Mammon. Another fundamental difference in the aims of opera and music may be defined as follows : Opera, which, in common with all forms of drama, represents life, must reflect truthfully the constant flux and changefulness of life ; it must progress and change, it must be full of action. Music, on the other hand, the object of which is not to represent life, but to present a clear and highly articulated kind of organic beauty, must maintain its clearness and organic quality by constant repetition, just as verse must rhyme or scan, and the masses in a picture must balance. Stated so abstractly the point sounds difficult ; but take an example. The so-called three-part song-form, one of the oldest and most valuable forms in music, exemplifies the 82 The Outlook [5 September principle of repetition very happily. It consists of a strain of melody which we may call A, a contrasting strain, B, introduced for variety's sake, and the strain A repeated, to round out the whole and give the mind the sense of orderliness and completion. Familiar instances of of it are such tunes as " The Suwanee River" and "Over the Sea to Skye." Now, as a matter of fact, this very form, embodied in the aria, was constantly used by the early opera-writers. But the scheme, well as it fulfills those musical requirements of contrast and reassertion which are need to give the sense of organic form, run quite counter to the dramatic necessity of constant change. A-B-A is admirably symmetrical, but it is not progressive. Composers came to feel this, and those whose dramatic instinct was stronger than their musical sense worked in the direction of a more progressive type, which we might roughly suggest by A-B-C. Meanwhile there was reaction on the part of the more musical spirits, who felt that the principles essential to music were neglected by a formula which excluded repetition and the sense of order it gives. The matter was fought out for centuries, and the dramatic side, represented by a series of revolutionary geniuses, from Monteverdi and Gluck to Wagner and Verdi, eventually won. The modern opera consequently rests on principles of structure diametrically opposed to the parallel principles of self-dependent or absolute music. Enough, however, of these general questions of aesthetic principle. They have been broached here only in order to give the reader a sense of that peculiar combination of talents which existed in Georges Bizet. He was a man who to an almost unparalleled degree combined the dramatic instinct of all Frenchmen with the faculty for pure music which is rare in his race; and his masterpiece, therefore, is an opera which is not only intensely dramatic on the stage, but thoroughly delightful as music. In examining the circumstances of his life we shall gain further light on the causes of this unusual combination of traits. Alexandre-Cesar-Leopold Bizet, known to the world as Georges Bizet, was born in Paris, October 25, 1838. His father was a singing-teacher, and his mother, and excellent pianist, taught him music at the age of four. He learned much also by listening to his father's lessons outside the door, and when he became his pupil surprised him by singing of correctly, entirely by memory, many of the exercises. At nine, when he was admitted to the Conservatory, his sense of pitch relations and intervals was so thoroughly developed that he could name all chords that were played to him, even those in remote keys. When he was eighteen he took the second "prix de Rome" with a cantata; a year later he took the first with an operetta, and his cantata was performed with great success before the Academie des Beaux-arts. Three years study at Rome completed his apprenticeship, and in 1962, full of hope and enthusiasm, he returned to Paris a fully equipped musician. From Rome he had written his parents a hopeful letter wishing that they might never want for "silver, that terrible metal to which we are all in subjection," and proposing himself to establish the family fortunes by making two successes at the Opera Comique. "A hundred thousand francs," he had exclaimed, "it is nothing!" When he was actually back in Paris, however, with a full mind and and empty pockets, he had the first taste of those bitter struggles which led him later to call music "a splendid art, but a sad trade." Few composers have had to labor and delve for the mere necessities of life as did Bizet. It is no exaggeration to say that all his best work was done in the intervals of endless drudgery, in time stolen from the most distressing hack-work, and with energy always too heavily taxed and finally exhausted when he was but thirty-six. "Burning with desire to write for the operatic stage," says Mr. Phillip Hale, "he gave music lessons. Dreaming of dramatic situations and grand finales, he made pianoforte arrangements of airs written by others." There are two phrases which constantly recur in Bizet's letters - "il faut monter" and "il faut vivre;" and the latter is if anything the more frequent. It would be a mistake, however, to 1903] Georges Bizet 83 suppose that there were no circumstances in his favor. Dramatic music was generously supported in France at this time; as it happened, a patron of art endowed the Theatre-Lyrique with a fund to be devoted to producing the operas of promising young composers, just at the time when Bizet was awaiting an opportunity; and the result of this happy coincidence was his first opera of any importance, "The Pearl-Fishers," which was performed the 29th of September, 1863, but made no lasting success. Meanwhile he was receiving some slight encouragement also in the field of absolute music. Though the French have never cultivated the higher branches of the art with anything like the devotion of the Germans, the foundation of the popular concerts in the Cirque d'Hiver, in 1861, did much to educate Parisian taste. Bizet was one of the first of the young native composers to profit by these concerts. The Scherzo of a symphony he had written while in Rome was performed at the concert of January 11, 1863, and some time later a complete symphony, with choirs, entitled "Vasco da Gama," was also produced. Neither met with marked success, however. The subscribers threatened to withdraw their patronage if "new-fangled" modern works were given instead of the old suites and operatic airs to which they were accustomed. But Bizet was discouraged neither by the indifference of the public nor by the overwhelming labors into which ambition and poverty conspired to plunge him. In 1866 we find him working on a symphony. "Souvenirs de Rome," and on an opera, "The fair Maid of Perth," meanwhile supporting himself by scoring waltzes for amateurs. "You may imagine," he writes to a friend, "that it is maddening to interrupt my cherished work for two days to write cornet solos. One must live! . . . I have had my revenge. I have made the orchestra supernaturally vulgar. The cornet shrieks like a band in a public house, the ophicleide and the bass-drum mark beat agreeably, with the bass trombone and the violoncellos and contra-basses, while the second and third beats are assailed by the horns, the violas, the second violins, the two first trombones, and the drum - yeas the drum! If you could only see the viola part! Those are hapless men who pass their lives playing such machines. Horrible! They can think of something else, if they are still able to think of anything. . . . I work enormously. I am making, on the run, six songs for Heugel [a publisher]. My opera, my symphony, are all under way. When shall I finish them? Good heavens, it takes a long time, but how amusing it is!" as the year wore on, his high spirits quailed a little, though he kept sedulously at work. "I am worn with fatigue," he wrote. "I advance, but it is high time; I can't do much more." He complained of not sleeping and of working fifteen and sixteen hours a day. "I have lessons to give, proofs to correct," he said. "One must live." By the end of the year the opera was completed. In spite of all his other occupations, he had composed it in six months. "The Fair Maid of Perth" was produced, after innumerable delays, in December, 1867. It was not very successful with the public, but Bizet wrote to a friend, "I have found my path, now I must advance in it. Il faut monter, monter, toujours monter." In the autumn of the same year, 1867, Bizet tried his hand, for the first and only time in his life, at criticism. The article he wrote in the "Revue Nationale" of August 3, is of especial interest, because it reveals so strikingly the chief qualities of Bizet's nature - his honesty, his frank good nature, his wit, facility, and vigor. In the following sentences, for example, the straight-forward sincerity which expressed itself in the firm harmony and frank rhythm of his music utters itself unmistakably: "Nowadays composers are rare, but, in revenge, parties, sects, multiply themselves to infinity. Art is impoverished to the verge of misery, but technology is enriched to abundance. Judge for yourself: we have French music, German music, Italian music, to say nothing of Russian music, Hungarian music, Polish music, and so on, and so on; without counting Arabian music, Japanese music, and the music of the Tunis,84 The Outlook [5 September all very much in favor since the opening of the Universal Exposition. . . . We have the music of the future, the music of the present, and the music of the past ; then, too, philosophical and political music, recently discovered. . . . For me, there exist but two kinds of music--the good and the bad. He continues in a similar vein. " What !" he exclaims, with fine raillery, " a poet, a painter, a musician, consecrates the purest part of his mind and soul to conceiving and executing a work of art. By turns he believes, doubts, grows enthusiastic, grows desperate, plays, suffers. And when, more anxious, more trembling than a criminal, he says to us at last, ' See, and judge,' instead of letting ourselves be moved we demand of him his passport ! We investigate his opinions, his relations, his artistic antecedents. But that is not criticism any more, that is police surveillance. The artist has no name, no nationality ; he is inspired or he is not ; he has genius, talent, or he has them not ; if he has them, he must be adopted, loved, proclaimed ; if he has them not, he must be respected, pitied, and forgotten ! You name Rossini, Auber, Gounod, Wagner, Berlioz, Felicien David, or Pitauchou ; what does that amount to ? Make me laugh or cry ; depict for me love, hate, fanaticism, crime ; charm me, dazzle me, transport me, and certainly I shall not do you the stupid injury of classifying you, of labeling you like a beetle." The cleverness which made Bizet succeed brilliantly and easily in everything he undertook characterized his piano-playing as well as his criticism. His biographer, Charles Pigot,1 records much testimony on this point. One anecdote is worth retelling. So early as 1861, it seems, when Bizet was only twenty-three and had just returned form Rome, his teacher, Halevy, gave a dinner at which Franz Liszt was one of the guests. After dinner, the great pianist delighted and astonished the company by playing one of his most difficult virtuoso pieces. Every one crowded about him, shaking his hand, exclaiming at his wonderful 1 Pigot's book, which is entitled " Georges Bizet et Son OEuvre," and which has not been translated, is the source of many of the anecdotes given in the present article, and not generally familiar to English readers. skill, and commenting on the almost insuperable difficulties he overcame so easily. " Yes," said Liszt, " the piece is difficult, horribly difficult, and I know of only two pianists in Europe who are able to play what I have written here, at the tempo I desire--Hans von Bulow and myself." Halevy turned to his pupil. Vaguely indicating a certain difficult passage, " Do you remember this ?" he said. Whereupon Bizet, taking his place at the piano, played the passage so accurately that Liszt, astonished, put the manuscript before him, inviting him to play on. Bizet played the piece from beginning to end with such vigor, brilliancy, and precision that the applause was even warmer than before. Liszt, whose well-known generosity to young artists was one of the finest traits of his character, shook his hand warmly and said, " My young friend, I have said that only two men in Europe could conquer the difficulties with which I have delighted to fill this piece. I was mistaken. We are three ; and to be just I must add that the youngest of the three is perhaps the most daring and brilliant." After finishing " The Fair Maid of Perth," Bizet had to turn his attention to less congenial work. He labored for a long while on Halevy's unfinished opera " Noe," which he was appointed to complete after its composer's death. He arranged " Mignon " and " Hamlet " for the piano, wrote some original piano music, and added to his income by playing over for an operatic manager scores offered for performance, a work at which he was very skillful. He took up again his symphony, " Souvenirs de Rome," which he had been obliged to lay aside in order to finish his opera ; and when, after two years' work, he had completed it, it had a single performance in February, 1869. In the summer of the same year Bizet married Genevieve Halevy, the daughter of his former master. He began two operas, " Griselidis " and " Clariss Harlowe," but finished neither. He did finish " Djamileh," a comic opera of interest chiefly as a stage on the road to " Carmen," and the last work of his years of apprenticeship. It was performed in May, 1872. With " l'Arlesienne," which was produced 1903] Georges Bizet 85 only four months after " Djamileh," Bizet left immaturity behind him and wrote as a perfect master of his art. It is a thoroughly fine and characteristic work, in some ways finer even than " Carmen." it reveals all Bizet's rare dramatic power, all his spontaneity and talent in musicianship. Its form, to be sure, was a somewhat tentative and experimental one, at least in France and at the time it appeared. It is a " melodrama," or, technically, a drama with incidental music intended to accompany and illustrate the action. In German music there are many examples of this form ; we have, for example, Beethoven's " Egmont," Schubert's " Rosamunde," Mendelssohn's " Midsummer Night's Dream," and Schumann's " Manfred ;" but in France the form had not been so much cultivated. When, therefore, Bizet was asked by a Parisian manager to write incidental music for Daudet's drama, he found himself confronted by many difficulties. The standard of taste was low, the public cared little about the musical quality of its entertainments, and the means at hand were limited. Bizet had at his command only twenty-six players, and it took all his ingenuity to make of them an effective orchestra. In the matter of style, moreover, there were many problems the solution of which was hindered rather than helped by the accepted traditions. His skill and good sense proved equal to the emergency, however, and he produced a work of art that was immediately hailed as a masterpiece, and that firmly established his reputation. The two orchestral suites made up of selections from " l'Arlesienne " remain to-day among the best and most popular of concert pieces. A few days after the first performance of " Djamileh " Bizet wrote to a friend, " I have been asked to write a three-act piece for the Opera Comique. Meilhac and Halevy write the libretto, after Merimee. It will be gay, but with a gayety that permits of style." This was the first announcement of his finest and last work, " Carmen." From 1873 to 1875 most of his time was devoted to it, although he also produced a charming suite for orchestra, entitled " Jeux d'Enfants," and a concert overture, " Patrie." The success of "l'Arlesienne" had called the public attention to Bizet, and " Carmen" was awaited with much interest. When, however, it at last had its first performance, on March 3, 1875, the stupid public, laboring under what M. Pigot calls an " aberration passagere," entirely failed to appreciate it. In spite of the picturesqueness and beauty of Bizet's wonderful score, the audience remained cold. The Prelude to the second act was encored, the Toreador's Song and the Quintet were warmly applauded, but that was all. Bizet, in despair, is said to have walked the streets of Paris until dawn with a sympathetic friend and fellow-musician. The critics were hardly more encouraging than the public. They discussed the new work earnestly, but could reach no agreement of opinions. Some thought it commonplace, and adduced the Toreador's Song; others thought it over-radical and daring, and adduced the unconventionality of the harmonic treatment and the freedom of the modulation ; many dismissed it as immoral, not troubling themselves to adduce anything. Only in one item did they all agree : they were unanimous in failing to discover in " Carmen " a work of genius. Time has amply reversed their verdict ; Bizet's opera is to-day one of the most popular in the repertory. But Bizet died before the reaction had set in. For years he had consistently overworked ; now, at thirty-six, he found his strength failing. His heart was affected. " It is extraordinary," he wrote, " that I should feel so old." On June 3, 1875, three months after the first performance of " Carmen " he died suddenly of heart-failure. Mr. Philip Hale has been able in a single paragraph to give a vivid impression of Bizet's personality and character. "When Louis Gallet first met Bizet," he writes, "he saw a forest of blond hair, thick and curly, which surrounded a round and almost childlike face. Bizet's figure was robust. In later years his features were firm and his expression was energetic, tempered by the trust, the frankness, and the goodness that characterized his 86 The Outlook [5 September nature. He was very short-sighted, and he wore eye-glasses constantly. His mouth lent itself as easily to expression of mocking wit as to kindness. His love for his parents has been already mentioned ; his devotion toward his wife was such that she told Gounod there was not one moment of the six years of her marriage which she would not gladly live over. He was a welcome companion, fond of jest and paradox, frank and loyal. At the house of Saint-Saens he played gladly the part of Helen in Offenbach's operetta. He was ever firm, even extravagant, in friendship, as when at Baden-Baden in '62 he challenged a man who spoke lightly of Gounod's 'Queen of Sheba.' When the talk was concerning musicians whom he loved, Bach, Mozart, Rossini, Verdi, Gounod, his voice would lose its peculiar sibilance, and his hot eloquence showed honesty as well as nimble wit and power of expression. In all of the recollections of troops of friends, in his letters to acquaintances and friends, there is not a suggestion of mean action, scheming purpose, low or narrow thought." Now, it was this directness and sincerity of Bizet's mind, this frank animation and vigor so characteristic of him, combined with the dramatic sense common to his race, that enabled him to perform the feat we began by describing, the feat of writing opera that was at once dramatic and musical. He had the true Gallic instinct for the spectacular, for the picturesque, for motion, action, light and shade, contrast, and climax. And in addition to all this, as we could guess from the keenness of harmonic perception he showed as a child, from his skill in piano-playing and in score-reading, and from his delightfully matter-of-fact and unaffected critical opinions, he was a well-founded and well-trained musician. No itching for dramatic effects, no maudlin sentimentality. no perverse metaphysical theories of art, interfered with his musical utterance. His musical ideas are always definite, succinct, and healthy. His melody is fluent, his harmony unambiguous, his rhythm strong and compelling. "Carmen" is one of the few operas that can be played with pleasure from beginning to end in a piano arrangement; "l'Arlesienne" is one of the few melo-dramas that one can enjoy without knowing anything about the text it illustrates. This is because Bizet was too solid a musician to neglect the fundamental requirements of his art in favor of the obvious ones to write merely effective sound instead of good music. It must not be supposed, on the other hand, that he ignored dramatic effect. His keen intuition of it was one of the unfailing sources of his power. His character-drawing is remarkably sure; witness, for example, the contrast between the fascinating and sinister Carmen and the pure, loyal, girlish Micaela. His vividness of scene-painting is unrivaled, whether he depicts Eastern lands, as in "The Pearl-Fishers" and "Djamileh," or Spain, in "Carmen." Individual situations in his operas too, fix themselves in our memories with a grip that proves their power; as for instance, the scene where Don Jose listens at once to the seductive castanets and signing of Carmen and to the bugle-call of his regiment which summons him to duty. But these dramatic qualities, it is important to notice, are not gained by Bizet at a sacrifice of musical propriety and beauty. With him, musical and dramatic effects are always complementary, co-operative. And it is for this reason that, as we have said, he is able to perform an artistic feat that has baffled many able composers. It is hardly necessary to add to these general comments any specific consideration of that foolish but persistent accusation against Bizet - that he was a "ferocious Wagnerian." A more fatuous charge it would be hard to imagine. M. Pigot, referring to this charge, which was made against Bizet on his return from Rome, and repeated at intervals all his life, remarks that it is possible for a composer to have new ideas, to seek above all things dramatic truth, and to try to fit music to the situations it is to interpret, without for that reason being "enrolled under the banner of that audacious innovator, who is certainly a man of genius, but whose nebulous aesthetics are repugnant to our 1903] Georges Bizet 87 French spirit, so precise and so clear." That French spirit itself, of which Bizet was a typical representative, is well defined by the same writer as follows: "Our young French school believes that our theatrical music should be judged and appreciated not only from the point of view of its translation, more or less true, more or less exact, of the scene which it is intended to vivify by its movement, but also in view of its intrinsic value; and that the dramatic composer, although subordinating his music to the requirements of the action, and forcing himself to minimize its conventionality, should never forget that he is a musician, and that music is not merely a means, but also and end." A judicious, unprejudiced comparison of Bizet with Wagner, far from establishing any artistic affinity between them, serves rather to bring into clear relief, by means of contrast, the individuality of each. The emotionality and vagueness of the German are antipodal to the nervous activity and the transparent clarity of the Frenchman. Like all introspective and mystical temperaments, Wagner is rather indifferent to rhythmical definition, to the dance element in music; he loves to lose himself in a web of eloquent but formless melody. Bizet, on the contrary, with his active temperament and his Gallic intellect, delights above all things in the animation and the accuracy of dance movements. He it, indeed weak just where Wagner is strong. What are the memorable numbers in "Carmen"? Certainly not the love-songs, the sentimental, contemplative pieces. The lover of Gounod goes away from "Carmen" unsatisfied. It is the dance element that seizes and fascinates us. The Prelude, the Chorus of Street Boys, the Habanera, the Sequidilla the Toreador's Song - it is these that we go away whistling. "Without form," said Bizet, "there is no style, and without style there is no art." If it be true that rhythm is the essential formulative principle of music, Bizet was a supreme artist. It would be idle to pretend that all the qualities of this brilliant man were as remarkable as his intellectual acumen and finesse. It is only too easy to pick flaws in him; and what is more, the flaws are so serious that in contemplating them one may almost forget that he is great. His facility, which in many ways was such a help to him, was in other respects a disadvantage. It led him into a certain glibness and metallic polish, and made unnecessary to him that careful and deliberate rumination over his ideas which gives depth and texture to a work of art. Having more ideas than he knew what to do with, he never learned to subject a theme to coherent, logical development, to bring out all that was in it and make it as broad and many-sided as it was graceful and interesting. Consequently his style is somewhat superficial, somewhat glittering and hollow. Mr. J. F. Runciman, who has ably discussed this aspect of Bizet's work, finds him "incapable of writing the greatest kind of music." Doubtless it is true that his mind was not of heroic caliber. But it is not necessary to be heroic in order to be consummate; one may be an artist without being a philosopher; and he who does a small thing perfectly perhaps merits our admiration as much as he who attempts a bigger thing and less thoroughly achieves it. Bizet's faculties fitted him to write an opera in which there are living characters, telling situations, and a perfectly created scenic background; and best of all, an opera in which there is not an ounce more of drama than there is of music.The Imperturbability of Mikey Finnegan By Ruth Craft Mikey Finnegan's self-accusing misdemeanor took place on a morning that had been very hard for Miss Crampton. Never before had she found the calling of school-teacher so perplexing or so irksome. It seemed as if stupidity had settled upon the children like a pall. More trying was a tone of general sickliness the pervaded the atmosphere. On calling the class in fractions, she had at once detected in two naturally thin boys a conspicuous roundness of cheek; she had sent them home the rejoicing victims of the mumps. The singing was constantly interrupted by hoarse coughs, and a red-faced youngster in a front seat, with neck thickly swathed, was faintly suggestive to the fastidious nostril of the salt-pork cure for sore throat. At third period, the last straw had been imposed, in the form of visitors. The only item in the whole duty of a school-teacher that Miss Crampton failed to exemplify was pure joy as the sight of a guest. In sympathy with the evil genius of the morning, the visitors had happened to hit upon the drawing lesson, during which the teacher's back must be turned as she works on the board. This enforced inhospitality was not the only thing to deplore; left to their natural actions, it was not to be expected that the pupils would expand as fully as under the Froebelian smile. But the absence of her inspiration and surveillance annoyed the visitors much less than it did Miss Crampton, who explained in apologetic undertone that the children could not appear so interesting while gazing at the board as when reciting in a spirited manner. To the visitors their conduct seemed sufficiently spirited. At the sharp rap on Miss Crampton's desk, they squared their shoulders and folded their arms. "Charles Eaton!" she announced, and a colored boy, in a pink sailor blouse with ruffled collar and shoes discarded by grown-up feet but still shaped to their former occupants, shambled nimbly forward. He took a box that lay on the desk and rapidly distributed pencils from it without regard to ownership previously established, in moments of meditation, by ruminative chewing. Another sharp rap, and such children as had slumped during the interval of gazing open-mouthed at the visitors squared up again. "Katharine Hooley!" and a freckled Hibernian with shiny blue eyes and hair firmly confined in two tight braids by the aid of a wet brush wriggled out of her seat and walked up with a wide smile of importance. She spread out her fingers at the waist line, their cleanness accentuated by black nails, and received a load of drawing-pads that Miss Crampton extended, continuing to pile up the leaning tower of Pisa until most of Katharine's smile was shielded from view. Then she set forth down one aisle with a rolling gait, doing most of the work with her stomach. Miss Crampton next proceeded to draw upon the board, the children sitting wide-eyed and stiff as idols. But as soon as it became obvious that the lesson was to introduce no new designs, an air of indifference became general. One by one, as Miss Crampton became absorbed in eloquent explanation of her drawings, and consequently less heedful of conduct, the children whom nature had accorded but little artistic instinct turned their attention to more engaging pursuits. A small Jewess in the rear, somewhat hidden by a post, recklessly loosened a prodigious quantity of frowsy hair, which must have cost her mother no little labor and pains to confine for school, and set about rearranging it, using the head just in front as pattern. In absence of a comb, fingers did duty; the end of a braid she held between he lips while she searched in her desk for a piece of ribbon. A rising American of preternaturally solemn countenance created, by means of his fist, two shoe-buttons, and a handkerchief, the face of an old woman in a white hood. The gleaming of the beady eyes 88 The Imperturbability of Mikey Finnegan 89 and the toothless mumbling of the mouth, skillfully mimicked by rubbing together two fingers, fascinated the visitors no less than the younger portion of the audience. Meantime the children at large carried on promiscuous communication. Notes folded into wads were thrown, small missiles like chewing gum or erasers attracted attention to messages noiselessly mouthed, and sign language, as expressive as it was original, aided in the exchange of ideas. For both visitors and pupils the hour had been a rich one. It was only Miss Crampton who felt any misgivings as to its fruits. She had not been unaware of other interests struggling for place with those specified, but she had chalked on patiently, bearing in mind the pedagogic principle of counter-attraction. The situation was, moreover, complicated for her by the fact that only by strictest attention and painstaking effort could any drawing of hers be made to suggest the object named beneath it. She bowed out the visitors with unholy feelings, taking to herself the single consolation that but one period remained of the ill-fated morning. With Heart lightened by the departure of the guests, she summoned a fleet-footed pupil for the indiscriminate distribution of the reading-books. But as the class came forward she was reminded that the hour was not likely to be less turbulent than the preceding ones, for Mikey Finnegan was in the line. Mikey Finnegan was the only lamb in Miss Crampton's flock who had steadfastly resisted all her efforts to tame. Every other could be appealed to somehow, the methods differing with the different shades of fleece, but this little black sheep never had grown a shade lighter under the sun of her influence. Each fresh scheme for securing attention or warding off mischief devised by the ingenuity of his teacher, like all its predecessors, failed with Mikey. "What shall we sing today?" never brought up his hand. "What would you like to read, Michael?" was sure to extract, "I don't care." "Shall we recite that poem that we learned yesterday, by Longfellow?" would produce at most an indifferent nod. "Try to make Susie hear!" was received with a vacant look. "What has Michael to tell us to-day?" "Nawthin'." Mikey never knew what he would have done in the given emergency of any historical hero. "Can I depend on you to lay out the crayon?" met with a resigned "I s'pose so." nor had punishments any effect. He would saunter from the room with a grin at his companions, or change his seat calmly as if he meant to all the time. Extra allotments of "sums" he performed quickly and correctly. If he made a mistake, it was carelessness; no task that Miss Crampton could invent proved too hard for him. To be omitted from a recitation did not disturb him, and he showed no partiality for the head of the class. Jennie Proctor's mother sent word that Jennie's seat was to be changed because Mikey Finnegan called her names. His desk was the first to be searched for missing pencils and books, though his innocent expression baffled accusation. According to the other children, he was the first to whisper and it was he who made them laugh, but Miss Crampton had yet to catch him in his sins. Only before moral suasion did his indifference give way; then it was supplanted by a still more trying attitude. As Miss Crampton talked, the short, colorless hair on Mikey's round head would bristle with defiance, and his big blue eyes would stare with unflinching insolence. In a single instance his habitual apathy succumbed under another force; that was when he had a toothache. But he returned from the dentist's with tears dried, and during the visit of one of Miss Crampton's colleagues he threw the tooth across the room at a little girl. It was humiliating to the teacher in Miss Crampton to have to admit that, though Mikey was her most lawless pupil, she could not lay her finger upon one convicting offense. But chance favored her at last. The total failure of all effort in the past had made her outwardly as indifferent as Mikey himself, but within she was always ill at ease in his presence. This morning, as the reading-class came up, she was not90 The Outlook [5 September aware of watching him with unwonted keenness. Perhaps the irritating atmosphere left by the departing visitors sharpened her perceptions. At all events, Mikey was destined to be caught. It was an old trick, but it must have been new to him, for he did it very awkwardly. As the class rose to recite in concert, Miss Crampton distinctly saw him put an inverted tack on Sammy Walker's chair. "Michael!" She cried, looking significantly at the misplaced object, "you may stay after school!" When the children had been dismissed and Mikey was left at his desk, Miss Crampton looked at him with the helpless feeling that he always induced in her. She felt a good deal of doubt as to the efficacy of the punishment that she had fixed upon her mind. But she could think of no other. She would accompany Mikey to his home and report him to his father, of whom he hardly could stand less in awe than of her. As she told him to get his hat, her conscience accused her of harshness, but she quieted it by the reflection that she was punishing Mikey, not for one offense, but for a long record of perversity. When she had locked the school-house door, she said, "I will walk along with you, Michael." Mikey looked bored but not surprised. He had often seen her leave the school-yard with some child, though he himself had not encouraged such familiarity. But when they reached the street, and Miss Crampton turned his way instead of hers, a complete change took place in his face. Astonishment, perplexity, consternation, followed in rapid succession. Miss Crampton's heart failed her. "Oh, Mikey!" it cried, "won't you give in and be a good boy?" But repeated failure had taught her to keep silent. The other emotions in Mikey's face had given way to obstinacy. It was slightly varied, as he turned a corner, by a look that aroused his teacher's suspicions. She stopped the first person that they met and asked, "Is this the way to Ford Street?" "No, Miss," was the reply; "you ought to have kept on two blocks more up Main Street and then turned in the other direction. There's an alley that makes a short cut." Teacher and pupil exchanged neither look nor remark as they retraced their steps, nor did Miss Crampton interfere when Mikey chose the short cut - a degree of adaptability that she regretted when they confronted a board fence and Mikey set about climbing it. But it was high. Before he had managed to drag himself to the top, balance the necessary time, and drop over, she had found a hold and crawled under. An austere silence stood her in the stead of dignity. Weeds, tin cans, and ash-heaps somewhat hindered the next stage pf progress. But when they actually reached Ford Street, Mikey advanced still more slowly. At last he dashed into a yard, muttering something about home. The head that was thrust from a window at the click of a gate was identified as Mrs. Finnegan's by the sagacious inquiry that she promptly made: "What did you do bad?" "Nawthin'." "Sure you did, or why is the tacher wid you?" "I asked her to come," was the ready reply, and Mikey looked at his mother proudly. He did not, however, inspect the face of Miss Crampton. Mrs. Finnegan's became immediately one broad smile. "Indade an' it was awful kind in you, ma'am," she exclaimed heartily, as she clattered down to open the door. "Come in an' welcome. You'd be welcome ef it was a palace instead of the poor sort of a place it is. Mikey was often spakin' to me about his tacher." Miss Crampton was not sure that she was in her right mind, but she entered the little parlor, with its gay carpet, its haircloth furniture, and its smell of soap. A smaller Mikey or two were ordered from under foot and stood gazing from an inner doorway. The culprit pushed in behind them and proffered her a bunch of tulips that it seemed hardly possible for him to have picked in so short a time. A feeling of resentment stirred in Miss Crampton's soul, but only feebly. She looked about her in some confusion of mind. The beaming countenance of Mrs. Finnegan was, to say the least, disconcerting. The tiny 1903] Books of the Week 91 tack began to fade from sight. After all, what had she to tell worth repeating? To make an impression on Mikey was her object. To judge from the complete change in the expression of his face, now glowing with cheerfulness, she had succeeded. For the present at least she must content herself with the situation. Soon Mr. Finnegan, pipe in mouth, joined the group. The smell of dinner that came in frequent whiffs as the younger Finnegans ran in and out added to the geniality of the atmosphere. Before Miss Crampton knew it she was launched upon an eulogy of Mikey, who had in truth shown himself as a boy of parts. She described him as a quick reader and a rapid mathematician. In drawing he wa snot equaled in the school. She could scarcely believe that it was her own voice that rose in his commendation. "He has a right to be dacint," admitted his father, modestly. "wid all the thrubble me an' his mother is to wid the whole batch of 'em. An' yourself is a foine tacher, it's plain to be seen," he added. Miss Crampton had not crawled under the fence and struggled through ash-heaps to praise Mikey Finnegan; she certainly had not come to be herself praised. It seemed best, on the whole, to withdraw. The next morning, when Miss Crampton, rubbed open her eyes, her first thought was about Mikey. Should she find him a changed boy in school to-day? She knew better than to expect it. He would remain true to the reputation that he had so firmly established. She was not disappointed. Mikey Finnegan did not cease to be the problem of his teacher. He never gave her any serious trouble, neither di he give her any satisfaction. When the school year was ended, and Miss Crampton stood on the back platform of the train watching the children who had come in crowds to see the teachers off, she was surprised to recognize in her special group the figure of Mikey Finnegan. Most of the uplifted faces were tearful, but his was fixed on her with the familiar stare of indifference. Almost before she had discovered him, he had transferred his gaze to an advertisement on a fence and began to throw pebbles at the tall blue letters. She tried in vain to catch his eye. Did his presence there indicate dawning affection for her, sorrow at her departure? More likely, she thought with chagrin, it was a token of regret that he could no longer torment her, modified by triumph over what he had already accomplished in that line. When the train began to move, she stepped inside but lingered looking through the door-window. The other children melted away as is by magic, but Mikey was still there. digging one heel in the ground. She watched until the little figure grew dim. When the train slipped around a curve in the road, it had not moved. Books of the Week This report of current literature is supplemented by fuller reviews of such books as in the judgement of the editors are of special importance to our readers. Any of these books will be sent by the publishers of The Outlook, postpaid, to any address on receipt of the published price, with postage added when the price is marked "net." Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475-1497. By Julia Cartwright (Mrs. Henry Ady). E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 5x8½ in. 387 pages. $3, net. As many of our readers know, this study of Italy in the fifteenth century is not only an admirable piece of biography dealing with one of the most charming women of the Italian Renaissance and with the powerful family of the Sforza of Milan, with which she was allied by marriage, but it is also an intimate and detailed presentation of social manners, of political intrigues, and of art-production in a brilliant period of Italian history. Mrs. Ady, who writes under the name of Julia Cartwright, has done a great service to lovers of the Renaissance in preparing this volume and its recently published companion work, "Isabella d'Este." The present edition of this book is less expensive than its predecessor, but it is still well printed and bound and makes an acceptable library volume. We cordially commend the reading of this book to any of our readers who have not heretofore had the good fortune to meet with this delightful biography. Elements of Political Economy. By James Bonar, M.A., L.L.D. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 5¼x8 in. 207 pages. $1, net. A remarkably lucid introduction to the study92 The Outlook of political economy. We regret that its point of view and scope of survey are so distinctively English that the book does not quite meet the needs of American schools. Language Lessons from Literature. Book I. By Alice Woodworth Cooley, assisted by W. F. Webster. Illustrated. (Webster-Cooley Language Series.) Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 5X7 1/2 in. 200 pages. Life of His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. (The). By Richard H. Clarke, L.L.D. Illustrated. P. W. Ziegler & Co., Philadelphia. 6 1/2X9 in. 656 pages. The author of the " Lives of the Bishops of the Catholic Church in the United States " may be depended on to give us an orthodox view of the late Pope's career. The well- printed book is also well written ; it describes in detail the various events and movements with which the career of Leo XIII. was connected, and will undoubtedly find wide reading. For the Protestant as for the Roman Catholic, Leo's life was often inspiring, going far to justify the biographer's belief that in it we have a model for every period of human existence and for the Christian of every faith. Old Paths and Legends of New England : Saunterings Over Historic Roads, with Glimpses of Picturesque Fields and Old Homesteads in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. By Katharine M. Abbott. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 6X8 1/2 in. 484 pages. $3.50. The author is well known through the little volumes called " Trolley Trips," which have helped many to explore and enjoy rural New England. The present work is much more ambitious in its scope, but in some respects similar in its intention. This is well expressed by the sub-title of the book, as given above. Town by town, we are taken through some of the most fascinating localities in these States, while the eye is pleased with well-printed half-tone reproductions of photographs of ancient houses, beautiful bits of scenery, historical sites, typical country lanes, trees, monuments, and scenes of modern life. There is nothing of the guide-book in the author's method of treatment, but the practical information about the places treated is sufficiently full to make the work valuable as handbook. Parish of Two (A). By Henry Goelet McVickar and Percy Collins. The Lothrop Publishing Co., Boston. 5X7 1/2 in. 417 pages. $1.50. The story of an unlawful love told by letters between two men-one a minister in a Massachusetts town, the other a man of the world who is tired of his wife. Mr. McVickar writes the letters of the latter, Mr. Price Collier (Percy Collins) writes those of the other. The tale is a tragedy. Its ending is inevitable. The outcome of the wretched weakness and selfishness of the clergyman's friend, in spite of all his skillful arguments in self-defense, is thoroughly in accord with the facts of life. The writing is undeniably clever. There is a curious commingling of theatrical incident with leisurely chatting. The characters are distinct, even vivid. The narrative, which is well sustained in spite of digressions, passes at one point the bounds of plausibility. Round the Horn Before the Mast. By A. Basil Lubbock. Illustrated. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 5X8 in. 375 pages. $1.50, net. This book in another edition was reviewed in The Outlook some months ago. It has been praised by those who know the life of the sea as second only to Dana's " Two Years Before the Mast," as a popular and true narrative of sailors' life. The author is one of those adventurers who would rather suffer hardship and danger and abuse before the mast than to live comfortably and quietly at home. He writes vividly, and as a keen observer of men as well as ships. This edition is evidently intended for boys, who are sure to like the book. Tour of Doctor Syntax in Search of the Picturesque (The). With Colored Illustrations by Thomas Rowlandson. (A New Edition.) D. Appleton & Co., New York. 4 1/2 X 7 in. 266 pages. We are glad to have a reproduction of this book, if only because of the many amusing allusions to it in Thackeray. It must be admitted that the long narrative poem would hardly stand continuous re-reading nowadays, and that it seems to border pretty closely on doggerel. Nevertheless, it has a decided interest as reflecting a curious stage of taste and a curious ideal of humor as they existed in England in the early part of the last century. It will be remembered that the inception of this book was with the artist Thomas Rowlandson, who painted picture after picture illustrating the comic situations which a schoolmaster traveling in search of the picturesque, with an ultimate view of making his fortune by printing his adventures, might be supposed to encounter. The pictures were sent to the author, who turned out with astonishing ease rhymes to fit the pictures. Rowlandson's pictures are reproduced in color in this edition, and are certainly amusing, though they have lost by time a good deal of their flavor and point. It is surprising that the author's name does not appear at all in this edition, and that there is no introductory chapter stating such facts as those we have just given. The book was written by William Combe, a very singular person, who produced no less than eighty-six literary works, of which the present is the only one remembered, and that not so much for its own merit as because of the allusions to it in other books. Combe was a character- among other things, he was a teetotaler in a hard-drinking age-and a chapter telling the story of his life and adventures would really have been more amusing than the narrative of Dr. Syntax. Under Mad Anthony's Banner. By James Ball Naylor. Illustrated. The Saalfield Publishing Co., New York. 5X7 1/2 in. 394 pages. $1.50. Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont. By James Murmell. Franklin Printing Co., Philadelphia. 4 1/2 X 7 1/4 in. 113 pages. 75c. The Outlook The Metrostyle Pianola The Aeolian Company announces a new Pianola THE METROSTYLE which embodies features of the utmost importance to the future of music. THE PRODUCTION of the Metrostyle Pianola marks another step in that advance which was begun when the first Pianola was invented. It is as distinct an improvement on the old type as that in turn was over anything before it. The Metrostyle attachment on the new Pianola, from which it takes its name, serves the double purpose of enabling the composer of a piece or some musical authority to record their interpretation of it upon the music-roll, and then guides others to a reproduction of the same interpretation. The Metrostyle Pianola will have a potent effect upon the musical development of the future, as it enables a composer to leave not only a record of his works, but also of his own interpretation of them ; and every owner of a Metrostyle may be the pupil of the best musicians and composers of the world. The buyer of a Metrostyle Pianola does not have to develop musical ability before playing the instrument artistically, but from the very first can play the most difficult compositions with the artistic feeling of the best pianist. The Metrostyle does not hamper a player's individuality, as the following of the Metrostyle marking is not obligatory ; it only serves to indicate how some authority would play the composition. The Metrostyle Pianola can be seen and played at our exposition-rooms or at the warerooms of our agents, and a personal opinion formed of this remarkable achievement. A handsomely illustrated booklet on the Metrostyle Pianola (Catalog X) will be sent to those desiring information by mail, and all questions answered through our correspondence department. Pianola with Metrostyle, $300. Pianola, $250. Purchasable by monthly payments if desired. THE AEOLIAN COMPANY Aeolian Hall, 362 Fifth Avenue, near Thirty-fourth Street, New York Agents in all principal citiesThe Outlook A Strike against Drudgery RUBBING--not wearing --shortens the life of most garments. Washboards brutally tear and rend. Caustic compounds gnaw and ruin. Perline PERSUADES THE DIRT AWAY AND BY DISSOLVING CLEANSES Pearline is kind to fabrics CHELFENHAM $.155 "Standard" Porcelain Enameled Baths and Sanitary Ware DESIGN AND DURABILITY UNSURPASSED TRADE STANDARD MARK No matter how little money you may have to devote to the sanitation of your home, improvements in the bathroom may be made from time to time, at a moderate cost. Write us about your plans and we will assist you with suggestions. We have a department for this purpose and our services are free. "Standard" Ware brings to the necessary fixtures of a modern bathroom a grace and beauty of design which makes it luxurious as well as sanitary. The fixtures shown herein cost approximately $90, not including piping or labor. Every piece bears our "Green and Gold" Registered Label, and our trademark "Standard" or initials " S. S. M. Co." cast in relief on the exterior, which is our absolute guarantee of quality and durability. Insist on having goods so labeled and branded, as no others are genuine. Write for our beautifully illustrated book "Modern Bathrooms" IT IS FREE showing many attractive bathroom interiors costing from $80 to $550, with approximate cost in detail. Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co. Dept. 22 Pittsburg, Pa. The "Standard" Portable Shower costs but $15 complete, and enables you to equip your bathroom with a perfect shower, as efficient as the more expensive permanent fixtures. Our new book, "FOR BEAUTY'S SAKE," tells all about this and is FREE. The Outlook O NOTHING A MAN ATE NOTHING for lunch for 10 days but GRAPE-NUTS and cream. He had been "running down " on meat and potatoes. He gained 4 pounds in the 10 days by the change. GRAPE-NUTS food is all nourishment and all of it goes into the proper place. That's why one pound of GRAPE-NUTS contains more available nourishment than ten pounds of Meat, Wheat, Oats or Bread. Proved by trial. Registered Trade Mark New Fall Flannels At McCutcheon's We are not showing a full line of imported Saxony, Scotch, and French Flannels in all-white and color combinations. The new crepe weave in the Saxony Flannels, including a large variety of Roman stripes on white and dark grounds, will be decidedly in vogue. In addition there is a wide range of other patterns in stripes and jacquard figures. Price 25c. to $1.25 a Yard We also display a line of German Novelty Flannels, introducing a silk stripe--new this season--at 95c. and $1.10 a yard, and an especially light-weight Albatross Flannel, in black and white, and blue and white, at 85c. a yard. Mail orders have prompt attention. James McCutcheon & Co. 14 West 23d Street, N. Y. Mail Orders Only NEW FALL SUITS Made to Order in One Week $8 to $40 THE coming season will show greater changes in styles and fabrics than have occurred in many years, and the lady who would be fashionably gowned must necessarily order a new suit or cloak. Our New Fall and Winter Catalogue is ready. It shows 126 of the most fascinating styles of Paris and New York, all handsomely illustrated and fully described. We cater to ladies who are particular and who wish to be relieved of dressmaking troubles. We keep no ready-made garments, but make everything to order. Our improved measurement diagram insures such perfect-fitting garments that our customers will find the purchase of their Fall outfit a decided pleasure. We carry a stock of over 400 materials from any of which you may have your garment made. They are the choicest products of foreign and domestic mills. We guarantee every one to give good service and be of exceptional value. If you wish something decidedly new and entirely different from ready-made suits we can be of service to you. We employ only skilled cutters and tailors and our garments are fashionably cut and made. There is character to every garment--an air that distinguishes the wearer at once. WE GUARANTEE TO FIT YOU Should we send you anything that does not please you in every way, return it promptly and we will cheerfully refund your money, or make up a new garment, whichever you prefer. Our catalogue illustrates : Tailored Suits, $8 to $40. Church and Visiting Costumes, $12 to $40. Bride's Traveling Suits, $10 to $35. New Style Skirts, $4 to $20. Fall and Winter Jackets, $8 to $35. We Pay Express Charges to any Part of the U. S. All letters answered by women of taste and experience in matters of dress, who will, if you desire, aid you in selecting styles and materials. When you send us an order, they will look after it while it is in the cutter's and tailor's hands, and will give it the same care and attention that it would have if it were made under your personal supervision by your own dressmaker. The Catalogue and a large assortment of the newest samples will be sent FREE on request. Be sure to say you wish the New Fall Catalogue No. 49. Mention whether you wish samples for Suits or Cloaks, and about the colors you desire, and we will send a full line of exactly what you wish. NATIONAL CLOAK AND SUIT COMPANY 119 and 121 West 23d Street, New York Established 15 years. TIFFANY STVDIOS THE TIFFANY STUDIOS REPRESENT AN ALLIANCE OF ARTS AND CRAFTS UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF AN ACKNOLEDGED MASTER OF DECORATION EXCLUSIVE TIFFANY PRODUCTIONS IN GLASS, METAL, MOSAIC STONE and WOOD, combined with HANGINGS, FURNITURE, RARE RUGS, and TAPESTRIES from our own collections give individual distinction to the treatment of interiors A new series of descriptive brochures treating of the various activities of Tiffany Studios is being prepared, and will be sent on request CORRESPONDENCE INVITED TIFFANY SHOW ROOMS ARE OPEN TO VISITORS AT ALL TIMES 333 TO 341 FOVRTH AVENVE NEW YORK W & J SLOANE NEW YORK INTERIOR DECORATION CLASSIC FURNITURE UPHOLSTERY FABRICS CARPETINGS AND FINE ORIENTAL RUGS BROADWAY AND NINETEENTH ST. THE CECILIAN THE PERFECT PIANO PLAYER A GREAT ADVANTAGE THE new Interchangeable Tracker Board on the Cecilian permits the use of any standard perforated music. You are not obliged to use the special Cecilian rolls. This gives you a greater choice in the selection of your music than is possible with any other player. In addition to this great feature, the Cecilian is by far the easiest piano player to pump ; its touch is absolutely non-mechanical, and its musical performance in every way the most artistic. Particulars on application. FARRAND ORGAN COMPANY, Dept. G. DETROIT, MICHIGAN " Arriving Too Late " This picture is a familiar one to many dwellers in the suburbs or in country towns more or less remote from a public water supply. In such places the only protection against fire is that afforded by the local fire company, composed of neighbors, who man the hook-and-ladder truck, hose-reel and hand-pump. Their principal service consists, of course, in trying to protect adjoining buildings--very rarely do they arrive in time to save any part of the structure where the fire started, as the volume of water which they are able to deliver is sufficient for an incipient conflagration only. It is precisely such conditions that the Hot=Air Pump rectifies. The private water supply which it furnishes is sufficient to protect property anywhere, and is a perfect safeguard where altitude renders the public water supply insufficient or lacking in the necessary force. The feeling of security which a Hot=Air Pump insures to its owner will alone repay him many times its cost. One of these pumps, representing a permanent investment which will outlast a generation, can now be bought at the Catalogue " D " sent free on application. Rider=Ericsson Engine Co. 35 Warren St., New York. 239 Franklin St., Boston. 40 Dearborn St., Chicago. 602 Craig St., Montreal, P.Q. 40 N. 7th St., Philadelphia. 22 Pitt St., Sydney, N.S.W. Teniente-Rey 71, Havana, Cuba. The Hot-Air Pump Chickering Pianos THE MAKERS OF THESE INSTRUMENTS have shown that genius for pianoforte making that has been defined as "an infinite capacity for taking pains." The result of eighty years of application of this genius to the production of musical tone is shown in the Chickering of to-day. Catalogue upon Application CHICKERING & SONS 801 Tremont Street, Boston. The Outlook Reflections of real beauty are the result of using the new medicinal soap, Resinol. Its efficacy for beautifying the skin is indeed marvelous. Its great success comes of its two-fold advantage--cleansing the pores and curing all skin affection, from redness and roughness, pimples and blotches, to the worst forms of eczema. RESINOL SOAP is a derivative of the famous Resinol Ointment. It is an absolutely pure, medicated soap, indispensable to a healthy condition of the skin--hence a natural beautifier. It leaves the complexion clear and the skin soft and velvety. Sample Sent Free Excellent for the shampoo, toilet, nursery, and bath. Sold everywhere. RESINOL CHEMICAL CO. Baltimore, Md., U. S. A. Nothing Under the Sun will clean and polish Silver in every form and finish like ELECTRO Silver Polish SILICON Trial quantity for the asking. Box postpaid 15 cents (stamps). ELECTRO-SILICON SILVER SOAP, if your prefer a soap to powder, has equal merits. Grocers and Druggists and postpaid on receipt of price. 15 CENTS PER CAKE. "SILICON," 30 Cliff Street, New York. TRADE MARK AGATE L&G MFG CO NICKEL-STEEL WARE TRADE MARK AGATE L&G MFG CO NICKEL-STEEL WARE IN BUYING ENAMELED WARE ASK FOR AGATE NICKEL-STEEL Look for the BLUE LABEL pasted on every piece guaranteeing the enamel FREE FROM POISON Why the manufacturers of AGATE NICKEL-STEEL WARE do not have to use poisonous ingredients is explained in booklet free to any address. IF SUBSTITUTES ARE OFFERED WRITE US. DEPARTMENT AND HOUSE-FURNISHING STORES EVERYWHERE SEE THEM LALANCE & GROSJEAN MFG. CO. NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON The Outlook IVER JOHNSON SHOT GUNS CHAMPION $6 IVER JOHNSON TOP SNAP $7. IVER JOHNSON SEMI-HAMMERLESS $8. Gentlemen: If you want a gun that is strong, simple and well-balanced, quick and positive in action, get an Iver Johnson. They are the most rapid shooters known. SEND FOR OUR FIRE ARMS ENCYCLOPEDIA IVER JOHNSON-FITCHBURG, MASS. U. S. A. BUILT NOT STUFFED OSTERMOOR Patent Elastic Felt MATTRESS Beware of its shrewd imitators--our name and trade-mark label mus appear on the mattress if it is "felt." A mattress is not "felt" if it is not an OSTERMOOR. Send For Our Free Book a handsome volume of 96 illustrated pages telling about the OSTERMOOR--its sizes and prices--its virtues--our offer of "30 Nights Free Trial," money refunded without question if it is not all you even hoped for, express charges paid both ways--its letters of praise from men and women of standing everywhere. You are welcome to it even though you have no intention of buying. Your name on a postal will do. OSTERMOOR & CO., 120 Elizabeth St., New York. Canadian Agency : The Alaska Feather and Down Company, Ltd., Montreal. $15 FULL SIZE Grand Externally Clean Internally Wear Eternally Cheap Infernally The Outlook The Arbiters of Time The Earth and The Elgin keep time together The Elgin Watch is carried by men whose lives depend on time. The Elgin watch for women, though smaller in size, is identical in accuracy. An illustrated history of the watch sent free. ELGIN NATIONAL WATCH CO. Elgin, Ill. COPYRIGHT 1900 BY LIFE PUB. CO. GIBSON PYROGRAPHY By contract just closed with Life, we have acquired the exclusive right to reproduce Gibson designs for pyrography. Charles Dana Gibson is not only the most famous living pen and ink artist, his works selling for fabulous sums, but his lines are admirably adapted to Pyrographic reproduction T. & C. Outfit 20. 95 shown above, value $2.50, is temporarily offered for $1.80 This is a high grade instrument, splendidly made of the best materials, and includes fine Platinum Point, Cork Handle, Rubber Tubing, Double Action Bulb, Metal Union Cor, Bottle, Alcohol Lamp, Two Pieces Stamped Practice Wood, and full instructions, all contained in neat Leatherette Box. For sale by your dealer, or sent by us C. O. D. for examination. Write for our big 64-page catalogue with colored inserts No. 0.52--Free. Illustrates hundreds of Gibson and other artistic designs on wood, ready for burning, together with all kinds of Pyrography outfits at lowest prices. T&C CHICAGO This trade-mark on everything we make. It means quality. Call for T. & C. Pyrographic Goods. THAYER & CHANDLER, 162-164 W. Jackson Blve., Chicago Largest Makers of Pyrography Goods in the World. Writes Black Copies Purple Dixon's Eterno, the Indelible Pencil is the pencil for business. First rate for ordinary use, and something more A copying pencil that makes a better copy than any copying ink. Leads extra tough and smooth. The newest thing in pencil is Dixon's Eterno The Indelible Pencil Sold by all stationers, with or without nickeled point protector. Folder J, tells about it ; free on request. JOSEPH DIXON CRUCIBLE COMPANY, Jersey City, N. J. NEW ENGLAND WATCHES LEAD THE WORLD IN DIVERSITY OF STYLES AND QUANTITY OF PRODUCTION ARTISTIC NOVELTIES FOR LADIES FOR SALE BY ALL JEWELERS CATALOGS SENT ON REQUEST THE NEW ENGLAND WATCH CO. OFFICES : New York, 37 & 39 Maiden Lane Chicago, 131-137 Wabash Ave. San Francisco, Claus Spreckels Bldg. The Gorham Co. desire to call attention to the GORHAM SILVER POLISH IN CAKE FORM A novel preparation designed for the perfect polishing and cleaning of silverware. It gives the maximum of effect with the minimum of effort, is guaranteed to contain no harmful ingredient and to be the most economical polish on the market Price 25 cents a package If unobtainable at your jewelers' , send 25 cents in stamps for a sample package to The Gorman Co. Broadway & 19th Street, New York When the presents are reviewed It is always a gratification to find that the present of silver plate bears the well-known trade mark-- "1847 ROGERS BROS." It is an indication of good taste on the part of the giver, and it carries an assurance of quality that cannot be disputed or excelled. Many pieces of "1847 Rogers Bros." ware that have figured as wedding gifts have been used in the celebration of the golden anniversary. From the long service that it gives, this brand has come to be known as "Silver Plate that Wears." But wearing quality is not all-- "1847 Rogers Bros" goods excel in beauty of design and artistic workmanship. Patterns now made include all useful articles so that odd pieces already in your possession may be matched, allowing completion of sets at your convenience. This brand of silver plate was first made in 1847. It is the most famous of all silverware, and is sold by leading dealers. Note the complete trade mark "1847 Rogers Bros." Send for catalogue I-92 which shows many beautiful designs, and is free upon request. MERIDEN BRITANNIA CO. (International Silver Co., Successor), Meriden, Conn. [image: suitcase bearing labels with place names from New Zealand, and over the top a headline as follows] UNION LINE TARANAKI TIMARU. Rangiriri RUPANTUP WAITOTARA KIRIKIRIROA Travelers find no water abroad equal to WHITE ROCK POND'S Extract The Old Family Doctor CURES Burns, scalds, bruises, cuts, sprains, wounds, lameness, soreness, neuralgia, rheumatism, sunburn, bites, stings. STOPS Nose bleed, toothache, earache, bleeding lungs, hemorrhages, and all pain Sold in sealed bottles with buff wrappers FREE This Beautiful Sugar Shell. Reader offer below. WORLD BRAND SILVERWARE CARRIES 50% MORE SILVER THAN STANDARD PLATE. [image: photo of fancy spoon held by two small elves or mythical creatures; logo of World Brand] Everybody who admires beautiful table silver will be interested to know how to obtain one of our "World Brand" Sugar Shells (regular six 6 inches long) absolutely Free. This we know is an expensive way to advertise, but if we can impress you with the superiority of "World Brand" Silverware over other brands we shall feel amply repaid for our efforts and expense. Write to-day about our free offer. THE AMERICAN SILVER CO., : : 8 Main St., Bristol, Conn. WORLD BRAND 50 YEARS EXPERIENCE A Doctor's Baby 13 months on ESKAY'S FOOD [image: photo of child holding carrot, as she reaches up; sitting on ornate wooden chair] This picture of my baby-one year old-should prove to you, as it has to me, the value of ESKAY'S FOOD. At birth she weighted 8 3/4 pounds. Four well-known Foods were tried, but the child grew thinner and weaker. When ESKAY'S FOOD was substituted, it nourished perfectly, constipation ceased, and she began to gain at once. To-day the baby's health is perfect, her digestion splendid, and her sleep restful. She weighs 21 1/2 pounds. I consider ESKAY'S FOOD the most perfect substitute for mother's milk, and use it wherever possible in my practice because it is uniformly successful. R. G. CONTRELL., M.D., President Harris Institute, Inc., 54 W. 23d St., New York. Every mother needs our valuable book "How to Care for the Baby." It is sent free with samples of ESKAY'S FOOD. SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH CO., 426 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.The Outlook The Oldsmobile The enjoyment of outdoor life is doubled to the owner of the Oldsmobile. Its perfect simplicity leaves " Nothing to watch but the road." Its working mechanism is so easy to understand that every member of the family can drive this practical machine. Mechanical ingenuity has done away with all complications and progressive ideas in construction maintain the premier position of the Oldsmobile. It is built to run and does it. Price $650.00 Selling agencies are established in all the principal cities of the world. Call and see why the Oldsmobile " goes." Write for illustrated catalogue to Dept. C. Olds Motor Works Detroit, Mich. Members of the Association Licensed Automobile Manufacturers Waverley Model 21 ; Price, $850 ; With Top, $900. Electric Vehicles No complications. Turn on power and steer. Electric brake. Drop postal for catalogue. Many more models and prices. POPE MOTOR CAR CO. Indianapolis, Ind. Agencies in all principal cities. The "Give and Take" principle. PRESIDENT SUSPENDERS Make Walking Easy Absolutely Guaranteed Metal Trimmings cannot rust. 50c and $1, any shop or by mail. C. A. EDGARTON MFG. CO. Box 226 P. Shirley, Mass. The Outlook The Kelly-Springfield Tire Have you ever stopped to think what the rubber tire business would be without the Kelly-Springfield tire ? We made the first rubber tire. We were the first to apply the two-wire idea and apply it right. Our booklet, "The Kelly-Springfield Idea," may tell you some things about rubber tires which will be new to you and helpful to you. Send for it CONSOLIDATED RUBBER TIRE COMPANY 40 Wall Street, New York Akron, Ohio. Stewart Hartshorn If you really want the genuine improved Hartshorn shade roller--the best ever made in the world--be sure that this signature is on the label, WOOD ROLLERS TIN ROLLERS Stewart Hartshorn The Man and the Machine Mr. Alexander T. Brown, inventor of the Smith Premier Typewriter, is unquestionably the foremost writing machine expert of the world. Besides, he is a practical and successful business man, He built the first Smith Premier Typewriter not only for handsome and speedy work but to endure under the severest demands of actual business. The Smith Premier is free from the weaknesses of eccentric, unpractical construction and to-day embodies the latest demonstrated improvements of this typewriter expert. Mr. Brown as Vice-President of this company will continue to devote his entire time and inventive genius to maintain the Smith Premier where, more than ever, it now stands as The World's Best Typewriter Send to-day for our little book explaining exactly why the Smith Premier is best ; or, send to our nearest branch office for the machine itself on a ten days' free trial. The Smith Premier Typewriter Co. Factory, Syracuse, N. Y. Executive Office, 287 Broadway, N. Y. The Ball Bearing DENSMORE Can save you time, work, and money. Let us show you the improvements by which the DENSMORE DOES MORE than any other typewriter. Catalogue for the asking. DENSMORE TYPEWRITER CO. 309 Broadway, New York Generalities are not Convincing ! THE ABSOLUTE WORTH OF THE FOX TYPEWRITER IS WHAT MAKES IT PRE-EMINENT. COMPARE the touch of " THE FOX" with other machines. COMPARE the adjustable typebar hanger, insuring perfect alignment always with others. COMPARE the automatic ribbon movement, the speed escapement, the ball bearing carriage, the key dip, the line lock. Comparison beside any other Typewriter will show why so many large users are displacing all other typewriters with "The Fox ;" the reason is evident, the Fox is a superior machine. We want you to examine the Fox. Our free trial plan enables any responsible firm or person to try it for ten days. Let us send a machine to you for comparison and trial. Catalogue on request. FOX TYPEWRITER CO., Ltd. 670 FRONT ST., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. Know all men by these presents that Carter's Inks Are the old reliable make. CARTER'S WRITING FLUID CARTER'S REAL BLACK INK PARKER "LUCKY CURVE" Fountain Pen Really, is there any good reason why you should not be using a Parker " Lucky Curve" Fountain Pen? I am making good pens--and warrant them--pens perfected by the experiences of many years. Among the pens I am making is one for you, which, after it is fitted to your hand, you would not art with for many dollars, so pleasing would it be. Any one of the 9,000 dealers selling the " Lucky Curve" will be glad to help find your pen. If you cannot find them in your city, please order direct. My pens, quality considered, are not expensive. They are capable of many years of satisfactory use. They start in price at $1.50, to $2.00, $2.50, $3.00 and higher according to size and ornamentation. I also sell a dollar pen, the Palmer, (without the " Lucky Curve "), an excellent pen for the money. In any event, let me send you my catalogue. It contains information you ought to know and costs you nothing. Kindly write to-day. GEO. S. PARKER The Parker Pen Co. 28 Mill Street, Janesville, Wis. P. S.--If you will state in your letter that you are an INTENDING PURCHASER of a Fountain Pen, I will send you, complimentary, a 6-inch Aluminum Rule and Paper Cutter, on receipt of stamp for postage--to others 12 cents. PARKER PARKER "THE NAME IS EVERYTHING." Esterbrook on a pen is an absolute guarantee of its excellence 130 ESTERBROOK & CO EASY WRITER No. 130. Easy Writer. Is exactly what its name implies. Try it. Over 150 varieties of other styles to suit every purpose. All stationers have them. Accept no substitute. THE ESTERBROOK STEEL PEN CO. Works, Camden, N. J. 26 John Street, N. Y. The Outlook Miss or Matron will find in the Equipoise an ideal garment of Health. So soft you could sleep in it without discomfort. So faultless in outline you can dress in it with satisfaction. For the mother with the cares of home and for all delicate women The Equipoise Waist is an indispensable adjunct of good health. Send for free book giving prices, sizes and description. The Equipoise Waist is sold by leading retailers or will be sent prepaid BY MAIL. Made of fine wash material that will last for years. THE FERRIS BROS. COMPANY, 341 Broadway, New York. THE "ONEITA" PAT. APR. 25, 1893 ONEITA ELASTIC RIBBED Union Suits cover the entire body like an additional skin. Fitting like a glove, but softly and without pressure. No buttons down the front. Made for men, women, and young people. Most convenient to put on, being entered at the top and drawn on like trousers. With no other kind of underwear can ladies obtain such a perfect fit for dresses or wear comfortably so small a corset. Made in great variety of fabrics and weights. Sold by best dealers everywhere. Send for Illustrated Booklet. ONEITA MILLS Dep't K 1 Greene Street, N. Y. ROOT'S UNDERWEAR For Men, Ladies and Children Root's Camelhair goods are genuine camelhair. Other makes are only "camelhair" in name. Root's Natural Wool goods are made of the combined wools of white and black sheep or lambs, and contain no dyed material. Root's White Wool and Merino goods, sterling value. Sold by principal dealers in New York and all large cities. If not by yours, write to Root's Underwear 1 Greene St New York The Outlook The Secret This shows the way the loop-fleece lining is made in WRIGHT'S Health Underwear These many tiny loops of wool absorb the perspiration, and maintain a permanent air space between skin and garments. This means warmth, health, and freedom from colds. This loop-fleece does not mat by wear or washing as ordinary fleece does. Send for our free book, " Dressing for Health "--it tells the whole story. Dealers have Wright's Health Underwear. It costs no more than ordinary kinds. WRIGHTS HEALTH UNDERWEAR CO. 75 Franklin St., New York. FOR EARLY FALL Jaeger PURE WOOL UNDERWEAR The Standard Sanitary Woolens for Men, Women and Children. SPECIAL WEIGHTS FOR THIS SEASON. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE showing also our various Jaeger articles. DR. JAEGER S. W. W. CO.'S OWN STORES NEW YORK: 306 Fifth Ave., 155-157 B'way BROOKLYN : 504 Fulton St. BOSTON : 230-232 Boylston St. PHILADELPHIA : 1510 Chestnut St. CHICAGO : 82 State St. AGENTS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES. Popping of lamp-chimneys is music to grocers. MACBETH. If you use a wrong chimney, you lose a good deal of both light and comfort, and waste a dollar or two a year a lamp on chimneys. Do you want the Index? Write me. MACBETH, Pittsburg. IMPROVED "The Brighton SILK GARTER" BLACK MADE FROM ONE PIECE OF SOLID SILK WEB BRIGHTON BRIGHTON The Clasp-- the Catch the Fit The Ease, Support and Neatness are all just right on the BRIGHTON Flat Clasp Garter It cannot catch in the clothing or hurt the leg. Made of the best silk elastic web--all fashionable colors. All dealers, 25c or by mail. PIONEER SUSPENDER CO., 718 Market St., Philadelphia. Makers of Pioneer Suspenders. The Outlook JELL-O " Even my dolly likes it. Every one in our family likes Jell-O, and we have it on the table every day. It looks nice and Mamma says it is so easy to prepare. Won't you have some?" Four Fruit Flavors : Lemon, Orange, Raspberry and Strawberry. 10c. per package. At all Grocers. Prepared in 2 minutes. Try it to-day. THE GENESEE PURE FOOD CO., LE ROY, N. Y. THE ADAMS & WESTLAKE CO. CHICAGO Makers of Metal Beds The quality of the brass or iron bed you buy is important ; you don't buy one every day. You want it to last a lifetime ; it will if the maker puts lifetime quality into it. You can't tell ; your safety is to trust the maker ; find one you can trust. When you see our name-plate, as shown above, on the foot end of a metal bed, be satisfied as to quality you'll never find any other as good. Buy of your dealer if possible ; if not, let us know. Send for catalogue of styles THE ADAMS & WESTLAKE CO 114 Ontario Street, Chicago SAVE 1/2 YOUR FUEL or get all the heat you pay for. When you use a Rochester Radiator you do. EASY Fully Guaranteed. Write for booklet on heating houses- Rochester Radiator Co. 75 Furnace St., Rochester, N. Y. HAY FEVER and ASTHMA cured to stay cured. Never return. A radical departure. Cause eliminated. Constitution changed. Nerves reconstructed. Splendid health. Over 52,000 FREE patients. Good references. ("Reliefs," or change of climate, cannot cure.) Write for BOOK 21 A, FREE, containing reports of many interesting cases. Address DR. HAYES, BUFFALO, N. Y. H A C Strictly Fresh Eggs. Direct from the Farm CLOVER BRAND The most delicious eggs ever produced. Every egg shipped the day it is laid, and each egg of MOST DELICIOUS FLAVOR and of double strength because it is fresh. Safe delivery guaranteed. Contracts made for a year or for single deliveries. Send for FREE Booklet Henry Cutler 800 W. Main St. IONIA, MICH. 12 DOZ EGGS H. A. C Dr. Lyon's PERFECT Tooth Powder Used by people of refinement for over a quarter of a century PREPARED BY I. W. Lyon, D.D.S. The Outlook ARMSTRONG & McKELVY Pittsburg. BEYMER-BAUMAN Pittsburg. DAVIS-CHAMBERS Pittsburg. FAHNESTOCK Pittsburgh. ANCHOR Cincinnati. ECKSTEIN Cincinnati. ATLANTIC New York. BRADLEY New York. BROOKLYN New York. JEWETT New York. ULSTER New York. UNION New York. SOUTHERN Chicago. SHIPMAN Chicago. COLLIER St. Louis. MISSOURI St. Louis. RED SEAL St. Louis. SOUTHERN St. Louis. JOHN T. LEWIS & BROS CO Philadelphia. MORLEY Cleveland. SALEM Salem, Mass. CORNELL Buffalo. KENTUCKY Louisville. CONSUMERS should bear in mind that there are many brands of White Lead (so called) which are claimed to be "just as good" or better than Pure White Lead, which contain little, if any, White Lead, but are simply mixtures of Zinc, Whiting and Barytes, or other cheap, inferior materials. Make sure that the brand is right. Those named in list are genuine. If interested in paint or painting, address National Lead Col, 100 William Street, New York. Guaranty Trust Co. of New York Mutual Life Building, Nassau, Corner Cedar Street LONDON OFFICES 33 LOMBARD ST., E. C. 60 ST. JAMES ST., S. W. Fiscal Agents of the Unites States Government Manila, Philippine Islands Hong Kong, China Depository of the Government of the Philippine Islands, Manila Capital, $2,000,000 Surplus and Undivided Profits, $5,444,146 INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS SUBJECT TO CHEQUE OR ON CERTIFICATE Acts as Trustee for Corporations, Firms & Individuals ; and as Guardian, Executor & Administrator. Takes entire charge of Real and Personal Estates ; carefully selected securities offered for investment. TRAVELERS' LETTERS OF CREDIT AVAILABLE IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD COMMERCIAL LETTERS OF CREDIT ISSUED DRAFTS on all parts of Great Britain, France, Germany, China, and Philippines BOUGHT and SOLD. WALTER G. OAKMAN, President GEORGE R. TURNBULL, 2d Vice-President. WM. C. EDWARDS, Treasurer. E. C. HEBBARD, Secretary. HENRY A. MURRAY, 3d Vice-President. JOHN GAULT, Manager Foreign Department. F. C. HARRIMAN, Assistant Treasurer. R. C. NEWTON, Trust Officer. DIRECTORS : George F. Baker, George S. Bowdoin, August Belmont, Frederic Cromwell, Walter R. Gillette, G. G. Haven, E. H. Harriman, Edwin Hawley, R. Somers Hayes, Charles R. Henderson, Adrian Iselin, Jr. Augustus D. Juilliard, James N. Jarvie, Richard A. McCurdy, Levi P. Morton, Alexander D. Orr, Walter G. Oakman, Henry H. Rogers, H. McK. Twombly, Frederick W. Vanderbilt, Harry Payne Whitney. London Committee: ARTHUR J. FRASER, Chairman ; DONALD C. HALDEMAN. I AM THE TOOTH BRUSH YOU HEAR SO MANY SPEAK ABOUT Sold Only in a Yellow Box--for your protection. Curved handle and face to fit the mouth. Bristles in irregular tufts--cleans between the teeth Hole in handle and hook to hold it. This means much to cleanly persons--the only one who like our brush. Send for our free booklet, "Tooth Truths." MEDIUM PATENTED OCT. 21, 1884 AUG 8, 1899. The Prophylactic Adults' 35c. Youths' 25c. Children's 25c. By mail or at dealers'. FLORENCE MFG. CO., 136 Pine St., Florence, Mass. The Outlook Daus' "Tip Top" Duplicator What is Daus' "TIP-TOP"? TO PROVE that Daus' "Tip-Top" Duplicator is the best, simplest, and cheapest device for making 100 copies from Pen-written and 50 copies from Typewritten original we are willing to send a complete "Duplicator" without deposit on 10 days' trial. No mechanism to get out of order, no washing, no press, no printer's ink. The product of 23 years' experience in Duplicators. Price for complete apparatus. Cap size (prints 8 3/4 x 13 in.) $7.50, subject to the trade discount of 33 1/3 per cent, or $5.00 net. FELIX D. DAUS DUPLICATOR CO., Daus Building, 111 john St., New York REDUCED RATES on shipments of Household Goods to and from California, Oregon, Washington and Colorado. We save you worry, time, expense, and guarantee prompt, careful service. Write for particulars. Map of Los Angeles or San Francisco free for the asking. Address BEKINS HOUSEHOLD SHIPPING CO., 99 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill. GOV'T AUCTION REVOLVERS, GUNS, Swords and Military Goods. NEW and Old. Bargains for use or decorating. Large illustrated 15c. catalogue mailed 6c stamps. FRANCIS BANNERMAN, 579 Broadway, N. Y. FIGURE the PROFITS YOURSELF A ton of Grapes costs from $12.00 to $20.00, and will produce from 150 to 165 gallons of Grape Juice. Cost, $20. Say the grapes cost the highest price, $20 00, and yield but 150 gallons, which is 50 cases of 12 quarts each. Unfermented Grape Juice costs the dealer $4.00 per case of 12 quarts, or $4.25 per case of 24 pints. The results, then, are as follows : 1 ton grapes costing $20.00 yields 50 cases Grape Juice for which the dealers pay $4.00 per case, or $200. Selling Price, $200. HOW ABOUT THE DEMAND? This is why the advertisement appears. The business is growing so fast we must have help to take care of it . We have had to obtain a partial release on contract to furnish 5,000 cases this year to one wholesale house. This was because we were unable to supply the full quota and take care of the rest of our trade. The Product has been on the market for five years, known as Lee's Endion Grape Juice ; a pure juice of the choicest Michigan grapes; produced by our own secret process and bottled to keep indefinitely in its original non-alcoholic state. The use of unfermented Grape Juice is increasing rapidly. It is used as a healthful beverage ; it is on draught at thousands of Soda Fountains ; it is being prescribed by physicians in an increasing amount every year. It is no more intoxicating than a glass of milk and is as nourishing. A NEW FACTORY We are forced to build a new plant with machinery sufficient to put up 100,000 gallons. In order to do this and enlarge our facilities in other directions as rapidly as possible, we offer a limited amount of stock at $7.50 per share, par value of shares ten dollars each. There is no preferred stock or bonded indebtedness of any kind. It is all common stock sharing equally in profits, full paid, non-assessable and non-taxable. The Company is incorporated under the limited partnership act of the laws of Michigan : an act which protects stockholders and an act under which some of the largest industries of this State are incorporated. The Endion Grape Juice Company, Ltd., is incorporated for $60,000 ; 6,000 shares at par value of $10.00 each. You see we are not over capitalized. We believe in large dividends and consequent increase in value of shares, rather than a large capitalization. We expect to make this stock worth $20.00 per share by its earnings. INDORSEMENT We refer by permission to the Benton Harbor State Bank and Farmers & Merchants Bank, this city. We have a prospectus that is not tedious ; we want to get this in your hands with copies of letters from dealers who are selling our goods. We want to scatter this stock among investors to further the publicity of our goods. This will be a financial advantage to all the stockholders. Our necessity is your opportunity. A sample bottle of Grape Juice will be mailed on receipt of 10 cents. Price per case of 1 doz. pints, $3.00 prepaid. 1 doz. quarts, $5.50 prepaid. Stockholders furnished at the wholesale price. Send for prospectus to-day. ENDION GRAPE JUICE COMPANY, Ltd. Address GEORGE N. THRESHER, Treasurer, Benton Harbor, Michigan The Outlook All Kalamazoo ranges and cook stoves are equipped with patent oven thermometer. Makes baking sure and easy. The KALAMAZOO A better stove or range than you can get from any other source. A saving of from 25% to 40% in price. Prompt shipment from factory to user. Factory prices--no dealers' profits. Freight prepaid by us. 360 days approval test. Guarantee backed by $20,000 bank bond. KALAMAZOO Stoves and Ranges are manufactured by us in our own factory. We know they are all right "clear through." Don't confuse them with cheap mail order goods. We are the only stove manufacturers in the world selling their entire product direct from their own factory to the user. There isn't a better stove or range at any price and by eliminating all dealers' and middlemen's profits we save you easily 25% to 40%. Moreover, we give you a 360 Days Approval Test. If your purchase is not satisfactory in every way, return the goods at our expense. We have a complete line of ranges, cook stoves and heaters for fuel of all kinds. All stoves blacked, polished and ready for business. It will pay you to investigate. Send for catalogue No. 110 and prices, freight prepaid. The Kalamazoo Stove Co., Mfrs., Kalamazoo, Mich. Come to Nordrach A Place of Rest in Southern Catskills. Pure air and water. Receives those suffering from Insomnia, Malassimilation, Neuralgia, Dyspepsia, and Gout. Vapor, Sprague, Nauheim, Hot Air, Electric, and Mineral Baths, milk diet, and Weir Mitchell method. Pool, Billiards, Bowling, and Tennis. From three to four pounds a week are gained by Nordrach methods. Write to Dr. A. Judson Benedict, Medical Director, for information and pamphlet. Box 220. "THE NORDRACH," Phoenicia, Ulster Co., New York Hot Ashes endanger life and property if put in open barrels or cans. Witt's Corrugated Can is fire-proof and dust-tight. Close-fitting lid, strong, made of corrugated steel, galvanized inside and out. Scattering of contents impossible. Lasts a life time. Imitations are worthless. See that "Witt's Can" is stamped on lid. Get Witt's Corrugated Pail for carrying ashes. Sold by all dealers. The Witt Cornice Co., Dept. O Cincinnati, O. BISHOP FURNITURE CO., Grand Rapids Mich. Ship Anywhere "On Approval," allowing furniture in your home five days to be returned at our expense and money-refunded if not perfectly satisfactory and all you expected. We prepay Freight to all points east of the Mississippi River and north of Tennessee line, allowing freight that far toward points beyond. No. 2466B Parlor Chair. An unusually artistic design with graceful roll arms and top, curved back is Crotch Mahogany, hand polished or dull finish. Turkish spring seat, uphholstered in silk Damask. We ship it to you direct on approval, freight prepaid (as above) for $13.50 Retail value $20.00 Divan to match and 1,200 other pieces of reliable furniture in our free catalogue--write us. Our line of Office and Library Desks, Chairs, etc., is unexcelled No. 2247. Library Table in Quartered Oak, any finish, or Imitation Mahogany. Has graceful French legs and firm shelf. Top 42 in. long and 27 in. wide. Our price, direct on approval is $8.25 Retails for $14.00 to $18.00. All Mahogany, add $2.00. No. 1901 Buffet. 48 in. long, 23 in. wide. The smaller drawers serpentine fronts, one is lined for silverware. The long Linen Drawer, Cupboard and small Drawers have solid brass pulls and perfect locks. The top, cupboard door and French legs have delicate hand carving. The French beveled Mirror is 42 in. long and 12 in. high. Perfect construction, dull or polished finish. Our price to you direct, on approval, freight prepaid (as above) Quartered Oak, $31.75. Mahogany $33.75. Retail value $45.00 to $50.00. Our large Catalogue which shows 1,200 pieces of high-grade fashionable Furniture is FREE. Write for it to-day. Bishop Furniture Co. 17-29 Ionia Street Grand Rapids, Mich. The above is a reproduction of Helm's famous drawing, entitled " Turned Down " We are led to publish a reproduction of this drawing because it only too well illustrated many a young man or woman's position in life when they first start out upon their career. They are filled with ambition, hope and energy. Then comes the time of trial. Time after time they see those with no more ability, if as much, take a settled position in the ranks of labor, and they wonder why they are turned down. It is because they are not considered competent. It is Not Lack of Ability, but Lack of Training and Marketable Knowledge The world is full of opportunities for self-study and for the development and training of your abilities. Don't get discouraged. Don't allow yourself to be turned down the second time. Train for profitable labor. If you join our Institute you will not be " Turned Down," for a paying position awaits you when your labor is trained and properly learned. If you wish to become an Electrical Engineer, Electrician, Illustrator, Ad-Writer, Journalist, Proofreader, Stenographer, or Bookkeeper we can instruct you rapidly and thoroughly. We give you practical and thorough knowledge ; not theory. All our courses will fit ambitious men or women for high-salaried positions. Why not use your earning capacity to its utmost limit ? We can direct you how to do it. Let us send you a copy of our book " Struggles With the World," edited by President Alt F. Clark, and illustrated by famous pen and ink artists. We send it free. If you write us for information you will not be troubled with solicitors or agents. Information as well as instruction is given entirely by mail. We employ no canvassers or collectors. Our students are not asked to sign promissory notes. No security of any kind is required. We want no unwilling students who have been "talked" into taking a course. Ours is the modern method of mail instruction. We believe in fair play and honorable competition. There may be other good correspondence schools. It is not our intention to corner mail instruction. When writing we would prefer that you mention which course you are interested in. CORRESPONDENCE INSTITUTE of AMERICA, Box 661, Scranton, Pa. The Outlook Electricity Cures the majority of ailments which are due to sluggish circulation, and practically all diseases which yield to local stimulus, Physicians everywhere recommend its use. The Home Battery $12.00 is the most efficient home battery ever produced giving both galvanic and faradic currents. It cures Rheumatism by direct application to part affected, and by stimulating circulation. It cures Indigestion, Dyspepsia, Constipation, and all Stomach trouble by Electric Massage. The Massage Electrode also removes wrinkles, and builds flesh. The Electric Sponge and Foot Plate enable one to enjoy in his own home the Electric Baths that others pay hundreds of dollars for in sanitariums, stimulating the nervous system, the heart, the circulation, the liver, the kidneys, and every function of the systemic organs. An Electric Hair Brush is furnished with this outfit. This brush cures dandruff, falling hair, and every other scalp disease due to improper blood supply, and it will restore hair to bald heads if the papillae are not dead. This is a powerful battery, but it is perfectly safe ; the dial enabling one to take as much or as little electricity as he likes. The batteries last a year, and are replaced for 40 cents. Price of Battery Complete, prepaid $12.00 It cannot be duplicated for double the money. Sent C. O. D. for examination. You don't pay out a cent until you try the Battery. This is a beautiful instrument in a beautifully polished case. It will serve the whole family and last a lifetime. Write us to-day. DETROIT MEDICAL BATTERY CO. 26 Fort Street West, Detroit, Mich. If Constipated use TARRANT'S SELTZER APERIENT TRADE MARK REGISTERED. " It's Reliable" ' been in use since 1844. " It's Effervescent " ; just the thing for hot weather. " It's Non-irritant " ; contains no narcotic or dangerous drug. " It's Pleasant " ; a nice Remedy for nice people. It Relieves Constipation, Headache, Biliousness, Sour Stomach, Indigestion, in the most effective, common sense way. At Druggists, 50c. and $1.00, or by mail from THE TARRANT CO., 21 Jay Street, New York. Mechanical Drawing Taught by Correspondence FOR those who cannot take the full engineering courses offered by the American School of Correspondence, several Special Courses are provided. The most important of these are the special course in Mechanical and Perspective Drawing and Pen and Ink Rendering. These are particularly valuable to any one interested in Engineering or Architecture. These courses are especially recommended to women, for they frequently open the way to congenial and remunerative employment. The Demand for Good Draughtsmen is shown by the following letter from the Stover Manufacturing Company, Freeport, Ills. : " We want a man who can assist us in designing special machines for the manufacture of our goods. To be more definite, a man who, when we have given him our ideas regarding how a machine should be constructed, can complete the drawing for this particular machine. . . . We want a man who has the groundwork in him upon which to build. Would be willing to start at from $75 to $100 a month, according to his ability." Courses are also offered in Electrical, Mechanical, Steam, and Civil Engineering, Textile Manufacturing, Architecture, Sheet Metal Pattern Drafting, Heating, Ventilation, and Plumbing, Telephony, etc. An illustrated Catalogue containing letters from students will be sent on request. American School of Correspondence at Armour Institute of Technology Room I02 C CHICAGO, ILLS. OMO The ONLY PERFECT ODORLESS SHIELD MADE NO RUBBER NO CHEMICALS Endorsed by the Medicinal Profession and Journals of Health For its PURITY EVERY PAIR WARRANTED ANY GARMENT DAMAGED BY AN IMPERFECT SHIELD WILL BE PAID FOR DRESS SHIELDS Detachable Shields can be used without sewing in the garment. Out of Sight Shields especially adapted for summer shirt-waists. Curvette, for stout persons. Short Flap for use in thin sleeves. The Outlook THE OUTLOOK WANT DEPARTMENT is of great assistance to Outlook readers in selling or exchanging all kinds of Articles ; in seeking Positions or Business Opportunities ; or looking for Help in all the better grades. An advertisement in The Outlook Want Department is almost certain to bring results. The rate for notices in this Department is Five Cents for each word or initial, address included. Orders should be sent ( with remittance ) at least end days prior to publication. CORRESPONDENCE invited with a view to business co-operation. Year-round mountain resort of established and good patronage. Capital required. Address " Resort," No. 6,445, Outlook. MORSE GENEALOGY WANTED. Send price and condition of book to No. 6,451, Outlook. BOYS AND GIRLS WANTED who would like to do a little work for a responsible company after school hours. Work required is easy and can be done successfully by any bright boy or girl. Liberal terms are offered and no money is required. Write for information and send name of parents or schoolteacher for reference. No. 6,453, The Outlook. A LADY having library school training and seven years' experience in library work desires a position in or near Philadelphia. Would undertake also indexing or other bibliographical work. Good references furnished. Address No. 6,415, The Outlook. YOUNG LADY desires position as resident music teacher. No. 6,427, The Outlook. EXCEPTIONALLY PLEASANT Suburban Home waiting for congenial, middle-aged woman willing to share in light housework. Phelps, 874 Broadway, New York. FOR A NERVOUS INVALID.--An ideal Fall and Winter Home in a beautiful suburb of Boston. Healthful location, southern exposure, steam heat. Experienced care. Medical attendance included. Highest references. Address No. 6,431, Outlook. FOR SALE--The furniture of a New York School, in good order--desks, chairs, wall maps, casts, etc. Apply by letter to E. J. F., No. 6,425, Outlook. WANTED--in New York City, by a college graduate (woman), position as private secretary, tutor or teacher. Address No. 6,443, Outlook. A POSITION OF TRUST wanted by a man whose connection with large interest gives him a knowledge of manufacturing methods, also of accounts and the handling of funds ; is qualified to act as cashier, assistant to a man of affairs, or manager of an estate : high class references can be given that will fully satisfy as to character and standing. Address No. 6,419, The Outlook. THE POVERTY-STRICKEN MILLIONAIRES, to whom we recently wrote for assistance in this Christlike work among the suffering lepers, have either entirely ignored our letters and printed matter or have written pitiful excuses why they are unable to give a dollar for the much-needed enlargement of Bethesda, the leper home in Surinam, where there are 3,000 lepers still uncared for. As this noble charity has the heartiest and most unqualified endorsement of Jacob H. Schiff, President Roosevelt, Robert Sayre, Dr. Louis Klopsch, Dr. Abbott, John H. Converse, Bishops Henry C. Potter and Ethelbert Talbot, Rev. Charles F. Hubbard, Buffalo ; Dr. Rossiter Raymond, John Offerman, Rev. Hendrick de Vries, Princeton, and many others, we now appeal to you, the open-handed, sympathetic, Samaritan-hearted readers of The Outlook, to give what you are able. " Bethesda," 12 Church Street, Bethlehem, Pa. A PROTESTANT governess to take entire charge of two girls, eight and five and a half years. Must speak French fluently, have held similar position, and have good personal references. Apply by letter, stating age, wages expected, etc., to Steel, 32 Cliff St., New York City. A MT. HOLYOKE COLLEGE graduate, five years' experience teaching, desires position as companion to young, elderly, or invalid lady. Would travel. References exchanged. Address M. W., Box 32, Hollis, N. H. LOVELY MEXICAN DRAWN WORK cheap for Fairs or Xmas. Address Box 423, Brownsville, Texas. I CAN PLACE YOU at once in a good position if you are a competent man with business training. R. S. Mighill, 1 Union Sq., New York. I BELIEVE you would take out Life Insurance if you knew you could do it by mail. You can by addressing Experience, No. 5,523, The Outlook. A REFINED HOME, within three minutes walk of the East Orange Station, will be opened September 16th for a limited number of select paying guests. There are large sunny rooms, ample grounds, convenient accommodations for automobiles. Adults preferred. References required. Address Mrs. E. B. Lamb, 36 N. Arlington Avenue. MRS. HOUGHTON, 353 West 58th St., New York, receives young women students desiring pleasant home for the winter. D. D., Rector All Angel' Church ; Professor Edward MacDonnell, the Art Students' League and New York School of Art. YOUNG WOMAN thoroughly experienced as double entry bookkeeper and stenographer wanted for an institution in Boston. College graduate preferred. Address stating age, qualifications, and references, W. B. K., 3,037 P. O. Box, Boston, Mass. HIGHLY INDORSED Parisian French instructress would exchange tuition in higher or elementary French for home. School preferred. Protestante, No. 6,323, The Outlook. A YOUNG WOMAN wishes a position as primary teacher in a private school. Experience in kindergarten and primary work. A former student at Radcliffe and Teachers College. Address M. H., Box 200, Newburgh, N. Y. DO YOU purpose endowing a school, charitable institution, church, or friend ? A large life insurance company has a special plan by which you may do so, and will pay you an immediate income for life, and administer the Trust Fund after your death without charges, taxes, or fees of any kind. The plan obviates the necessity of making and the possibility of breaking a will. Absolutely safe investment. For full particulars, address Charles Wesley Eakeley, 21 Bank Street, Newark, N. J. WANTED by a capable person of experience, accustomed to responsibility, a position as managing housekeeper or any position of trust in a private family or institution ; references. Mrs. A., No. 6,401, The Outlook. WE HAVE positions open paying from $1,000 to $10,000 for Executive, Clerical, and Technical men. High grade exclusively. Booklet upon request. Hapgoods, 309 Broadway, New York. LADY OSTEOPATHIC PHYSICIAN with classical and musical education desires position as companion. Address No. 6,345, The Outlook. SHOPPING.--Samples sent. Orders filled promptly. Suits and hats to order. Highest references. M. W. Wightman & Co., 44 West 22d St., New York. WANTED--Place for boy 13 years old in minister's household, with instruction and close surveillance. Boy healthy, well developed, but irresponsible in conduct. State terms, particulars household. Highest references necessary. No. 6,409, The Outlook. SOCIAL SECRETARY.--College man, experienced secretary and charity organization worker, desires position as social or philanthropic secretary. No. 6,395, The Outlook. DEAF CHILD offered lovely suburban home, mother's care. Instruction with experienced articulation teacher. No. 6,407, The Outlook. LADY OF REFINEMENT, experienced in housekeeping, would like to take charge of gentleman's household, superintend the education of child, or act as companion and caretaker to elderly lady. Address No. 6,405, The Outlook. RAPHIA in new shades and other material for basketry and hatmaking. Beginner's outfit, including book, " How to Do It," mailed for $1. Art Dept., Binghamton Seed Co., Binghamton, N. Y. WELL-KNOWN LALDY PHYSICIAN, scientific family, of Washington City, would take charge of two girls, aged about fourteen, to share private teachers with own daughter. Individual thorough training, mind and body. No. 6,397, The Outlook. WANTED--Position as companion housekeeper, or any position of trust. References. Address B., No. 6,399, The Outlook. WANTED.--Graduate Barnard College desires appointments as visiting secretary and reader. Recommended by Professors of Columbia University. Address No. 6,411, The Outlook. TEACHERS WANTED in all lines, particularly commercial teachers, military instructor, male, and colored kindergarten teacher, female. Dixon Educational Bureau, 1420 Chestnut, Phila. THE HEADMASTER of a boys' day school of high standing will receive into his private family two boys of school age, to care for as if they were his own. Address No. 6,417, The Outlook. NEAR COLUMBIA COLLEGE, and overlooking Morningside Drive, furnished housekeeping apartment, seven rooms and bath. Roof restaurant. M. L., No. 6,439, The Outlook. A LADY highly recommends a young woman of refinement as attendant to a semi-invalid or aged lady. Address 1033 Madison Ave., New York City. CARMEL SOAP Keeps the Skin Soft and Smooth CARMEL MADE IN PALESTINE, SYRIA. AN ABSOLUTELY PURE OLIVE OIL SOAP FOR Nursery, Toilet and Bath. SOLD BY DRUGGISTS & GROCERS, IMPORTED BY A. KLIPSTEIN & CO. 122 PEARL ST. NEW YORK. PEWS----PULPITS Church Furniture of all kinds Grand Rapids School Furniture Works Sales office, 22 W. 19th Street, New York. $20,000,000 WORTH OF GINSENG "Can be marketed annually in China," writes U. S. Consul Johnson from Amoy, China. Entire Chinese population, 400,000,000 uses it for medicinal properties. Big demand, small supply. Be a Ginseng grower ! Easily grown. Profits so immense that true statements seem falsehoods. One acre of 4-year old Ginseng is worth $40,000--this is a conservative statement. Hardy anywhere in the U. S. and Canada. We sell cultivated roots and stratified seed. $10 to $50 worth properly cared for will yield a small fortune. Send 4c for 55-page Book on enormous, easily-earned profit in Ginseng and copy of magazine, "The Ginseng Garden." CHINESE-AMERICAN GINSENG Co. DEPT. 12 SCRANTON, PA. BABY'S HEALTH WARDROBE Complete outfit, 30 cut patterns infant's long, or 25 first short clothes, full directions, sealed, 25c. Hints to Expectant Mothers and description New Maternity Nightgown free with patterns. MRS. J. BRIDE, P. O. Box 1265 K, Boston, Mass. The Outlook " The Busy Man's Train." Appropriate in its Name, Appropriate in its Route, Appropriate in its Character=== "The 20th Century Limited" This is The century of all the ages The New York Central's 20-hour train between New York and Chicago (the two great commercial centers of America) is The train of the century, and is appropriately named "THE 20TH CENTURY LIMITED" A copy of " America's Summer Resorts" will be sent free, postpaid on receipt of a postage stamp by George H. Daniels, General Passenger Agent, New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, Grand Central Station, New York. For STOMACH TROUBLES DYSPEPSIA, INDIGESTION, MALARIA, CONSTIPATION, BAD BREATH, HEARTBURN, ETC., USE Requa's Charcoal Tablets TRADE R MARK. Prepared from pure powdered willow charcoal made in tablet form without sweetening. Very soluble and highly recommended by physicians. Packed in convenient boxes, with metallic tongs for handling to prevent soiling fingers. Makes an excellent dentifrice. Ask your druggist, or sent 10 cents for small box or 25 cents for large box by mail. Dept. A. REQUA MFG. CO., 131 William St., N. Y. City A GENTLE SEEP AND -- THE CORN HAS GONE DR. COBB'S CORN SACKS Are Made of Specially Prepared and Medically Treated, Pure White Silk. Antiseptic and Rubber Covered They Set up a Gentle Pleasing Perspiration and Aid The Wonderful Remedial and Removing Effects of the Arabian Salve. It's not All in the Sack nor All in the Salve but in the Happy Combination that Removes the Corn Worn Day or Night. & No Soiled Hose nor Bed Linen Sack and Salve Mailed 25c ARABIAN YANKEE CURES I800 W. 5TH ST. LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA AN OPEN FIRE may be had in any room with chimney connection by using our Mayflower Open Franklin an attractive copy of Colonial stoves. Fire-place Fixtures in latest and best designs at lowest manufacturer's prices. Heat and Pure Air supplied most effectively and economically by the Jackson Ventilating Grate Send for Catalogue, O. E. A. JACKSON & BRO. 50 Beekman St., New York Charcoal is a sweetener and purifier of the stomach. It arrests fermentation, and causes complete digestion. Eat and drink anything you like in moderation, and use charcoal daily. The finest preparation made is MURRAY'S CHARCOAL TABLETS AT ALL DRUGGISTS' A. J. DITMAN, 30 Astor House, N. Y. R-I-P-A-N-S TABULES Ripans Tabules are the best dyspepsia medicine ever made. A hundred millions of them have been sold n the United States in a single year. Constipation, heartburn, sick headache, dizziness, bad breath, sore throat, and every other illness arising from a disordered stomach are relieved or cured by Ripans Tabules. One will generally give relief within twenty minutes. The five-cent package is enough for ordinary occasions. All druggists sell them. Mrs. L. S. CROUSE, Lehigh, Iowa, writes : One of my children had Worm Fever. At times he would go into spasms and turn black in the face. We began giving him the Strength-Giver, Jayne's Tonic Vermifuge, and almost immediately noted a great change for the better, and the improvement continued until he was completely cured. The great American remedy for Coughs-- JAYNE'S EXPECTORANT TARTAN PILLS cure Constipation, Bilious and Liver Complaints, Flatulence, Indigestion, and regulate the Bowels. 25c a bottle, postpaid. THE TARTARLITHINE CO., 79 Ann St., N. Y. The Outlook Secure a Lot at the "Soo" Now Fortunes Are Being Made Here in Real Estate No other place in America is going through such marvelous development as is now taking place at the famous Soo. Read the story of A Few of the Many Factories (Brown Stone Buildings) and beautiful St. Mary's River. The Wonderful Growth of the " Soo " Only a few years ago a frontier trading post. In 1900, a quiet town of 5,000, with five small factories and 500 operatives. Total assessed real estate value $1,700,000.00. Now, three years later, has grown to 18,000. Has twenty plants in operation, employing over 5,000 men. Real estate now assessed at $7,000,000.00, with big industries exempt from taxation. Laborers get $2.00 a day and are in great demand. Houses very scarce, a six or seven room house renting for $30 to $40 per month. This marvelous growth has been brought about through the great " Allied Companies," organized among Philadelphia and New York capitalists, with a capital of $117,000,000, who are now building enormous factories without number, railroads, steamboat lines, electric street-car lines, and operate great gold, silver, copper, nickel, and iron mines, reduction works, steel, iron, and other mills to turn its raw material into finished products for the market ; water power canals to furnish power to the factories (a single canal costing over $6,000,000), electric light and power plants, sewer systems, and all facilities that go to make a great manufacturing center that will be the " Pittsburg of the North." Fortunes have already been made in " Soo " real estate, but the property will increase to many times its present value before the big industries are in full operation. Good building land near the works is quite limited. A few choice lots in my tract are still unsold. They are situated near the great steel mills, reduction works, tube mills, pulp mills, saw mills, veneer works, etc., where thousands of men will be employed when in full operation. Residents of the Soo and vicinity prove that my tract is indeed choice, as they have purchased over half of the lots in it for their own use and for investments, but equally choice ones are still unsold. Streets are graded ; new public school building, and 35 houses have been erected by lot owners on this tract. When the large factories are all running a great many houses will be required in this section and the price of lots will soon advance sharply. I have decided to sell the few remaining lots to people in other cities, as I want to interest desirable outside parties in the money-making opportunities in this great industrial center, and I know this investment will produce big profits. The World's Greatest Locks, through which 100 vessels pass daily. The Power-house cost $1,800,000.00. While they last I offer these lots on a small payment down and easy monthly payments, and will charge no interest. In case of death of purchaser, after one year's payments have been made, I will grant a deed to the estate or the heirs without further charges. Lots sell at $175 up. They will soon grow in value very greatly, as 25,000 skilled, well-paid men will be employed here when all the industries projected are completed, which means we will have a city of over 100,000, and no large city is within 300 miles from here. " How $20,000,000 was spent at the ' Soo ' " is the title of a booklet which I have just issued fully describing this great project and which every reader of The Outlook is invited to write for at once. This page does not give me space to describe the wonders of the " Soo" in any particular, but write for the book and get the full facts. You will be thrilled and instructed. Address HENRY BUCKLEY, 268 Queen St., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. The Outlook Health, Strength, Culture A Clear Skin and a Good Figure are more to be desired than a Pretty Face I wish I could put sufficient emphasis into these words to induce every woman who sees this advertisement to at least write me. After twelve years of personal experience in teaching physical culture, and a little over one year of teaching by mail, I can truthfully say that I have had as good results from mail instructions as from personal work--my mail pupil learns self-reliance and thus gets a mental as well as a physical response. My work is not mere physical exercise. We women do not want large muscles--we want perfect strength of every vital organ of the body and that vibrant life, born of a healthful spirit, which Emerson calls " the ecstasy of life," as well as symmetrical outlines, perfect proportions, and an easy, graceful, dignified bearing which bespeaks culture and refinement. The knowledge of the help that my pupils have received, as shown by their daily letters, is a perfect delight to me. I have never trusted a pupil to an assistant, and it is to this personal attention that I attribute my success. It takes a woman to understand a woman. If your vitality is at a low ebb ; it you are troubled with any of the so-called chronic ailments--Constipation, Indigestion, Torpid Liver, Sick Headaches, Nervousness, Sleeplessness ; If you are overly large and wished to be reduced (and increase your vitality in reducing) ; if you are thin and want to put on flesh, you can do so by no better means than a course in scientific physical culture. The experience of hundreds of my pupils would bear me out in this. My pupils speak more definitely and more strongly for my work that I can myself. I receive extracts like the following daily : " I weigh 40 1/4 pounds less and I cannot begin to tell you how much stronger I am." " The quivering, fluttering sensation in my heart is gone and the neuralgia greatly decrease." " My kidneys are much better." " I wish that women would waken up and see what can be done for them." " This week I have not been troubled with biliousness. I am beginning to think that the age of miracles has not passed." " My stomach does not trouble me at all now ; I can eat anything." " The organs in the pelvic cavity are so much relieved ; my entire body feels so comfortable after all these years of utter weakness." " Just think of it !--to be relieved from constipation !--entirely free after having it for 30 years." " You have benefited me greatly, noticeably in the straightening of the lateral curvature in my spine." " The rheumatism has disappeared and I sleep such a restful sleep." " I have grown from a nervous wreck into a state of good, quiet nerves." " My mind is much clearer and my memory is much better." " I feel so well and my color is so good." " My eyes are stronger and I have taken off my glasses." " The pain in the top and back of my head is entirely gone and just think that it has been there almost all the time for three years !" " My weight has increased thirty pounds." " My bust has increased 2 inches in the past three months." " I am delighted with the effect of the exercises upon my catarrh." " I have tried your treatment for colds a couple of times and find it works like a charm." " My circulation is good and I sleep well." " The improvement in my figure is very gratifying to me." " I can never than you enough for opening a higher aim of life for me." " I now feel cheerful, happy, and so refreshed every morning." If you will tell me your difficulties, I will tell you frankly whether I can help you. I have no wish to take pupils whom I cannot help. Were it not that pupils are finishing their courses daily, I could take no new ones. If you wish, I will furnish you with names and addresses of women who have been helped and who have given me permission to use their names. For ten cents I will send you a little booklet, showing you the correct outlines of the body in poise and movement. SUSANNA COCROFT Dept. 225, 57 WASHINGTON ST., CHICAGO NOTE: Miss Cocroft is President of the Extension work in physical culture. This position has given her a wide experience in personal work. Canadian Pacific Railway. FRASER CANYON. After the Rockies and the Selkirks have been visited, the Grand Canyon and river scenery along the Fraser between Lytton and Hope must not be missed. Beautiful British Columbia CONTAINS NO MORE STRIKING VIEWS .. OF CRAG AND CLIFF THAN THIS.. For further information apply to ROBERT KERR, Passenger Traffic Manager, MONTREAL. Uneeda Milk Biscuit Every Time You Drink a Glass of Milk Uneeda Milk Biscuit Made to go with Milk. 5c In the In-er-seal Package. NATIONAL BISCUIT COMPANYThe Outlook " We are advertised by our loving friends " Mellin's EVELYN ROCKEL, Hillsboro, Ohio. THIS little girl, Evelyn Rockel, until she was three months old, was in a very bad condition on account of poor and improper feeding, and her parents thought she would die. Her father, Mr. Fred Rockel, of Hillsboro, O., writes : " We tried many foods without success until a doctor advised us to use Mellin's Food. We tried it, and Evelyn has grown until she is STRONGER and MORE RUGGED than other babies of her own age." If you are experiencing the slightest difficulty in feeding your baby, we wish that you would drop us a line--a postal card will do--and we will gladly send you a sample of Mellin's Food sufficient for trial, with full directions. If you would like our book, " The Care and Feeding of Infants," bound in cloth and illustrated, we will also send that to you free. MELLIN'S FOOD CO., Boston, Mass. The Outlook The CROSSETT Shoe Makes Life's Walk Easy $3.50 & $4. Gives that elasticity and comfort made possible only by the most perfect fit, the result of the highest type of shoe making. If your dealer does not carry " Crossett " shoes write us, and we will advise you where you can obtain them. Lewis A. Crossett, Inc., Maker North Abington, Mass.A strip label covers the cork and neck of every genuine bottle Platt's An Instantaneous [Directions] Sold only in quart bottles covered with a yellow wrapper. Fevers prevail in the Fall, due to Germs developed during the Summer. Protect your family by purifying the house with Platt's Chlorides, The Odorless Disinfectant Send for Book, " Health in the Home," to HENRY B. PLATT, 42 Cliff St., New York. A Sustaining Food=Drink HORLICK'S MALTED MILK A delicious, refreshing food-beverage for those who are " run down " or mentally and physically fatigued. Nour- ishing, easily digested, and invigorating. The maximum of nutrition with the least strain upon the digestion. Tempting to the appetite; no distressed feeling after a meal. Horlick's Malted Milk is pure, rich milk with an extract of choice malted grain, partially predigested and concentrated to powder form. Instantly prepared for use by stirring in hot or cold water. Needs no cooking nor further addition of milk. In Tablet form, also, with either natural or chocolate flavor. For invalids the Tablets are often extremely convenient, as slowly dissolving in the mouth they supply nourishment. Trial package free upon request. At all druggists. Horlick's Food Company, Racine, Wis., U. S. A. London, England Established 1873. Montreal, Canada.Always Welcome Swift's Premium Hams and Bacon Absolutely the finest smoked meats for all seasons and all occasions. SWIFT'S PREMIUM U.S.INSPD Branded on the Rind of each Piece. Swift's Silver Leaf Lard Swift's Little Cook Swift & Company U. S. A. The Book Buyer A REVIEW AND RECORD OF CURRENT LITERATURE FEBRUARY Walt Whitman___Cox's Portrait__ Phil [M ], by M. H. Spielmann___ Portrait and Reproductions______ Madox Brown____W. C. Brownell General Walker____A Sketch_____ Stevenson's "Bottle Imp" in a Samoan Newspaper__Facsimile_ Book Reviews, with Illustrations, by Agnes Repplier, G. W. Cable, Gilbert Parker, Tozo Takayanagi, A. D. F. Hamlin, and Others____ CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK MDCCCXCVII VOLUME XIV., NUMBER I TEN CENTS---ONE DOLLAR A YEAR VOLUME XIV. NUMBER I THE BOOK BUYER A REVIEW AND RECORD OF CURRENT LITERATURE CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY, 1897 PAGE Walt Whitman Frontispiece From a Photograph by George C. Cox. With an Essay upon Whitman as portrayed in two new books Phil May M. H. Spielmann 13 With a Portrait from a new Photograph, and seven Drawings The Rambler 19 With twelve Portraits, and other Illustrations. Books and Life Gerald Stanley Lee 34 " Masques. " " Un Loti American " Elisabeth Luther Cary 36 Ford Madox Brown W. C. Brownell 39 A Review, with a Portrait and reproduction of "Elijah and the Widow's Son." The Reading Club Louise Stockton 42 Autographic Lore Laurence Hutton 45 A Review, with three Illustrations Francis Amasa Walker James P. Munroe 48 A Sketch, with a Portrait. A Unique Bit of Stevensoniana Albert Lee 51 With a Reproduction. The News in England J. M. Bulloch 53 Notes of Rare Books Ernest Dressel North 56 Correspondence 57 " A Reader's Protest." "First Edition." "Book Shops in Japan." Current Literature--Signed R[evi]ews of New Books 60 The Literary Querist Rossiter Johnson 93 Form a Reading Circle and adopt the set of unusually bright, instructive, and interesting books now being read by six thousand groups of young people in the various Chapters of the Epworth League. No course is superior, and few equal the Epworth League Reading Course THE VISION OF CHRIST IN THE POETS. By CHARLES M. STUART. THE SOCIAL LAW OF SERVICE. By RICHARD T. ELY. TORCHBEARERS OF CHRISTENDOM : The Light they Shed and the Shadows they Cast. By ROBERT R. DOHERTY. IN LEAGUE WITH ISRAEL. By ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON Price of Books separately, 90 cents each. Complete set in box, $2.00 ; carriage prepaid 30 cents. Total, $2.30. EATON & MAINS, Publishers, 150 Fifth Avenue, New YorkWalt-Whitman [*The A REVIEW ENTRE VOL. XIV THE BOOK BUYER is published Subscriptions are received by all bo Subscribers in ordering change of Bound copies of Volumes IIf., I each. Bound volume sent o *]THE BOOK BUYER A REVIEW AND RECORD OF CURRENT LITERATURE ENTERED AT THE POST-OFFICE, NEW YORK, N. Y., AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER Vol., XIV NEW YORK, FEBRUARY, 1897 No. 1 THE BOOK BUYER is published on the first of every month. Subscription price, $1.00 per year. Subscriptions are received by all booksellers. Subscribers in ordering change of address must give the old as well as the new direction. Bound copies of Volume III., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., XI., XII., and XIII., $2.00 each. Covers for binding, 50 cts. each. Bound volume sent on receipt of $1.00 and the twelve numbers in good condition. Postage prepaid. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, NEW YORK. WALT WHITMAN TWO NEW BOOKS ABOUT THE MAN AND HIS WORK THE Whitman disciples are not without a certain magnanimous hopefulness for the rest of us. More or less politely, we are made conscious of being considered under the heel of the centuries, of being considered Greek slaves--men who pursue the ideal under the beckoning of dead hands. Our brand-new brothers, freemen, beautiful democrats, bards of the present tense, being almost without exception men who have changed their minds to know their hero, are perhaps more gentle with us than those would be, who did not realize that they are but criticising their old selves. Having come to the " sense of real things" in the course of the years, having been born again, they are very patient--for men who doubtless feel in their secret hearts that the rest of us have not been exactly born at all. " We understand," they seem to say. " You are passing through a phase of experience. Literature, the high board fence through which we mortals peep at truth, has to be lived with first. Slowly, painfully, day by day, we strain to see--the cosmic lies beyond." As might be inferred--the Whitman knothole is very far up. It must always be admitted, however, that there is something convincing, something a little overawing about a man who has changed his mind--the most difficult self-respect. To say nothing of the distinction and thanklessness of it, it narrows things down. It leaves us no alternative. He must have been compelled to it. That is obvious enough. And why ? The question keeps flowing back to us. Residuum : vague respectfulness--wonder --curiosity. He has got hold of something, or something has got hold of him, that we do not know anything about-- the most uncomfortable, baffling, fetching argument that could possibly be devised. When a man has suddenly become sufficiently superior to himself to look inferior, has turned squarely around, strode steadily along taking himself back, he has the irresistibleness of the truth he has not been able to resist. It has been the peculiar prerogative of prophets, from the beginning of lies to the Copyright, 1897, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS. All rights reserved.10 THE BOOK BUYER present day, always to take this advantage of the world—stolidly, patiently, inevitably, one man at a time, turning the nations back to truth. Progress in human history has not been by ideas that have been given to men, but by men that have been give to ideas. The men who have changed their minds have been the men who have changed ours. When they have rendered themselves up to Truth, Truth burned their bodies, took possession of their souls. On the great high plain before the world, Truth sacrificed them. By this long, slow sacrament we mortals have learned. We have never understood anything except a man. Jesus had ideas, but the world had no interest in his ideas. When He had made a Man out of them, the disciples began to listen. When He had given the Man up, the world listened. The devastating effects of the Whitman cult are sufficiently serious at the present writing to call for some more skilful scheme than the original one of keeping his writings out of the mails. His more or less impregnable position in modern literature as an actual author with whom every cultivated man must make acquaintance is due to the fact that the Whitman followers have been in a most extraordinary and unanimous degree men who have changed their minds. Calling to his side by an unerring and natural process the more beautiful and open and self-forgetful minds of his generation, the progress of Walt Whitman has been assured form the first by the prophetic selection of friends who could not but be contagious and masterful with the spirit of their sacrifice, with the tribute they had paid their poet of going through a new experience in his name. Mr. Burroughs' long-expected study of WALT WHITMAN : A STUDY. By John Burroughs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 16mo, $1.25. WALT WHITMAN THE MAN. By Thomas Donaldson. Francis P. Harper, 8vo, $1.75. Whitman will be welcomed as the most valuable and authoritative insight that has appeared, though it is marred by an extraordinary amount of reiteration--the kind of hammering it is so difficult to avoid in a work that deals with a public which wilfully and sometimes vindictively misunderstands. Two books from Mr. Burroughs would have been better--one for those who know Whitman and wish to compare notes; the other for the erring children. There is much in the present volume that neither one nor the other of these classes would want. A little book might well be compiled, besides, of the things that should not have been said in this one. It is useless to demand, however, that a book that has such a splendor or impulse as this should not go too far in something. If Mr. Burroughs presents a picture of his hero on the huge historic canvas of the world which is somewhat out of drawing, owing to the nearsightedness and extreme modernity of the artist, it is of a great deal less importance than the vitality and fascination of the portrait—of this god ? this poet ? or Whitman —whatever he may have been. It is obviously a question as treated in this book. Mr. Burroughs gives us Mr. Burroughs' answer. If he were speaking for the rest of us, we should have something to say about it. If he is speaking for posterity (as he occasionally seems to intimate), that is their affair, like a good many other things, including Mr. Burroughs' book. If William Shakespeare is foreshortened in the picture, if Homer is made to sit on a little stool with a storybook in the corner like the Child he was, there is no particular reason for making a great ado about it. The point is, that Mr. Burroughs has given us a book that has thrust and manful grappling power in it. On the whole, taking literature through and through, Homer and Shakespeare areTHE BOOK BUYER 11 suffering very much less from obscurity and general neglect than we are just in this present day for something besides Homer and Shakespeare to read. If a man has anything to say, and is in dead earnest about it, and it's about a dead earnest man, it is highly fitting, it seems to some of us, that we should put our classical dictionaries down for a moment, it may be, and our testing tubes and opera glasses--and listen. It is merely a matter of time. We shall have to listen--to books like this. But in the meantime it does seem as if we might make it easier for them to be written, instead of raising our sceptical voices aloft and going bravely forth with our dictionaries under our arms to make an outcry against a man who--believes something too much. When a few men have fallen into the same fault we shall begin to have a literature to appreciate the old ones with, and begin to have thoughts that seem alive to us without the stimulus of a dead language. Without the slightest question the not infrequent attempt, on the part of extreme classicists, to forestall the effectiveness of a vivid pleader of the present tense like Mr. Burroughs, by bringing against him the charge of spiritual and intellectual provincialism, has just enough truth in it to justify the prophecy that we shall not have a victorious book about Whitman until it be written by a man who, by birth and equipment, is a Greek, a Roman, a Goethe, and a Yankee all in one. Mr. Donaldson's book is of very different character. Not without the inevitable interest that attaches to anything we can be told about a poet whose personality was his master poem, it has the incoherent admiration with which we are not unfamiliar in many of the Whitman followers. It has the same ill sense of proportion which is the blemish of Mr. Burroughs' book, except that in Mr. Burroughs' the blundering in this regard is somewhat inspired and inspiring, and in Mr. Donaldson it is plain and insipid. Mr. Whitman's biggest ideas and his " carefully pared finger-nails " are equally dwelt upon. There is a certain interest in being told that the Whitman poems were sometimes written on stray sheets of paper, that they were wound into little rolls and thrown into a corner with small firewood and bachelor debris, that the majestic figure of the bard, too stiffened in his later years to stoop, might have been seen not infrequently poling the poems out of the heap with the hook of his cane. We are told that he used to play by the hour with a cat and a ball of twine as if it were the height of bliss ; and the various affidavits, as it were, from Mr. Whitman's valet that he was always punctiliously clean about his person will have to go down to posterity with the rest of what Mr. Donaldson has selected for an eager and undiscriminating world, invoked to remember, with the " Leaves of Grass," the oft-reiterated pinkness of the prophet's skin. While it has perhaps the charm of affection, the book constitutes in its style and in its self-betrayals an unfortunate reflection upon the character of the poet's intimacies. Marked as it is by a more or less bald reiteration of just how great this intimacy was, the reader is only rescued from unpleasant conclusions by an obvious reserve on the part of the poet, which may have been his recognition of Boswell. It takes a great man to write about little things, and not make them infinitesimal. Another addition is made to the opposite wing of the Whitman following. It is unfortunate to offset Mr. Burroughs' book with something that will count on the wrong side. But the many Whitman novitiates appearing every year will find it worth their while to continue to run the gauntlet of his friends. THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY DECEMBER, 1906 Christmas and the Literature of Disillusion SAMUEL McCHORD CROTHERS 721 New National Forces and the Old Law MELVILLE M. BIGELOW 726 A Motor-Flight through France. I EDITH WHARTON 733 Life. A Poem FRANK DEMPSTER SHERMAN 741 The Judgment Seat. A Story JULIET WILBOR TOMPHINS 742 The Measure of Greatness N. S. SHALER 749 The Spirit of Present-Day Spain HAVELOCK ELLIS 757 Thomas Love Peacock H. W. BOYNTON 765 Nightfall. A Poem JOHN B. TABB 774 The Laboratory in the Hills. A Story ELIZABETH FOOTE 775 The House of Lords WILLIAM EVERETT 790 Literature and the Modern Drama HENRY ARTHUR JONES 796 The Ruin of Harry Benbow. A Story HENRY RIDEOUT 807 Some Unpublished Correspondence of David Garrick. II Edited by GEORGE P. BAKER 813 In the Fens ARTHUR C. BENSON 832 Onward. A Poem FLORENCE EARLE COATES 835 The Man Who was Obstinate. A Fable ALICE BROWN 836 The Keepsake GELETT BURGESS 837 My Godchild. A Poem EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN 841 A New Voice in French Fiction HENRY DWIGHT SEDGWICH 841 The Spell of Whitman M. A. DeWOLFE HOWE 849 The Contributors' Club 856 A Childish Chagrin--Mount Vernon Revisited.--The Passing of the Bookmark.-- A New Profession.--On Certain Things to Eat.--Of Autobiographies.--A Sin of Omission. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 4 Park Street . . . . Boston, Mass. The Riverside Press, Cambridge 85 Fifth Avenue, New York Entered at the Post Office in Boston as second-class matter Copyright, 1906, by Houghton, Mifflin and Company 35 cents a copy $4.00 a year The Spell of Whitman 849 thought and of speech, far more common in France than with us, which, indeed, until we learn to know her, half threatens to erect a barrier between her and our sympathies. At times the American reader feels that Mme. Tinayre's frankness is excessive, that it is not needed to make her point, that it in fact goes so far as to suggest a disregard for the safety of those dikes which civilization has set up against the spring floods of the great river of animal life ; such an inference would be wholly wrong. This frankness is French ; it is honest ; it is serious; and, we are persuaded, it is necessary. The argument that persuades one to this surrender of American doctrine is the trait that distinguishes Mme. Tinayre among other writers, even more than her romanticism and her advocacy of the feminine cause, which indeed are rather themes than qualities;--her maidenliness, I mean, that is innate in the conviction that love comes but once into a life, that it has a right to our absolute loyalty, and that nothing but death may gainsay it. This maidenliness, so rare in French literature,--"fair as a star when only one is shining in the sky,"--makes not only the secret of her charm but also the persuasiveness of her advocacy; it lights up her books with that purity of purpose, which (when, for instance, we lean over the bow of a ship and stare at the moonlight on the inscrutable darkness of the ocean) we feel to be our most profound human need. THE SPELL OF WHITMAN BY M. A. DeWOLFE HOWE WHAT is it in Walt Whitman, the writer and the man, which will not permit people to stop writing and publishing books about him? When his unique star first rose above the horizon of letters, more than fifty years ago, it would have taken something beyond even his own confidence in himself to foresee the present extent of "Whitman literature." Year by year its growth has continued; and now at a bound it is enlarged, in a single year, by four volumes which are far from negligible. Two of these books 1 are formal lives; a third 2 embodies the personal 1 A Life of Walt Whitman. By HENRY BRYAN BINNS. New York : E. P. Dutton & Co. 1905. Walt Whitman : His Life and Work. By BLISS PERRY. Boston and New York : Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1906. 2 Days with Walt Whitman. With Some Notes on his Life and Work. By EDWARD CARPENTER. New York : The Macmillan Co London : George Allen. 1906. VOL.98 -NO.6 and general observations of an ardent admirer; the fourth 3--most ardent of all, because it assumes most--preserves the daily words of Whitman during four months of his old age. If anywhere, then in these four volumes, one should be able to get at something of the spell which Whitman casts over those who feel his spell at all. First of all it is to be recognized that the spell is not, and cannot be, universal. Multitudes have shown themselves, and other multitudes will remain, immune to it. Vaccine of a uniform strength and purity cannot be made to "take" in every inoculation. We know what happened, before the days of modern science, to seed that fell upon stony ground. The sower of the parable, however, might have made a shrewd guess about the 3 With Walt Whitman is Camden (March 28-July 14, 1888). By HORACE TRAUBEL. Boston: Small, Mayard & Co. 1906. x850 The spell of Whitman chances of the see which he distributed with so liberal a hand. Herein he differed radically from Whitman. The planting to which Whitman looked especially for his crop has come practically to naught. The ground at which at first he would have regarded as stony has borne fruit abundantly. The average American, working with his hands, unschooled, flannel-shirted, has displayed a perverse preference for Longfellow and the traditional forms. What Whitman seems to have expected is stated in his own words: "The woodman that takes his axe and jug with him shall take me with him all day, The farm-boy, ploughing in the field, feels good at the sound of my voice." In the lines that follow he expresses an equal confidence that fisherman, seaman, and soldiers will find him indispensable. On the contrary, it is from the highly civilized, the ultra-sophisticated, that the response to Whitman has chiefly come. Most of all - and to Whitman's frank astonishment - it came during his lifetime from English scholars and critics. "It is very odd to me," said Whitman to Mr. Traubel, "that such men on the other side - Symonds, Dowden, Gosse, Carpenter - such men - should take such a shine to me - should show themselves to be so friendly to my work - yes, should seem so truly to understand me. The same sort of men on this side are opposed - the essay, critical, scholar, class is dead against me - the whole clan with scarcely an exception." To Edward Carpenter he said in 1877, "I had hardly realized that there was so much interest in me in England. I confess I am surprised that America, to whom I have especially addressed myself, is so utterly silent." The untutored and the tutored American alike have fallen short of Whitman's expectations their interest in him and his work. The hook that was baited for one kind of fish has landed quite another on the bank. It is not for the fisherman or the spectator to complain, but merely to observe the phenomenon, and, looking from the waters to the sky, to reflect that arrows shot into the air may sometimes be found in the most unforeseen of oaks. There are, indeed, certain hearts in which the song of Whitman is sure not to be found. Just as surely its lodgment is made in others. Many radicals, of whom Edward Carpenter is a typical representative, turn instinctively to Whitman as their particular prophet. For all of Lowell's early following of strange gods, however, one prepared to hear Whitman say of him, "I have always been told by the New England fellows close to Lowell that his feeling toward me is one of radical aversion." To this he joins a naive illustration of his own critical scope: "My own feeling towards him is a feeling of indifference: I don't seem impressed by him either way: I have no interest in him - when I look about in my world he is not in sight." To Emerson on the other hand Whitman could hardly have failed at one time to look as to his master; and the master would have not been quite true to his own colors had he withheld his "well done," however he may have come to repent the warmth of its first expression. The bewilderment to which Emerson's prompt acceptance of Whitman gave rise, the failure of his followers to follow him into the precincts of the Whitman spell, are admirably set forth by Mr. Carpenter: "Here was Emerson, the imperial one, whose finger laid on a book was like a lighthouse beam to all the coteries of Boston, actually recommending some new poems to the whole world in terms of unstinted praise. The whole world, of course, went to buy them. A hundred parlors of mildly literary folk or primly polite Unitarian and Congregational circles beheld scenes over which kind history has drawn a veil! - the good husband or head of the house, after tea or supper, settling down in his chair. 'Now for the new book, so warmly spoken of!' the ladies taking their knitting and sewing, their dresses rustling slightly as they arrange themselves to listen, the generalThe Spell of Whitman 851 atmosphere of propriety and selectness; and then the reading! Oh, the reading! The odd words, the unusual phrases, the jumbled sequences, the stumbling uncertainty of the reader, the wonderment on the faces of the listeners, and finally --confusion and the pit! the book closed, and hasty flight and dispersion of the meeting. Then, later, timid glances again at the dreadful volume, only to find, amid quagmires and swamps, the reptilian author addressing the belovèd Emerson as 'Master,' and saying, 'these shores you found!' Was it a nightmare? Had the emperor gone mad? or was his printed letter merely a fraud and a forgery?" Even outside the "coteries of Boston" there have always been plenty of readers demanding much more than the endorsement of Emerson to make Whitman endurable. But it is rather to those who have accepted him than to those who have not that our present concern directs itself. Mr. Binns's compendious volume is the significant expression of a man who begins by asserting that he is not a literary critic. He feels, moreover, that the final interpretation of Whitman must come from an American. What he undertakes is to "offer a biographical study from the point of view of an Englishman." In the course of his abundant biographical record he provides also his personal estimates of the quality in Whitman which has attracted and held him. He asks himself, for instance. "Does Leaves of Grass awake some quality of the soul which answers neither to the words of Tennyson nor Browning, Emerson nor Carlyle?" In answer, he says, "The proof of emotional reaction requires some skill in self-observation and more impartiality; but, on the whole, I think those who have tried it fairly seem to take my part, and to answer emphatically in the affirmative." For the quality of the distinctive emotion which Whitman evokes in him he proceeds to say: "Briefly, it is the complex but harmonious emotion which possesses a sane full-blooded man of fully awakened soul, when he realizes the presence of the Eternal and Universal incarnate in some 'spear of summer grass.' " Here is a fairly definite statement of the definite impression which Whitman has made upon one whose book gives every reasonable token that he himself is "a sane full-blooded man of fully awakened soul." It may be regarded as a typical declaration from such a man, of the class not immune by nature to the Whitman spell. The shining example of acceptance in what Whitman called "the essay, critical, scholar, class" is of course John Addington Symonds. His declaration has become almost a classic bit in "Whitman literature:" "Leaves of Grass, which I first read at the age of twenty-five, influenced me more perhaps than any other book has done, except the Bible; more than Plato, more than Goethe." A more elaborate statement of his debt to Whitman is made at the end of his admirable "Study." He describes himself as having received the ordinary English gentleman's education--Harrow and Oxford--yet with physical disabilities which had made him "decidedly academical, and in danger of becoming a prig." At first his aesthetic, rather than his moral, sensibilities were repelled by what he found in Leaves of Grass. "My academical prejudices," he says, "the literary instincts trained by two decades of Greek and Latin studies, the refinements of culture, revolted against the uncouthness, roughness, irregularity, coarseness, of the poet and his style. But, in course of a short time, Whitman delivered my soul of these debilities. As I have said elsewhere in print, he taught me to comprehend the harmony between the democratic spirit, science, and that larger religion to which the modern world is being led by the conception of human brotherhood, and by the spirituality inherent in any really scientific view of the universe. He gave body, concrete vitality, to the religious creed which I had been already forming for myself upon the study of Goethe, Greek and Roman Stoics, Giordano Bruno, and the found-852 The Spell of Whitman ers of the evolutionary doctrine. He inspired me with faith, and made me feel that optimism was not unreasonable. This gave me great cheer in those evil years of enforced idleness and intellectual torpor which my health imposed upon me. Moreover, he helped to free me from many conceits and pettinesses to which academical culture is liable. He opened my eyes to the beauty, goodness, and greatness which may be found in all worthy human beings, the humblest and the highest. He made me respect personality more than attainments or position in the world. Through him, I stripped my soul of social prejudices. Through him, I have been able to fraternize in comradeship with men of all classes and several races, irrespective of their class, creed, occupation, and special training. To him I owe some of the best friends I now can claim, --sons of the soil, hard-workers, 'natural and nonchalant,' 'powerful uneducated' persons." Though "the deliverance from foibles besetting invalids and pedants" gave Symonds his special occasion for gratitude, this surely is an extraordinary acknowledgment of "value received." As perhaps the most important statement from a man of the scholarly type which Symonds brilliantly represented, it has seemed worth reproducing at length. The testimony of many others, expected and unexpected disciples, might be cited to swell the list. John Burroughs, the lover and interpreter of nature, belongs by every right to the band of admirers. Mrs. Gilchrist, the Englishwoman of cultivation and sensitiveness, forgave in her enthusiasm even the ignoring of our "instinct of silence about some things." Stevenson, though subsequently "saying yes with reservations," and winning Whitman's opprobrium thereby, found Leaves of Grass at first "a book which tumbled the world upside down " for him. Tributes like these came, and still come, just as frequently from those who had not encountered Whitman in the flesh, as from those who had. Undoubtedly Whitman's physical presence made a strong appeal to many observers. Not only his bus-drivers and ferry-boat hands, the chance laborers with whom he exchanged greetings on the street, the wounded soldiers he nursed with all the feminine tenderness of his nature, but also the critical visitors who came to see the man because they knew his work, found in him something memorable. The early gray hair, the brow and eyes, the positive attribute of cleanliness, like that of some freshly rain-washed object in nature, all were tokens of a distinctive essence of personality. The insight and sympathy revealed in much of his talk, the impression of democracy personified, the largeness and individuality of his attitude towards life, the attitude of a prophet whose guidance was entirely his own --all these things impressed the visitor. And now that Whitman is gone some recognition of the force of the personal Whitman tradition in maintaining his peculiar spell must be made. It cannot be said that the close acquaintance with all the aspects of Whitman's life, acquired through the biographical portions of the new books, strengthens the force of his personal appeal. All the familiar good and lovable qualities of the man are set forth afresh. Nothing in his life was finer than his service in the military hospitals, and that receives the full acknowledgment which is its due. But Mr. Binns, Mr. Carpenter, and Mr. Perry all tell the story, not hitherto made known to the uninitiated, of his paternity of six children for whom there is no evidence that either in life or in death he made provision. The extenuations for his course in this matter are urged with all consideration for his fame; yet one can hardly get away from the truth underlying a sentence (quite without reference to Whitman) in Mr. Owen Wister's latest work of fiction: "And you'll generally observe that the more nobly a Socialist vaporizes about the rights of humanity, the more wives and children he has abandoned penniless along the trail of his life." Nor The Spell of Whitman 853 can one reconcile the nearly simultaneous deeds and words which illustrate Whitman's conduct and theory in this most personal of concerns. The "episode," as Mr. Perry truly says, "might indeed be passed over with a reluctant phrase or two by his biographers, if it were not for the part it played in the origins of Leaves of Grass." Conduct, for one who put himself into his writings as the great composite representative of the new democracy, is manifestly inseparable from the theory he was expounding. From Mr. Traubel's book, moreover, one gains a larger conception than any hitherto possible of the extent of Whitman's egotism. Again we remember the defenses of the egotism proper to the great democratic individual typified in the ever-present ego of Leaves of Grass. One is prepared to forgive in an imaginary giant qualities positively repellant in a flesh-and-blood contemporary. It is disquieting therefore to find in Whitman the person the precise quality and degree of egotism represented, by himself, in Whitman the type. It may fairly be said that Mr. Traubel undertook a dangerous service for his master when he determined to give forth the daily talk of an old man, with all its "hells and damns," to say nothing of all the kisses the old and the young man interchanged, all the trivialities of thought and speech uttered by the master, all the revelations of a critical faculty with horizons quite too obviously determined by the opinions of him entertained by the persons criticised. It is hardly enough to say he was an old man enfeebled by sickness, and, towards the end of the four months which Mr. Traubel's four hundred and sixty-eight ample pages record, cruelly shattered by shocks of paralysis. Many of us have known old men, some of them distinguished for achievement of one sort or another. Yet their fading days have not been shot with anxious consideration of what others have thought and will think of them, with repeated weighing of the merits of all the photographs and paintings for which they have ever sat, with fishing out of the litter which stewed an amazing floor the flattering letters--it was always these which magnetized the crook of Whitman's cane--and handing them over to be read aloud for the recipient's present pleasure, and printed for his future glory. Had our elderly friends made these revelations of themselves, it would have been the part of friendship to suppress them. Mr. Traubel, in his somewhat explosive preface, declares, "I do not come to conclusions. I provide that which may lead to conclusions. I provoke conclusions." The pity is that this unrestrained Boswell did not provoke different conclusions; for, without any unwarrantable suppressio veri he might have done so. In all the mass of chaff there is quite enough of true grain--of sage and admirable thoughts and sayings--to have made a smaller book which would have done the fame of Whitman a laudable service. Whitman has sorely needed discreeter friends. Their zeal and loyalty as champions have been equaled only by the disciples of Mrs. Eddy. All the more, therefore, it was high time for an American of the despised "essay, critical, scholar, class," yet one whose spirit was not immune to the Whitman virus, to produce an ample critical biography. A Symonds in England could apprehend and appraise, as Symonds so generously did, the spirit and significance of Whitman's message and its medium. But an American, with an academic breeding as typically American as Symonds's was English, approaches the biographical task with a palpable advantage. If his native endowment places him, moreover, amongst "the born disciples of Whitman," he may be expected to arrive at conclusions at once sane and sympathetic. Without this native fitness, all the scholarly training in the world will profit him nothing. With it the fortunate biographer may write a judicial book about Whitman, and that without any lack of 854 The Spell of Whitman warmth where warmth is due. He may tell the story of Whitman's life with fullness, giving him cordial credit for all its distinctions and sincerities, yet not permitting an admiration for those qualities to blind him to what was merely cheap and insincere. He will subject the work of Whitman to the careful critical tests which can be made only by a scholar of wide reading and an enthusiast for the best in letters. In short, he will give us at last the true Whitman. In a happy phrase about the pulse of the Whitman machine--"that unlucky machine of the 'official democrat' which sometimes kept on revolving when the poet was loafing" -- Mr. Perry has accounted for much that encumbers the most hopeless pages of Whitman. When he writes as one of "the born disciples" he states their case -- his own case -- in words upon which it would be hard to improve: "It is plain that to such readers Whitman is more than a mere writer. To them the question whether he wrote poetry or prose counts for nothing compared with the fundamental question whether this was or was not a man with something glorious to say. To vex his message with academic inquiries about the type of literature to which it belongs is like badgering St. Paul about the syntax of his epistle to the Romans. Whitman has become to them no longer a rhapsodist to be read, enjoyed and quoted: he is an ethical force, a regenerator, a spiritual discoverer who has brought them into a new world." If this be a true ascription of power then Whitman deserves the place Mr. Perry gives him,--"upon the whole the most original and suggestive poetic figure since Wordsworth." Under the same proviso, the final venture into prophecy is warranted: "No American poet now seems more sure to be read, by the fit persons, after one hundred or five hundred years." Whether this fit audience is to be qualified like Milton's--"though few"-- the coming centuries, in their dealing with the tentative prophecy, will tell. In the very present, one may assert with confidence that Mr. Perry has done more for Whitman than his most vociferous followers have accomplished. He acknowledges, even repeats, the worst that may be said of Whitman, writer and man, and then shows how triumphantly the best of him shines out above it all. This is an achievement for which the true friends of Whitman, whatever some of them may think at first, must come in time to be devoutly thankful. There is one point in the consideration of Whitman upon which Mr. Perry touches but lightly,--his influence upon his successors. It is shown that his imitators "have not thus far been able to bend his bow." But what of those whose torches he has helped to light, whose spirit has caught something from his, even though they have made no attempt to follow his outward forms? Should the unwritten chapter on these persons have been headed "The Snakes in Ireland"? A contributor to a recent Atlantic would have us think so. "Where are the spiritual descendants of Walt Whitman?" is the question with which this writer embarks upon the praise of three younger Americans joined together for their resemblance in the single quality of being unlike Whitman. A cardinal point in this unlikeness is their regard for form. Yet it is possible to imagine another critic undertaking to point out the debts of one or more of those singers to Whitman,-- and proving his case. The statistics of spiritual indebtedness can be made to prove many things. But by good chance there is in another magazine for the same month as that in which the Atlantic article appeared a poem which in itself makes some reply to the critic's query. This is the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa poem, The Soul's Inheritance, by Mr. George Cabot Lodge. The line emphasized by repetition--"Let us report and celebrate the soul"--speaks for something deeper than the superficial kinship with Whitman betrayed in the very sound of the words. Not only in this line, but in the The Spell of Whitman 855 whole production, an essential spiritual kinship with Whitman expresses itself. The poem is not in any sense the work of an imitator. Such an one need not have troubled himself to translate Whitman into the terms of the schools. It is rather the utterance through a medium which has all the advantages of proved endurance, of the spirit which Whitman uttered. Mr. Lodge is not the sole voice of this spirit among his contemporaries. The spirit may have come to him and his fellows through channels with which Whitman has had little to do. Yet the resemblances are striking enough to fix a standing place of solid ground beneath those who believe that Whitman's "spiritual descendants" are many and widely distributed. To expect to find them all adopting Whitman's metrical methods would be like looking to-day for all the sympathy with the nineteenth-century revolt against Calvinism among those who wear the garb of the first insurgents. But the writers who show the influence of Whitman must always, and happily, be outnumbered, a hundred to one, by the readers who feel it. What, after all, has he meant to them? Certainly he has not stocked their vocabularies with familiar phrases. This poet who confessed that he could not quote himself has done virtually nothing to enrich the currency of daily speech. Beyond the line, "I loafe and invite my soul,"--which, by the way, is pretty sure to be spoken with half a smile,--what phrase of Whitman has acquired anything like that place in the language which makes a dozen phrases of Longfellow and Emerson instantly recognizable in any circle above the most illiterate? T make such phrases, the true Whitmanite will tell you, was not in Whitman's province; and he is right. It is not the letter, but the spirit of Whitman which gives him his power over those to whom he means either something or everything. He will mean nothing to those who have in their own souls nothing of the "born disciple." Even this elect reader may have to overcome obstacles. "One thing is certain," said Stevenson, "that no one can appreciate Whitman's excellences until he has grown accustomed to his faults." In this preliminary of acceptance may surely be included the discounting of all the unfortunate impressions which are likely to come from knowing too much of Whitman's personal history and Characteristics. It is the triumph of Whitman that after all this clearing of the ground so much remains. For all who have the eyes to see and the ears to hear what Whitman has to bring, these things, in the end, seem to be his bountiful offerings: to open new vistas of thought and feeling, new appreciations of beauty; to set free our appreciations of beauty; to set free our understandings and sympathies; to help us to realize ourselves as individuals and--at the same time--to take our true places in a democratic world; to apprehend, as Americans, the bigness and significance of "these States," and, as human beings, the unity of mankind. All this is to place us in what is often a new and uplifting relation to the scheme of things. It matters not much by precisely what means it is accomplished. To accomplish it in any way is to work a spell beyond the power of all but a few of the greatest single forces that have influenced mankind. $1.00 per year 10 cents WILSHIRE'S MAGAZINE H. GAYLORD WILSHIRE, Editor Features for November, 1902 EDITORIAL An International Office Seeker-Wilshire Lost : Paradise Found-Tom Johnson's Horoscope-President Mitchell's Views-The Whirligig of Politics. Exercises for Vital Strength - Bernarr MacFadden Competition and Wages - - Daniel B. Strong An Economic Exposition - - J. Stitt Wilson A Study of the Trusts - - - - Joel Benton Walt Whitman - - - - Louville H. Dyer Bax's Rejoinder to Shaw's Letter - E. Belfort Bax Development of Democracy in Switzerland - R. Kitchelt Published Monthly at Toronto, Canada by the United States Publication Co. N. S.Wilshire's Magazine H. GAYLORD WILSHIRE, Editor November, 1902 IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT Julian Hawthorne and Chas. Ferguson have associated themselves with Wilshire's Magazine and hereafter will express themselves in all issues. H. G. W. Table of Contents AN INTERNATIONAL OFFICE SEEKER. Editorial. 9 WILSHIRE LOST : PARADISE FOUND. Editorial. 12 TOM JOHNSON'S HOROSCOPE. Editorial. 15 PRESIDENT MITCHELL'S VIEWS. Editorial. 17 THE WHIRLIGIG OF POLITICS. Editorial. 19 DEATH AND RENASCENCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY - Charles Ferguson. 20 'WAY DOWN SOUTH IN DIXIE - Grace Woodward Smith. 24 ANOTHER NAIL IN LABOR'S COFFIN - 25 A VISION - William Francis Bernard. 28 EXERCISES FOR VITAL STRENGTH - Bernarr MacFadden. 29 WILSHIRE IN MAINE - 33 COMPETITION AND WAGES - Daniel B. Strong. 33 OUR PRIZE WINNERS, JULY AND AUGUST CONTEST - 38 WHY SHOULDN'T THEY ACT ? Editorial. 40 AN IMPENDING CRISIS - 43 AN ECONOMIC EXPOSITION - J. Stitt Wilson. 45 SOCIETY AND RELIGION - Rev. A. L. Byron-Curtis. 50 THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATION OF ART - A. M. Simons. 56 AN ARGUMENT FOR CATHOLICS - Patrick J. Tansey. 61 LOW FARES IN SWITZERLAND - 65 THE SHIPPING TRUSTS AND HIGHER RATES-Scientific American. 65 THE IRON WORKER - Maurice Brown Kirby. 66 A STUDY OF THE TRUSTS - Joel Benton. 67 WALT. WHITMAN - Louville H. Dyer. 76 THE COMING MAN - Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 83 HOBSON ON KNOPFNAGEL - S. G. Hobson. 84 NOTE ON BAX'S LETTER - G. Bernard Shaw. 86 BAX'S REJOINDER TO SHAW'S LETTER - E. Belfort Bax. 88 TO VOTERS OF THE TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, NEW YORK. Editorial. 91 CURRENT EVENTS. Editorial. 97 DIVINE BAER - 100 DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN SWITZERLAND - Richard Kitchelt. 101 "Let the Nation Own the Trusts" Wilshire's Magazine is published monthly by the United States Publication Co., New York Office. 125 E. 23d Street, New York City. Wilshire Agents, American News Co., of New York, who will supply news-dealers, fully [?rnable.] Subscription, $1.00 a year. Outside of the United States and Canada, $1.50 a year. Remit by Postal Order. IMPORTANT TO SUBSCRIBERS If you do not get your magazine promptly each month, or if you have changed your address, notify the New York office, 125 E. 23d St., giving your Present Address and your Former Address in full, so that we may look the matter up without delay.WALT WHITMAN LOUVILLE H. DYER "It hath been taught us from the primal state That he which is, was wished, until he were." WHITMAN said : "I will not be outfaced by irrational things." This is a very pregnant declaration when we grasp its vast significance. Most people are dwarfed, awed and often silenced by irrational things. Customs, conventions and the opinions of supposed authorities have an influence over the average person that is out of all proportion to their worth. Whitman was unique in the perfect poise and even balance of his mind. He was vitally and with perfect sanity related to nature. Rare is it that genius looks upon the world with serenity, and values the multiform creations of nature with fair regard for the worth of the common and near at hand. Tolstoy well says in his great work, "What is Art?" that the canons of art that were founded on the idea of beauty have led us astray. Beauty is a term with no exact meaning, therefore cannot be used as a standard. That which is beautiful to me is often not deemed to be so by others. Again Tolstoy remarks that art critics have always exerted a vicious influence over us because they have chosen certain works as supreme examples of art without any exact or adequate standard by which they were appraised. He insists that works of art must have for their subject-matter, not the local or those experiences that are peculiar to people living in a certain exceptional manner, but the primary and the universal furnish the only proper material for the subjects for true works of art. These principles are sound and set before us rational ideas concerning one of the most potent means of communication among men. Whitman says : "To speak in literature with a perfect rectitude and insouciance of the movements of animals and the unimpeachableness of the sentiments of trees in the woods and grass by the roadside is the flawless triumph of art." In these lines Whitman discloses to us the demands he makes for excellence in literature, and they contain the principles by which he is always guided. In his pages there is no striving after startling effects or desire to make use of figures to ornament his utterances. His writing is clear, simple and honest. The phrases he gives us always convey in a limpid manner the sentiments they contain. Never did he test his writings by anything outside of nature. He appreciated the common equally with the fine and exceptional. He saw the inherent beauty in the wild daisy by the roadside and in the broad leaf of WALT WHITMAN 77 the mullein in the pasture. He knew the insects that crept about him as well as the birds that flew above him. He enjoyed the farm lane with its mossy rail fence, and the busy streets of New York and Philadelphia. Whitman was not dominated by the artificial-most of us are. Life is robbed of much of its joy by our self- consciousness. The tranquility that comes from a disregard of criticism and the contentment that flows from bring yourself, Whitman had in a marked degree. The strength of a giant and the simplicity of a child are not commonly combined in one person, but they were found in Whitman. He never compromised. He followed with perfect rectitude a highway of his own. His vision in looking at humanity was always tinged with charity. He says : "I do not give a little charity. When I give, I give myself." And this is true. The services he rendered to his sick and suffering brothers during our Civil War furnishes us almost unparalleled evidence of the boundless sympathy he had for mankind. Whitman and his writings are one. He lived as he wrote, and wrote as he lived. He never played a role. He was always natural, ever candid. "Leaves of Grass" is the flowering of mature manhood. It shows the vision of a man who beheld the world with a broad sympathy and never for an instant doubting the perfection of the divine plan, or the goodness at the heart of things. It imparts to us love and faith, and these always make for happiness. There is an ever-flowing current of joy in his "Leaves" and they are a never- failing source of strength. In the works of no other poet can we find the attributes that make a sane and powerful personality that approach those contained in Whitman's "Song of Myself." The man who could gather unto himself the experiences so ripe and rich as those that fill this poem, and possessed the power through words to transmit them to us, was both a master and a benefactor to his kind. Tolstoy truly declares that the one indubitable criterion by which to judge true art is its infectiousness. In no work is this power contained in a greater degree than in "Leaves of Grass." The strong emotions that pulsate through its pages possess the reader at once. The powerful personality that really lives in its verses holds and sustains us. In no other book is the human quality so strong as in "Leaves of Grass." The reader feels at once the truth of Whitman's saying, "Comrade, this is no book. Whoever touches, this, touches a man." The average man was sufficient for Whitman. He cared nothing for special distinction. With him man had honor for being simply man. Nowhere in literature do I find so fervent an insistence for human brotherhood as in Whitman. He does not give us mere sentiments in favor of brotherhood, but he is in every thought and deed the brother of all. The distinctions of caste are confronted and destroyed in "Leaves of Grass." Whitman's art does not minister to the idle rich or those to whom art is simply a diversion, but to everyone who wishes to have a rational understanding of life and live on a higher moral plane, "Leaves of Grass" is a gospel and an inspiration. It can be truly said of Whitman that he came to give us life and to give it more abudantly. Whitman's dearest friends and closest companions were chosen from among pilots, teamsters and workmen generally.78 WILSHIRE'S MAGAZINE A man had to be richly endowed with the virtues of sane and healthy manhood to pass current with him. To me, Whitman's friendship for Peter Doyle, the Washington horse-car conductor, was admirable. Reading "Calamus" that contains Whitman's letters to Doyle, throws a flood of light on Whitman's capacity for a tender and copious friendship. In these letters there is no preaching, but all through them there flows a never- failing vein of love. He always shows great solicitude for the welfare of his friend. True lovers of Whitman and those who desire to know him should read "Calamus." The spirit of affection and comradeship permeates every page of the book. It is a great antidote for the insane desire so prevalent in these days to gain great wealth and live a life that is exceptional and exclusive. That the greatest democrat who ever lived and the author of the supreme utterance of democracy should be sent to us and find his readiest acceptance in Europe is remarkable. When Whitman was being denied and ridiculed in America, his genius was recognized and appreciated abroad. For having written the book that immortalizes America and furnishes us our first and only distinctive national utterance, Whitman was discharged from his modest clerkship in one of the departments in Washington. Secretary Harlan, who deprived him of his position, distinguished himself forever for his stupidity. A man who is wiser and better than his fellows is always abused and denied by them. Successful ignorance ever laughs at genius. There were a few Americans great enough to see that "Leaves of Grass" was our greatest contribution to literature. Emerson never gave more certain proof of his own greatness than when he sent Whitman his masterly endorsemnt of "Leaves of Grass." Col. Ingersoll, the greatest orator America has produced, uttered some supreme words at Whitman's funeral: "A great man, a great American, the most eminent citizen of this republic lies dead before us." These are strong words but their truth is certain. John Burroughs was Whitman's personal friend. He knew him and loved him as few did. "Leaves of Grass" gave Burroughs the occasion for writnig the most brilliant piece of literary criticism in English literature. It is not far from nature to Whitman, and Burroughs has always been close to nature's heart, and directly from her came the inspiration for the writing of his delightful essays. The sound and profound views on literature contained in his work, "Whitman: a Study," are invaluable. That in this age of literary frivolity Whitman should come with his "Leaves of Grass," Tolstoy with "What is Art" and Burroughs contribute "Whitman, a Study" is a piece of rare good fortune. Whitman should be a precious possession to all true Christians and also to those who are demanding social reform. In the life and works of no other man is the spirit of brotherly love so thoroughly blended. There are many men-a goodly number of ministers who give utterance to some very noble sentiments on brotherhood, but how many do we know who allow the spirit to be the controlling force of their lives and practise self-sacrifice and service, as did Whitman, and as does Tolstoy? The test is not found in one's declarations, but in one's life. In Whitman and Tolstoy we find not only WALT WHITMAN 80 WILSHIRE'S MAGAZINE the supreme utterance for universal brotherhood, but lives perfectly consistent with what their ethics demand. I attended a meeting of a Liberal Ministers' Club not long ago, where a paper was read by one of the members on "Walt Whitman." The paper was ably written, showed a fine discrimination and told the great service "Leaves of Grass" had performed for the writer. At the close of its reading, comments were made by various Unitarian and Universalist clergymen upon it. That "Leaves of Grass" was not poetry was the undivided opinion of the ministers, excepting only the author of the paper. It was at once apparent that those who could see nothing worthy in Whitman were lamentably ignorant concerning him, and were all laboring under the delusion that artifice is art. Virility, originality and the use of words in a manner that adequately transmits great emotions to the reader, so that he and the writer are united by one common feeling, was not the paramount demand for excellence in art, but their criterion consisted alone in the laws of prosody. Ministers too often value form omre than substance, even in religion. According to their views, Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is a great poem, but Whitman's "By Blue Ontario's Shore" is not. Shelley's ode is notable for the faultless finish of its verse and the musical termination of its lines, but reduce it to the prose form, and what do we get? Very little. Adopt the same process with "By Blue Ontario's Shore" and you will quickly see that the piece is full of noble thoughts, elevating sentiments, and that it makes for strength in every line. I do not underrate the value that consists in beauty of form, or the pleasure and profit that are derived from the music of verse, but I do insist that the supreme in art is not contained in these qualities. It is no loss to Whitman to deny that his "Leaves" are poetry, but the domain of poetry loses much by leaving them out. Whitman says: "I bid neither for soft eulogies, big money returns, nor the approval of existing schools or conventions." How many of his literary contemporaries could truly say the same? In no sense was Walt Whitman a bribed man. The love of approval bribes a thousand men where gold bribes one. Whitman had much to contend with. He had poverty, illness and a timid, conforming people to whom he addressed his great message. They were under the spell of the artificial and genteel. Yet he never swerved. This attests the greatness of the man. The great forces of the world are all tending Whitman's way. The new values he announces for nature's grandeurs are being accepted. The sacredness of sex, the holiness of fatherhood and motherhood are recognized more and more. The ideal of a strong, self- contained personality that is determined to have its own and be a law unto itself is taking possession of us. Whitman's "Leaves" has a potent influence in the making of a strong, sane, happy men and women. He says in his preface appended to his latest "Leaves of Grass," "I would give my reader good cheer, content and hope." These elements are contained in "Leaves of Grass" to a greater degree than in any other book. It has ever been a characteristic of literary men to consider the exceptional, cultivated and the refined alone as fit subjects for their art, while the common and the universal were deemed unworthy. Experiences that were alone common to those who lived in an exclusive mannerWALT WHITMAN 81 and were far removed from the life of a man living near to nature and struggling with her for a living, have rarely found a place in literature. By being exclusive in the selection of subject- matter, most writers have appealed simply to a small coterie and thus lost one of the primary requisites of true art-universality. It is no wonder that those whose literary tastes have been shaped by reading Milton, Byron, Keats and Tennyson are incapable of a correct conception of Whitman's broad, free- flowing lines. Whitman well describes his manner in this fragment of a line, "Words lawless as snowflakes," that is, they are not cabined or confined by the rules of constraint of the classic forms. Tolstoy says: "In the art of the future, not only will that complex technique which deforms the productions of the art of today and requires so great an effort and expenditure of time not be demanded, but, on the contrary, the demand will be for clearness, simplicity and brevity-conditions mastered not by mechanical exercises, but by the education of taste. Whitman has made a form that is free and eminently suited to be the vehicle of his democratic utterances. I know of no poet whose lines are as musical as Whitman's. They have a free, elastic movement that conveys the harmony of wind and wave. Take the following lines,-how rich they are in coloring! What rapture toward the earth they show, and withal, how intensely poetic they are! "Smile, O voluptuous, cool-breath'd earth! Earth of the slumbering and liquid trees! Earth of departed sunset- Earth of the mountains, misty-topt! Earth of the vitreous pour of the full moon just tinged with blue! Earth of shine and dark mottling the tide of the river! Earth of the limpid gray of clouds, brighter and clearer for my sake! Far-swooping elbow'd earth! Rich apple-blossom'd earth! Smile, for your lover comes!" The poetic conception shown in these lines and the power to paint with words the beauties of the earth is unsurpassed in literature. They show Whitman's mastery of poetic expression and his ability to paint a scene in a single line. In drawing a picture, Whitman uses words that blend as truly as the colors of a painter. When you open "Leaves of Grass" your eye falls on a panorama. You hear the din and bustle of the city and see the peaceful fields of the country. Each picture is perfect and there is endless scope and variety of scene. If it be hard to pass from Tennyson's faultless artifice to Whitman's strong, free lines, it is much more difficult, when imbued with Whitman's manner, to reverse the process and return to Tennyson. You feel a sense of suffocation and loss of strength that is akin to the sensation that one experiences when leaving the broad fields and free spaces of the country and entering the crowded city with its paved streets, smoky air and man-made scenery. To know Walt Whitman is to love him, and having once become under the influence of his magnetic personality and sanity of mind, is to remeain. He well says, "I teach, straying from me," yet who can stray from him? No one who has once received the great blessings he so lavishly bestows. Intellectually subtilities, the veener and polish of culture were not highly esteemed by Whitman. He says: "A morning-glory by my window satisfies me More than the metaphysics of books;"82 WILSHIRE'S MAGAZINE and again, speaking for nature's power: "Logic and sermons never convince, But the dampness of the night drives deeper into my soul." Knowledge that comes from books is doubtless a great source of power, but, as the late Prof. Fiske said, it is also a source of weakness. Many a man has become so refined that there is nothing left worth the having. What is needed in these days of feverish existence is the culture that leads to nature, not from her. Whitman takes us by the hand and travels a perpetual journey, which is described in a wonderful manner in his "Song of the Open Road." He teaches a wholesome lesson in these lines: "You shall no longer take things at second or third hand, Nor look through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books. You shall not look through my eyes either, nor take things from me. You shall listen to all sides and filter them for yourself." We too often make our acquaintance with nature through books, instead of sustaining a personal relationship with the birds and beasts and flowers, and wandering through the wide forests and along the banks of its winding brooks. Whitman spent much of his time in the open air. He was familiar with nature in all her varying phrases. The sunshine pleased him and the storm gave him equal joy. Nothing to him was insignificant or unworthy. The following lines aptly disclose his attitude toward nature: "I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey-work of the stars, And the pismire is equally perfect, and a grain of sand, and the egg of the wren, And the tree-toad is a chef-d'oeuvre for the highest, And the running blackberry would adorn the parlors of heaven, And the narrowest hinge in my hand puts to scorn all machinery, And the corn crunching with depressed head surpasses any statue, And a mouse is miracle enough to stagger sextillions of infidels." Make yourself familiar with all trades and employments. Consider none of them unworthy. Sustain a close friendship to the birds and animals. Help the unfortunate. Always be charitable and forgiving, and then you will be in a proper attitude to appreciate Whitman. It is well, too, to keep these words in mind: "If you would understand me, go to the heights or water shore. The nearest gnat is an explanation and a drop or motion of waves, a key. The maul, the oar, the handsaw second my words." "Leaves of Grass" is a magnificent poetic utterance. The spirit that it effuses is that of real things. Its inspiration is drawn from teeming, pulsating vital nature. Doubt and despair have no place in its pages. Love, faith and comradeship for the men and women of all lands are contained in it in plethoric abundance. From this book you get strength to bear the burdens of life, and many joys before unknown to you will be yours. Reading "Leaves of Grass" will cause you to change many of your standards. You will feel a great liberating influence in its pages. Your views will become broader and your sense of justice will be much stimulated. You will see that a lofty spirit of religion breathes through "Leaves of Grass." Whitman believed in the inherent goodness of his kind. He would make men religious by reminding them of their own divinity. He teaches them the nobility of a life of self-sacrifice and service. How the spirit of brotherhood speaks in these lines:WALT WHITMAN 83 "I speak the pass-word primeval, I give the sign of democracy. By God, I will accept nothing which all cannot have their counterpart of on the same terms." There is nothing of the preacher in Whitman, but there courses through his pages currents of goodness that give moral elevation to all who come within his influence. "Theology pales its ineffectual fires" when confronted with the man who utters these words : "There was never any more inception than there is now, Nor any more youth nor age than there is now, And will never be any more perfection than there is now, Nor any more heaven or hell than there is now." I will take leave of my reader with the following lines from Whitman, which I trust will give you comfort in the days that are to come: "Nothing is ever really lost, or can be lost, No birth, identity, form--no object of the world, Nor life, nor force, nor any visible thing ; Appearance must not foil ; no shifted sphere confuse thy brain. Ample are time and space--ample the fields of Nature. The body, sluggish, aged, cold--the embers left from earlier fires, The light in the eye grown dim, shall duly flame again. The sun now low in the west, rises for mornings and for noons continual ; To frozen clods ever the Spring's invisible law returns With grass and flowers and summer fruits and corn." THE COMING MAN ELLA WHEELER WILCOX Ah, not for the great departed, Who formed our country's laws, And not for the bravest hearted Who died in freedom's cause ; And not for some living hero To whom all bow the knee, My muse would raise her song of praise, But for the man to be. For out of the strife which woman Is passing through today A man that is more than human Will yet be born, I say. A man in whose pure spirit No dross of self will lurk, A man who is strong to cope with wrong, An man who is proud to work. A man with hope undaunted, A man with godlike power, Shall come when he most is wanted, Shall come at the needed hour. He shall silence the din and clamor Of clan disputing with clan, And toil's long fight with purse-proud might Shall triumph through this man. I know he is coming, coming To help, to guide, to save, Though I hear no martial drumming, And see no flags that wave. But the great soul-travail of woman And the bold free thought unfurled Are heralds to say he is on the way, The coming man of the world. Mourn not for vanished ages With their great, heroic men Who dwell in history's pages And live in the poet's pen. For the grandest times are before us And the world is yet to see The noblest worth of this old earth Is the men that are to be. [What's the matter with me, Ella ?--H. G. W.] La vie INTELLECTUELL PARRAISSANT LE 15 DE CHAQUE MOIS SOMMAIRE : GUSTAVE VANZYPE : Auguste Levêque. - EMILE VAN ARENBERGH : Après la bataille. - Hubert Krains : Les faiblesses de Benoit. [*p. 17*] - JOSEPH LECOMTE : Un poète américain: Walt Whitman. REVUE DU MOIS. - Propos de Littérature : Taine et ses Juges (GEORGES RENCY). ; Dans la Prusse polonaise : Clara Viebig; L'armée qui dort. Absolvo te (M. BRANTS). - Propos d'Art : I. Deux Livres d'Art; II. Deux Cercles d'Art (RAYMOND HOTTA Propos d'Histoire économique (MICHEL HUISMAN). - La Po[?] contemporaine et l'Esprit européen (DUMONT-WILDEN). - Ques[?] militaires : L'esprit de Caste (PAUL ANDR[?]). - Les Faits [?] Idées : La Belgique française (OSCAR GROJEAN). - Biblioth[?] publiques (TH. REZ). - Le Mois (J. P.). - Les Amis de la Litt[?] [?]ture. - Sottisier. ILLUSTRATIONS HORS TEXTE : AUGUSTE LEVÊQUE Muses (Panneau décoratif) ; Bacchante (Dessin). Première année - No I. - 15 Février 1908. Rédaction : Administration : 47, Avenue Jean Linden 70, Rue Veydt (Quartier Louis[?] BRUXELLES OSCAR LAMBERTY ÉDITEUR La Vie Intellectuelle mensuelle illustree, [?le] 15 de chaque mois fascicule de 64 pages. REDACTEUR EN CHEF : GEORGES RENCY LA REVUE NE PUBLIE QUE DE L'IN EDIT La << Vie Intellectuelle >> traite objectivement toutes les questions qu'elle aborde. Elle n'est l'organe ni d'une ecole, ni d'un parti. Les articles qu'ell insere n'engagent que la responsabilite de leurs auteurs. Sa curiosite n'a d'autre limite quie le respect des convenances et des personnes. CONDITIONS D'ABONNEMENT * * * BELGIQUE Un an . fr. 10 Six mois . 6 Trois mois . 3 ETRANGER Un an . fr. 15 Six mois . 8 Trois mois . 4 PRIX DU NUMERO Belgique . fr. 1 Etranger . [?] Les correspondance et les communications de toute espece doivent etre adressees : Pour la Redaction, 47, avenue Jean Linden (Cinquantenaire), Bruxelles ; Pour l'Administration, 70, rue Veydt Quartier Louise), Bruxelles. LES MANUSCRITS NON ISERES NE SONT AS RENDUSUn poete americain Walt Whitman (I) Pour faire de belles auvres, a conaition unique est celle qu'indiquait deja le grand Goethe : Emplissez votre esprit et votre coeur, si larges soient-ils, des idees et des sentiments de votre siecle et l'aeuvre viendra. TAINE. L'homme dont j'aurai l'honneur de vous entretenir ce soir vous est, je suppose, totalement inconnu. Et rien n'est moins etonnant. Aucune traduction francaise complete de l'oeuvre de Whitman n'existe a ma connaissance ; seules la Revue des Deux Mondes, en 1872, et, recemment, diverses revues d'avant-garde en ont traduit quelques fragments. La Bibliothegue royale de Belgique - la plus riche du pays - ne possede pas l'ouvrage capital du grand americain : Leaves of grass (Brins d'herbe) (2) et, lorsqu'il y a quatre an je voulus l'acheter, le libraire auquel je m'adressai (I) Conference faite, a l'Universite populaire du quartier Nord-Est de Bruxelles, le a fevrier 1907. La nature du public auquel je m'adressais - public tres peu homogene et denue de connaissances litteraires speciales - ne m'a pas permis de traiter la question , si interessante, de la forme poetique adoptee par Whitman. Cette forme est une sorte de prose rythmee, dont les traductions qui sulvront, et auxquelles j'ai conserve autant que possible l'aspect de l'original, pourront donner quelque idee. (2) Il est vrai qu'elle ne possede rien non plus du genial dramaturge francais de Curel - niles grandioses Fossiles (datant de 1892), ni la sublime Nouvelle Idole (1895- 1899), no l'apre et poignant Coup d'aile (1906), ni la gigantesque Fille sauvage (1902), etc.!-18- ignorait jusqu'au nom du poète et dût faire venir le volume de Londres ! Cette obscurité de Whitman ne doit pas vous surprendre. Dante, dont le nom est aujourd'hui si retentissant qu'il nous semble qu'il a dû l'être dès l'origine - Dante fût ignoré, en France et en Belgique, pendant tout le XIVe siècle el la célèbre Bibliothèque de Phillipe le Bon ne contenait encore, cent ans après la mort du poète italien, aucun exemplaire du chef-d'oeuvre que l'on appela plus tard la Divine Comédie. Quand l'admiration pour Shakespeare, sous l'influence de Goethe et ensuite de Victor Hugo, se répandit enfin en Allemagne et en France, il y avait près de 200 ans que le génial dramaturge anglais était mort ! Un critique a caractérisé ce phénomène en disant d'un grand poète contemporain, encore méconnu dans son pays : « Il parle trop haut » - son art est trop élevé, devance trop son époque - - « Il parle trop haut. On ne l'entend bien que de loin ». Et ce mot loin doit s'entendre encore plus du lointain des âges (de l'avenir) que du lointain de l'espace (de l'étranger). Whitman le savait bien, que seul l'avenir le comprendrait, l'apprécierait à sa taille puisqu'il s'écriait : « Poètes à venir ! orateurs, chanteurs, musiciens à venir ! Ce n'est pas à aujourd'hui qu'il appartient de me justifier et de définir ce que je suis, Mais vous, race nouvelle, autochtone, athlétique, continentale, plus grande que celle qu'on connût jusqu'ici, Levez-vous ! car c'est à vous de me justifier. (I) » Ça et là, quelques-uns de ces écrivains, de ces poètes, que Whitman entrevoyait dans l'avenir, se lèvent aujourd'hui à son appel, ouvrent son livre et, frappés de sa grandeur et de son éloquence neuve et si actuelle, sont tentés de faire connaître ce nom (I) De : Poets to come (Poètes à venir) Cette note et celles qui suivront renvoient à l'édition : Leaves of grass by Walt Whitman, including Sands at Seventy, Good Bye my Fancy, old age echoes and a backward glance o'er travel'd roads. - London : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS. Boston : SMALL, MAYNARD and Co, 1897. -19- de Whitman qui, lorsque les Américains auront eux-mêmes conscience de la beauté, de la valeur esthétique de leur vie, sera cité dans la Grande République, comme le nom de Homère était cité en Grèce, celui de Dante en Italie, comme celui de Hugo l'est en France aujourd'hui. J'ai donné pour titre à cette conférence : Un poète « américain » et aucun qualificatif ne pourrait mieux caractériser l'art de Whitman, le distinguer, non seulement de celui des poètes européens les plus éloquents, mais encore de celui des autres poètes des Etats-Unis mêmes. Les poèmes que l'Amérique nous envoya jusqu'à ce jour - et principalement ceux de Longfellow qui, jusqu'en ces dernières années, représentèrent auprès du public français la poésie d'Outre-Atlantique - n'ont rien d'essentiellement américain. Or, Whitman prétendait - je le cite littéralement - que « jamais » pays, peuple ou concours de circonstances n'exigèrent aussi » impérieusement que le pays, le peuple et la vie dès Etats-Unis » une race de chanteurs et une moisson de poèmes, différents de » tous les autres et rigoureusement personnels. Bien plus, ajoutait-il » à bon droit, tant que les Etats-Unis continueront à » absorber la poésie de l'Ancien Monde et à être dominés par elle, » tant qu'ils demeureront privés de chants autochtones pour » exprimer, vivifier, colorer et définir leur succès matériel et » politique,... aussi longtemps ils resteront imparfaits et retarderont » leur avènement au rang de nation de premier » ordre (I) ». On ne saurait mieux dire et l'on ne pourrait non plus, mieux que le fit Whitman, combler la lacune qu'il signalait. Ses poèmes à lui sont vraiment américains - de sujets, de philosophie et d'accent. Ils évoquent à nôtre esprit cette immense nation, si neuve, si variée, si entreprenante, si énergique ; ils évoquent sa (I) De : Un coup d'oeil en arrière sur les routes parcourues.- 20 - démocratie et sa liberté, son instruction si avancée et si parfaite, sa large tolérance en matière de croyances ou d'incroyance : Américains ! s'écrie-t-il, conquérants !... Pour vous ce programme de poèmes... Poèmes des prairies, Poèmes de Mississippi au long cours, débouchant plus bas dans la mer du Mexique, Poèmes de l'Ohio, de l'Indiana, de l'Illinois, de l'Iowa, du Wisconsin et du Minnesota,... S'élançant sans cesse en jets de flamme pour vivifier tout.  Prends mes Brins d'herbes Amérique, dit-il, prenez-les (hommes) du Nord ; prenez les (hommes) du Sud, Faites leur bon accueil partout, car ils sont issus de vous. Voyez, dit-il encore, les steamers naviguant dans mes poèmes, Voyez, dans mes poèmes, les immigrants arrivant continuellement et débarquant, Voyez, à l'arrière plan, le wigwam (1), la piste, la hutte du chasseur, le flat-boat (2), les plantations de maïs, le claim (3), la clôture grossière et le village dans les bois, Voyez, d'une part l'Océan Atlantique et d'autre part l'Océan Pacifique, comme ils s'avancent sûr mes poèmes et s'en retirent comme de leurs propres rives, Voyez des pâturages et des forêts dans mes poèmes - voyez des animaux sauvages et domestiques - voyez, au-delà du nuage croassant des corbeaux (4), d'innombrables troupeaux de buffles paissant la courte herbe frisée, Voyez, dans mes poèmes des villes d'intérieur, solides, vastes, aux rues pavées, aux édifices de fer et de pierre, aux véhicules circulant incessamment, Voyez, dans l'imprimerie, la presse aux nombreux cylindres - voyez le télégraphe qui s'étend à travers le continent, Voyez, à travers les profondeurs de l'Atlantique, les pulsations de l'Amérique atteignant l'Europe, les pulsations de l'Europe envoyées fidèlement en retour, (1) Hutte de l'indien. (2) Sorte de bateau à fond plat. (3) Claim veut dire : prétention, droit. Le verbe : to claim signifie prétendre, sommer. A l'époque de la colonisation de l'Amérique, celui qui prenait possession d'une terre, la marquait d'une façon quelconque, puis en revendiquait plus tard la propriété, se prétendant le premier occupant. Par extension, l'object des démarches, de la revendication - la terre elle-même - fût aussi appelée : claim. (4) See beyond thé Kaw, littéralement : voyez au-dela du Croassement.— 21 — Voyez la locomotive forte et rapide qui s'ébranle, palpitante, (écoutez) le sifflet de la vapeur qui retentit, Voyez les laboureurs labourant — voyez les mineurs creusant dans les mines — voyez d'innombrables factoreries, Voyez les artisans travaillant à leur établi — voyez (enfin) émergeant audessus d'eux, les juges suprêmes, les philosophes, les Présidents dans leur tenue de travail (1). Avant d'aller plus loin, je vous prie de ne pas perdre de vue que les citations que je fais sont traduites et que, par conséquent, les fragments que je vous lis ont perdu beaucoup de leur beauté, de leur accent et de leur énergie. « Traduire, c'est trahir », dit un proverbe italien très connu et qui n'est que trop vrai, malheureusement. Le poète qui écrit choisit un mot, autantrudesse morale) - je ne suis pas un delicat et doucereux, moi. Barbu, brule par le soleil, le cou bruni, le ton austere, j'arrive. Qu'on lutte avec moi lorsque je passe pour les solides prix de l'univers. Walt Whiteman (I) - Walt est un diminutif de Walter (Guillaume) - Walt Whitman, est ne le 30 mai 1819, a West Hills, dans l'ile appelee Long Island - ile situee a l'est des Etats-Unis et dont l'extremite sud-ouest est couverte par Brooklyn - l'immense faubourg de New-York. Son pere etait charpentier, mais ses ancetres, tant paternels que maternels, avaient toujours ete fermiers. Quand Whitmsn eut 5 ans, il frequenta les ecoles de Brooklyn ou ses parents etaient venus s'etabllir. A l'age de 12 ans, il entra dans une etude d'avocat, ensuite dans le bureau d'un docteur. A 15 ans, il se fit apprenti typographe, puis, devenu compositeur d'imprimerie, il fut attache a divers journaux de Long Island et de New-York. Il employait tous ses loisirs a completer son instruction qui, comme vous l'avez entendu, avait ete fort rudimentaire, si bien qu'en 1838, il fut a meme d'enseigner en qualite de sous-maitre dans les ecoles de son ile natale. En 1840, il fonda a Huntington, un journal hebdomadaire : The long Islander, c'est-a-dire : L'habitant de Long Island. Ce journal ne vecut pas longtemps et, en 1841, nous retrouvons Whitman a New-York, imprimeur ou redacteur de diverses feuilles. En 1846 et 1847, il est directeur du journal L'aigle quotidien, a Brooklyn. Puis il entreprend, avec son frere Jefferson, un voyage de trois annees a travers les Etats-Unis. Il descend l'Ohio et le Mississippi, travaille pendant quelque temps a la redaction du Daily Crescent (Le croissant quotidien), a la Nouvelle Orleans, puis (I) Les details biographiques qui vont suivre sont empruntes, quelques-uns textuellement aux etudes de MM. Gausseron, Davaray et a celle de Meth. Bentzon - les seules que je connaissais lorsque j'ecrivis cette conference. [*— 23 —*] revient par les grands lacs : Michigan, Huron et Erié, les chutes du Niagara et la Bas Canada. Pendant ce long voyage, comme d'ailleurs jadis à Long Island, il fit les besognes les plus diverses, n’hésitant jamais à cumuler les tâches les plus hétéroclites, offrant ses bras robustes pour les travaux des champs lorsque la besogne d'imprimerie venait à lui manquer. Il arriva enfin à l'Hudson qu'il redescendit jusqu’à New-York, ayant parcouru environ 1600 lieues. En 1850 — Whitman a maintenant 31 ans — il imprime un journal, dit hebdomadaire, mais en réalité assez intermittent, intitulé The Freeman (L'homme libre), puis, les années suivantes, il construit des maisons à Brooklyn — maisons que l'accroissement inouï de ce faubourg permet à Whitman de vendre avec de respectables bénéfices. Mais, effrayé à la perspective de devenir riche et craignant surtout de perdre la belle indépendance de vie qui lui plaisait tant, pensant au surplus que son état de fortune n'était plus compatible avec le rôle de poète de la démocratie auquel il se sentait de plus en plus destiné, il cessa brusquement de traiter ce genre d'opérations et se consacra définitivement à son œuvre. Pour vous donner une idée de l'extension colossale que Brooklyn prenait à cette époque et qui fût sûrement la source d'énormes fortunes américaines, je vous dirai que cette ville ne comptait encore que 12,000 habitants en 1840, alors qu'aujourd'hui elle en compte au bas mot 1 million; et que 10 hectares de ce qui est devenu le quartier le plus cher de Brooklyn furent alors achetés par un émigré français pour 4,000 dollars (20,000 fr.). En 1855, Whitman fit paraître les Leaves of grass (Brins d'herbe), qu'il avait doublement composés puisqu'il les avait rédigés et imprimés lui-même. Cette première édition aurait passé complètement inaperçue si une lettre, rendue publique, du grand philosophe américain Emerson, me l'avait « saluée au commencement » d'une grand carrière », disant, entre autres choses, « que c'était le plus extraordinaire morceau d'esprit et de sagesse[*— 24 —*] » que l'Amérique eût produit, qu'il y avait là des choses » incomparables, dites incomparablement bien, comme elles » devaient l'être, et qu'il y trouvait ce courage d'exécution qui » fait tant de plaisir et qu'une intelligence pénétrante et large » peut seule inspirer » (1). Cette première édition fut complètée insensiblement par Whitman, principalement en 1860 par une série de poèmes portant pour titre générique: Enfants d'Adam, poèmes qui célèbrent spécialement le corps humain et ses diverses fonctions, et, en 1867, par les éloquents Roulements de Tambour dont je parlerai tout à l'heure (2). Je disais tantôt que Whitman pensait qu'il était, non seulement légitime, mais indispensable, que les poètes des Etats-Unis s'inspirassent des spectacles que ceux-ci offraient aux yeux de l'écrivain. Cette ambition si naturelle d'être de son temps et de sa race, qu'aucun critique ne devrait pouvoir censurer sans être, par le fait même, considéré comme incompétent - cette ambition si naturelle fut jugée extraordinaire par un singulier critique, qui pontifiait en 1872 dans la Revue des Deux Mondes - cette vieille radoteuse que de braves gens regardent encore comme un arbitre en matière d'art, alors qu'elle ne s'est jamais signalée que par de monumentales méconnaissances d'artistes qui, de l'avis unanime, font la gloire de l'humanité. Dans le même article, où elle méconnaît le grand poète américain, Thérèse Bentzon rapporte avec satisfaction l'opinion d'Austin - poète lauréat d'Angleterre - sur Whitman. Ce poète-fonctionnaire compare (1) Citée par Gausseron. (2) Outre ces grandes divisions, les Leaves of grass comprennent encore : Birds of passage, By the roadside, Memories of President Lincoln. Autumn rivulets, Whispers of heavenly death, From noon to starry night, etc. De plus quelques chants isolés tels que : Starting from Paumonok, Song of myself, Song of the exposition, etc. Indépendamment des L. of G., Whitman a encore écrit November Boughs, Specimen days and Collect (un volume de notes autobiographiques) et Democratic Vistas, «où il expose avec une ardeur éloquente », dit Gausseron, « ses théories démocratiques et ses vues de l'avenir ».*-25-* Whitman à Wagner et la poéste du premier à la musique que l'on appelait encore - très spirituellement, croyait-on - la "musique de l'avenir". voilaà qui est rassurant pour Whitman. Si sa poésie a le sort que l'on a fait depuis à la musique de Wagner, ses partisans les plus ardents ne pourront souhaiter plus éclatante revanche. Et pourquoi donc l'Amérique n'inspirerait-elle pas de poésie? Parce qu'elle est trop moderne, trop avancée, trop industrielle et scientifique? Parce qu'elle réalise, sur de nombreux points, l'idéal humain d'aujorurd'hui? Mais c'est précisément pour celà qu'elle est digne des poèmes les plus neufs et les plus intenses, les plus enthousiastes et les plus gigantesques! - c'est précisément pour celà qu'elle a produit Whitman! Viens, Muse, dit-it, émigre de Grèce et d'Ionie... Car une sphère meilleure, plus fraiche et plus active - un vaste domaine vierge t'attend et te réclame... Docile à nos appels, Ou plutot à son inclinations si ancienne, Jointe à une gravitation naturelle et irrésistible, Elle vient ! J'entends le bruit sourd de sa robe, Je sens l'odeur suave et délicieuse de sa poitrine, J' observe ses pas divins, ses yeux se fixant curieusement Sur les scènes rèeelles (que nous lui offrons)... Car je la vois clairement, amis, si vous ne pouvez la voir (I). Oh! je le sais, c'est un préjugé - un préjugé éternel et singulier: le siècle oú l'on vit n'est jamais beau! Tout le monde admet que le Moyen-Age et que l'antiquité, que les temps préhistoriques - époques que nous ne pouvons plus connaitre que par des livres, des oeuvres d'art, des fossiles ou des silex, époque que nous ne pouvons plus observer, or l'art est fait d'observation - tout le monde, dis-je, admet que le passé est digne d'inspirer les peintres et les poétes - mais le temps présent, les usines, le (I) Chant de l'Esposition, 2 et 3 à è [*– 26 –*] téléphone, les chemins de fer, toutes les merveilles que la science a créées, allons donc ! « Cette Muse serait couverte de suie » disait récemment un critique qui se croyait évidemment très fin. Il oubliait, le pauvre homme, que Verhaeren, notre grand écrivain, considéré universellement comme le premier poète français actuel, a écrit ses hymnes les plus éloquents lorsqu'il s'est inspiré de cette Muse des usines et des gares. De tout temps les médiocres, les impuissants et les retardataires ont regretté le passé et dénigré l'époque où ils vivaient, prétendu qu'il n'y avait en elle que laideur et bassesse. L'inévitable Revue des Deux Mondes n'a pas manqué de proclamer l'infériorité de notre temps par la plume de son feu directeur, M. Brunetière, qui décréta « qu'on ne ferait jamais de l'art avec de la science et de l'industrie ». De son vivant encore, plusieurs démentis splendides lui furent infligés. Pour n'en citer que trois, le peintre français Besnard avait couvert les murs de l'amphithéâtre de chimie à la Sorbonne, ceux de l'école de pharmacie et les plafonds de l'Hôtel de ville de Paris, de décorations inspirées par l'idéal le plus absolument scientifique; notre grand sculpteur, Constantin Meunier, avait créé ce sublime bas-relief, intitulé précisément : l'Industrie, et qui représente l'Enlèvement d'un Creuset brisé; enfin, Whitman lui-même avait écrit sa superbe pièce dédiée A une Locomotive, en Hiver (1). Mais qu'importe ces démentis ! Le préjugé est tenace. Une nouvelle revue de jeunes — de jeunes, entendez-vous ! déclarait récemment que l'une des caractéristiques de l'esthète d'aujourd'hui devait être le dégoût du temps présent ! — Le dégoût du temps présent ! Le dégoût d'un temps où la liberté, la dignité (1) Est-il nécessaire d'y ajouter de Curel qui, dans la Nouvelle Idole, entre autres, a tiré des situations dramatiques inédites de l'étude des conflits modernes entre la Science et la Foi, et créé un style magnifique, qui emprunte aux théories et aux conquètes scientifiques — à l'explication du phénomène des marées, par exemple — ses plus sublimes parures. [*– 27 –*] humaines sont plus sauvegardées qu'elles ne l'ont jamais été — où l'Italie s'est unifiée, où l'Allemagne s'est unifiée, où, par conséquent, les guerres qui jadis éclataient continuellement de comté à comté, de ville à ville, deviennent plus rares, où, surtout, i'industrie et la science, ces méconnues de M. Brunetière, centuplent le pouvoir de l'homme et sa grandeur. Notre temps n'est pas poétique ! « Mais il bout de poésie ! » comme s'écriait un journaliste américain (1) : Les choses rêvées dans les Mille et Une Nuits sont devenues des réalités. Nous voguons sur la mer ou dans l'air; nous parlons à travers l'espace; nous voyons à travers les corps; nous faisons de la lumière avec l'obscurité; nous domestiquons les fleuves; nous faisons parler la cire et vivre les projections; par une simple pesée sur un levier, par la faible pression d'un bouton électrique, des ponts énormes tournent ou des milliers de kilos sont enlevés et transportés où nous voulons qu'ils soient. Et notre temps n'est pas poétique ! Mais qu'est-ce donc que la poésie du Moyen-âge et de l'antiquité au regard de cette poésie-là ! De tout temps donc, les médiocres et les aveugles ont eu la nostalgie du passé, ont dégoûté les hommes du présent et découragé leurs énergies. Et la mission des grands poètes — que Platon, par une aberration, singulière chez un si grand esprit, croyait inutiles — la mission des grands poètes consiste justement à contrebalancer cette influence néfaste, à inspirer aux hommes l'enthousiasme pour la beauté, la grandeur du temps dont ils sont, à les remplir du courage et de la joie de vivre : « Je pense », disait Whitman, « que le service le plus profond que les poèmes ou tous autres écrits puissent rendre à leurs lecteurs, ce n'est pas seulement de satisfaire l'intelligence..., ni même de dépeindre de grandes passions, de grands évènements 'ou des grands hommes, mais bien de remplir le lecteur de pure et saine religion et virilité et de le tremper fortement pour la vie » (2). Et (1) Robert Bridges, dans l'un des numéros de fin septembre ou octobre 1905 (?) de Collier's Weekly. (2) De : Un Coup-d'œil en arrière sur les routes parcourues.[*— 28 —*] écoutez comment les vers de Whitman, pour répondre à ces conditions, éveillent et stimulent, chez le jeune Américain, l'esprit d'individualisme et d'initiative qu'il porte en germe en lui : Je ne conduis aucun homme à un diner, dans une bibliothèque ou à la Bourse, dit Whitman, Mais je conduis chaque homme et chaque femme sur un sommet, Mon bras gauche entourant sa taille, Ma main droite tendue vers la grand'route et les paysages des continents. Ni moi, ni personne d'autre ne peut parcourir cette route pour vous, Vous devez la parcourir vous-même. Elle n'est pas loin, elle est à votre portée, Peut-être l'avez-vous parcourue, sans que vous le sachiez, depuis que vous êtes né, Peut-être est-ce quelque part sur la terre ou la mer. Chargez votre sac sur vos épaules, cher fils, et je ferai de même, puis hâtons-nous d'avancer, Nous rencontrerons de merveilleuses cités et des nations libres. Si vous êtes fatigué, donnez-moi les deux fardeaux et reposez la paume de votre main sur ma hanche, Et, en temps voulu, vous me rendrez le même service... Et plus loin : Asseyez-vous un instant, cher fils, Voici des biscuits à manger et du lait à boire, Mais aussitôt que vous aurez dormi et que vous vous serez rafraîchi dans de doux vêtements, je vous donnerai un baiser d'adieu et j'ouvrirai la porte pour votre départ. Assez longtemps vous avez rêvé de méprisables rêves, A présent j'enlève la taie de vos yeux, Vous devez vous habituer à l'éblouissement de la lumière et de chaque moment de votre vie. Assez longtemps vous avez pataugé près de la rive, timidement, vous cramponnant à une planche, A présent, je veux que vous soyez un hardi nageur, Que vous plongiez en pleine mer, puis reveniez à la surface, me faisant signe de la tête, riant et criant, les cheveux emmêlés (1). (A suivre.) JOSEPH LECOMTE. (1) De : Song of myself (Chant de moi-même), chap. 46.LA VIE INTELLECTUELLE PARAISSANT LE 15 DE CHAQUE MOIS SOMMAIRE : D'ARSAC : Métapsychisme. — CHARLES VAN LERBERGHE : Une représentation des « Flaireurs ». — JOSEPH LECOMTE : Un poête américain : [*fr '94*] Walt Withman. — GEORGES ROUMA : L'Ecole en forêt. REVUE DU MOIS. — Les Crises économiques et le Loyer de "Argent (MAURICE ANSIAUX). — La Poésie française (GEORGES RENCY). — Artistes ét l'dies : I. Eugène Laermans ; II. Frans Smèers et Albert Pinot ; III. La Libre Esthétique (RAYMOND HOTTAT). — L'Exposition rétrospective anversoise ; l'Exposition jubilaire d' « Aze ick kan » (CHARLES BERNARD). — La Brocante, l'Archéologie, l'Art architectural (PAUL HAMESSE). — « Le Chemineau », de Xavier Leroux (ABEL TORCY). — Le mois (J. P.). ILLUSTRATIONS HORS TEXTE : EUGÈNE LAEHMANS. Le Bain ; L'Aveugle et le Paralytique ; Dessin inidit. — FRANS SMEERS. Au Soleil. — L'Ecole en forêt (2 planches) Première année. — No 2. — 15 Mars 1908. Rèdaction : Administration : 47, AVENUE JEAN LINDEN 70, RUE VEYDT (QUARTIER LOUISE) BRUXELLES OSCAR LAMBERTY, ÉDITEURLa Vie Intellectuelle Revue mensuelle illustrée, paraît le 15 de chaque mois en un fascicule de 64 pages. RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF : GEORGES RENCY LA REVUE NE PUBLIE QUE DE L'INÉDIT LES MANUSCRITS NON INSÉRÉS NE SONT PAS RENDUS La «Vie Intellectuelle » traite objectivement toutes les questions qu'elle aborde. Elle n'est l'organe ni d'une école, ni d'un parti. Les articles qu'elle insère n'engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs. Sa curiosité n'a d'autre limite que le respect des convenances et des personnes. CONDITIONS D'ABONNEMENT . . . BELGIQUE Un an . . . . . . . . . . fr. 10 Six mois . . . . . . . . 6 Trois mois . . . . . . 3 ÉTRANGER Un an . . . . . . . . . . fr. 15 Six mois . . . . . . . . 8 Trois mois . . . . . . . 4 PRIX DU NUMÉRO Belgique . . . . . . . . fr. 1 » Etranger . . . . . . . . 1 25 Les correspondances et les communications de toute espèce doivent être adressées : Pour la Rédaction, 47, avenue Jean Linden (Cinquantenaire), Bruxelles ; Pour l'Administration, 70, rue Veydt Quartier Louise), Bruxelles. Dépôt à Paris : Librairie P.V. STOCK 155, rue Saint-Honoré. Un poète américain Walt Whitman (SUITE ET FIN) Si Whitman, était très fier d'être Américain, son amour pour le sol et la nation qui l'avaient formé n'avait rien de mesquin, d'étroit, d'injuste pour l'étranger - de chauvin, en un mot - au contraire! Dans la pièce intitulée Salut au Monde (2), le poète parcourt en esprit le globe entier, visite toutes les nations, grandes ou petite, arriérées ou civilisées et termine ainsi: Mon esprit a passé, compatissant et déterminé, autour de toute la terre. J'ai cherché des amis et des égaux et je les ai trouvés prêts à me recevoir, dans tous les pays... Vous, vapeurs, je pense que je me suis élevé avec vous, que je me suis déplacé avec vous vers des continents lointains, et qu'avec vous je suis descendu sur eux,... Je pense que j'ai soufflé avec vous, vous vents; Vous, eaux, j'ai baigné chaque rive avec vous, J'ai traversé ce que tout détroit ou toute rivière du globe a traversé, Je me suis arrêté à la base des péninsules et sur les hauts rochers solidement plantés, pour crier de-là: Salut au Monde! (3) (1) Voir Vie Intellectuelle, no. 1. (2) Ce titre est en français dans l'original. (3) En français dans le texte. [*— 95 —*] Dans toutes les villes, où la lumière ou la chaleur pénètre, je pénètre moi-même, Vers toutes les îles où les oiseaux dirigent leur vol, je vole moi-même. Vers vous tous, au nom de l'Amérique, J'élève la main bien haut, perpendiculairement, je fais le signal, Qui restera visible pour toujours après moi, Pour toutes le maisons et les habitations des hommes. Comme tous les Américains d'ailleurs, il aimait particulièrement la France, d'abord en reconnaissance de l'aide qu'elle apporta jadis à son pays dans la lutte, pour l'indépendance, que celui-ci soutint contre l'Angleterre — « Nous, petits-fils et arrière-petits-fils », dit-il, « Nous n'oublions pas vos aïeux » (1) — ensuite, parce qu'il voyait dans la France une sœur intellectuelle d'Europe — une sœur qui, quoi qu'en disent certains, qui proclament volontiers sa décadence, demeure, pour ne parler que de ce domaine, la grande nation artiste du monde contemporain — celle qui, incontestablement, comme l'affirmait encore, il y a quelques jours à peine, le critique Fierens-Gevaert, a produit, depuis cent ans au moins, la plupart des grands novateurs qui ont renouvelé la peinture, la sculpture, l'architecture ou la littérature (2). Ce n'est que récemment que la Belgique, à son tour, a pu offrir au monde les noms du sculpteur Meunier, de l'architecte Horta et du poète Verhaeren, dignes des noms de l'admirable dynastie française. Et certes, il y a lieu, pour nous, Belges, de nous enorgueillir de celà, légitimement et grandement. Voici un poème de sympathie et d'admiration, que Whitman envoya à la France en 1872, après la malheureuse guerre franco-prussienne et la Commune — après cette épouvantable année que Victor Hugo a pu si justement appeler : L'Année terrible. (1) De : Bravo, Paris Exposition ! (2) La France a même produit, de l'avis des meilleurs critiques, le plus grand novateur musical qui ait paru en Europe depuis Wagner : Debussy. [*— 96 —*] La pièce porte pour titre : O ETOILE DE FRANCE! (1870-1871) O Etoile de France, L'éclat de ton espoir, de ta force et de ta gloire, Comme quelque vaisseau orgueilleux, qui si longtemps conduisit la flotte, Semble voué au naufrage aujourd'hui, car le vent le mène, son pont est démâté, Et, au milieu de ses foules en gestation, affolées et à demi englouties, On ne voit ni gouvernail, ni timonier. Etoile frappée d'obscurcissement, Tu n'es pas seulement l'astre de la France, tu es aussi le pâle symbole de mon âme, de ses plus chers espoirs, — Symbole de la lutte et de l'audace, de la fureur divine pour la liberté, Symbole des aspirations vers l'idéal lointain, des rêves enthousiastes de fraternité. Des « Avertissements » au prêtre et au tyran. Etoile crucifiée — vendue par les traîtres, Etoile palpitant sur un pays de mort, un pays héroïque, Un étrange pays, passionné, railleur et frivole. Malheureuse ! malgré tes vanités, tes erreurs et tes péchés, je ne te condamnerai pas, Tes angoisses et tes misères sans exemple les ont effacés tous, Et t'ont laissée sacrée. Parce qu'au milieu de tes nombreuses fautes, tu t'assignas toujours un but hautain, Parce que tu ne voulus pas te vendre si élevé que fût le prix, Parce que, sûrement, tu t'éveilles en pleurant de ton sommeil chloroformé (1). Parce que, seule parmi tes sœurs, toi, géante, tu rompis avec ceux qui te faisaient honte. Parce que tu ne pus pas, ne voulus pas porter les chaînes communes, Te voici sur cette croix, la face livide, les mains et les pieds percés, la lance enfoncée dans ton flanc. O Etoile ! O vaisseau de France, longtemps ballotté et désemparé ! Dégage-toi, ô étoile meurtrie ! Poursuis ta roue, ô vaisseau ! (1) From thy drugg'd sleep — littéralement : de ton sommeil drogué, empoisonné.[*— 97 —*] Aussi sûrement que le vaisseau de tous, la Terre elle-même, Produit du feu mortel et du chaos turbulent, Sortit enfin, belle, puissante et parfaite, De ses poisons et de ses spasmes furieux, Et poursuivit sa course en avant, sous le soleil, Ainsi feras-tu, O vaisseau de France ! Quand ces jours seront passés, quand les nuages seront dissipés, Tes longs efforts victorieux et l'enfantement accompli, Ton étoile ressuscitée, O France, ta belle et resplendissante étoile, (Reflétant les nôtres (1), Columbia (2), et leur répondant de loin avec allégresse), Rayonnera de nouveau dans la paix céleste, Bien au-dessus du monde européen, Immortelle et plus claire et plus brillante que jamais. Mais, par dessus tout, Whitman était fier d'être homme, fier du degré de perfectionnement matériel et moral atteint par l'espèce à laquelle il appartenait. Vous avez lu peut-être, dans le Soir ou quelque autre journal, la conférence faite par M. Lameere, recteur de l'Université de Bruxelles, sur les Ancêtres de l'Homme. Cette conférence, qui fit un certain bruit, résumait à grands traits les étapes que nous avons parcourues, dans notre formation, depuis l'humble cellule primitive jusqu'à l'organisme admirable et complexe que nous sommes devenues. Eh bien ! dès 1855, Whitman introduisait dans la poésie ces notions grandioses : Immenses, dit-il, ont été les préparations pour moi, Fidèles et amicaux les bras qui m'ont aidé. Des cycles conduisirent mon berceau, ramant et ramant comme de joyeux bateliers, A cause de moi des étoiles s'écartèrent de leur voie, Elles envoyèrent des influences pour veiller sur ce qui devait me posséder. Avant que je fusse né de ma mère, des générations me guidèrent, Mon embryon n'a jamais été engourdi, rien ne pouvait le submerger. Pour lui la nébuleuse se condensa en planète, (1) Le nôtres, c'est-à-dire les étoiles du drapeau américain. (2) Columbia — l'un des noms de l'Amérique, en souvenir de Christophe Colomb. [*— 98 —*] Les longues lentes stratifications s'empilèrent pour qu'il pût s'y poser, De vastes végétaux le soutinrent, De monstrueux sauriens le transportèrent dans leur gueule et le déposèrent avec soin. Toutes les forces ont été fermement employées pour me compléter et me plaire, Maintenant, je suis ici, debout, avec mon âme robuste (1). En 1861 éclata, entre les Etats du Nord et ceux du Sud de l'Amérique, la guerre dite de sécession. Cette guerre, comme vous le savez, eut pour cause la question de l'esclavage ; les Etats du Nord, principalement industriels, en étaient[?] adversaires; ceux du Sud, plus agriculteurs, en étaient partisans. De là le conflit qui dégénéra en guerre civile. Cette guerre de sécession inspira à Whitman toute une série de poèmes, qui figurent dans les Leaves of grass sous le titre général de Drum Taps (Roulements de Tambour), dont les détracteurs les plus acharnés du poète sont forcés d'admirer la passion, le patriotisme et l'amour de l'humanité qui les anime. Bentzon, elle-même, avoue que « pour être juste, il faudrait tout citer de ces éloquents et farouches Roulements ». Je ne puis malheureusement faire celà, mais écoutez d'abord avec quelle violence superbe et impitoyable les vers de Whitman battent le rappel, arrachent les Américains à leurs occupations et les entraînent vers la bataille. La pièce est intitulée : BATTEZ ! BATTEZ ! TAMBOURS! (1) Battez ! battez ! tambours ! — sonnez ! trompettes ! sonnez ! Parles les fenêtres — parles portes — faites irruption comme une horde sans pitié, (1) Song of myself, chap. 44. Je ne connais rien d'aussi grand dans toute la littérature française actuelle, si ce n'est la gigantesque Fille sauvage, de de Curel, qui s'inspire, elle aussi, de l'admirable évolution de l'humanité. Certes, il y a dans les éloquentes paroles de Whitman, si imprégnées de l'orgueil d'être homme, quelques erreurs et un reste d'anthropocentrisme : A cause de moi, des étoiles, etc,... toutes les forces ont été employées pour me plaire... Mais n'oublions pas que celà a été écrit en 1855 ! et, au lieu de critiquer mesquinement Whitman, admirons plutôt l'envergure de ses conceptions et la grandeur de son génie, qui s'empara, sur le champ, des notions nouvelles, conquises par la science et en fit l'aliment grandiose de ses poèmes. [*— 99 —*] Dans l'église solennelle, éparpillez les fidèles, Dans l'école interrompez le travail ; Ne laissez pas le fiancé en repos — son bonheur ne doit pas être désormais auprès de sa fiancée, Ne laissez pas au fermier le temps de labourer son champ ou de recueillir son grain, Tant vous battrez et assourdirez furieusement, tambours — tant vous sonnerez, perçantes, trompettes. Battez ! battez ! tambours! — sonnez! trompettes ! sonnez ! Plus fort que le trafic des cités, que le grondement des roues dans les rues. Des lits sont-ils préparés pour les dormeurs? les dormeurs ne dormiront pas dans ces lits, Pas de marchés de commerçants aujourd'hui — pas de spéculateurs ni de courtiers — voudraient-ils continuer? Les causeurs voudraient-ils causer ou le chanteur chanter ou l'avocat, au tribunal, se lever pour exposer la cause devant les juges? Alors, bourdonnez plus vite et plus fort, tambours ! — sonnez plus sauvagement, trompettes ! Battez ! battez ! tambours ! — sonnez ! trompettes ! sonnez ! Ne vous arrêtez point — n'admettez ni pourparlers ni excuses, N'écoutez pas le craintif — n'écoutez pas les prières et les larmes, N'écoutez pas le vieillard suppliant le jeune homme, Couvrez la voix de l'enfant, couvrez les plaintes de la mère, Secouez même les morts, qui couchés sur les tréteaux, attendent le corbillard, Tant vous tonnerez fort, terribles tambours — tant vous vibrerez haut, trompettes ! (1) Voici encore, dans une note plus paisible et plus attendrie, la pièce intitulée : Une lettre du camp — poème qui, sans rhétorique, (1) Cette pièce — l'une des plus belles de Whitman — ne saurait être traduite d'une manière pleinement satisfaisante. Les mots si expressifs de l'original, qui rendent le bourdonnement (to whirr — whirring == le bruit que fait le faisan avec ses ailes) des baguettes ou le bruit que font celles-ci lorsqu'on les abat lourdement sur la peau tendue du tambour (pound == concasser, broyer) ou le son perçant (shrill) des trompettes, etc., — ces mots n'ont pas d'équivalents en français. Par conséquent, si le traducteur s'attache à conserver, en français, le mouvement, le rythme du poème américain, la traduction en souffre quant au sens — les mots, que le traducteur est forcé d'employer pour atteindre le but qu'il poursuit, étant nécessairement peu fidèles. Si, au contraire, le traducteur s'efforce de serrer de près le texte anglais, de rendre le sens énergique des mots de Whitman, les phrases s'allongent outre mesure et leur mouvement s'alentit. Le problème est insoluble.- 100 - sans le moindre souci d'apostolat, par le simple tableau de la vie calme et heureuse des champs, troublée brutalement par la nou- velle de la moprt d'un être jeune et cher, montre mieux que le feraient le déclamations les plus violentes, la stupidité cruelle de la guerre : UNE LETTRE DU CHAMP (I) Revenez des champs, mon père, voici une lettre de notre ((Pierrot)), Et viens à la porte d'entrée, mère, voici une lettre de ton cher fils. Voyez c'est l'automne, Voyez comme les arbres d'un vert plus sombre, plus jaunes et plus rouges, Apaisent et rafraîchissent les villages de l'Ohio, de leurs feuilles agitées par un vent doux, Les pommes mûres se supendent aux branches du verger et les grappes aux trilles, (Sentez-vous le parfum du raisin dans les vignes? Sentez-vous l'odeur du blé noir où les abeilles bourdonnaient tout à l'heure?) Au-dessus de tout celà, voyez le ciel si calme, si transparent après la pluie, avec de merveilleux nuages, Au-dessous tout est beau, calme et vivant aussi -- la ferme, prospère. Dans les champs, les récoltes sont à souhait, Mais maintenant des champs, revenez, père, accourez à l'appel de votre fille, Et venez sur la porte, mère, devant la maison, bien vite. Aussi vite qu'elle peut, elle accourt, saisie d'un pressentiment sinistre, les jambes tremblantes, Elle ne s'est pas arrêtée pour lisser ses cheveux, ni pour ajuster son bonnet. Ouvrez vite l'enveloppe, O ce n'est pas l'écriture de notre fils, pourtant son nom est signé, O une main étrangère écrit pour notre cher fils; l'âme de la mère est frappée, Tout flotte autour d'elle, de tous côtés jaillissent de noirs éclairs, elle ne saisit que les mots essentiels, des phrases brisées, coup de feu, blessure à la poitrine, escarmouche de cavalerie, admis à l'hôpital, Bas à présent, mais sera bientôt mieux. (I) La traduction de cette pièce, ainsi que celle de : Battez / battez / tambours / sont empruntées, sauf quelques légères retouches, à Th. Bentzon.[*— 101 —*] Ah ! maintenant il n'y a plus pour moi qu'une seule figure, Dans tout l'opulent et fertile Ohio, avec ses cités et ses fermes, Cette figure pâle et fléchissante qui s'appuie, la tête vague, Au jambage de la porte. Ne vous chagrinez pas ainsi, chère mère (dit l'aînée des filles à travers ses sanglots, Les petites sœurs se pressent autour d'elle, muettes et consternées), Voyez, chère mère, la lettre dit que « Pierrot » sera bientôt mieux. Hélas ! pauvre garçon, il ne sera jamais mieux (ou plutôt son âme simple et brave ne souhaite sans doute rien de mieux que ce qu'elle a), Tandis qu'ils se tiennent à la porte, il est mort déjà, Le fils unique est mort. Mais la mère, elle, aspire à être mieux, Amaigrie, enveloppée de noir, Elle reste passive, le jour, devant les mets auxquels elle ne touche pas ; la nuit, elle dort par saccades, le plus souvent elle veille, A minuit, elle tressaille, elle pleure, elle désire, d'un profond désir, Pouvoir s'échapper furtivement, silencieusement de la vie, Pour suivre, pour chercher, pour revoir son cher fils mort. Whitman ne prit pas à la guerre de sécession une part active. Et celà se conçoit aisément. Comment aurait-il pu, sans un serrement de cœur, causer la mort d'autres hommes? - surtout d'hommes, qu'entre tous, il considérait comme ses frères - membres, comme lui, de la grande République américaine qu'il aimait tant. Mais son frère Georges, qui servait dans les armées du Nord, ayant été blessé à la bataille de Fredericksburg, Whitman vint le soigner. Une fois dans les ambulances, il y resta. Le champ ouvert à son dévouement était trop tentant pour qu'il s'en éloignât et pendant trois ans, sur les champs de bataille ou dans les hôpitaux de la Virginie et de Washington, sans autres ressources que le produit des correspondances qu'il adressait à des journaux, il soigna physiquement et moralement plus de 100,000 (1), dit-on, des blessés des deux partis. Jamais, je n'oublierai - écrivait en 1876 un témoin au (1) D'après Gausseron. [* — 102 —*] New-York Herald — une nuit où je l'accompagnai dans sa tournée à travers les salles d'un hôpital, rempli de ces jeunes Américains dont il a célébré l'héroïsme en des chants immortels. Il y avait trois rangées de lits et chaque lit portrait un homme Lorsqu'il apparut, et à mesure qu'il avançait, un sourire d'affection et de bienvenue se montrait sur tous les visages, quelque défaits qu'ils fussent ; sa présence semblait éclairer la salle... De lit en lit, on l'appelait, souvent avec des tremblements dans la voix, ou par un timide murmure ; on l'embrassait, on lui touchait les mains, on le contemplait. A l'un, il adressait quelques mots d'encouragement ; pour un autre, il écrivait une lettre aux parents ; à d'autres, il donnait une orange, quelques bonbons, un cigare, une pipe et du tabac, une feuille de papier, un timbre-poste, toutes choses qu'il avait, sans compter bien d'autres, dans son vaste havresac ; un autre lui confiait un message suprême pour une mère, une femme, une amante ; à un autre, il promettait de faire une démarche qui lui tenait au cœur ; à un autre encore, quelque ami plus cher, n'ayant plus que le souffle, il donnait un viril baiser d'adieu. Il faisait pour eux ce que ni infirmiers, ni docteurs n'auraient pu faire, et il semblait laisser une bénédiction sur chacun des lits devant lesquels il passait. Il y avait des heures que l'hôpital avait allumé son éclairage de nuit lorsqu'il le quitta ; et comme il se dirigeait vers la porte, on entendait des voix de blessés crier : « Walt, Walt, Walt, vous reviendrez, n'est-ce pas ? Vous reviendrez ! » (1). Il revint tant et si bien, ajoute le correspondant du New-York Herald, qu'en aidant à l'amputation d'un membre gangrené, il fut blessé à la main droite et atteint d'une éclaboussure putréfaite qui lui vicia le sang. On lui donna, en récompense de ces services qu'on ne pourrait payer, un très modeste emploi dans les bureaux de l'Intérieur. Mais, peu après, le ministre, un certain Harlan, apprenant (1) Cité par Gausseron.[*— 103 —*] que son subordonné était l'auteur de ce livre audacieux, qu'il 'ugeait[?], lui, épouvantable : Les Brins d'Herbe, le ministre, sans égard pour l'admirable conduite de Whitman pendant la guerre, le mit à la porte, brutalement ! Whitman retourna paisiblement visiter les malades, dans les hôpitaux de Washington. Mais la mauvaise action dont il venait d'être victime ne resta pas sans châtiment. Un ani[?] du poète, William Douglas O' Connor, répandit à profusion[?] une brochure indignée, dans laquelle il faisait le public juge de l'infamie commise à l'égard de Whitman. Le titre de cette brochure : The good grey poet (Le bon Poète grisonnant) est resté, aux Etats-Unis, le nom populaire du grand écrivain. Chassé de l'Intérieur, le poète, grâce à l'éloquente protestation de son ami, fut recueilli par le Ministère de la Justice. Il y resta jusqu'en 1873, date à laquelle la paralysie l'obligea d'abandonner ses fonctions. Il se retira à Camden, sur le Delaware, en face de Philadelphie, et y demeura dix-neuf ans, écrivant pour des journaux et des revues, vivant difficilement, habitant de pauvres chambres, à peine meublées, et se contentant du strict nécessaire, sans que ce fût pour lui une privation. Il mourut le 26 mars 1892, à l'âge de 73 ans. Tous ceux qui l'ont approché se sont accordés à reconnaître sa simplicité noble et tranquille, le charme qui émanait naturellement et spontanément de toute sa personne, la séduction de sa voix, de son regard, de ses manières. M. John Burroughs, qui l'a beaucoup connu, fait de lui le portrait suivant : « Au physique, Whitman était large et de haute taille ; il avait plus de six pieds (plus d'un mètre quatre-vingts), et une physionomie franche et ouverte. Il était d'un tempérament sanguin ; sa voix était d'un baryton adouci. Il laissait surtout une impression de fraîcheur et de propreté. Je me rappelle la première fois que je le rencontrai : c'etait à Washington, vers la fin de l'année 1863 ; je fus frappé par la belle nature, la nette et fine qualité de l'homme ; quelques [*— 104 —*] passages de ses poèmes m'avaient induit à attendre un être différent. Il avait toujours l'air d'un homme qui vient de prendre un bain. Le sang effleurait la peau qui était fine et claire. Son corps, comme je le remarquai une fois que nous nous baignions à la mer, dans le ressac, avait un velouté particulier, une contexture d'une finesse et d'une délicatesse très grandes. Son anatomie était indubitablement remarquable, unique. La pleine beauté de son visage et de sa tête ne lui vint guère que vers 60 ans. Après celà, je n'en doute pas, il eut la plus belle tête que cette époque et ce pays aient pu contempler. Tous les artistes qui le voyaient étaie11t immédiatement saisis du vif désir de faire son croquis, tant les traits étaient simples, libres et vigoureux. Les sourcils hauts, arqués; le nez droit, coupé net ; les yeux bleu-gris à lourdes paupières. Le front ni proéminent, ni trop accentué, mais partie vivante d'une tête symétrique, en forme de dôme; l'oreille large et la plus délicatement sculptée que j'aie jamais vue; la bouche et le menton cachés sous une soyeuse et longue barbe blanche. Il me semble que son visage s'affinait et s'affermissait avec l'âge. Le temps le dépossédait de la bonne manière, adoucissait sa barbe et lui ôtait son teint trop fleuri; subjuguait l'homme charnel et dégageait mieux l'homme spirituel. Quand je le vis pour la dernière fois, le 26 décembre 1891, quoiqu'il eût été depuis maints longs jours très près de la mort, je suis sûr que je n'avais jamais trouvé sa face aussi belle. Il n'y avait aucun abattement des traits, ni le moindre signe de décrépitude, tels que nous les remarquons habituellement chez les vieillards. L'expression était douloureuse, mai[?] elle était aussi noble que celle d'un dieu. Je ne pouvais pas le cro[?] si près de la mort ; il avait l'air si invaincu (1) ». Il fut le type de la beauté humaine, chez lequel une virilité puissante était unie à une bienveillance universelle et à une intelligence merveilleuse (2). Il avait une trop haute notion de la dignité de l'homme pour consentir, comme il disait, « à s'age- (1) HENRY D. DAVRAY, L'Ermitage, décembre 1902. (2) DAVRAY.[*— 105 —*] nouiller devant son semblable ou devant un autre homme, mort depuis quelques milliers d'années (1). » Il percevait, mieux que personne, l'immensité du ciel; mais cette connaissance ne trou­blait pas, n'intimidait pas son « âme robuste » ; il disait au genre humain : « Que ton âme soit calme et de sang-froid devant un million d'univers (2) ». Il se refusait à traiter sévèrement n'im­porte quelle créature vivante, sachant bien que la responsabilité de ses actes, imposés, pour la plus grande part, par le milieu et par l'hérédité, est moins grande qu'on l'affirme communément. A aucune, il ne tenait le langage dur et dégoûté que tient Dante à Thaïs lorsqu'il la rencontre dans son Enfer. A la plus vile, à la plus abjecte, à la plus stigmatisée par les préjugés et l'ignorance, il disait : « Sois à l'aise — sois en paix avec moi — Je suis Walt Whitman, libéral et généreux comme la Nature, » Jusqu'à ce que le soleil t'exclue, je ne t'excluerai pas, » Jusqu'à ce que les eaux refusent de briller pour toi et les feuilles de bruire pour toi, mes vers ne refuseront pas de briller et de bruire pour toi... (3) ». Pendant la guerre de sécession, le président Lincoln étant un jour accoudé à l'une des fenêtres de la Maison Blanche, résidence du chef de l'Etat, vit, dans la rue, Whitman qui se promenait à pas lents. Et Lincoln, se tournant vers ceux qui l'entouraient, leur dit en désignant le poète : « Well, he looks like a man ». (Celui-là me parait un homme)... Oui, c'était un homme, dans la plus mâle, la plus digne, la plus complète acception du terme; et c'est parce qu'il fut un homme, et qu'il s'exprima lui-même, sincèrement, totalement, courageusement, qu'il fut un si grand poète. JOSEPH-BARTHÉLEMY LECOMTE. (1) Song of myself, chap. 32. (2) Song of myself, chap. 48. (3) De : To a common prostitute (A une vulgaire Prostituée).[*— 106 —*] BIBLIOGRAPHIE J'ai connu l'existence de Whitman par un passage d'Escal Vigor (2e partie, chap. VIII), roman que je lus en 1901. Quelques mois plus tard, un article de J. de Norvins, paru dans la Revue des Revues, du 15 janvier 1902, m'apprit que Whitman faisait « vibrer dans la poésie l'accent du progrès et de l'humani­tarisme ». Puis le Nouveau Larousse illustré me fit connaître la date du décès du poète et le titre de son œuvre principale. Je parcourus alors la Revue encyclopédique de I892 et j'y découvris (colonne 720) l'article de B. H. Gausseron sur Whitman. Cet article élogieux et compréhensif signalait l'étude parue dans la Revue des Deux-Mondes (1er juin 1872) et signée Th. Bentzon. Ce dernier travail est farci des lieux communs sempiternels que les aveugles et les routiniers de tous les temps ont adressés aux novateurs, mais il contient aussi des traductions assez nombreuses et bien faites. L'Ermitage (de décembre 1902 et numéros suivants) contient, outre une courte biographie signée Henry-D. Davray, des traductions des Specimen days et de quelques poèmes des Leaves of grass. La Revue politique et littéraire (16 février 1884) renferme un article sur Whit­man, signé Léo Quesnel. Ce dernier étudie les raisons pour lesquelles le poète américain est encore inconnu en France et chez nous. Il traite longuement de l'avenir d'une forme émancipée de la poésie, inaugurée par Whitman, et résume, d'après les préfaces de Leaves of grass, le rôle du poète. Enfin, dans le Mercure de France du 1er août 1907, a paru une intéressante biographie de « Walt Whitman, ouvrier et poète », signée Elsie Masson et ap­puyée d'extraits des Leaves of grass. En Belgique : Le Thyrse (d'avril 1906) a donné une traduction du Chant funèbre pour deux vétérans (des Drum Taps) signée Jean-Marc Bernard. Le journal La Meuse, de Liége (du 11 avril 1906) contient un article de Maurice des Ombiaux sur Whitman. VOLUMES Parmi les nombreux ouvrages, de biographie et autres, parus, en anglais, sur Whitman, je ne signalerai que celui de Donaldson, qui était un ami intime du poète : DONALDSON T. : Walt Whitman, the man (278 pages). (Portraits, fac-simile de documents rares, manuscrits, conversations, lettres avec des notabilités diverses, etc., 1.75 dollar.) New-York, E.-P. Harper, 1896. M. Elsie Masson recommande la dernière biographie du poète : Life of Walt Whitman, by HENRY BRYAN BINNS (Methuen, 10 sh. 6, 1906). [*— 107 —*] En français : Le volume de SARRAZIN (malheureusement épuisé) sur la Renaissance de la poésie anglaise donne des traductions de Whitman. L'ouvrage d'EMILE BLÉMONT, intitulé : Beautés étrangères (A. LEMERRE, 2e édition, 1904) reproduit un article de l'auteur, paru en juillet 1872, dans la Renaissance littéraire et artistique, et renfermant quelques traductions des Leaves of grass, exactes, mais manquant un peu de nerf. Cet article est suivi d'un long post­scriptum, écrit en juillet 1904, et traitant spécialement de la forme poétique adoptée par Whitman. Enfin, dans le courant de l'année 1908, paraîtront deux volumes de BAZALGETTE, consacrés à Walt Whitman. L'un contiendra la biographie du poète; l'autre, une traduction complète des Leaves of grass. J. L.PAN REVUE LIBRE PARAISSANT TOUS LES MOIS PRIX : 1 FRANC NET LE NUMÉRO 3e Année. — No 1 Janvier 1910 SOMMAIRE Notes du Mois. Walt WHITMAN . . . . Echos de la Vieillesse (Poèmes). [*ORJ Age. Etages*] Emile VERHÆREN. . . Jours d'Hiver (Poème). Han RYNER . . . . . . . . L'Antre aux sept replis. Andrè FONTAINAS . . Vers. Victor LITSCHFOUSSE . Basvolet. Jean METZINGER . . . . Poème. Marcel RIEU . . . . . . . . Les Satimbanques. Joel DUMAS . . . . . . . Trois poèmes pour exalter Juliette. Jeau FLORENCE . . . . Apologie pour la comédie et le grotesque. Jean CLARY . . . . . . . La Forét (Poème). Charles VILDRAC . . . Propos de table (Nouvelle). A travers les Littératures (Lettres anglaises) . Louis Mandin. Les Poèmes . . . . . . . Marcel RIEU. Les Livres . . . . . . . . . Jean CLARY. Les Expositions . . . . Pierre TOURNIER. Le Promenoir . . . . . . Emile COTTINET. Direction et Rédaction 35, RUE DE TRÉVISE, 35 PARIS Administration 25 RUE SERPENTE, 25 PARIS PAN REVUE LIBRE PARAISSANT TOUS LES MOIS Troisième Année Direction: JEAN CLARY. — Marcel RIEU 35, rue de Trévise, 35 PARIS (IXe) Le Lundi, de 5 à 7 heures Tous les envois (manuscrits, livres, revues, abonnements, etc.) doivent être adressés 35, rue de Trévise ABONNEMENT : 12 FRANCS L'AN Les Abonnements partent du 1er janvier et du 1er juillet. (Envoi d'un numéro spécimen contre o fr. 25.) CHRONIQUES Les Poèmes . . . Marcel Rieu Lett. russes . . Alexandre Mercereau Les Livres . . . Jean Clary Lett. italiennes . Ary-René d'Yvermont Art . . . Pierre Tournier Orientalism . » » Le Promenoir . . Emile Cottinet Lett. belges. . Henri Maassen Lettres allemandes Gaspard Etscher Lett. brésiliennes. A.-R. Schneeberger Lettres anglaises . Louis Mandin Lett. portugaises. » » Les Auteurs sont entièrement responsables de leurs écrits. Les manuscrits insérés ou non ne sont pas rendus. Il n'est pas envoyé d'épreuves en communication. Il sera rendu compte de tous les ouvrages adressés à la Revue. La reproduction des matières publiées dans PAN est interdite. saut citation de source. PAN éditera luxueusement les Poètes et les Prosateurs ayant une valeur réelle ; les ouvrages seront présentés au public dans le cadre qui sera le plus en rapport avec leurs données et leur essence. PAN constituera ainsi une Bibliothèque d’œuvres rares et précieuses. SOMMAIRE DU No. 12 Notes du Mois A.C. Swinburne : Erotion (Poème). — Théo Varlet : Poèmes. — Augustin Hamon : Bernard Shaw (Quelques notes sur l'homme). — Henri Strenz : Le Marcheur nocturne. (Poème). — Pierre Tournier : A propos de Dostoïevski (fin). — André-Marie Eon : Poèmes. — Marcel Rieu : L'Eau et le Parfum. — Ary-René d'Yvermont : Poèmes. — A.-R. Schneeberher : Voyage. — Constantin Lahovury Soutzo : Poèmes. — Max Jacob : La Couronne de Vulcain (Conte breton). Les Poèmes. . . . Jean Clary. Les Livres . . . . . Marcel Rieu. Le Promenoir . . Emile Cottinet. A travers les Littératures Ary-René d'Yvermont.Echos de la Vieiliesse (1) LE VAL DE LA MORT Ecrit sur demande, pour accompagner une gravure, Le Val des Ombres de la Mort, d'après le tableau de George Inness.) Oh non, ne t'imagine pas, noir dessinateur, Que tu as peint ou rendu à merveille l'entièreté de ton sujet ; Moi qui ai, ces derniers ans, rôdé autour de ce val sombre, à ses confins, l'apercevant par entrevisions, Je viens ici me mesurer avec toi et réclamer mon droit à créer aussi un symbole. (1) Les trois poèmes ci-dessus font partie des Additions Posthumes annexées par les exécuteurs testamentaires de Walt Whitman à l'édition ne varietur des Feuilles d'Herbe et non comprises dans notre version (Mercure de France 1909). Postérieurs à l'œuvre définitive léguée par le poète à l'avenir quelques mois avant sa mort, les Echos doivent être considérés non comme des morceaux achevés mais comme des ébauches précieuses, composées au terme extrême de sa vie, Une Pensèe de Colomb étant la dernière. (Note du Traducteur).PAN 5 Car j'ai vu mourir maints soldats blessés, Après d'atroces souffrances — je les ai vus passer de vie à trépas avec un sourire ; Et j'ai observé l'agonie des vieillards, et vu s'éteindre les enfantelets, Les riches, avec tous leurs garde-malades et leurs médecins, Et puis les pauvres, dans leur maigreur et leur misère ; Et moi-même, il y a longtemps, O Mort, que je ne respire plus une seule gorgée d'air, Sans te sentir proche et sans penser silencieusement à toi. Et puisant à même ces expériences, à même toi, Je compose un tableau, un poème (où ni terreur de toi, Ni ravines lugubres, ni désolation ni noirceur n'apparaîtront — çar tu ne m' inspires pas de crainte, Où je ne célébrerai ni la lutte finale, ni les torsions du corps à l'agonie, ni la lenteur à se défaire du, nœud serré de la vie), Un poème inondé de l'ample lumière bienheureuse et de l'air parfait, avec des prés, des eaux jaseuses, avec des arbres et des fleurs et de l'herbe, Avec le murmure léger de la brise vivante — et au milieu la dextre éternelle et splendide de Dieu, Toi, très saint ministre des Cieux — toi, ambassadrice, avant-courrière, guide à la fin de tous, Opulente, vermeille, défaiseuse du nœud constricteur qui s'appelle la vie, Suave, sereine et bienvenue Mort. PAN SUR LE MEME TABLEAU (Pour servir de premiére strophe au Val de la Mort.) Oui, je sais bien l'effroi de descendre ce val: Prédicants, musiciens, poétes, peintres ne manquent jamis de le tra- duire, Les philosophes l'exploilent-champs de bataille, navires en mer, lits myriadaires d'agonisants, en tous pays, Et tous, tous ceux du passé s's y sont engagés, la plus antique humanité que nous connaissions, Celle de la Syrie, de l'Inde, de l' Egypte, de la Gréce et de Rome; Et maintenant c'est pour nous que, s' ouvrant sous nos yeux propres, aujourd' hui comme hier, Apre, prét, aujourd d' hui comme hier, á nous recevoir, vous et moi, Le voici dessiné. - UNE PENSÉE DE COLOMB Cette pensée - mystéres des mystéres, flamme incessante, informe et précipitée, spontanée, qui se nourril d'elle-méme. Une bulle qui éclot et le globe concret, énorme et rond qui en sort ! Un souffle émané de la Divinité, comme si l'univers bombé se déployait á ce souffle ![*PAN 7*] Les cycles multiples jaillissant de la minute qui les précéda ! L'ère de l'âme s'ouvrant a une heure du temps, Peut-être l'évolution la plus large, de portée la plus lointaine qu'aient connue le monde et l'homme. A des milliers et des milliers de lieues d'ici, il y a quatre siècles aujourd'hui, Une impulsion mortelle vient faire vibrer dans son logis cérébral cette pensée, Et qu'on y prenne garde ou non, la venue au jour n'en peut plus être différée : C'est une vision du moment, mystique, majestueuse, soudaine, Pas autre chose qu'une silencieuse pensée, et cependant c'est l'écroulement de plus que des murailles de pierre ou d'airain. (Au bord des ténèbres court un frémissement, comme sur le point de révéler le secret du Temps et de l'Espace antiques). Une pensée ! une pensée déterminée se dégage et prend forme. Quatre cents ans se déroulent. Rapidement s'élève la masse — commerce, navigation, guerre, paix, démocratie se succèdent ; Les armées sans repos et les flottes du temps suivent leur guide — les vieux camps des âges sont plantés en de neufs et plus vastes domaines, Le sens confus, si longtemps différé, de la vie et des espoirs de l'homme commence de fièrement s'éclaicir, A mesure qu'ici grandit sous nos yeux le Monde Occidental. (Un mot que j'ajoute encore à son poème, Découvreur lointain, un mot de réponse tel que jamais il n'en fut envoyé à un fils de la terre: Si tu entends encore, écoute-moi, Écoute ce qu'à cette heure je publie — vers toi montent les acclamations des terres, des races, des arts, 8 PAN Elles montent vers toi par dela la longue route du passe - elles forment un vaste ensemble ou le nord, le midi, l'est et l'ouest se confondent, Applaudissements d'dme! Ovations! Echos venerateurs! Un seul souvenir, immense et multitudinaire, a ta memoire! Des mers comme des continents! Le monde monderne s'eleve vers toi et ta pensee!) Walt Whitman. (Traduit par Leon Bazalgette.)THE YALE REVIEW Edited by WILBUR L. CROSS OCTOBER 1915 LUX ET VERITAS Hatred-and a Possible Sequel . L.P. Jacks Italy and the War . Henry Dwight Sedgwick Before the Deluge. A Poem . William Young The War and International Socialism . Morris Hillquit The Economic Aftermath . Alexander D. Noyes Nietzsche : A Modern Stoic . Charles M. Bakewell Buddha and Brahma. A Poem . Henry Adams Compulsory Service in the United States . George N. Tricoche College Life and College Education . Henry Seidel Canby "Hamlet" with Hamlet left out . Brander Matthews Three Friends. A Poem . Edward Bliss Reed At the Picture-Show. A Poem . Karle Wilson Baker American Country Life in Old French Memoirs . Charles H. Sherrill Faces in the Roman Crowd . Anne C. E. Allinson Walt Whitman in New Orleans . R. Emory Holloway Book Reviews Published Quarterly by the YALE PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION, Inc. 209 ELM STREET, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT Copyright 1915 $2.50 a year 75 cents a copy[*Compliments of R.Emory Halloway*] WALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS By R. Emory Holloway Over his whole "vagabond" life, Walt Whitman himself studiously drew a veil. Concerning his stay in New Orleans he wrote, indeed, some forty years later, a brief sketch in "November Boughs" ; but it is tantalizingly silent on the very points we most wish to know. Nor have his biographers been able to add, in dealing with this period, much that is of more value than he dim light of varying conjectures. Through the courtesy of Mr. William Kernan Dart and of the Howard Memorial Library, of New Orleans, I have been able to secure and to identify Whitman's contributions to the local press, and to collect some data regarding the journalist's manner of life in the Crescent City. When, on Saturday, February 26, 1848 (or perhaps during the preceding night), the steamer "St. Cloud," heavily laden with a motley cargo from Wheeling and other Ohio River points, moored at the cobblestone wharf on the New Orleans levee, Walt Whitman, then twenty-eight, and his fifteen-year-old brother "Jeff," first set foot in what was to be for the poet ever the land of romance. Their names do not appear among the "arrivals at the principal hotels" printed in the "Picayune." Instead, we find Whitman lodging in a little room in Lafayette, which was then only a suburb city. A small room was always sufficient for Whitman, since he was seldom in it. From early morning till late in the evening, he was to be found either at the "Crescent" office, at 95 St. Charles Street, or "loafing and inviting his soul" in the lobbies of the hotels, in the cafés, the auction-rooms, the ball-rooms, the ancient Spanish cathedral, the Place D'Armes, or, most frequently of all, at the theatres.WALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 167 His fare seems to have been dictated by a desire to compromise between the stoic and the epicurean in his nature. We know from his later writings that he carried through life the memory of good things to eat and to drink which New Orleans had afforded when he was in that city; but his breakfasts, at least, were probably as frugal as the one which John T. Trowbridge describes in his reminiscences of the Whitman of Washington City days. "Came home again," runs one of Whitman's elliptical sentences in the "Crescent," "and took breakfast-tea, a radish, piece of dry toast, and an egg-read one of the morning papers, and then went about my business." Elsewhere we are told that he has given up his custom of regaling himself in the "Epicurean depots" where oysters and other shellfish are to be had, because he finds that a full stomach means an empty brain-pan. But he was somewhat more fastidious about his personal attire. In the midst of an unsparing satire of the brainless fop, he pauses to explain that mere neatness in dress is not the object of his ridicule: "God forbid-for we ourselves luxuriate in clean linen and goodly raiment, and are made glad thereby." But how came the young Brooklyn journalist in New Orleans? A fifteen-minute chat between acts at the old Bowery Theatre in New York had resulted in Whitman's engaging to serve on the staff of the "Daily Crescent," soon to be started in New Orleans as an "overflow" of the "Delta." Two hundred dollars was paid down for travelling expenses and to bind the bargain. The story of this bargain is well known; but the biographies tell us little of Whitman's trip south. The first issue of the "Crescent" (Sunday, March 5, 1848), however, begins the story in Whitman's own words. Three articles appeared under the serial caption "Excerpts from a Traveller's Notebook," which follow the route of the Whitmans by rail and stage from Baltimore across the Alleghanies to Wheeling, and by boat from Wheeling to Cincinnati, Louisville, Cairo, and168 THE YALE REVIEW New Orleans. The first of these extracts reveals the virile young poet-to-be fully awake to the inspiration of the virgin West and equally observant of man and of nature: "We left Baltimore on Saturday morning at seven o'clock, on the railroad for Cumberland, which is about a hundred and seventy miles distant, at the eastern edge of the Alleghanies. . . . "At Harper's Ferry, where they gave us twenty minutes to dine, the scenery is strikingly abrupt and varied. Houses were perched up over our heads-backs in the ground-and others perched up over their heads, and so on. The finest scenery, though, even here, (if it be not a bull to say so,) is about half a mile off. As soon as the cars stopped, a frightful sound of bells and discordant screams surrounded us, and we were all but torn in pieces by the assault, as it were! Recovering from the shock of such an unexpected salute, we found that there were several 'hotels,' each moved by a bitter rivalry for getting the passengers to eat their dinner. One 'opposition house,' in particular, seemed bent upon proceeding to extremities-and most of the passengers were fain to go quietly in. For a good dinner here, the price was only twenty-five cents. "Cumberland, at which we arrived about sunset, is a thriving town, with several public offices, a newspaper or two, and those invariably to be found in every western and southern community, some big 'hotels.' The town has a peculiar character, from its being the great rendezvous and landing place of the immense Pennsylvania wagons, and the drovers from hundreds of miles west. You may see Tartar-looking groups of these wagons, and their drivers, in the open grounds about,-the horses being loosed-and the whole having not a little the appearance of a caravan of the Steppes. Hundreds and hundreds of these enormous vehicles, with their arched roofs of white canvas, wend their way into Cumberland from all quarters, during a busy season, with goods to send on eastward, and to take goodsWALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 169 brought by the railroad. They are in shape not a little like the 'Chinese junk,' whilome exhibited at New York- being built high at each end, and scooping down in the waist. With their teams of four and six horses, they carry an almost incalculable quantity of 'freight'; and if one should accidentally get in the road-ruts before their formidable wheels, they would perform the work of a Juggernaut upon him in most effectual order. The drivers of these vehicles and the drovers of cattle, hogs, horses, &c., in this section of the land, form a large slice of 'society.' "Night now falling down around us like a very large cloak of black broadcloth, (I fancy that figure, at least, hasn't been used up by the poets) and the Alleghanies rearing themselves up 'some pumpkins', (as they say here,) right before our nasal members, we got into one of the several four-horse stage coaches of the 'National Road and Good Intent Stage Company,' whereby we were to be transported over those big hills. They did the thing systematically, whatever may be said elsewise. All the passengers' names were inscribed on a roll, (we purchased tickets in Philadelphia, at $13 a head, to go to Wheeling,) and a clerk stands by, and two or three negroes with a patent weighing machine. The clerk calls out your name-your baggage is whipped on the machine, and if it weighs over fifty pounds, you have to pay extra. You are then put in the stage, (literally put in, like a package, unless you move quickly,) your baggage packed on behind-and the next name called off-baggage weighed-and so on to the end of the chapter. If six passengers desire it, or any smaller number who will pay for six, they can wait and have a coach sent with them the next morning, or at any hour they choose . . . . "So they boxed us up in our coach, nine precious souls, and we dashed through the town and up the mountains, with an apparent prospect of as comfortable a night as could be expected, considering all things. . . . [Whitman here describes the conversation of the nine travellers.]170 THE YALE REVIEW And here I may say, once for all, that, though expecting to find a shrewd population as I journeyed to the interior, and down through the great rivers, I was by no means prepared for the sterling vein of common sense that seemed to pervade them-even the roughest shod and roughest clad of all. A satirical person could no doubt find an ample field for his powers in many of the manners and ways of the West; and so can he, indeed, in the highest circles of fashion. But I fully believe that in a comparison of actual manliness and what the Yankees call 'gumption,' the well- to-do citizens (for I am not speaking so much of the country,) particularly the young men of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Brooklyn and so on, with all the advantages of compact neighborhood, schools, etc., are not up to the men of the West. Among the latter, probably, attention is more turned to the realities of life, and a habit formed of thinking for one's self; in the cities, frippery and artificial fashion are too much the ruling powers. "Up we toiled, and down we clattered, (for the first fifty miles it was nearly all up,) over these mighty warts on the great breast of nature. It was excessively cold; the moon shone at intervals; and whenever we stopped, I found the ground thickly covered with snow. The places at which we changed horses, (which was done every ten miles,) were commonly long, old, one-story houses, with stupendous fires of soft coal that is so plentiful and cheap here. In the night, with the mountains on all sides, the precipitous and turning road, the large, bare-armed trees, looming up around us, the room half filled with men curiously enwrapped in garments of a fashion till then never seen-and the flickering light from the mighty fire putting a red glow upon most objects, and casting others into a strong shadow-I can tell you these stoppages were not without interest. They might, it seems to me, afford first-rate scenes for an American painter-one who, not continually straining to be merely second or third best, in imitation, seizes original and reallyWALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 171 picturesque occasions of this sort for his pieces. There was one of the Alleghany inns, in particular, that we stopped at about an hour after midnight. (All the staging across these mountains, both to and fro, is done in the night, which engrafts a somewhat weird character upon the public houses- their busy time being from sunset to sunrise.) There were some ten or twelve great strapping drovers, reclining about the room on benches, and as many more before the huge fire. The beams overhead were low and smoke-dried. I stepped to the farther end of the long porch; the view from the door was grand, though vague, even in the moonlight. We had just descended a large and very steep hill, and just off on one side of us was a precipice of apparently hundreds of feet. The silence of the grave spread over this solemn scene; the mountains were covered in their white shrouds of snow-and the towering trees looked black and threatening; only the largest stars were visible, and they glittered with a ten-fold brightness. One's heart, at such times, is irresistibly lifted to Him of whom these august appearances are but the least emanation. Faith! if I had an infidel to convert, I would take him on the mountains, of a clear and beautiful night, when the stars are shining. "Journeying in this manner, the time and the distance slipped away, until we welcomed the gray dawn of the morning. Half an hour more brought us to Uniontown, at the western side of the Alleghanies-and glad enough were 'all hands' to arrive there." This narrative has been given almost in full because it reveals the inception of notions which later became prominent themes in Whitman's verse, and because it is a fair sample of the style in which his better sketches of the period were written. But such writing, for all its shrewd observation and its childlike wonder, would hardly lend distinction to a newspaper. Newspapers in the 'forties, however, seldom strove for uniqueness either in "rhetoric, vigor of thought, or originality of conception." The lack of any thorough172 THE YALE REVIEW division of labor among those who got out the "Delta," the "Abeile," the "Picayune," and the "Crescent" condemned them all to a more or less uniform mediocrity. Of the twelve or fifteen men employed in the "Crescent" office, for instance, no one was editor-in-chief, though the publisheres, Messrs. Hayes and McClure, controlled the general policy of the paper. There were no editorials in the modern sense of the word, and consequently there was no editorial page. Whitman wrote a considerable number of the leading articles on current events, besides various descriptive articles and sketches. But he also "covered" the Recorders' Courts, and did office-boy work. It is even possible that he delivered papers. At any rate, we are not to think of him as a modern managing editor, editorial writer, city editor, or, in fact, as being in any sense indispensable to the journal which gave him up so easily. The "Crescent" itself was a four-page sheet, published daily (except Sundays) and also semi-weekly. It sold for a picayune (five cents) a copy or for eight dollars per annum. About half the columns were filled with advertisements, river news, commercial quotations, slave-auction announcements, and a directory of amusements. Correspondents in Washington, New York, and at the war front in Mexico wrote frequent letters, while excerpts were freely made from contemporary journals. The modern sporting page was then only the fraction of a column, and dealt most often with the turf events of the famous Metairie and other courses. Celebrities of the day were at times given space; the sketch of General Zachary Taylor at the theatre which, in a very different form, Whitman reproduces in "November Boughs," appeared first in the columns of the "Crescent" on May 9, 1848. But there was no society column, nor even a "personal" column. It is not probable that Whitman's own name occurs otherwise than as an initial in any New Orleans publication of the day. In the second issue of the "Crescent," appeared theWALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 173 only verse than can confidently be ascribed to Whitman's pen. Its identification is made clear by the signature, "W. W.", which it bears. The dithyrambic rhythm of Whitman's later verse has not yet broken away from conventional rhyme, and appears only as a prosaic roughness of metre. In greatly altered form the poem was afterwards published in the "Collect" under the title, "Sailing the Mississippi at Midnight"; here it is called more simply "The Mississippi at Midnight." I shall quote it in full: How solemn! sweeping this dense black tide! No friendly lights i' the heavens o'er us; A murky darkness on either side, And kindred darkness all before us! Now, drawn nearer the shelving rim, Weird-like shadows suddenly rise; Shapes of mist and phantoms dim Baffle the gazer's straining eyes. River fiends, with malignant faces! Wild and wide their arms are thrown, As if to clutch in fatal embraces Him who sails their realms upon. Then, by the trick of our own swift motion, Straight, tall giants, an army vast, Rank by rank, like the waves of ocean On the shore march stilly past. How solemn! the river a trailing pall, Which takes, but never again gives back; And moonless and starless the heavens' arch'd wall, Responding an equal black! Oh, tireless waters! like Life's quick dream, Onward and onward ever hurrying- Like Death in this midnight hour you seem, Life in your chill drops speedily burying! Whitman's political editorials show clearly how the cardinal doctrines of his patriotic American creed were174 THE YALE REVIEW already beginning to shape themselves in his mind. "Folly, all!" he exclaims with the assurance of youth to the political pessimists who see in the very extent of the country, or perhaps in the Mexican war, the secret of the Union's sure decay. "Dissolution and decay are for the old, the worn out, the poor and feeble, among nations, as among individuals. Our Republic is young, vigorous, and in possessions, rich in things better than gold, and with sinews such as band empires together. Not for a nation like ours is it to die. . . . Nor can any serious harm, for ages yet, mar our Union, or its prosperity; . . . . this Republic must live, grow and prosper beyond any present calculation . . . . As it is, there are not many, even among her own sons, who, in faith and clearness, pay the honest debt of admiration due to her present majesty or the august glories so rapidly crowding upon her." Is the author of "I Hear America Singing" here catching a first ecstatic vision of his muse? Whitman's impressions of the motley life which the New Orleans of 1848 exhibited were recorded either in general sketches or in studies of particular types. Of the former, one entitled "The Habitants of Hotels" describes the great and the near great whom he saw and studied, on Saturday and Sunday nights, in the lobbies and bar-rooms of the city's four leading hotels. Another bears the tautological title, "A Walk about Town-by a Pedestrian": "Got up early from my bed in my little room in Lafayette. The sun had scarcely risen, and every object seemed lazy and idle. On some German ships moored at the levee I saw about a dozen stalwart sailors with bare legs, scouring the decks. They seemed to be as happy as lords, although their wages are sometimes not more than six dollars a month. . . . Saw a negro throw a large stone at the head of his mule, because it would not pull an empty dray- wished I owned the negro-wouldn't treat him as he treated the mule, but make him a present of a cow-skin, and makeWALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 175 him whip himself. . . . Saw a poor long-shoreman lying down on a bench; had on a red shirt and blue cottonade pantaloons; coarse brogans, but no stockings. He had spent all his money in a tippler's shop the night previous for grog, and when his last picayune was discovered to be gone, he was kicked out of the house. Thought that there were some landlords who deserved to be bastinadoed. . . . Those stevedores! they are for the most part honest men, and, physically speaking, work much harder than any other class of the community. Many of them have little tin kettles on their arms which contain their simple dinner repast. When their work is over they get their 'bones,' and then separate for their different homes to woo 'tired nature's sweet restorer'-sleep; or mayhap to spend their day's earnings in a grog-shop. . . . Went up the Market and saw rounds of beef, haunches of venison and legs of mutton, that would have made a disciple of Graham forswear his hermit-like appetite. . . . Came down town- shops all open-and heard the news boys calling out the names of the different papers that they had for sale. . . . Some of them may in time be sent to Congress. . . . Went down town further-all was business and activity. . . . Passed down Conti street and looked at the steamboat wharf. It was almost lined with steamboats; some were puffing off steam and throwing up to the sky huge columns of blackened smoke-some were lying idle, and others discharging sugar, molasses, cotton, and everything else that is produced in the great valley of the Mississippi. . . . Came to the conclusion that New Orleans was a great place and no mistake. . . ." To the democratic Whitman, even the police courts were attractive, as being full of the comedy and the tragedy of commonplace and lowly lives. His reports are written with a wit and a charity which the police columns of rival papers lacked and which the "Crescent" also failed to exhibit after Whitman's departure. If his wit is only that of a persistent176 THE YALE REVIEW punster, at least the charity of the reporter is sincere. For the degraded women who are to be seen in the dock every morning, Whitman has only a motherly compassion and a generous shame which later inspired some of his verse: "There was the woman who, with dishevelled hair and hectic cheek, cursed in her inmost heart the wretch who destroyed her. And then again, one who had just fallen from the brink of ruin, with the last tinge of the spring bloom of life upon her care-worn cheeks. The scene was a sermon to the preacher and a lesson of the changes of life to all. Each of these poor Magdalenes might have known a mother's love, but never had they knelt at a Savior's feet." This report concludes with a statement of the moral mission of the police reporter: "Even by an humble police report, the noblest precepts may be inculcated and virtue made to wave her sceptre over the dark abode of vice." It was easy, of course, for such a police court reporter to turn theatrical critic when his paper demanded it. The theatres found in him a regular visitor and an enthusiastic press agent. Whether the boards offered Mrs. Hunt, or Edwin Forrest, or Dr. Collyer's "Model Artists," Whitman was ready to advertise, and when need was, to defend. It was in behalf of the last named attraction that he was drawn into a polite but pointed discussion of the nude in art with a certain benighted paragrapher in the Mobile "Tribune." Already had Whitman begun his worship of the "divine beauty evidenced in Nature's cunningest work-the human frame, form, and face." "Amid all the works of the Power, which, in the most stupendous systems and the smallest objects in them, shows such unspeakable harmony and perfection, nothing can compare with the human master-piece, his closing and crowning work! It is a master-piece in itself, not as it is furbelowed off by the milliner and the tailor." When the writer in the "Tribune," unable to appreciate this Shakespearean rapture, insists on discussing the subject as it refers to the voluptuous passions, Whitman dismissesWALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 177 him curtly enough: "He or she is the best conservator of purity who starts from the point of the innate purity of nature; it is only the vulgar who graft coarse ideas thereon." This respect for the human form inspired about that time a picture of a type more or less peculiar to the Crescent City. No series of sketches of the cosmopolitan New Orleans of Whitman's day would be complete without a study of the quadroon, that beautiful and passionate victim of racial amalgamation. She is a marvel of physical charm,-complexion clear or shot through with only a hint of a duskier hue, light flaxen hair without a condemning wave, eyes as blue as a madonna's, or hair and eyes both dark, and only those voluptuous lips to betray her standing in the society that has made her what she is. So lovely, and often so cultivated, is she that she is allowed to wear her mask at the society balls, or at the "quadroon balls," where she may display her charms before the gallants of rank; but she can escape neither her origin nor her destiny, both of which speak tragically of the lust of man. In the "Crescent" of March 16, 1848, appears a sketch of "Miss Dusky Grisette," a type that seemed to attract Whitman by this peculiarly sensuous charm and by the humble sway it exerted among men. Here we see, perhaps, the prevailing atmosphere of the author's environment in his veiled suggestions and in his chivalric tributes to physical beauty: "Miss Dusky Grisette is the young 'lady' who takes her stand of evenings upon the pavement opposite the St. Charles Hotel, for the praiseworthy purpose of selling a few flowers by retail, showing off her own charms meanwhile, in a wholesale manner. She drives a thriving trade when the evenings are pleasant. Her neat basket of choice bouquets sits by her side, and she has a smile and a wink for every one of the passers-by who have a wink and a smile for her. "Mademoiselle Grisette was 'raised' in the city, and is pretty well known as a very pretty marchande des fleurs. She can recommend a tasteful bunch of posies with all the 12178 THE YALE REVIEW grace in the world, and her 'buy a broom' style of addressing her acquaintance has, certainly, something very taking about it. She possesses pretty eyes, a pretty chin, and a mouth that many an heiress, grown old and faded, would give thousands for. The em bon point of her form is full of attraction, and she dresses with simple neatness and taste. She keeps her eyes open and her mouth shut, except it be to show her beautiful teeth-ah, her's [sic] are teeth that are teeth. She has sense enough to keep her tongue quiet, and discourses more by 'silence that speaks and eloquence of eyes' than any other method-herein she is prudent. "Grisette is not a 'blue' by any means, rather a brune, or, more prettily, a brunette-'but that's not much'; the vermilion of her cheeks shows through her veil, and her long glossy hair is nearly straight. There are many who affect the brune rather than the blonde, at least when they wish to purchase a bouquet-and as Night Shows stars and women in a better light, they have a pleasant smile and a bewitching glance thrown into the bargain whilst purchasing a bunch of posies. "What becomes of the flower-girl in the day time, would be hard to tell: perhaps it would be in bad taste to attempt to find out. She is only interesting in character and association. Standing at, or reclining against, the door-cheeks of a store, with the brilliancy of the gas light falling favorably, and perhaps deceptively, upon her features and upon her person, with her basket of tasteful bouquets at her feet, and some of the choicest buds setting off her head-dress. As such she looks in character as a jolie grisette, as she is, and will excite the notice of those who, beneath the light of the sun, and in the noontide gaze of men, would spurn and loathe such familiarities. Poor Grisette, therefore, slinks away to some retired hole or corner when the witching hours of gas light have passed by, and when the walkersWALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 179 upon the streets, grown tired with wandering, and with noise, have thrown themselves upon their beds for repose. She sells her flowers, and barters sweet looks for sweeter money; and with her empty basket upon her head, she takes up 'the line of march' for her humble home, along with 'daddy' who, being ever upon the safe lookout, has come for her. . . . "During the day, perhaps she assists her mother, in- street, who is a very respectable washer-woman, and highly esteemed for those exceedingly desirable qualifications, namely-the rendering of linen white and well starched. And thus, Mademoiselle Grisette fills up a very clever place of usefulness. Instead of degenerating into a mere dowd, as so many beauties become during the unenchanting hours of day-light, lounging the time away, from sofa to rocking-chair, and from rocking-chair back to sofa again, with some trifle of a novel in their hands, Grisette, who does not know a letter in the book, and is thence fortunately secure against the seductions of popular literature, betakes herself, with hearty good will, to the washtub; and they do say that her cousin Marie and herself have rare fun whilst splashing among the suds, in detailing the numerous conquests they (poor things!) [are] supposed to have made in the flower market the evening before." Was this, we instinctively ask, the daughter of the negro "mammy" who made immaculate the linen of our young dandy, Whitman? Other individual sketches portray "John J. Jinglebrain," the brainless and indolent fop; "Timothy Goujon, V. O. N. O.," vendor of oysters in New Orleans; "Patric McDray," typical immigrant from the isle that is to the millions "swate"-but in the uses of adversity; "Peter Funk," by-bidder at a fake auction of gold watches; "Daggerdraw Bowieknife," one of "those 'd-d high- minded, honorable, clever fellows,' who would rather shoot a man than pay him what he owed him"; and "Samuel Sensitive," which may be partly autobiographical.180 THE YALE REVIEW Whitman's biographers have commonly quoted his letter to John Addington Symonds to prove that Whitman had six children, one of whom, at least, was Southern. This supposed child could not, of course, have been born during the poet's first visit to New Orleans, which lasted just three months. Nor do city records up to 1850 show any evidence of any child having been born in the city, either in or out of wedlock, whose father bore the name of Whitman. Yet such record of paternity was required by law.* It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the bearing which this fact may have upon current conjectures regarding the social standing of Whitman's supposed paramour. He probably had small chance to meet the real leaders of New Orleans society; for these were the wives and daughters of wealthy planters who came to the city about the first of December to remain till the end of the winter holidays at Mardi Gras. This festival, then in its incipient stage, came that year on March 7, or ten days after Whitman's arrival. There are many references, however, both in his journalistic work and in his later poetry, which show that as an observer at least, he was conversant with many of the social strata about him. One sketch of his seems to be half-jocularly, half-pitiably autobiographical. It appears in the "Crescent" of May 18, nine days before Whitman's departure, under the caption "A Night at the Terpsichore Ball-by You Know Who": "The room was overflowing with the beauty of Lafayette, with a sprinkling from New Orleans and Carrolton. A promenade was in order when I entered and I watched each graceful form and lovely face; as they approached like sylphs of some fairy tale, in plain, fancy, and mask dresses. Each one, methought, was more lovely than the other; but no, the object of my heart, - she whom I have seen so often in my dreams and imaginings, was not among the unmasked. I rose from my seat with a heavy heart, walked 180 THE YALE REVIEW Whitman's biographers have commonly quoted his letter to John Addington Symonds to prove that Whitman had six children, one of whom, at least, was Southern. This supposed child could not, of course, have been born during the poet's first visit to New Orleans, which lasted just three months. Nor do the city records up to 1850 show any evidence of any child having been born in the city, either in or out of wedlock, whose father bore the name of Whitman. Yet such record of paternity was required by law. * It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the bearing which this fact may have upon current conjectures regarding the social standing of Whitman's supposed paramour. He probably had small chance to meet the real leaders of New Orleans society; for these were the wives and daughters of wealthy planters who came to the city about the first of December to remain till the end of the winter holidays at Mardi Gras. This festival, then in its incipient stage, came that year on March 7, or ten days after Whitman's arrival. There are many references, however, both in his journalistic work and in his later poetry, which show that as an observer at least, he was conversant with many of the social strata about him. One sketch of his seems to be half-jocularly, half-pitiably autobiographical. It appears in the "Crescent" of May 18, nine days before Whitman's departure, under the caption "A Night at the Terpsichore Ball-by You Know Who": "The room was overflowing with the beauty of Lafayette, with a sprinkling from New Orleans and Carrolton. A promenade was in order when I entered and I watched each graceful form and lovely face; as they approached like sylphs of some fairy tale, in plain, fancy, and mask dresses. Each one, methought, was more lovely than the other; but [*I have since learned, however, that since no penalty was provided for the violation of this law, it was very frequently ignored. On the other hand, I have had the archivist of the old St. Louis Cathedral to go through the birth records of that church, which contained, in the 1840's the great majority of births of the city, legitimate and natural; but he finds no child born in 1848-50 whose father was named Whitman. The Author.*]WALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 181 into the --- and took a drink of lemonade without any brandy in it. On my return, a cotillion was in motion. I looked upon it with stoic indifference--she was not there, and not being there, the place or persons had no charms for me. "Whilst musing to myself that I would emigrate to Europe or China--get wrecked, perhaps--find her on some barren isle, etc.--I caught a glimpse of what I considered the very pin of perfection, in form, grace, and movement, in fancy dress. Dr. Collyer would give the world for such a figure. My eyes were riveted on the spot. My head began to swim. I saw none but her. A mist surrounded all the others, while she moved about in bold brief. She turned. I saw her face, radiant with smiles, ecstasy, delight! ''Tis she!' I ejaculated, as if tossed by a pitchfork, and caught the arm of a manager, to introduce me. He didn't know here. It was her first appearance in the ballroom. I imagined it was an auspicious coincidence. It was also my first appearance. Seeing a gentleman conversing with her, I watched my opportunity, and seeing him before in my life; but what cared I--for my case was getting desperate. He willingly consented; and off we started towards her. To describe my feelings while approaching her, is impossible. I was blind to all but her. "The agony was over; she spoke; and the dead was done. I found that she was everything that I imagined--accomplished, pleasing in her manners, agreeable in her conversation, well versed in the authors, from Dryden down to James--including all the intermediate landings--passionately fond of music, she said; and by her musical voice I knew she could sing. I was happy in every sense of the word--delighted beyond measure. She kindly consented to promenade--would carry me through a cotillion if I'd go-- but knowing nothing about the poetry of motion, I had to decline; and she,--noble, generous creature as she was!--182 THE YALE REVIEW preferred rather to talk and walk than dance. I admired her, nay, I will confess, for the first time in my life, I felt the 'tender passion' creeping all over me. I was in love! I could not restrain myself. Candor compelled me to speak openly-I told her I had been looking for her since I was 18 years of age. 'Looking for me!' she exclaimed with astonishment. 'If not you,' I answered, 'someone very much like you.' She guessed my object, saw and understood all, and invited me to call and see her. "I was, in my own opinion, as good as a married man- at length my toils and troubles were to cease- I was about to be repaid for my constancy, by having the one for my wife that nature intended. Just at this moment where, in any other place I would have been on my knees, the gentleman who introduced me, came up to us and said-'Wife, ain't it time to go home?' 'Yes, my dear,' she responded. So taking his arm, casting a peculiar kind of look at me, and bidding me good night, they left me like a motionless statue on the floor. The perspiration flowed down my cheeks, like rain drops-the blood rushed to my head-my face was as red as a turkey rooster's-I was insensible. Some of my friends seeing my situation, carried me into the -, and administered another lemonade with a little brandy in it, which revived me very shortly. I jumped into a cab-in one hour afterwards I was in the arms of Morpheus. . . ." This is a writer indulging in a sophisticated laugh at his own folly. Exaggeration adds to the fun. But what was the significance of the unconventional meeting, supposing it to have had some basis in fact? Was this but a flirtation at a masked ball, or was Whitman duped by one of the accomplished vampires not altogether uncommon in the New Orleans of that day, who, when she found that he had less money than looks, gave the wink to her wedded accomplice, and so shook him? However that may be, the sketch of "Samuel Sensitive" which appeared the morning after theWALT WHITMAN IN NEW ORLEANS 183 ball bears traces of a sad, reminiscent mood of sickly sentimentality which militates against mental concentration. "At dusk" on Saturday, May 27, the steamer "Pride of the West" sailed for St. Louis with the Whitmans on board. "Jeff" was ill; but since we are told that he was "all right" the following morning, his poor health could hardly have been the reason for their leaving good times and good prospects so abruptly. Whitman himself says there were "other reasons." Possibly it was only Wanderlust. At any rate, when the return to New York has been completed by way of Chicago and the Lakes, we hear no more of Whitman for over a year. What, now, did Whitman learn during his first extended trip from home? The significance of the journey was mental and spiritual rather than artistic. The volume of the verse he produced in these three months is all but nil, while its style is conventional and uninspired, giving no distinct hint of the "barbaric yawp" to come. His prose is full of shrewd observation and good-natured satire, but it reveals all too plainly that lack of genuine apprenticeship in composition which is apparent in nearly all his later prose work. His pen halts, sputters, repeats, drips coarse slang, and punctuates in a most autocratic manner. But a new vision of the wealth and destiny of the Union has come to him through his acquaintance with many sturdy Western and Southern types of which the cultured East knows nothing. Something has been learned, also, of the French freedom of manners in the Creole city; while to this period, I think, may be traced Whitman's adoption of a less reserved and adolescent attitude towards women and towards womanly beauty, with, perhaps, a first entrance into the mysteries of sex and a finding of himself through passion and pain. All this must have begun, at least, to enter the wonderfully assimilative nature of Whitman in these few formative months in New Orleans.