[MS. in Canadian Archives. Pressmark: Bathurst Papers, pp. 144–157.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, pp. 375 et seq., we presented a series of documents throwing light on the Wisconsin fur-trade, 1815–17. The present volume being a continuation of that series, should chronologically begin with our second document, commencing p. 12. But subsequent to the publication of volume xix, we discovered in the Canadian Archives at Ottawa the following paper, dated 1812, which should have appeared in that volume. We print it here, out of its chronological order, not only because of its important bearing upon the United States factory system and the later economics of the furtrade; but for the additional reason that it is peculiarly appropriate as an introduction to volume xx, whose later documents begin with the year 1818, when the factory system was the subject of animated discussion, and when its abolition was near at hand.—
Ed.
My Lord—The Importance of their co-operation and the policy of cultivating the good will of the Savages, upon the frontier of the American States, having been so recently, and powerfully exemplified; may I presume to present myself again to y
Ed.
If that be true, this Country has to congratulate itself upon the termination of one of the most noxious conditions, of the Treaty of Peace which closed the revolutionary war: Inasmuch as the Anglo-Americans may be considered as expelled from the Indian country in that direction and entirely deprived of that command of those waters, by which they were enabled effectually to controul the communication of our traders, with the great western wilderness. How completely it was in their power to do so, I had occular demonstration; having in the course of my wanderings, visited both Fort Wayne, and Fort Dearborn; The latter would have been essentially annoying in that respect; as Those traders when outw
going
by the Green Bay, and Ouisconsin River; but
return
by the Illinois, and the Chicagou Rivers, (on which last Fort Dearborn stood) into Lake Michigan, and by the Straits of Michilimackinac home. The situation of that Fort, was in my humble opinion, judiciously chosen in various respects; and the scite of it, an invaluable one to the power possessing the maritime superiority of the Lakes. To the Country lower on the Mississippi the passage of the Traders was by the Rivers Miami, and Wabash; of which Fort Wayne, as being
Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii, p. 210, note 62.—
Ed.
That a consequence so deeply injurious to the United States, as their expulsion from such an immense tract of the Indian Country, should have resulted almost instantaneously as it were, from the infatuated measures of their Executive; must not only have exceeded the expectation, it can hardly have been within the contemplation of our most sanguine friends.
But this success on our part, great as it is, will be found I apprehend to have engendered some serious perplexities, and to have interposed a new and very powerfull obstacle, to the adjustment of differences: Namely the settlement of another Indian boundary; as I take it for granted, all previous arrangements on that head, will be considered by the Savages at least, as dissolved; and our assistance on that point, they will undoubtedly require. It will not I dare say, again happen, that they will have to accuse us (and as perhaps there were but too much grounds) that after having excited them to lift the hatchet as they call it, we left them after all to fix the boundary line upon the last occasion, how and where they could. There will probably be found some persons in this country, averse to any attempt on our part, to enforce an Indian claim of any sort; but recent occurrences have surely shewn, that those people are highly essential to our security in the Canadas, and that unless we are prepared to relinquish those provinces, we must in some instances make their cause our own. In the present case the Indians, incontestibly made war on our account, and not for themselves. Neither is the question of boundary, a concern between them and the Americans only. It is now more than ever, a matter especially interesting to this nation.
For the active part which the Indians have now taken in our favor, we may also anticipate a claim of compensation, for the Annuities which they were receiving from the U. States. That to the Patawatamics, was, if I recollect aright, to a very
Note on original manuscript: See the Extract from his Address to Congress hereto annexed.
Of all the projects of Gen
To discourse even of Indian hostilities, is by some persons my Lord considered as advocating them; but I trust your Lordship will by no means be inclined to contemplate these observations in that point of view; far be it from me. I do most earnestly wish the warfare of those people could be divested of those horrors, which have from time immemorial, been attendant upon all their military expeditions, when unchecked by the presence of Englishmen as their allies. What a dreadfull comment upon that part of Gen
Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain (Washington, 1823), pp. 30, 31.—
Ed.
I do believe it is possible, so to direct the impetuosity of the Indian, as to deter the operations of his fury, and to make him at the same time the more serviceable ally. But at War the Youthfull Savage must occasionally be; (It is perhaps the only point on which their Old Men cannot at all times persuade.) He resorts to war as to a pastime. Inactivity in him excites the restlessness of disease, and he loaths even the leisure, which the Season that suspends his hunt affords. I therefore felt assured that Gen
The long threatened attack on Canada by the Americans, has at length taken place; it has most happily terminated; and I
This in fact my Lord, is the main object of this lengthy communication; as from what I saw and heard of the Country to the Southward of Green Bay, and Ouisconsin River, as far as the course of the Rivers Miami and Wabash; bounded on the West, by the Mississippi, and on the East, by the Waters of Detroit, St Clair, and Huron; it would be, in my feeble judgment, if occupied exclusively by the Indians, an all important barrier to the designs of the U. States against the influence, and intercourse of the British, with the immense regions extending Westerly even to the Pacific Ocean. It is besides a portion of their lands, to which the Indians have viewed the approach of the Americans, with unsleeping jealousy; nor have they ever been fairly reconciled, to the erection of Fort Dearborn.
Record-Herald, Aug. 11, 1912. The probable truth is, that overawed by the show of force, the natives appeared to be friendly, but secretly were hostile and opposed to a fort in their territory. See also Anderson's “Narrative” in
Wis. Hist. Colls., ix, pp. 154, 155.—
Ed.
This would have been earlier presented to Your Lordship, but that I have been severely indisposed. The delay however, has enabled me to observe by Extracts from the American News Papers, that Fort Wayne was still in their possession. But as that Garrison, was on the extreme Southern edge of the District which I have just above designated; the foregoing remarks are not materially affected thereby.
By the Extracts of those Papers, furnished by the last Halifax
Ed.Ed.Ed.
Ed.
Daniel Boone (N. Y., 1902), p. 111.—
Ed.
The calls of the U. States upon their Horse Militia, have ever been much more promptly attended to, than by the Infantry. The reason is, that the Americans are unaccustomed, and averse to making journies of any distance, on foot; so much so, that it is proverbially said of the Virginians, that they will at any time run a mile to catch a horse for the sake of riding half a mile afterwards.
The alacrity with which the horse volunteers stept forward upon the occasion; was undoubtedly the principal means of quelling the whiskey insurrection as it was called, in the back parts of Pennsylvania 1794; at which time, M
The Americans will be sure to press the Indians with their Horse, in all quarters; knowing their extreme dread of them; and it will perhaps be found difficult to induce them to make head against them, until their vulnerability be shewn, by an actual defeat of them by British Horse. That part of the Country, abounds with immense natural meadows, extending sometimes as far as the eye can reach; wonderfully productive as to grass, some of which I have passed through that reached to my elbows, when on horseback. This is annually burnt by the Indians to unhouse their game; and the grounds are then said to be remarkably favorable to Cavalry movements.
I beg leave only to detain your Lordship whilst I make a few remarks, upon one other point; and which your Lordship may possibly deem not least deserving of attention.
The appointment of Canadians, not hitherto of military character, as Officers to several of the Indian tribes, as announcedreal
Military characters, in the Service of the U. States, is so notorious, that it has long been evident, if hostilities are to be persisted in with this Country, that the Americans must procure their Chief military leaders from abroad. That would be, of course from France. And the approximation of a French Commander with any thing like an imposing force, to the borders of Canada, would be I fear an irresistible magnet, to every
I have been insensibly led on My Lord, to a very much greater length, than I had expected, or intended; but I preferred risquing to fatigue Y
I hasten to Subscribe myself with all due deference and Respect Your Lordships Most Obedient & Very Humble Serv
T. Tackle
.
8
Charles Street, Queens Elm, Chelsea
, 24th Novem
The Right Hon
ble
Earl Bathurst
.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office
Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 95.]
Office Indian Trade
, 6th. January, 1818.
To The Honbe. Henry Southard
Ed.
Sir
—In the course of my Superintendence of the trade established with the several Indian Tribes, it has become part of my duty to take cognizance of such checks as are known to operate against it. Among these, and foremost in this train, is the conduct of private traders, than which it is impossible to conceive any thing more obnoxious, if viewed in relation to the
At this moment the difficulty in obtaining
Interpreters
is well nigh insurmountable, both at Green Bay and P. du. Chien by the management of these traders, who, as I am creditably informed keep them in pay,
constantly
, to deprive the American agents of their services. But this is not all—did they not debauch the Indians, and thereby render them incapable of thinking for themselves, our fair trading might overcome them, they find it to their interest however to stop up this source whence advantage might be drawn, and not only deprive these poor fellows of the power of thinking, but of acting also—unless it be in their moments of desperation, when, not infrequently, our own Citizens pay for the consequence with their lives. It is admitted, I believe, on all hands, that but for these traders, less excitements and fewer wars would exist in the IndianNote on original MS: Subsequent thinking has satisfied me that all licences should issue from the P. U. S. [President of the United States.]Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 395, note 43.—
Ed.a loan
—the return of which may be had whenever the Government may choose to order it. I see no reason why it may not be looked upon, independently of its operations in serving destitute human beings upon fair principles—as a loan
upon Interest
. for wars only excepted, the trade (if untrammeled by a dismissal of obnoxious private traders,) might be made and not improperly either a source of revenue. Whilst Peltries and Furs are articles of Commerce the trade may reasonably be calculated on as a productive business—even now its aspect would be better, but the design of the government has been to have the trade so managed as that its original capital only should be preserved. Hence, the idea of gain has been swallowed up, and it is liberal that it should remain so. But for losses and suspensions during the war, however, I am confident it would have been in advance of its present state, considerably.
Any money therefore which the Congress may think proper to vest in Indian supplies, may be counted upon as so much deposited in a safe place, liable to as few accidents as investments of any other des[c]ription, and promising an encrease.
I shall be pardoned, I hope, for thus
voluntarily
troubleing the Committee, I am happy in beleiving the members are friendly to the great cause of humanity and especially as it applies to our Indians, and therefore I have felt justified in presenting the Committee with this view of a cause which wars most successfully against humanity; as well as against the U. S. policy towards our Indians.
I beg leave to trouble the Committee with copies of two letters one of 19 March and the other of May 6, which I had the honor to address to the then Acting Secretary of War, one of them contains an extract from a letter which I received from Mr. Johnson of P. du. Chien,
Ibid, p. 452. The tenor of the other may be inferred from McKenney's reply to Johnson in
Ibid, p. 459. For a sketch of the factor John W. Johnson, consult
Ibid, pp. 383, 384, note 34.—
Ed.
T. L. McK[Enney]
Ibid, p. 434, note 67.—
Ed.
P. S. I beg leave respectfully to present the enclosed letter from John Jamieson Indian agent to Col. R. M. Johnson to the Committee on Indian affairs.
T. L. McK.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Book 203, Letter Book 2, p. 247.]
Detroit
January 22d. 1818
Sir
—The president has determined, that the trade of foreigners with the Indians living in the United States shall cease.
You will therefore issue no licence to any foreigner to trade with the Indians, nor permit an american Citizen licenced to trade to take with him or to send into the Indian Country and foreigner. The prohibition to be effectual must be universal, and their entrance into the Country either as principals or as engages must be wholly checked. The President not thinking proper to exercise the discretion, with which he is vested by the act of Congress entitled “An act supplementary to the act passed the Thirtieth of March, One thousand Eight hundred and two, to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes and to preserve peace on the Frontiers” passed April 29th, 1816, the provisions of that act will regulate the exclusion of foreigners and your own duties respecting it. On a cursory examination of your letter of July 22d. 1817, I understood the
Ibid, p. 487; a sketch of his life is given on p. 391, note 40.—
Ed.
If this be correct, I doubt whether the exclusion can be justified. Although there is no treaty or law which extinguish the Indian title in the vicinity of Green Bay, yet considering the nature of the settlement, the period of its duration and the stipulations in Jay's treaty, I think the same priviledges enjoyed by the other Citizens of the United States should be extended to them. The total exclusion of Spirituous liquors from the Indian Country is altogether proper. But I think the sale of such liquors to the Inhabitants of the Country ought not to be wholly prohibited, but only limited or guarded in such manner as to prevent their subsequent transfer to the Indians.
If there remain in the public store, and subject to your authority any spirituous liquors thus situated, I recommend their restoration to the owner.
I transmit you the last papers, which I trust will afford you amusement. Very respectfully Sir, I am your Ob. Serv.
[
Lewis Cass
]
Colo. John Bowyer Indian Agent Green Bay
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 269.]
New York
January 24th. 1818
John Jacob Astor Esqr
.
Dear Sir
—In order that you may be able to present to the executive of the United States, a correct view of the existing state of the trade and intercourse with the Indian Tribes in
2
To understand the subject correctly it will be necessary to recur to the year 1816, When the orders from the War Department of 10th. May became ostensibly the Foundation of the System followed by the Ind: Agents on the Lakes, for the last two years, though more particularly the basis of that course pursued by Major William Henry Puthuff during that period.
Ibid, pp. 407–424.—
Ed.
On the arrival at Michillimackinac of the first traders from the interior in June 1816, Major Puthuff seized their boats and whatever property he found in their possession, for a breach of the law requiring every trader to obtain licence previous to entering the Indian Country. It was soon afterwards understood that the informer in such cases, would be entitled to half the seizure; and no one who approached subsequently, could get within many miles of the Island, before he was captured by a detachment from the Garrison, generally sent out by Colo. Chamberslaudable
zeal carried, that one party went no less than Seventy five Miles from Mackinac, to secure their
fortunes
by the Capture of some traders known to be on the way, as experience had shown, that competition ran too high, for the business to be profitable in the Vicinity of the Island. Soon after this, the orders above alluded to, were received, and rescued from certain ruin a number of men, who had violated the provisions of an act, they did not know had existed.
Ibid, p. 420, note 60.—
Ed.
The Major then called on all within his reach, who had enterred the Indian Country with their goods prior to the passingreceiving Fifty Dollars
for each of the same: and instances are not wanting where he had the Craftiness to make the Trader pay at this rate for
several
where
one only
was in reality necessary, and even in some cases where
none
was required by the Orders of the War department.
Ed.
*
Early in July 1816 Mr Crooks as Agent for the American Interest in the South West Company arrived at Michillimackinac, and was informed by Mr. Rocheblave,
above
that post and
across
to the Waters of Lake Superior, would he admit them
only
on the Express condition, that should an American trader be at the spot where they propose Wintering, when they reached it, they were not to open or expose their Goods for sale; or if a Citizen arrived after they
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, pp. 291, 337, notes 17 and 77 respectively. The career of Pierre Rocheblave is given
Ibid, p. 366, note 14; that of Ramsay Crooks, p. 347, note 91.—
Ed.Fifty
Dollars, and so scrupulously did he follow up his system in regard to the back licences, that this sum was not levied on the
whole
adventure of any one man, but must be paid for every Subdivision of the Outfit—what sum of Money he amassed in this very questionable manner you will find correctly stated in the Communication made you by Mr. VarnumTwo thousand
dollars.
Ibid, pp. 425—427.—
Ed.
Ed.
Ibid, p. 326, note 69.—
Ed.
It had been a matter of surprize why the total exclusion of Foreigners from Lake Michigan, and the Rivers tributary to the Mississippi, should have been insisted on so very particularly by Major Puthuff: but no sooner had he began to square his Official Conduct by the Instructions of the Governor, than he avowed that the reservations in question were intended for the benefit of men who were well known to be at that time his most intimate friends.
Galled at being foiled in his project for the division of the Country among his favorites, and not satisfied with the product of his income tax; his memory became quite treacherous to his duty; and notwithstanding he was specially instructed to notify the Officers Comdg. Frontier Posts etc. etc. of every licence he issued under the existing regulations, yet he quite forgot this very essential part of the business; and but for the presence of Mr. Crooks, who possessed the documents necessary to satisfy the doubts of Major Morgan,
Ibid, p. 479, note 4.—
Ed.
The first thing we learned on arriving at Mackinaw last June, was the injury our outfits had sustained at Sagina Bay on Lake Huron, and at Grand River, of Lake Michigan; from the clandestine introduction of Spirituous liquors; at the first place, by Jacob Smith from Detroit; and at the latter, by Mrs. Laframboise (a half breed) from Mackinaw.if any zeal
in the detection of other Violators. Strange as it may appear, it is no less true that Maj. Puthuff sent an Indian Woman (who is now at Mackinaw) in the fall of 1816, to the Ottawas Village at L'arbre Croche, on the straits of Michigan, with Spirits to trade for Corn; which she accomplished, and actually returned him the proceeds of the traffic. The only reason he gave for this extraordinary proceeding, was, that the Indian Department wanted Corn and Corn
must
be obtained.
Ibid, p. 109, note 48.—
Ed.
The next occurrance Was the refusal of both Govrs. Clark and Edwards, to permit our Clerk Lagotherie to proceed from
Ibid, p. 446, note 75.—
Ed.
No permission to
trade
was either asked, or expected, and surely there could not have been any
good
grounds to prevent
his
bringing us back
our
property when the permission wished for, was granted to Jacque Porlier, and Joseph Laperche., (alias St. Jean) men who were precisely in the same situation.enormities
on the frontiers, and therefore too dangerous a person to be trusted in the Indian Country: but if these gentlemen really believed the numerous reports circulated to the prejudice of this man, what must we think of them, either as Citizens, or public Officers, where they suffered him to reside openly in both territories; to appear more than once in their Offices, and had him completely in their power for several Weeks in the fall of 1816 and Spring 1817; without once arresting, or even disturbing him personally: though to our knowledge they were several times
dared
to the test. That they
in fact
attached
no
Credit to the accusations against this person, there Cannot exist a doubt; for soon after, on condition of his acting as Interpreter to a Mr. Campbell (formerly a Major in the U. S. Infantry, and the bosom friend of Governor Clark)Id, xviii, p. 462; for Laperche
dit St. Jean, xix, p. 477, note 1.—
Ed.Ibid, p. 424, note 62.—
Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., ii, p. 220.—
Ed.readily
permitted to proceed by that route to Mackinaw: though through the very Country where he Committed the many barbarous acts with which they found it convenient to charge him. As a matter of course our property was left at St. Louis. Viewing in the most favourable light conduct of both the Governors throughout this inconsistant transaction; we are compelled to attribute the course they pursued to that hostility, which, by their own confession they cherish against every man interested in the Commerce of Mackinac and particularly those in any manner connected
with you
in that trade. In order is the wanton and unprovoked attack made on our Outfits in the Country between Lake Superior, and the Mississippi in the fall of 1816 by the known servants of the Hudson Bay Company; who were then acting under the
immediate
Orders of the Earl of Selkirk.Manitoba (London, 1882); a sketch of Selkirk is given in
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 462, note 86.—
Ed.Ibid, p. 474, note 95.—
Ed.assumed
, was the result of premeditation, and not the effect of their feelings at that moment. For three Boats belonging to Berthelot and Rolette, and two, principally owned by Jacob Franks,ought
in any degree to have protected the others, and the additional One, of the
whole
property being bona fide American, were thus unjustifiably harrassed. We derived this information from a Gentleman who was an eye Witness, and to whom we feel much indebted for preventing through his interest with Major Morgan, our people from being put in Irons, when sent to St. Louis, in charge of Lt. Blair: for Morgan was strongly inclined to obey the order of Chambers literally, which directed him to iron them; and even at last, the Handcuffs etc. necessary to fetter our Clerks and Interpreters, were carried along with them from Fort Armstrong.
Ibid, pp. 477–479, 483. Benjamin O'Fallon was born in Kentucky about 1792; later he lived at St. Louis with his uncle, Gen. William Clark. He saw some service during the War of 1812–15, and at its close became Indian agent—not at Prairie du Chien, but for Missouri Territory; he was, however, at the former place in 1816–17. In 1819 he was on the Missouri River; and again in 1825, his headquarters being at Council Bluffs. In 1827 he retired to his country home near St. Louis, where he died in 1843.—
Ed.
Ibid, p. 304, note 35.—
Ed.
Charles Oakes Ermatinger,
Ed.
Ermatinger next attempted their introduction through a Mr. Bostwick, the partner and Agent of David Stone and Co
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 461, note 83.—
Ed.solely
to those Traders, who carried into the Country the goods
only
, that were in reality the property of David Stone and Co and the behaviour of Major Puthuff towards Ermatinger since, has furnished strong grounds, to suspect his purity in the business before us, for it is known to every one interested in the trade, and to many others at Mackinaw, that he could hardly be induced to see Charles O. Ermatinger in the early part of the summer, threatening even to arrest and send him to Detroit whereas, after the Consummation of this mysterious affair, they were often seen together, and Ermatinger was treated by him, as any man would a very intimate friend.
Thus far we have stated grievances in which we can only recognize the individuals concerned, and happy would it be, did these furnish the only grounds for just complaint: but the Factories established by law in the Indian Country, have become so numerous, and are of late provided with such extensive means, as threatens in a very few years more, to annihilate private competition, and throw the whole trade into the hands of Government. We are not disposed to question the soundness of the policy which originally brought these establishments into being, but we are persuaded Congress adopted the measure, only, because they found but few, if any, Americans pursuing this branch of Commerce; and they intended by placing these trading houses on the frontiers, with Agents instructed to sell at cost and charges, to render the traffic so very unproductive to the Canadian Trader, as to destroy the temptation that connected him with the Indians: thus breaking up an intercourse, which the British Government found essential in rivetting the influence they acquired in the Councils of the natives; and gradually by the habits of Trade, and the exercise of friendship to wean them from a partiality so dangerous and detrimental to the interests of the United States. But congress never could intend the Factories to degenerate into mere places of trade, and Consequently a very great annoyance to our own traders,
ever was necessary at Fort Asage
,latter
we dare not believe there is any foreign influence among the natives, and at the
three
other posts, it is already so weak that American individual enterprize if unshackled, would put it out of existence in much less time than by Continuing the Factories. For the Indians accustomed to intercourse with the British authorities universally [think] that the Goods of
Government
cannot be brought into their Country
for Sale;
and although the practice of the Factor ought every day to convince them of their error, still the force of habit remains, and they think it a hardship, to give even half value for an article out of the public store, when, did not such depots exist, they would Cheerfully pay the private trader a fair price; as they conceive whatever they give to the factor, as
just
that much
more
than ought to have been exacted. No agent can prevent the injurious comparisons they make between, the United States and the Government of Britain, and until this
cause
is removed, the effects will continue; for were they disposed to forget their old partiallities, they must first be deprived of both the faculties of seeing and hearing. Untill of late the Factors remained at their stations, and traded what was brought them; but whether by the authority of
Ed.
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, pp. 269, 270, 475.—
Ed.
Ed.
The further this factory system is investigated, the more objectionable it appears, if still intended to attain the objects proposed by the Congress that created it, and if a factor is to be in
reality
a trader, it is but fair he should not possess the advantage of employing Foreigners who cannot obtain licence for themselves, since it is sufficiently hard that the Citizen who obtains a liveli[h]ood by this traffic, should find a Competitor in the Government of his Country, without being subjected, to the opposition of men, whom he is not at liberty to engage on his side. If these trading Houses
must
be Continued, they certainly ought to be placed on the frontiers, at proper distances from the outlet of Lake Superior to the Lake of the Woods, and thence along the Western boundary line to the Rocky Mountains; where they ought to expect, and will no doubt find British influence to oppose. But the middle Country from the Lakes to the Missouri, does not require their superintendence, and where nothing exists to make such establishments indispensable in a Country, the Government have
as much
the right, and more
reason
to engross any particular branch of commerce, in either, or all our Seaports, as to incessantly harrass those who to provide against the Winter of age, bury themselvesgood
Character to a participation in the trade, and by securing to those people a certain support, you disarm them of that inveteracy which their desperate situation induces; let a Young American accompany each, to learn the Language of the natives, and get a knowledge of the trade. The old Stock will soon disappear, and leave you the undivided Controul of all the Indians within the limits of the United States.
To obtain the confidence of the Indians will be a work of time, and we should consider the total exclusion at once of the
old
traders; as highly impolitic: for their places must be supplied by inexperience, and it is more then probable that differences would arise, which might end in Bloodshed; and finally involve the Country in a War with the whole Western Indians. It is indispensable, and time is required to become acquainted, not only with their habits, Customs and manners, but also with them individually; and this being gained, the American of probity will imperceptibly become as great a favorite, as his predecessor.
Ed.
*
Mr. Farnhams affairs we trust will be thoroughly sifted, and Colo. Chambers taught, that though he may Command at a station, beyond the immediate Controul of the Civil law, he has not the power to abridge the right of any Citizen. Mr. O.'Fallen also deserves to be recommended, as his hiring the Indians to kill Mr. St. Jean, bespeaks his Capacity to fill the appointment given him by his Uncle, of Indian Agent. It is high time the trade should be relieved from the persecution of such petty tyrants, and the War Department ought to make it a rule, that Officers at frontier Posts have
simply
the right to ascertainwho
are appointed to issue licences, in all cases; and a passport from that source ought
every where
to
protect
the trader from the assumption of power, tending in many instances to the ruin of the individual. Among the subjects furnished you for representation to the Government, the too common system of smuggling from the British post of Drummonds Island, and the Straits of Lake Superior, into the District of Michillimackinac, must not be forgotten: for the Revenue is annually defrauded of
several
Thousand Dollars, and the fair trader thereby injured to an extent so very serious and alarming as authorizes the belief that the Treasury Department will immediately resort to the best means effectually to stop such illicit practices. We have seen during the last summer, Indians detected bringing in Goods, much beyond the quantities their own necessities required, and the confession of One particularly established the fact, of more property being introduced by means of the natives, than had been previously imagined, even by those best acquainted with their mischievous Agency. If the Indians will go across the lines of for the Merchandize they stand in need of, they ought to be restricted to the Amount of their real Wants, and if it was understood that Corporeal punishment was attached to the violation of this Rule, no inducement could prevail on them any longer to assist these confirmed Law-breakers. Those on a large Scale must be opposed by Vigilance and force, and it appears to us, the employing of a Revenue Cutter in the Straits of Superior, Huron and Michigan is the most certain means of destroying the prospects of successful smuggling, for the danger of detection will then be so great as to counterbalance the expected gains. The Vessel ought to be about
twenty five
tons burthen, Commanded by a person accustomed to the Lakes, with, say, One Officer, and six Sailors, and authority to select a few soldiers from the Garrison of Michillimackinac, who can act as marines, or assist to man the Boat, sent sometimes into places, where it would be imprudent to venture
Notwithstanding the ravings of disappointed malice and ambition, the efforts and Sacrifices you have repeatedly made to further the views of the Government in relation to the Aborigines of the Country within the American limits, ought certainly to entitle you, to every aid, and, indulgence in the prosecution of your trade, which the executive can consistently bestow. But if all we have said when represented by yourself, does not produce the abolition of the Factories, now no longer necessary: or at least create a thorough change in their present organization, it will in our opinion be imprudent in you to continue interested in the trade. For though we can by a proper course, compel the Agents of Government to respect our rights, Yet we cannot check the extention of the System lately pursued by the public trading Houses in situations affecting our commerce most materially and which on the most mature deliberation, gives us every reason to fear, and but little to hope from even the most active exertions on our part.
Though in the progress of the preceding, we have in some instances used language rather rough for the delicate senses of those deserving such animadversions; Yet we can assure you we “nothing extenuate nor aught set down in malice;” and you are perfectly at liberty to use it in whatever manner you may think necessary. We are Dear Sir Your Mo. Ob. Servts
Ram
y
. Crooks
Robert Stuart
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 292.]
Michillimackinac
4 March 1818
Dear Sir
—Your order bearing date Jany. last relating to Indian Trade, has been received. This puts the Question of Special Licence to Foreigners at rest, and relieves me at once from extreme anxiety and a most unpleasant responsibility. There yet remains, however, some pretty important principles to settle and establish within this Agency, respecting the proper subjects for the rights of Citizenship, concerning which, there being no statute in that case provided within my knowledge, it becomes necessary to have your Instructions, at as early a period as possible. The great mass of the people who inhabit this district are of French extraction and were found in the Country on its delivery by the British to the American Government, or such as have descended from them mostly from a Connection with the aboriginal inhabitants, few or none of them having made their election to remain subject to Great Britain within one year after the delivery of the Territory. But after the fall of this Post in 1812 they subscribe their alligiance to the British Government, as they say from Compulsion; and many of them conceive themselves bound by that Oath of alligiance, however unjustly enforced, and profess to fear that they would stand commited to the american Government by rescinding such allegiance to that of Britain. Others under those circumstances, claim the rights of Citizenship, professing to have been illegally compelled to their acknowledging the Sovereignty of Britain. The claims and doubts of these people will I hope be put at rest by your Instructions on that subject. Such Foreign licences as have been heretofore Issued, I have not felt myself authorized to withdraw, as conceiving your Instructions to relate only to future issues. none have been given here however, since last Summer, nor any for a term exceeding One year from their date.
The Indians of this Agency were never more pacific and absolutely reconciled to the American Government than at present,importunate
for
Bread
.
I sincerely hope an increase of funds will be allowed to the Indian Department by the present Congress.
The opinion of the Free hold inhabitant Citizens of the U. States, residing in this district has been taken and forwarded pursuant to your instructions. Ten in number all For, the real property here is mostly owned by Foreigners, hence the very small number of votes. I have detained two Indians, who came with Graveratt,
Ed.
These poor fellows I hope your Excellency will remunerate as I have not the
means
.
I expect to make a short visit to Detroit by the earliest Water Communication, for which I hope you will grant your permission, by the first vessel in the Spring, as, if I shall obtain it, I wish to go as early as possible in order to return here before the arrival of N. and S. W. furs. I am Sir, Your Mo. Ob. Humble Servant
William Heny. Puthuff
Ind. Agent Mackw
.
His Excellency L. Cass Govr. of M. Ty. etc. etc
.
3
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Letter Book D, p. 505.]
Office of Indian Trade Georgetown
March 6, 1818
M Irwin Esqr. U. S. F. Green Bay
Sir
—I have duly received your letters of the 28th August and 18th Septr. with their enclosures. The reply of Maj Taylor
Ed.
Your detailed reasons why there should be so little business done at Green Bay, are entirely satisfactory. So far as foreigners are concerned however, they are now inoperative, and cannot oppose you in future. I look therefore to a revival of the trade.
The additional papers furnished, make your returns for the quarter ending June 30th complete. Respectfully etc.
T. L. McK[enny]
S. I. T
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., Martin Papers.]
Montreal
11th March 1818
My Dear John
to your statement
I do not know What will become of us. I have given my order to Mr. Bostwick
Ed.with him
I wish it had been last year. we should have suffer'd less by it. however I mean it shall take place this summer; one years good Exertion in the Country will Probably bring us up a little, I shall be fully with the Goods I take up & you will have the disposing of them as you think most proper.
Id, xviii, p. 437.—
Ed.
I have not rec
notwithstanding
all the ristrictive measures of the American Government; M
as much
from the Interest of his friends who are Members of Congress which information has in some measure made my mind more Easy.
how well
M
Jacob Franks
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 104.]
Office Indian Trade
19th. March 1818.
Hon: Henry Southard
Sir
—I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of yesterday, conveying to me “The request of the Committee on Indian affairs for all the information in my power relative to the establishment of Eight new trading houses, or posts; the necessity of the measure, and as far as I can, the posts or places most eligible for such establishments.”
Of the information I possess having a bearing upon the proposition to organize eight new Trading houses, I shall be able to furnish you with a sketch only—and in doing this I shall be led to a review of the U. S. policy in relation to the Trading house system.
This system, which grew up, no doubt, under the two fold view of conveying articles of necessity amongst the Indians, and to promote peace, as well in the Forests as along our borders, has not failed in its original design. I consider this to be capable of demonstration. I mean however, so far as it has been able from the limited scale on which it has been prosecuted and the checks that have operated to oppose it, to develope itself. Wherever its influence has
prevailed
without being counteracted by the adroitness of private adventurers both foreign and domestic, who not only vary and accomodate their modes of intercourse to suit circumstances, and tempt the Indians to follow them by the inticing and intoxicating beverage, (which sound policy excludes from the U. S. establishments) but who traverse the wilds also, and intercept the journeyings of the Indians to their accustomed trading points—where await them always, that example, and those precepts which tend to improve their condition; promote peace, and attach them to our Government. I say wherever this influence has prevailed the result has been manifest; to cultivate those ameliorating and peacefull lessons, is made as much the duty of the Factors exercize
It has been a question whether it least comported with the welfare of the Indians, to let in upon them the private traders, or to leave those tribes whose remoteness shut them out from all intercourse with the factories already established to seek a subsistence in their native deserts; and find a covering from the weather in the spoils of the chase. For my own part, I am decidedly of opinion that our best policy is, where a
suitable
, and
improveing influence
cannot be carried in amongst the Tribes, it is better to leave them to themselves. If the private adventures added to their scheme of profit, the more noble designs of bettering the condition of our native Inhabitants; of diverting them from their propensity for war, as well with each other, as against our civil population; there could be no exceptions taken to their intercourse, nor would any objection be made against the activity of their competition—indeed there would be little or no necessity for a Governmental interference, at all. But so far as my information extends, their agency, taking it all together, has been, and is yet, subversive of all the objects Government had in view in the adoption of the present system of commercial intercourse with the Indian. If this be the experience had under existing circumstances, when the necessity of admitting private traders,
at all
, has grown out of a deficiency of means under the Government policy to supply the wants of the Indians it follows, especially if the U. S. agencies promote the welfare and also tend to guard our own Citizens from harm, that to
increase
the capacity to meet the demands of the Indians, will be both politick and just.
In proportion as the Indians are brought within the influence of the U. S. agencies, and are made to depend upon them for their subsistence in the same proportion may they be controlled. I know of no check that could be devised having such powerfull influences as that which this sort of dependence would impose on the Indians. Armies themselves would not be so effectualcommercial intercourse
. But as the system now stands, an option is held out, and the Tribes may either resort to the few scattering trading houses already in operation, or they may dispose of their hunts at other markets. The Check is weakened in proportion as this liberty is extended. It is very true that this policy embraces the idea of compulsion. But no objection can arise against it in its application to this subject, as those to whom it is proposed to apply it are to be benefitted by the arrangement. It's object is too humane to admit of an exception. The power over the Indians is covetted only for their good, and also to prevent them from doing harm.
From these desultory ideas may be gathered the “necessity” of establishing additional Trading houses, provided there be coupled with this encrease, an expulsion of private traders, at least from the districts of Country which those Indians occupy who are intended to be served by the encrease.
It may not be amiss to remark in this place that no hostility is meditated against a prosecution of trade by our own Citizens in their private capacity, provided their modes of intercourse were changed. Permanence of location I consider an indispensable requisite in their admission, to this might be added stipulations compelling them to conform their intercourse in all respects with the U. S. policy, subject to its rules and regulations,
and in all respects
. They might be made auxiliaries to the U. S. system. I mean so far as these relate to the improvement of the Indians; and in the promotion of peace amongst them, and with our civil population.
Eight additional Trading houses are called for at this time, and their locations might be.
First—On the Arkansas, at or near the military Post established there, and which is stipulated for by a treaty lately made with the Cherokees.
Second—On the Ouisconsin—N. W. Territory
Third—River St. Peters, at or about its junction with the Mississippi.
Fourth—Council Bluffs on the Missouri.
Fifth—On the Illinois, somewhere about midway from its junction with the Mississippi and Lake Michigan.
Sixth—Fort Madison on the Mississippi
Seventh—Chippeway River, below the falls.
Spread over those regions those factories; place the Indians by suitable regulations respecting individual intercourse in a state of
dependence
on them, and there can be little doubt of the most favorable and speedy results, the various tribes may be directed to the respective factories and those most contigious to them and refused admission into others—by this means a state of tranquility might be calculated on, and a fair opening made to introduce the higher principles of improvement in civilization. The Tribes would be releaved from the disgusting exhibitions of depravity which are now forced upon their observations; and which tend so directly to rouse into action the worst principles of the savage character, and united to an observance of those nobler examples seconded by precept which the U. S. agents are charged to carry in amongst them, an immitation of, and conformity with which, are not so very difficult to bring about as many have supposed. It is to the collisions of adventurers, and the inflammatory means which are adopted to obtain the ascendancy over the native in trade, that their apparent backwardness in improvement may be attributed; and not to any incapacity on their part to receive and profit by those incipient measures for their reform which a well regulated intercourse implies. All the information I possess on this subject, goes to confirm this opinion. The more improved Indians, (and they are uniformly those who have enjoyed the longest, and the least interrupted intercourse with the public agencies) sollicit the interference of the Govt. they beg for the means of instruction; and to be preserved from the evils which they endure.
It is not difficult to perceive the difference between the agency of a man who goes forth to
profit
by his adventure and with no other view, and one, whose duty it is made, as well by his oath, as by his calling, to sustain an intercourse in which profit is but an incidental or secondary consideration, whose compensation is fixed without reference to his success; and whose attention therefore is applied without distraction to the object of his calling.
In proportion as the number of those agencies encrease, in the same proportion is it reasonable to infer that mutual advantages will result to both the Indians and the U. States. The “
necessity
” for the encrease at this time, may be inferred from that state of excitement which exists with but little intermission in the Indian Country, which is produced mainly by the causes that have been referred to, and which can be overcome by no more direct means than by the enlargement of the United States policy. I am etc etc etc
T. L. McK[enny]
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 4B71.]
Laprairie Du Chien
17 Apr 1818
Dear Law
—I arrived here yesterday in Good health along with M
Wis. Hist. Colls., ii, p. 129. Robert Dickson was acting as Selkirk's agent in the Red River Colony. See
Id, xix, pp. 462, 464, and documents
post.—
Ed.
James Aird
Mr. John Law Green Bay
Endorsed: Letter from James Aird dated Prairie du Chien 17
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 203, Letter Book 2, p. 347.]
Detroit
April 23d. 1818.
Sir
—By my letter of the 22d. January last you were informed that the President had determined that the trade of Foreigners with the Indians living within the United States should cease, and were instructed not to grant Licences to any persons but American Citizens to enter the Indian Country for the purpose of trade, either in a principal or subordinate Capacity.
Old American Fur Company warehouse, Prairie du Chien
From photograph taken in recent years
Fur-trading house at Kaukauna
Left-hand portion built by Dominic du Charme in 1791; right-hand added by Augustin Grignon in 1813. From photograph taken in 1890
The President has since from farther information and from an apprehension, that American Citizens will experience much inconvenience from this Total exclusion of foreigners, determined that permits may be granted to American traders, to employ in their trade with the Indians foreign Boatmen and Interpreters.
You will therefore when requested by such traders, permit foreign Boatmen and Interpreters to enter the Indian Country in their employ for the purpose of trade. But as great abuses may be experienced by entering as Boatman and Interpreters foreigners Hostile to our Country, who may be intended to have the Principal control over the trading Expedition “the following regulations will guide you in the exercise of the authority which the President has been pleased to grant upon this subject.
1. A Descriptive list must be furnished of all foreigners intended to be thus employed, which must be so minute as to identify the persons described, as near as possible, one Copy of which shall be retained, by the Agt. and One by the trader.
2. The names of the foreigners thus employed shall be inserted in the Licence, and a Copy of this Descriptive list endorsed upon or affixed to the same, and to the Bond required to be taken.
3. A Bond with at least one sufficient security, the form of which markd. A. accompanies this letter will be required from each trader, in a penalty equal to Five hundred Dollars for each foreign Boatman or Interpreter intended to be employed, conditioned for the purposes specified in the form.
4. A Bond with at least one sufficient security, the form of which Marked B. accompanies this letter will be required from each Trader in a penalty equal to one half of the amount of the Goods destined for such trade, that they are the property of an American citizen or Citizens.
5. It will be necessary to ascertain which of the foreigners thus employed are intended to act as Interpreters, and for each Foreign Interpreter, an American Citizen must be employed, in order to be trained to the duties of an Interpreter.
6. A statement of the Bonds thus taken and Copies of the descriptive lists will be transmitted to me as opportunities may occur.
These Bonds are not intended to supercede the Bonds required by the act of Congress entitled “An act to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes and preserve peace on the frontier” passed March 30th, 1802. The latter will be taken as heretofore.
“Foreigners, who are odious to our Citizens on account of their Activity and cruelty in the late War are not intended to be admitted in any Capacity” Your own discretion must guide you in the application of this prohibition to individual cases.
As the authority thus to be excercised is derived from the powers granted to the President by the act of Congress passed April 29, 1816 entitled “An act supplementary to the act passed the thirtieth day of March 1802 to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, and preserve peace on the frontiers” It will be confided only to those Agents, to whom the powers granted under that Act by Instructions from the War Department of May 10th. 1816 was confided.
They are the Agents at Michillimackinac, Green Bay and Chicago.
Very respectfully, Sir, I have the honor to be Yo. Ob. Serv.
[
Lewis Cass
]
To the Agents at Mackinac, Green Bay, and Chicago
.
Know all men by these presents that We (1) are held and stand firmly bound unto the United States of America in the penal sum of (2) Dollars, to which payment well and truly to be made, We do hereby bind ourselves, our heirs, Executors and administrators firmly by these presents. Sealed with our Seals and dated at (3) this (4) day of (5) in the year of our Lord One thousand Eight hundred and (6)
The Conditions of the above obligation is such, that whereas a licence has this day been granted by (7) Agent for Indian affairs at (8) to the said (9) to trade until the (10) day of (11) in the year of our Lord One thousand Eight hundred an (12) unless sooner revoked with the Indians at (13)
And whereas the said (14) is desirous of employing as Boatmen or Interpreters in such trade (15) Who are not Citizens of the United States, and whose descriptive lists are annexed to this bond, and whereas permission has been granted by virtue of instructions from the War Department, dated the twenty-fifth day of March, One thousand Eight hundred and Eighteen, to said (16) to employ in his said Indian trade the said (17) as Boatmen or Interpreters. Now therefore if the said (18) are actually Boatmen or Interpreters, and if they shall be employed by the said (19) in the said trade as Boatmen or Interpreters, and in no other Capacity whatever during the time specified in the said Licence, then this obligation shall be void, otherwise remain in full force and Virtue.
Signed Sealed and
delivered in presence of
(Seal)
1. Here insert the names of the principles and security.
2. The Amt. of the penallty which must be equal to five hundred dollars for each Foreign Boatmen and Interpreter employed.
3. The seat of the Agency
4. The day
5. Month
6. and Year
7. The name of the Agent
8. The seat of the Agency
9. The name of the person to whom the licence is granted
10. Here insert the day
11. Month
12. and year
13. Place where the person is authorized to trade
14. Name of the person licenced to trade
15. Names of the Foreign Boatman or Interpreters employed
16. Name of the person licenced to trade
17. Names of the Foreign Boatmen or Interpreters employed
18. Names of the Foreign Boatmen or Interpreters employed
19. Nature of the person licenced to trade
Know all men by these presents that
We (1) are held and stand firmly bound unto the United States of America in the penal sum of (2) dollars, to which payment well and truly to be made, we do hereby bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, and administrators firmly by these presents sealed with our seals and dated at (3) this (4) day of (5) in the year of our Lord one thousand Eight hundred and (6) The Condition of the above obligation is such that whereas a licence has this day been granted by (7) Agent for Indian affairs at (8) to trade with the Indians at (9) until the (10) day of (11) in the year of our Lord One thousand Eight hundred and (12) unless sooner revoked, Now therefore if the property mentioned in the Invoice furnished by the said (13) a Copy of which is hereupon annexed, signed by the said (14) is actually imployed by the said (15) in his trade, under the said licence and is truly and bona fide the property of an American Citizen or Citizens, and if no other property is employed in the said trade by the said (16) then the obligation shall be void otherwise remain in full force and virtue.
Signed sealed and
delivered in presence of
(L. S.)
1. Here insert the names of the principal Security
2. Penalty, being half of the amt. of the value of the Goods.
3. Seat of the Agency
4. Day
5. Month
6. Year
7. Name of the Agent
8. Seat of the Agency
9. Place to which is licenced to trade
10. Day
11. Month
12. Year to which the licence extends.
13. Name of the person licenced to trade.
14. Same.
15. Same.
16. Same.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Book 203, Letter Book Vol. 2, p. 343.]
(
Circular
)
Detroit
April 22d. 1818
Sir
—With a view to give greater effect to the laws and regulations concerning the Indian Trade, to observe and direct the conduct of the Indians, and to attain with more certainty the various objects contemplated by the Government in relation to them, I have thought it proper to assign specific limits to the different agencies, within the superintendency of the Governor of this Territory.
The result of my enquiries upon the subject, you will find in the following divisionary description, which will hereafter constitute the limits, within which the duties of the Agents will be respectively exercised.
The Agency at Piqua will include all the Wyandotts, Senecas and Shawnese residing in the state of Ohio, the Ottawas of Blanchards fork and the Delawares residing upon White River and the Indians living with them.
The agency at Fort Wayne will include all the Miamies and their sub-divisions residing in the State of Ohio and the northern part of the state of Indiana, It will be divided from the Agency at Chicago by a line including Tippekanoe and running thence due North to the Kankekee, up the Kankekee to Oak point, thence to the Cow pen, thence to and including Morains village.
The Agency at Chicago will be divided from the Agency at Fort Wayne by the last mentioned line, and will extend on the East side of Lake Michigan to the Dead mans River on the
The Agency at Green Bay will be divided by the last mentioned line from the Agency at Chicago, and will include the Indians at Green Bay, its islands and rivers, running to the Head Waters of the Mississippi and to the Portage between the fox and Ouisconsin rivers, and extending East, as near Midway between Michillimackinae and Green Bay as a natural Geographical boundary to be agreed on between the Agents at the two last mentioned places and reported to me can be found.
The Agency at Michillimackinac will include all the Territory of the United States bordering upon Lake Superior the Country in the Vicinity of Michillimackinac and will extend west to the line to be designated between this Agency and that at Green Bay, and South East, to the River au Sable, and will include the East shore of Lake Michigan as far south as Dead mans River.
The Agency at Detroit will include that part of the Territory of Michigan extending north East to the River au Sable, and West to the dividing Country between the Rivers running into Lake Michigan and there running East, and will extend so far south as to include the Ottawas and Chippewas upon the Miami and the shore of Lake Erie.
It is intended that the internal police and concerns of the Indians within these limits respectively shall be under the exclusive management and control of the proper Agents, and that Licences to trade with the Indians shall generally be granted in like manner.
Exceptions to the provision with respect to licences may at times be necessary. Where Goods are taken from the immediate vicinity of the Seat of One Agency into the limits of another so that it would operate as a hardship upon an Individual to send him out of the course of his trade and journey for a Licence, and compel him to procure security, when he may have no connections, a discretionary authority must be exercised to grant Licences within the limits of another Agency. But in this
It is not foreseen that any other interference can be necessary. Should experience however render any change necessary to local limits of the Agencies or the principles of these regulations can be changed so as to accommodate any circumstances which may occur.
Each of the Agents is requested to correspond frequently and fully with this Office, and any thing of importance, which happens here shall be communicated to them. It is only by a frequent and direct interchange of sentiments, views and occurrences, that any regular system of Indian Affairs can be established or maintained; or that any effect can be produced in the operations of the Machine of which we are respectively constituant parts.
As intelligence is communicated only from here to the Government, an additional motive is furnished for this regular correspondence.
It will be perceived that no boundaries are designated to divide the Agencies within this Superintendency from those which are not. This subject must be referred to the discretion of the Agents thus situated, and the extent of their authority and duties with relation to other agencies must depend upon circumstances and upon their views of the public interest. Very respectfully Sir, I have the honor to be Yo Ob Servt.
[
Lewis Cass
.]
To Major Puthuff Colo. Bowyer Mr. Jouett, Mr. Stickney, and Mr. Johnston Agents for Indian Affairs
.
(MS. in Indian office, Washington. Pressmark: Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 221.)
Statement of Indians residing on the W. Side of Lake Michigan and East of Said Lake.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 4B66.]
Fort Crawford
26
Dr. Lawe
—You are the most Silent man upon earth, why the devil do not you write to me, and why did you not come to the Prairie last fall as you promised. You did wrong if you Supposed for a moment that those who professed themselves your friends at Green Bay, would have forgotten you here, on the contrary we would have been most glad to have seen you I am not enabled, now, to give you any satisfactory news. It is said that an act of Congress has been passed last session excluding British traders from participating in the American trade. I believe that it is matter of fact. I apprise you of this in order that you may take measures accordingly. I shall (it is also said) be shortly promoted to the command of these upper posts. If so, command my utmost Services, it will afforded me the highest Satisfaction to promote your views, consistent with my duty—therefore do not fail to write me, unreservedly.
Your friend Dickson is here, he arrived rather in distress, in consequence of his Sufferings in the Indian country, but we have cheered his Spirits, he says he would be glad now to touch a little of yond old gin, in fact he touches as high as ever, and looks equally as well as I have ever seen him. But he must go to Saint Louis, to respond for an infraction of the Indian law, of which he will be acquitted,for necessity has no law.
Write by return of Mr. Rouse,
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 476, note 97.—
Ed.
T. Chambers
Note. Your friend Captain OFallan is about resigning.
Ibid, p. 439, note 69.
Lieut. William Armstrong, later captain of the Rifles. In 1821 he was transferred to the 6th infantry, and in 1827 died.—
Ed.
To Mr. John Lawe Green Bay Mr. Rouse
Endorsed: 1818 from Col. T. Chambers no answer
[Source, same as preceding document. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., Martin Papers.]
Montreal
1st. May 1818
My Dear John
—I rec
a Note you never owed him
and
that
he Knows well. You must do your utmost and by any means to get it back this Spring you do not mention one word respecting Lockwood weither succeeded getting to his wintering Ground & if he got an Interpreter. It is my intention that you must make a strong effort to get the Followines up to the upper Part of the Mississipii or the Red River this Year. you must try & prepare them for it; I re
Jacob Franks
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 25.]
Office of Indn Trade
May 6 1818.
John W. Johnson Esqr P du chien
.
Sir
—Your returns for the quarter year ending Decr 31st have been received. on examination I find that you state the gross gain of the establishment for that quarter to be $5,796.90. from which deduct the amt. of the factory buildings first entered in this quarter $4098—which gives the gross gain
in trade
this quarter $1698.90.
It appears that the sales were as follows.
Bartered for Furs etc cost 873.55 per $2144.08 gain $1330.53
Articles had by yourself and asst
Indian Dept estimated cost
Contingent a/c estimated cost
had by interpreter estimated cost
Sold for cash estimated cost
It appears by this statement that the Merchandise bartered was at an average of 145 p% advance on the cost while that sold for cash was at an advance of about 10 p% only but on examining your cash book the goods appear to be put at the usual advance say 50 p% or upwards. It is for you, Sir, to explain this difference.
It would be much better to state in all cases the price of the goods sold, (which you will please to do hereafter) which would enable me to see at once the state of your trade, and what articles were most suitable.
*
Respectfully etc
T. L. McK[Enny
].
S. I. T
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Book 203, Letter Book 2, p. 388.]
To all to whom it may concern
.
Be it Known, that the bearer hereof Ramsay Crooks Esqr. Agent of the American Fur Company has permission to pass through the Ind: Country with the ordinary number of men necessary to his journey from Michillimackinac by Green Bay and Prairie du Chien to St. Louis, and to return by the same route, and that I have been particularly instructed by the War department to afford to the Agents of that Company every facility in my power consistent with the laws and the regulations. This pass will continue in force during the year 1818 and is not intended to confer on Mr. Crooks or the party with him any right whatever to trade with the Indians. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand at Detroit this 7. May 1818
[
Lewis Cass
]
Gov. of Michigan Territory and Superintendant of Indian Affairs upon the N. Western frontier of the U. S.
Endorsed: By the Govr. and Supt. Secy In. Dept.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 1C24.]
Mackinac
May 10th 1818
Dear Sir
—This letterante, pp. 34–36.—
Ed.
Michael Dousman
Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii, p. 506, note 42.—
Ed.
N. B. A few Bushels of Peas would be wanted for Sed If you can procure them. I have Taken the Libberty of Sending you one Chest of Hison Tea Marckt D. S. & Co. as I presume that Article [is] want[ed] Prinsaply with the Gentlemen whom Deal with me.
M. D.
Mr. John Law Green Bay pr Capt Barnes
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 203, Letter Book 2, p. 403.]
Green Bay
16, May 1818
Sir—Your letter of the 22d, January 1818 by the way of Chicago has been received and the contents, duly considered.
As the President has determined that the trade of foreigners, with the Indians living in the United States shall cease, it now becomes necessary that I should be well informed, in which situation the people living at Green Bay are to be considered, they have without an exception declared themselves British Subjects and continue to this day to declare themselves as such, Mr. John Lawe, The Grignons, Mr. Porleur and others have a number of engagees in their service who are all british subjects. The principals as well as the engagees are married to Indian Women, and by this connection their influence with the Indians
From this statement I hope you will see the necessity that I should without delay receive instructions respecting the British Subjects living at Green Bay, and on Indian Affairs generally, that I may perform the duties of Indian Agent without committing myself, as I have neither the laws of the United States, or a legal Character to consult, when difficulties arise which I apprehend will be often the case until some fixed principles are established, I fear I shall commit errors that may give me some trouble and perplexity. I therefore request you will be so good as to forward to me as soon as convenient, such
John Bowyer
Indian Agent
.
His Excellency Lewis Cass Governor of M. Territory
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 69.]
Office of Indian Trade Geo: Town
June 24th. 1818.
To John W. Johnson Prairie du chien
Sir
—Your returns for the quarter ending the 31st. March last, together with your letter of that date; and also one of the 25th. April, together with one from Mr. Belt of the fourth May, from Fort Edwards, are received.
*
You state a gross Gain of $678.30—and salaries and contingencies $965.85—thus shewing a nett loss of 237.55$—On examination of your Journal and Cash Book, it appears that you sold as follows:
[Courtesy of Missouri Historical Society From an old print]
The Original Fort Crawford, Priarie Du Chien
This fort, facing the Mississippi River, and near the present Dousman residence, was built in 1816 on a mound occupied by the Americans in 1814. In 1831 the fort was rebuilt on another site within the village. From Missouri Hist. Soc.
Collections
, iii, p. 118
Hence, whenever you state the cost of the Goods, you show an advance of 79 pct.[per cent] but on the $1687.60 sold
for cash
, you made only $82.27 ¶¼—which is 74 pct. less than the profit made on articles, the cost of which you enumerate Why is it that you make so little on what you sell for cash compared with your
barter
sales? The prices it is presumed got in both cases, are the same.
*
I have no reason on earth to question your devotion to the duties of your station. I believe you have a warm interest in the large concern entrusted to your care; but no devotion however ardent can remedy the confusion which incorrect books and accounts must first or last produce.
*
Continue to do your duty in the prosecution of the trade entrusted to you—no matter how many enemies you make—no man ever yet lost any thing by doing his duty.
You shall have good goods always when it is possible to command them—as you will find this spring's supplies—and no other kind shall go to you, than such as you may name, as your knowledge must be best, as to the description, you being upon the spot.
*
Respectfully etc
T. L. McK[Enny
]
S. I. T
.
Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Book 41, Letter Book 3, p. 21.]
Detroit
July 30th. 1818
Sir
—Accompanying this I have the honour to transmit you the copy of a passport, which I have granted to Joseph Rolette to return to Prairie du Chien.
The circumstances of his case are shortly these. He has
By order of Col. Chambers, a copy of which I enclose, he has been ordered from there.
The reasons, which induced, Col. Chambers to issue this order, I neither investigate myself nor intend to trouble you with. Such a proceeding in his absence would be ex parte. They were undoubtedly such as to produce in his mind a conviction of the propriety of preceeding to adopt the means which has led to this application.
The subject, as it strikes me, is very simple. The settlement of Prairie du Chien is or is not Indian Country. If the latter, no Military Officer has a right to exercise any jurisdiction over a Citizen, much less to inflict upon him the punishment of banishment. If the former, the Indian Agent is the proper person to determine who shall enter and remain in the Country.
I understand, that at Prairie du Chien there are about 600 and at Green Bay 450 inhabitants. So far as respects the right of soil and jurisdiction both places are in the same situation. At each was many years since a french post, and the settlements were commenced by Canadians. In none of our treaties with the Indians is there an express recognition of the extinction of their title to either. But Waynes treaty contains a provision that the post of Detroit and all the land to the North, the West, and the South of it, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or British Governments shall be ceded to the United States.
There is no doubt but the land at both these places was thus granted, although no documentary evidence of it can be produced. It is understood that in procuring cessions of Indian land, the French Government in this Country pursued a plan different from ours. Instead of holding treaties for that purpose, they merely assembled the Chiefs, and informed them
In this way I presume the Indian title to the Country about Green Bay, and Prairie du Chien was extinguished and the importance of those places, commanding the avenues of communication between the Lakes and the Mississippi, the period at which the settlements were formed, and the establishment of Military posts there, justify this opinion. I enclose the copy of a letter from Major Puthuff, the acting Indian Agent at Michillimackinac respecting the difficulties which traders regularly licensed, under the instructions of the War Department have experienced in passing Prairie du Chien. This letter together with the representations of Mr. Astor proves the existence of a state of things at that place, resulting undoubtedly from an erroneous construction of the law, which cannot be too soon changed, and which can be changed effectually by the interposition of the Government only.
Licences granted by virtue of the Act of Congress passed April 29th. 1816 entitled, “An Act supplementary to an Act passed the thirtieth of March 1802 to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, and to preserve peace on the frontiers,” and of the instructions of the President in conformity thereto, extend to any part of the Indian Country and cannot be impeded in their operation without impeding the operation of the laws. Very Respectfully, Sir, I have the honour to be Yo. Obt. Servt
[
Lewis Cass
]
Hon. J. C. Calhoun Secretary of War
(
Copy of Passport
)
Permission is hereby granted to [Joseph] Rolette to return to his family and property at Prairie du Chien, and there to remain, conducting himself in a legal and proper manner, until the decision of the Secretary of War in his case shall be made known.
But this permit is not intended to confer upon Mr. Rolette any right to trade. His application for that purpose must be made to the Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien, who in granting or refusing it must be guided by the Acts of Congress and the instructions he has received from the War Department.
Given under my hand at
Detroit
this 31st. day of July 1818
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 85.]
Indian Trade Office George Town
17 July 1818
The Honbe. The Secretary of War
Sir
—I have the honor to return the letters from Mr. Boilvoin
Id, xix, p. 314, note 51. The controversy between him and the factor Johnson appears to have had its source in the difference of their nationalities and social relations.—
Ed.
It is certainly due to Mr. Johnson the Factor; to the Government, and I may add to the Indians themselves that such statements be explained to you. It would be tedious to copy all the correspondence that has taken place between Mr. Johnson at Prairie du-Chien and myself on
1st. The great extent of the licence system and the evils it has carried in among the Indians. 2d. The means to lesson the power of private traders generaly British, or British agents, who were doing immense injury, and promoting the destruction even of our Citizens, whose scalps were bought and sold in the village of Prairie du Chien, and strung on poles, and carried in triumph to Mackinac in 1816. 3d. Mr. Boilvoins own agency in aiding these very people with Whiskey—especially Rolette, whose family resides at Prairie du Chien, and who is a principal trader; and with whom it should seem Mr. Boilvoin is upon terms of particular intimacy. 4th. The measures necessary to break down this power and this influence.
The multitude of Traders, British, and all other sorts made a sort of wall about the factory, few Indians could get to it. The principles emenating from it which are enlyghtining and humane, and which all tend to attach the natives to our Govt. could not operate. For so active, so numerous, and so powerful were these traders, that the Indian hunting grounds were infested and their spoils were bought up in their green state sooner than chances should be allowed them to reach the factory.
Under this state of things Mr. Johnson begged permission to select judicious and well known Men of honesty and Americans, to go out and sell goods at factory prices, and use their influence to encourage the Indians to come in and be regular in their trade. I sanctioned the measure, with certain restrictions in a letter of 25 June 1817—thus
Ibid, p. 463.—
Ed.
“It will be necessary for you to use extreme caution in trusting out goods to traders. Boats may get upset, as in the case of Dorion—and even if like him they should escape being drowned, the Tommahawk may put them to rest—and releive you from the trouble of counting their returns. The very fact you mention—viz the difficulty of traders giving security must render their access to the credit of the factory more difficult. I wish you nevertheless to have all the chances that such aids can afford you—and authorize you to let out to discreet and honest men on the best security you can obtain; goods to limited amounts, to no one trader more than might be deemed a reasonable amount not to be repeated 'till he settles for them, when he is to have more.”
With this measure I was additionally induced to comply, on a request from the Fox Indians who work the Lead mines to be thus served.
The result has been an encrease of factory business—peace with and among the Indians,
and a failure in the plans of these Private adventurers
. In the last may be found the reason of Mr. Boilvoins complaints, who stands charged in 1817 by Mr. Johnson with a conduct touching this subject which led me to require it of Mr. Johnson to report the facts to the Governor of the Illinois Territory. This was directed in my letter of 10 May 1817, in these words
Ibid, p. 459.—
Ed.
“you will lodge your complaint against N. Boilvoin, to the Governor of the Illinois Territory, and if on your statement The Governor can be satisfied of the impropriety of his conduct, on such representations being made to the War Department, by the Governor, Boilvoin will be removed; or any other man who can be fairly committed for any violation of the laws regulating trade with, or for the better government of the Indian Tribes, Re vigilant in your efforts to detect individuals who regardless of their duty, and of justice, go forth to peculate upon the already too impoverished and miserable Indians, and make your reports direct to the Governor of the Illinois territory, sending me copies of all your communications.”
If time would permit it; and your avocations could endure it, I would give you a history of things that would throw much light on the present conflict which I perceive to be encreasing of late, amongst the Private traders, and against the Government agencies. I am always at your service when this exhibition may be deemed necessary in fixing the final destiny of our Indian policy. I am etc etc etc
T. L. McK[enny]
[Source, same as preceding document, but pp. 93, 94.]
Office Indian Trade George Town
3d. August 1818
To Mathew Irwin Esq Green Bay
Sir
—I enclose you herewith a copy of a letter addressed by the War Department to His Excelly Gov: Cass. My object in
Whenever you detect any person or persons, engaged in trade who are shut out by this letter you will report him or them immediately to the Governor, or the Sub agent, sending me copies of your letters.
You will perceive Sir that foreigners who are odious to our Citizens, on account of their activity or cruelty in the late War, are
positively excluded
, from all intercourse and in every capacity.
These regulations will, I trust, enable you to prosecute the liberal policy of the Government towards the Indians with advantage to them; and success to your Factory. I am etc etc
T. L.
Mck[enney
].
Office Of Indian Trade George Town
7th. Aug: 1818
John. W. Johnson Esq U. S. Factor
Sir
—I enclose, with a view to possess you of the Government policy, which will be made to apply, if necessary, in other parts, as well as in the Michigan Territory, a letter from the Honbe The Secretary of War to Gov: Cass.
I wish you to possess me of the existence of any abuses, coming within the limits of this letter, and especially whether there be any traders amongst your Indians odious to our Citizens on account of their hostility, during the late War—and who they are? where and by whom licenced? and with whom connected in trade? Let all the information you impart be founded upon good evidence.
If such a thing be possible, it is the determination of the Government to remedy the evils that have grown out of the irregular intercourse with the Indians, and to do away abuses, a knowledge of the existence of which, is becoming pretty general.
5
The factories being established with the two fold view of serving the Indians with things necessary for them, and to conciliate by good councils, and attach them to the United States and the Interests of the Govt. whatever may be said or done tending to counteract these views, is in violation of the Govt. design, and ought be made known so that the party who may feel authorised to disturb the kind policy of the Govt. may be looked after, no matter what his calling or station may be. Information embracing such, cannot come with so much certainty and propriety from any persons, as from those who are charged with the execution of the Government design: because they feel more immediately the effects of the hostility; and can come more readily at the sources whence it proceeds.
You will therefore not fail to embody against any violation of the rules of the enclosed letter, all the direct evidence you can get, and transmit it to me. This will be not only preserving the Indians, but defending them also. For all such Individuals will be made subjects of a Government scrutiny. I am etc etc
T. L. McK[enney
].
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Miscellaneous Files, 1801–24.]
Office Of Indian Trade George Town
19th. August 1818
To The Honbl. John C. Calhoun Secretary of War
,
Sir
—I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 17th. Inst., containing a transcript of the resolution of the House of Representatives “directing you to report to them at the next session, a system providing for the abolition of the existing Indian Trading Establishments of the United States; and providing for the opening of the trade with the Indians to individuals under suitable regulations,”Amer. St. Papers, Indian Affs., ii, p. 181.—
Ed.
In reply, I have the honor to state, that the existing Indian Trading establishment might be terminated by withholding every description of supplies from the Factories, and directing the Factors to close their business, by a sale of the Merchandize and effects on hand: or, by an order, immediately to suspend all intercourse with the Indians, and transport the stocks on hand, to the nearest and most favorable points, and dispose of them at public auction upon such terms as could be commanded: or, by authorizing each Factor to sell the entire stock and furniture, of the establishment entrusted to him upon the best terms he could realize, due notice of such intention being first given: or, by an exhibition at this office, of Inventories of the stocks of all the Factories for the quarter immediately preceding, when the same might be inspected, under a public notice, given to that effect, accompanied by an offer of the whole stock in trade,either by public auction, or upon stipulated terms. Of the several modes referred to, my opinion is, the last mentioned, embracing a stipulation as to cost, and the time, or times of payment, is “the best.” It is the best, because,
First. It is summary in its process, and involves no consideration, either of loss, or delay.
Second. The details of the sale could be so made as to provide for the continuance of the system until it should change hands, without the interruptions to which any other mode would make it liable; and thus keep within reach of the Indians, without any suspension of the means, those articles of necessity, for which they depend, mainly, upon the United States Trading houses. The proceeds of the sale, when completed, would, of course, be paid over to the Treasury, to reimburse its issues under the several appropriations for carrying on trade with the Indians.
But
whatever
mode may be adopted for abolishing the United States trading Houses, there will remain a reconcilement to be brought about, in the stipulations of an existing treaty, made and concluded on the 10th. November 1808, between the United States and the Great and Little Osage tribes of Indians, and that new order of things. By the Second article of that treaty the United States “engage to establish at Fort Clark, and
permanently to continue
at all seasons of the year, a well assorted store of goods, for the purpose of bartering with the Great and Little Osage, on
moderate terms
, for their Peltries and Furs.”
It is true, the Government, in any disposition which it may think proper to make of the Factories, and of its present system of intercourse with those Indians, could stipulate with the purchasers to make good so much of the obligation as relates to the perpetual continuance of the Store, but it would not be so easy, it is presumed, to provide for the continuance of the “
moderate terms
” on which it has engaged the goods shall be furnished. Or, if both could be provided for, it does not require even so much as the experiment of a trial, to ascertain the sense in which the Chiefs and head Men of the Osage Indians, understand this article, that having been expressed by them in the year 1813 (see paper marked A). If a change in the existing relations be made, therefore, at all, it is already ascertained that it must involve, in relation to the Osage Indians a violation of the 2d. article of the Treaty referred to, so far at least as their opinion of its intention applies. And how far a compulsory change, in the existing relations with those Indians may accord with the importance which certainly attaches to a preservation of the public faith, will be a matter for the decision of Congress.
How far the other Tribes, who, altho' not entrenched behind the provisions of a treaty, may be inclined to conceive well of a change which involves, necessarily, the overthrow of the existing benevolent system, to the value of which they are by no means insensible, and an abandonment of their commercial intercoursegain
, it is no very difficult matter to foresee, especially as the principal tribes have in one way or another, either by direct communications made on the subject, or in person, during their visits to the Government, expressed their most earnest desire for the continuance of the Factories, and begged to be saved from the consequences which seldom fail of following in the train of private adventurers.
Judging of the future, by the past, there are abundant reasons to justify the conclusion that a withdrawal of the existing Government system would be attended with consequences serious in their application as well to the Indians as to our frontier Citizens, and but little doubt can be entertained that the whole system of reform, which has not ceased to command the respect and attention of our Government from its earliest history; and which now, in relation to several tribes, has advanced far beyond any former attainments, would tumble into ruins, and blast, at once, the happiness of thousands of Indians who now enjoy its benefits; and the hopes of those generous Citizens who are so resolutely bent on its enlargement.
The existing Government system has its foundation in
benevolence
, and
reform
. Those are the two pillars, on which it rests. The Factors employed by the United States do not go to supply the more helpless parts of our Family with articles necessary for their support and security against the elements, and upon terms that embrace no more than a preservation of the capital employed, only, but also with implements of husbandry; with suitable instructions how to use them; and with invitations to seek their support from the Earth, and exchange, for her certain compensation, the uncertain products of the chase. The instructions [to] the Factors also, direct them to cultivate among the Indians a regard for, and attachment to our Government and Country.
However inefficient much of this may have proved in its application to some of the more excluded and remote tribes, yet evidences exist, in abundance, to shew that all this good design is not lost; and that but for its workings, savagism would
I am at a loss to conceive what regulations could be adopted, in a provision for the opening of the trade with the Indians to Individuals, which should preserve both, or either of the two features which so prominently distinguish the Government system. Whatever restrictions might be attempted to force private enterprize within the demands of benevolence, I apprehend they would all prove of no avail. The object of private enterprize is proclaimed in the undertaking. A trader no sooner resolves on a commencement of his career than he fixes his eye upon the object in view; and that object is
gain
—and so far as my information extends I have never detected any evidence going to shew the least unwillingness on the part of the private adventurer to adopt any resort that should promise to favor his scheme of profit. All methods appear to be alike convenient; and are adopted, or rejected, as they may seem most likely to favor, or oppose, his hopes.
It is well known that to the introduction of spirituous liquors amongst the Indians may be attributed a vast majority of those excitements which so often break out into acts of hostility, sometimes involving the almost total extinction of the tribes arrayed against each other; not unfrequently blasting the hopes of our frontier Citizens, and deluging their distant and otherwise peacefull homes with blood. But this comes not of the Government policy. The distribution of this article is not permitted.
Experience has demonstrated how inefficient are the most promising regulations, when they are intended to govern Men bent upon such enterprizes; and especially when the means of evading the agents whose duty it is made to enforce them, are so numerous; and when the opportunities of escape and security are rendered so certain by the unsearchable intricacies of the surrounding Forests.
Of the article of whiskey, to prevent the introduction of which into the Indian Country, and its distribution amongstsolitary renumeration beside
.
So far, therefore, as private, or individual intercourse is concerned,—and such is its history from the beginning,—there can be perceived in it no one trait which distinguishes it on account of its benevolence, and as to reform, it would be useless to illustrate the consequences which result from the sort of intercourse referred to: Any thing, and every thing, but reform must attend upon it.
But the Indian Tribes are not only worried and excited by the conflicting interests of Men whose sole object is gain, and whose chief instrument of competition is that very article which is most pernicious; and which by its inflaming tendency disturbs the tranquility of the forests, and rouses into action the worst passions of their inhabitants, and of which unfortunately the Indians are too fond, but exactions of the most extravagant character are practised by Individuals wherever the means do not exist to make the Indians independent of their supplies. This fact is proved from a variety of sources, in a general way, and has been particularly specified by an intelligent Gentleman now in the north, whose letter dated December 1816 after stating the pleasure manifested by the Indians, at the opening of the Green Bay factory, and their gratification at the cheapness of the goods, added, on their own authority, that “they had been obliged to pay, in skins,
Fifteen Dollars for a pound of Tobacco; and one Dollar and an half for a thimble!
”
I know it has been assumed that a destruction of the existing Government system would open the way to the enterprising Citizens of our Country, to participate in the benefits of a trade which could be made generally valuable to them, whilst it is of no particular advantage to the Government; but who are excluded from the benefits which their enterprise would secure
So far as the admission of Individuals into the Indian Country is concerned, It would be impossible, even under an abandonment of the Government system, (unless indeed all legal provisions were dispensed with,) to make a more ready way for them into the Indian Country than is secured to them by the existing law, and so generally do they seem to have availed themselves of its latitude that from every quarter their numbers are represented as beyond all former example. The whole Country, from Michilimackinac, to Prarie du Chien, and thence on to the Missouri, is said literally “to swarm” with them. In fact those whose duty it is to licence applicants are left, by the looseness of the law, without option, even in the most important point of
fitness of character
—hence all descriptions of persons, applying, and conforming to the required regulations, which are within reach of any body, find an unobstructed way into the Indian Country.
It should seem, therefore, that so far as the admission of Individuals, into the privilege to trade with the Indians, is concerned, they can turn their enterprize into that channel, at pleasure. The only difficulty appears, then, to be, the alledged capacity of the United States Trading Establishment, (which difficulty may be found more readily in
the principles that govern it
, than in its capacity which has always been too limited) to serve the Indians upon terms more advantageous than those who enter into the competition appear willing, to adopt. It is very certain, therefore, that an overthrow of the existing Government system would prove favorable to the individual enterprize; but, it is not less certain, that it would be, in the same proportion, unfavourable to the Indians.
It is submitted, under this view of the subject, whether, before the abolition of the United States trading establishment be determined upon, it is not incumbent on those who seek an enjoyment of this covetted privilege, to demonstrate, that none of the consequences which have been referred to as arising exclusively out of individual intercourse, would ensue? whetherspecial agency
, and benevolent attentions, where shall they find a protector, or guide? It is argued, again, that if Individuals were permitted to enter freely into the Indian Country, and the present capital employed by the Government were withdrawn, so many agencies would take the place of it, as to create a competition, favorable to the Indians.
Competition is certainly an engine of protection to the consumer; and without it, in relation to almost any other sort of intercourse, than that under consideration, it ought to be promoted. But an exception may be fairly taken to its application to the present question, because no competition, it is presumed, however active, could insure to the Indians, their supplies upon terms even
as good
as those on which they are furnished by the United States, whose policy is prescribed by a law which directs that the profits on the original cost of theought
to authorize, say six or Eight per Cent, with a view to cover the losses, and damage to which an intercourse so distant, and so difficult is liable.
Even, however, if Individuals should agree to receive no more than such an advance, taking into the estimate the chance of profit on the Furs and Peltries received in barter, and which is the only source on which the United States can count on
any
profit, yet it will scarcely admit of doubt that the idea of competition, and general participation, would be soon
swallowed
up in
one vast engine of monopoly
, which, in its workings, would defy, and soon force the Individual and smaller capatalists to seek employment for their capital where there were fewer chances of its being so completely useless.
If the entire capital of the South West company be not now in operation in this Country, there is good reason for believing that an amount, more than double that employed by the Government, is; and it is rendered almost certain that the present Capital employed by the United States, if withdrawn, would be immediately supplied, and vastly augmented, not, however, by individuals, on their own personal footing, but by a junction of a few, whose ability, it is as little to be doubted, would, very soon after the overthrow of the Government system, (should it be abolished,) have embodied, a sum, exceeding a million of Dollars, employment of which would secure to the parties interested, one great union of security and interests, to the exclusion of all others. It is believed that upwards of half a million of Dollars are invested in one stock already.
If, therefore, the object of the resolution of the House of Representatives be, to make amongst the Citizens of the United States a distribution of trading privileges; and if a system could be devised, and such regulations adopted as should infallibly secure to the Indians a continuance of their existing privileges, and means of improvement, and to our border population
But whilst the resolution of the House of Representatives looks to an admission into the Indian Country, of those individuals who might be disposed to enter it, as traders, are there not many, who, although they might not be induced to hold intercourse with the Indians, in
that
way, yet, are much interested in a participation of the result of their hunting expeditions? I refer to the Mechanical parts of our Country who deal, and work in Furs. By the provisions of the 13th. Section of the “act for establishing Trading houses with the Indian Tribes”—approved 2d. March 1811, it is provided, that “the Superintendent of Indian Trade shall cause the Furs and Peltries, and other articles acquired in Trade with the Indian nations, to be sold at public auction, in different parts of the United States, or otherwise disposed of as may be deemed most advantageous to the United States.” Alth'o by the terms “
otherwise disposed of
,” an authority is given to sell at
different places
in the United States; or
at one place;
or to
export
the articles acquired in Trade with the Indians, to foreign markets, yet, it having been considered so important to those who work in Furs and Peltries in our own Country and to our Citizens generally who are the consumers, to provide a market for those articles,
at home
, that in no instance except
one
(and that occurred twelve years ago) have they been exported.
But if the United States system be abolished, can there be any security provided against the exportation of those articles, except that which shall imply a price, at home, corresponding
From what has been advanced may be gathered “my opinion of the best mode of bringing to a termination the existing Indian Trading house establishment:” also, that the change cannot be consistently made as it applies to the Great and Little Osage tribes of Indians: That so far as the remaining Tribes are concerned, and also our frontier Citizens, their condition would not be bettered; but, jud[g]ing from the experience already had, must be rendered worse by its adoption: That the hopes which are entertained, as well by several tribes, as by those who are so generously engaged in promoting a social and moral improvement amongst them, derive considerable aid from the influence and councils emanating from the Government policy, and that those hopes at the moment of their highest promise would be endangered by its abandonment: That however beneficial such a change might prove to individuals who might enter upon the prosecution of Indian trade, in a pecuniary sense, there can be no reasons found, to justify its recognition, if it involve an enlargement of the range of poverty, and disease, and want, amongst the Indians, which would result, naturally, from excess, licentiousness, and undue exactions; or if their tranquility be involved in it, or their lives, or a waste of any portion of the public treasure to allay excitements, and wars: That the idea of Individuals being admitted under this change to a general participation of the trade, is fallacious, for the whole would, without doubt, resolve itself into one great system of monopoly, out of which would arise
a tax
upon our entire population: To all which might have been added, the involvement of the humanity and honor of the Country, which, (in the language of an intelligent Gentleman, conversant with Indian affairs, and intimately acquainted with
I am aware that the resolution of the House of Representatives calls for a system, providing for the opening of the trade to Individuals, under, “
suitable
regulations.” But I am aware also of the impractability, in my opinion, of framing
any
system, that shall be so “suitable” as to overrule the consequences to which I have referred.
The best system, in my opinion, that can be adopted, is the one which has been once tried and abandoned: And if the “existing Indian Trading establishments be abolished” I believe a revival of that system (with some variations and additions) will be found to contain as good a substance as any other. I refer to the regulations of 1786 which continued, I believe, until they were superceded by the existing arrangements.
The system referred to provided for a division of the Country into two Districts, No[r]thern and Southern—to each District was attached a Superintendent. The superintendent of the northern division was allowed two deputies, or assistants. The whole of the Indian relations was placed in their hands.
The regulations adopted were the following: “No person, Citizen or other, under the penalty of Five hundred Dollars, was permitted to reside among, or trade with any Indian, or Indian nation within the territories of the United States without a licence for that purpose, first obtained from the superintendent of the District, or one of the Deputies, who were directed to give such licence to
every person
, who should produce from the Supreme executive of any state, a certificate, under the seal of the state, that he is a good character, and suitably qualified and provided for that employment. For which licence he was to pay the sum of Fifty Dollars for the use of the United States. No license to trade with the Indians was permitted to be in force for a longer term than one year. Previous to any Person or Persons obtaining a licence to trade as of three thousand Dollars, to the superintendent of the District of three thousand Dollars, to the superintendent of the District for the use of the United States, for his or their strict adhereance
It was provided also that the Superintendents should bond, each in the sum of six thousand dollars; and the Deputies, or Assistants, in the sum of three thousand Dollars.
My opinion is the system would be improved by placeing the Indian concerns in the hands of one superintendent, instead of two. That he should be obliged before he entered upon the duties of his office, to bond to the United States with approved sureties in the sum of Ten thousand Dollars, and take an oath of office. He should have an Agent settled in each Tribe, unless it should be where the contiguity of Tribes would make one agent answer for more. Each agent should be required to bond to the United States with approved sureties in a similar sum with the superintendent, and take an oath of office. It should be made the duty of the Agents, in addition to the ordinary routine of holding treaties, and paying over annuities, and dispensing Presents, to keep the superintendent regularly, and constantly, and truely informed, of the state and disposition of the tribe, or tribes, within their respective agencies; and specially so, (and their oath of office ought to embrace this object,) in whatever should relate to any infringement of the law regulating trade with the Indian Tribes; and by whom. The penalty of a violation should involve the forfeiture of the traders' bond which should be given on his receiving his licence, in the sum of Five thousand Dollars; and a forfeiture of his licence, without the privilege of renewal. Licences to traders now employed in the Indian Country to be cancelled; and all interlopers or peddling traders, should be driven out, wherever they could be found. Any Person found trading six months from the passage of the law under the proposed system, without a licence, obtained under it, to forfeit his effects. No person to be licenced after the passage of the law who should not present to the superintendent, (whose duty it might be made to issue licences, and approve bonds) a certificate from the Cheif Executive of any state under the seal of the state that he is of goodNo Trader should be allowed the privilege to trade, under any circumstances, who would not select his spot, build his factory, and locate himself
.
No licence to any Individual or company to embrace more than one Factory. The name of the Factory of each to be inserted in each licence.
The vending of spirituous liquors to be prohibited under the severest penalty of the law
.
Those are the outlines of a system which appear to me to be more suitable than any that have occurred to me; and as being more likely than any other to provide against the abuses which are to be dreaded, even under their adoption. The Indians would still be the victims of a policy, the foundation of which could only be sustained by gain, and the difference to them would be vast indeed, between its workings, and the milder, and more humane system, whose principle features are
benevolence
and
reformation
.
All which is respectfully submitted
Tho. L. Mc. Kenney
S. I. T
.
Endorsed: George Town 19 Aug. 1818. Thomas L. Mc.Kenny Esq. Report of Indian Affairs. Dec. 1818.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 1C30.]
Sandwich
August 31, 1818
My Dear John
—I arrived here the 6[th] Day after leaving you. I went to Mr. Woodbridge
Ed.
Ed.
I met with Mr. Stewart the Collector
Ed.
I think if the Grignons & Mr. Porlier & your Self were to make up a partnership for next year & get me to be the Supplier of the goods granting me £300 Yk C for my Trouble it
I Spoke to Mr. [Samuel] Abbot
Ed.
Id, xiv, pp. 35–38.
Col. Stephen Mack was a Detroit trader of the firm of Mack & Conant. Later he was the founder of the town of Pontiac, where he died in 1826.—
Ed.
J Franks
Mr John Lawe Green Bay
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 41, Letter Book 3, p. 30.]
St Mary's
Septr. 14, 1818
Sir
—With a view to obtain correct information upon the subject of your letter of the 25th. of May last, and of the accompanying resolution of the House of Representatives, and to compare my own opinions with those of persons qualified by their situation and experience to judge correctly, I have delayed my answer till this time.
The resolution of the House of Representatives appears to contemplate the abolition of the present trading establishments of the United States among the Indians. My own experience and observation, and the opinions of all with whom I have conversed upon the subject are decidedly in favour of this abolition.
This system must have been originally introduced in consequence of our peculiar relations with the Indians, and from an impression that American Capital, and enterprize could not supply the demands of this trade, or that the Indians from the nature of it would be liable to imposition. I presume the public trading houses were never established with any view to pecuniary profit, nor that such a result would enter into an estimate of the advantages to be derived from them.
I know not what at the introduction of this system may have been the state of the American Capital employed in the Indian trade, or of the enterprize of those, in whom this Capital was vested. Nor do I know anything of the wants of the Western or Southern Indians or the probable means of supplying them. My own experience and information extend to the Indians in this section of the Union only, and to them I shall confine my observations upon this subject.
I have no hesitation in saying, that it is now as unnecessary for the Government of the United States to continue their trading houses upon this frontier, as to embark in any mercantile speculation whatever. A great abundance of American
The individual must look to the profits of his trade for the reward of his industry and enterprize, and for the use of the capital vested in it. It must be obvious therefore that the goods at the public trading establishments can be afforded cheaper, than they can be sold by private traders, and cheaper, than by any fair view of the trade they could be expected. Were the United States to enter into competition with individuals in any branch of foreign trade and to be satisfied with conducting that without loss, it would not be difficult to foresee the sensation, which would be excited, nor the individual injury, which would be the result.
The capital employed by Government in this quarter is so small, compared with the general amount of the trade, as to produce little effect. There are but three public trading houses upon this frontier one at Chicago, one at Green Bay, and one at Prairie du Chien. I have no means of ascertaining the quantity of goods which they annually sell, but I am certain it constitutes a very small portion of the amount, which enters and is sold in this extensive Country. Since the regulations which have been adopted by the President excluding foreign traders from entering the Indian Country, many enterprizing American Citizens have directed their capital and attention to this business. The island of Michillimackinac is the great entrepot for all goods destined to this part of the Indian Country. In the months of June and July, the Merchants embark[ed] in this trade and owning the Capital arrive upon
Of the system upon which this trade is conducted, I know nothing. My knowledge of the amiable and intelligent Officer at the head of this branch of the public service and of the factors employed in this quarter, justifies the opinion, that all is done, for the publick interest, which zeal, intelligence and integrity can effect. But believing as I do that the system itself is radically incorrect I cannot but recommend its abolition.
I leave untouched the general question with respect to the propriety under any circumstances of converting the funds of the United States into a commercial capital and its Government into Mercantile adventurers. It is the practical operation only of these establishments upon our Citizens and upon the minds of the Indians, which I am to consider. These trading houses are known to belong to the United States. And the factors are known to be public agents, The reasons and motives, which led to their introduction are not understood nor appreciated. The Indians universally attribute them to a speculating disposition on the part of the Government. They believe, that goods are thus sent among them, for the same reason which induces individuals to embark in the trade. Invidious comparisons are introduced between our Government and the British Government, by whom such a system has never been adopted. It requires but little reflection to perceive the effect, which such ideas must have upon a rude, savage, unlettered people.
All barter with them is for gain, and it is not to be expected that their ideas upon the subject can be easily changed, nor that they should assign a different motive to the public and private trader while their pursuits and objects are the same.
As I have no disposition to enter too much into detail upon this subject, I shall conclude this branch of it by observing that there is an ample stock of American Capital, skill and enterprize for all the demands of this trade, that the public trading establishments injure the private traders by bringing into competition with them in the Indian market a capital for the use and management of which no advance is required, and that they render the Government obnoxious and contemptible to the Indians.
The laws no[w] in force upon the subject of Indian trade require, that every person entering the Indian Country for the purpose of trading should receive a licence and give bond, conditioned for a faithful observance of the laws and such regulations as may be required by the officer granting the licence. This requisition appears to be effectual, so far as respects the entrance of traders into the Indian Country. Their remote stations however render it difficult to procure the necessary evidence to collect the penalty of the bond, in those cases where there has been a breach of its conditions.
I believe no statutory provision is necessary to protect the Indians from the impositions of traders, where no whiskey is introduced into the Indian Country.
While the Indians are sober, they are fully competent to manage their own concerns. They understand the value of their peltries, and of the goods which are offered for them. It is only while in a state of intoxication, or while labouring under the effects of that craving appetite for spirits, which habits of intoxication produce, that they are liable to the impositions.
They are habitually shrewd, cautious, and suspicious. The capital embarked in this trade causes a competition among the persons connected in it, which leaves to the seller but a moderate
The entire exclusion of spirituous liquors from the Indian Country is therefore the only measure, which it is necessary for the Government to adopt with a view to secure the Indians from the frauds of trade. It is also highly important to the success of any rational plan for gradually meliorating their condition, and ultimately extending to them the full benefit of civilization. The exclusion, if ever effected, can only be effected by a change in the present laws and by a rigid police upon the subject. However important this measure be to the Indians, yet we are not to expect their participation in any plan for its accomplishment. Their attachment to ardent spirits is a moral phenomenon, and to it they sacrifice every consideration public or private.
It appears to me, that if more discretion were vested in the Officer granting the license, with respect to whom licenses should be granted or refused, and if authority were given to the Officers of the Indian Department to arrest and bring in for trial any person found introducing spirits into the Indian Country and to destroy the spirits thus found, the beneficial results of this change would be soon experienced. The Special employment of some persons to enforce these statutory provisions would be necessary. In fact I have long been convinced that if six or eight men were appointed within the limits of this Superintendency to travel through the Indian Country and to enforce the laws and regulations upon this subject, our prospect of an improvement in the moral and physical condition of the Indians, would be much more promising than it now is. I think this the most efficient measure, which could be adopted, the most economical and practicable in itself and the most certain and salutary in its effects. Very Respectfully, Sir I have the honour to be Yo. mo. obt. Servt
[
Lewis Cass
]
Hon, J. C. Calhoun Secy. of War
.
[MS. in Burton Library, Detroit. Pressmark: Vol. 115, p. 37.]
Instructions to Danial Borassathe Indians at Ke-as-Ke-Ke
.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii,
passim. At one time he traded on the Chicago River, on whose southern branch he had a trading house. This document is here given as a specimen of instructions issued at the time.—
Ed.
1. Your trade will be confined to the place to which you are licensed.
2. Your transactions with the Indians will be confined to fair and friendly trade.
3. You will attend no Council held by the Indians, nor send them any talk or speech accompanied by wampum.
4. You are forbidden to take any Spirituous Liquors of any kind into the Indian Country, or to give,sell, or dispose of any to the Indians, unless specially authorised so to do.
5. Should any person attempt to trade in the Indian Country, without a License, or should Licensed traders carry any Spirituous Liquors into the Indian Country, or give, sell or dispose of any to the Indians, without special authority, the Indians are authorised to Seize and take to their own use the Goods of such Traders, and the owners shall have no claim on the Indians or the United States for the same.
6. Should you learn that there is any person in the Indian Country trading without a License you will immediately report the name of such person, and the place where he is trading, to some Indian Agent.
7. The substance of the fifth regulation you will communicate to the Indians.
8. You will take all proper occasions to inculcate upon the Indians, the necessity of Peace, to state to them, that it is the wish of their Great Father, the President to live in harmony with them, and that they must shut their ears to any evil stories there may be in circulation.
Given under my hand at the City of Detroit this ninth day of October, in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighteen By the Governor & Superintendant,
[
Lewis Cass
]
Endorsed: Instructions to Danial Borassa Indian Trader Oct. 9th, 1818.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 41, Letter Book 3, p. 52.]
Detroit
15th. Octr. 1818.
Dear Sir
—On the subject of Messrs. Crooks and Stuarts statement made (through J. J. Astor) to the Department of War relative to my having received fifty dollars for each license by me granted at the Post of Michillimackinac, authorizing Indian trade during the year 1816. I have to remark that the sum of Five dollars for each license granted for Indian trade had uniformly been received by authority of Gov: Hull, who through Mr. Atwater then Secretary of the Territory of Michigan furnished Samuel Abbott Esqr. (now a Clerk of the A. F. Company House) with blank licenses signed by the Governor, with instructions to fill them up on application of the trader and to ask and to receive for such license the sum of Five dollars retaining one half that sum for his proper use and remitting the remaining half to the Secretary of the Territory. With a knowledge of that fact I was induced to believe myself indisputably entitled to receive a Like amount for all licenses by me granted under the law regulating Trade and Intercourse with Indian tribes, etc. etc. passed 1802.
By the instructions from the War Department 1816 predicated upon a law regulating trade and intercourse with Indian tribes etc. passed April of the same year, the duties or labour incumbent upon the Agent issuing such license was increased more [than] ten fold, as under the Law of 1802 a Bond for 1000 dollars was only necessary to be written upon which for
Wis. Hist. Colls., i, p. 51.—
Ed.
This transaction was on my part fair open and candid, giving the parties full time, if they had reason to complain of the charge, to do so, to my Government, and when Mr. Varnum for the South West Company House, voluntarily tendered me the payment for licenses to that house by me granted, I without hesitation gave him my receipt for the amount.
As respects my having sent ardent spirits into the Indian Country to purchase corn, I beg leave to remark, that not having any instructions to that effect from my Government, or
Wm. Henry Puthuff
.
His Excellency Lewis Cass Governor etc, etc
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 4B110.]
Green Bay
13
Dear Tommy
Id, ix, pp. 137–206.—
Ed.
Id, xix, p. 122, note 64.—
Ed.
This is three years nearly Dear Tommy since peace has been made and I have been in Hell ever since I am getting Grey and worn out in the service and now being with these Hell Hounds these latter years racks my Constitution & my mind and body is agitated continually seeing my property going to the Devil you may think that oppression is the Cry here for a B[ritish] Subject and you may figure to yourself that it
If it was not for the old Traders the Indians must inevitably starve & Freeze for they get no assistance from these people not even a mouthful of provisions—it is true I will pay for the Roast, but Mr. Aird as well as the others will so[on] know that I have still some Influence with this nation for there
You cannot expect any news worth your Attention from this Quarter the only news I can give you is the Foxes & Sauks went to War in July & August last and kild 40 odd Sioux of the River, de moins and brought in 30 odd Prisoners women & children to the Prairie du Chien the Sioux had a great deal of trouble to get back the Prisoners out of the Foxes hands they would not for some time give them up so we may expect that their will be a great deal of fighting amongst them this Season the Chippeways & Sioux has had a few fights this last summer but few has been killed on both sides. the vessel called the Hercules with all its crew has been lost leaving Shekaugo [Chicago] on the 3 Oct last their was an Engineer Mr. Everlets
Lieut. William Sanford Eveleth of Virginia was a cadet at West Point, from which he graduated in 1813. He was made lieutenant in the engineer corps, and had, during the summer of 1818, been employed in completing Fort Dearborn. He embarked on the schooner “Hercules” for a visit to his home. His body, much disfigured when found, was recognizable only by his military uniform.—
Narrative of Expedition of 1820 (Phila., 1855), p. 202; A. T. Andreas,
History of Chicago (Chicago, 1884), i, p. 94.Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., v, p. 178. He was stationed at Green Bay, 1817–19, and was again in 1820 temporarily in command there. In 1826 he returned to Green Bay as major in command, and remained for two years, being removed to Fort Niagara, whence in 1832 he came to regarrison Fort Dearborn at Chicago. He died at Newport Barracks, Ky., in December, 1863. His wife was Julia Fearson of Detroit, who there died in 1875.—
Ed.
John Lawe
.
N. B. Excuse my very bad Scrawl for it is not legible Nekish and her young ones desires to be remembered to you.
Endorsed: Letter Green Bay 13 Nov. 1818. J. Lawe.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 52B75.]
Messrs. Forsyth Richardson & Co
.
Sirs
—I received your favor with the inclosed account. I had hoped that it would be paid, from the product of the peltries that I had in reserve, and that I sent immediately from la Bay, to Montreal; and that have arrived there. If he who transported them has not delivered them, I am more than mortified, as contrary to my wishes.
Each epoch constantly brings me new hindrances in fulfilling No. 1 100 Beaver weighing 108 lb. 2 57"78 lb. 29 Otters, 37 skunks.
The quality of the furs was of the very best, but being wet they look badly.
Affairs in General have been very bad, little Hunt, many hindrances for the British, all has contributed; but particularly for me. Induced by false hopes of a good year, I loaded myself with merchandise at a high price, doubly mistaken in my ideas. The year was not only bad in general, but I especially have had to suffer a complete disappointment, having been as a Britisher kept from trading. A court of mercantile inquisition has judged according to its own interest even more than the Government. That was the beginning of the persecution but it is not yet ended, and I cannot make out what is going to become of us, abandoned as we are not knowing our rights nor where we shall be attacked. In an obscure labyrinth, loaded incessantly with most atrocious calumnies without means of unmasking them, what are we to do? I would never have believed that among any people it would be a title of reprobation to have been a British subject, to have belonged to a Government which has always seemed to me so kind to foreigners. I begin to perceive the word
liberty
in the language of politics or of the Governments does not mean the same thing as we commonly suppose.
I have digressed from the point that gave me the right to
I have the honor to be with the consideration due you, Your very hble & obdt Svt
Jq. Porlier
.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, 1818—20, p. 167.]
Office of Indian Trade Nov; 18th
. 1818
John W Johnston U S Factor P. du Chien
Sir
—Your returns for the quarter year ending June 30th. have been received and examined.
The following statement comprises all your transactions in that quarter as per your Journal—
$2164.62 bartered for Furs etc. valued at $4524.93 profit $2360.31 66.92"" feathers"" 145. 78.08 45.43"" Wax etc 102.15 56.72 51.43"" Sugar 92.93 41.50 41.98""Indian curiosities 88.75 46.77 141.09"" Lead 335.90 194.81 28.51 sold to J. P. Gates a 66 ⅔% 47.51 19. 67.80 "J. W. Johnson a 15% 77.97 10.17 16.56 "R. B. Belt a 15% 19.04 2.48 6.14 "Qr. Mr. Genl. a .75 10.75 4.61 459.25 "for Cash a 92 ⅜ 878.87 419.62 84.33 pd. sundry persons on Contingent acco. a .75 147.58 63.25 $3174.06 By which it appears that Goods which cost $3174.06/100 were sold or bartered for $6431.78 leaving a profit on the merchandize account of to which must be added amount gained on the fur account, arising from difference between the Invoice prices and they are taken in at—gain in weight etc. Gained on the Feather acco. they being taken in at 25 Cts. per Invoiced at .50 Gained in weight of Lead Indian curiosities recvd. for $108.50 invoiced at $117.13 This amt. should be the gross gain on the a/c curt. Instead of which it is only making a difference of
cost of goods
*
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 169.]
Indian Trade Office George Town Decr. 5Th
. 1818
Mathew Irwin Esq Green Bay
Sir
—I am directed by the Supt. Indian trade to request that all furs and Peltries which you may receive in future from the Indians at your factory be transmitted to this office via Erie and Pittsburg. It is his wish to make this place the depot for all furs and peltries taken in at the northern factories. At foot is statement of prices obtained at our sale on the 23d. Ulto. by which you will discover that a considerable loss has occurred to the U. S. by your selling this year at the factory.
Very Respectfully etc etc
J. W. B.
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 181.]
Office Indian Trade
31st. Decr. 1818
Hon: Secretary of War
.
Sir
—The histories of the fur associations, under the various titles of Hudson Bay, North West, Michilimackinac and South West companies, are not within my reach—such writers as I have been able to glance over, since I saw you yesterday deal cheifly in the details which make up the expeditions of the traders, the routes, portages, rapids, river courses, etc. etc. without
I am only able to state that the amount of capital employed by the North West company in 1788 was 40,000. £ Sterling, and that this amount in 1793 was trebled, making it about 530,000 Dollars.
In 1798 The N. W. Company divided, one branch continueing to trade under its old title and on the old stock; and the other under the title of the Michilimackinac with a new stock, but what amount constituted this new stock I am unable to ascertain. It is reasonable however to infer that it was not less than the amount employed by the N. W. branch, but it was probably more. For no doubt superior advantages were contemplated by the new party, and these of course must have embraced superior resources.
However it is fair to put the whole capital employed by these two branches at One Million of Dollars. To this may be reasonably added a quarter of a million more, in the hands of unassociated individuals. I do not conceive however that this addition ought to weigh any thing in this estimate, as there will be two divisions of trade, under the view you have taken of the subject, not less than the 500,000, will be employed in the home trade, which may go to take the place of the 250,000 Dollars supposed to be in the hands of Individuals in 1798.
I think a company suitably organized and vigorously managed could prosecute the outer division of the trade to advantage on a capital of a million of Dollars—that more would be unnecessary, because, by the side of it would be ranged another set of operations, with 500,000 Dollars more and a million and a half on reflection I hold to be adequate for the Whole trade, or if it should turn out to be the minimum, I conceive that it would be better so, than for the capital to be augmented to an overgrown amount, better as it relates to the Interests of the Company; and better for the maintenance of a fur market which it is so desireable to preserve in our Country; and better for the Indians themselves.
7
If the capital stock were larger than could be managed with activity, the short interest upon it might discourage the owners, and produce a relaxation of efforts, and ultimate loss. Whereas, if, after trial it should be found too small, it could be enlarged by a law authorizing that measure, and if the capital were beyond certain limits which would make it no object for the managers of the trade to turn it over with expedition, it would afford opportunities and leisure to wait for the returns from China, or other foreign markets—or give the Company power to oblige our manufacturers to buy at home under circumstances which might be deemed oppressive at least by the consumers. But if the Capital be at its minimum, it will tend to keep up that activity of intercourse with the natives, with a view to make the best of it, as will serve their wants more effectually—inasmuch as the necessity for quick returns will lead the Agents to accomodate their locations to the hunting grounds of the Indians; without waiting for the Indians to march hundreds of miles to them.
I think a million of Dollars, for these reasons, the most suitable capital for the outer trade, and I think that amount, will be subscribed for
provided
it will not be found more advantageous for the successors of the present Govt. policy, to oppose and successfully counteract the creation of such a company, with a view to reach out into those distant parts by means of their Agencies from within the posts. It strikes me this view of the case will not be lost sight of by those who understand how to make the best of a new state of things. Nor do I see how a provision in the law would prevent them. An Invoice upon the horns of a stag would be as easily got at, as would be the Indian Adventurers, who might wish, even if the law should
forbid
it, to extend their enterprize into the wilds of the Missouri, and beyond the limits which might be assigned to them. This view of the subject leads me and it has this moment occurred to me, to apprehend that if the Govt. abandon the home trade, ir will not be able to realize the object of a Company beyond the posts—and for reasons just glanced at:
But the company plan would be more certain to carry if the
T. L. McK[enney
].
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 1C33.]
Green Bay
8th January 1819
Joseph Houle (Houel), called by courtesy “Captain,” was a voyageur and farmer at Green Bay, often employed by Lawe. His land was confirmed to him in 1823. He died at Kaukauna in 1879, it was claimed at the age of 113 years.—
Dear Sir
—I received your very kind Letter per Menagre on 2
Ed.Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 89, note 24.—
Ed.Joseph Jourdain
From a photograph in possession of the Society
Ed.
Endorsed: Copy of a letter of J. Lawe to Louis Devotion
Ed.
[MS in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark. Indian Office Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 197.]
Office Indian Trade
February 5th. 1819.
The President of the U. S
.
Sir
—I had the honor on the 27 Octr. 1817 to recommend that a branch of the P. du Chien factory be located at Le Moin river
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix,
passim.—
Ed.
First—Its capacity to sustain itself, and do well.
Second—The interruptions and additional labor which the extent of its operations carries into the agency of the Prarie du chien factory of which it is a Branch, when the business of that factory is fully as great as Mr. Johnson the factor can properly manage. I am etc etc etc
T L McK[enny
]
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 5B1. Translated from the French.]
La Bay Verte
Feb. 6 1819
My Dear Sir
—This is to transmit to you my Remembrances with the strong Hope that it will find both you, your Lady and all your Family in perfect health.
I have no Interesting News to relate and I refrain from Giving you a Detail of a Winter as sad as we have passed both in Business and because of the Bad Treatment by these new People, which is too long to relate.
Capt. W. Withler [Whistler] commands here. The Savages have in General all been in good Disposition but their hunt has been an utter failure and many have Suffered from hunger and it is said some have even Died
I call to your mind the Land that you have told me the Government was to give as it is time that we looked for a Foreign Asylum British Subjects are always black Sheep. They take their Property and even try to destroy it as something Absolutely
L Grignon
.
Ibid, p. 90, note 27.—
Ed.
Endorsed: Copy of a letter to Robert Dickson Esquire, Present.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, p. 253.]
Department of War
, 3d. March, 1819.
Sir
—It has been represented to this department by the Agent of the American Fur Company, that the licenses granted to their traders by the Indian Agents at Green Bay, Chicago and Michilimackinac, have not been recognized by the civil and military officers of the government on the Mississippi, as sufficient authority to carry on their traffic with the Indians in that quarter of the country, and that the company has sustained serious injury in consequence thereof; I have therefore to request, that proper respect, in future, be paid to licenses issued to traders by these agents, and that they be considered as the protection of the traders and their people in every section of the Indian Country whilst in the lawful prosecution of their business.
ante, pp. 17–31. On the matter as it appeared to American factors, see Irwin to McKenney, in
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, pp. 277, 278.—
Ed.
J. C. C[ALHOUN]
Gov. Wm. Clark, St. Louis
Endorsed: Same to Lt. Col. Chambers, St. Louis.
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 225.]
Office Indian Trade George Town
March 11th. 1819
John W. Johnson Esq Prairie du Chien
Sir
—I beg leave to call your attention to the privilege granted you to issue supplies of Merchandize to American Traders of good morals, and generally under the instructions which that permission embraced.
It appears to me that the plan is liable to abuse—and however the effects may go to lesson the evils growing out of the peddling system, carried on by foreigners and all sorts of characters, to the injury of the Indians, and the disgrace of human nature, yet a danger appears to be apprehended on the other hand. It is that which implies exorbitant charges which those to whom you may furnish supplies, have it in their power to make, and by this means the releif which it was intended thr'o them to carry in amongst the Indians may be converted into an evil.
I suggest therefore, and beg that you will have the goodness to attend to it, with all the punctuality which its importance merits, that you be particular, first, in the sort of Men, (especially in their just and moral character) you may entrust this liberty to. Second, require of them
prompt
, and frequent settlement. Third—trust to no Man another supply, till he pays for the preceeding. Fourth, to his Invoice, add a column and affix to each article the price he is to ask of the Indians, and regulate the advance upon a scale of equal justice, which implies a just compensation to him for his trouble and the distance of the Tribe, or Tribes with whom he may trade, and a fair demand upon the Indians. Direct also what he is to allow for the various skins he may take in barter. Of all this you will be
Take such testimony against a trader who may violate your instructions, as you may think ought to condemn him, and trust him no more. He must count to dispense with legal requirements, and let his good conduct keep him free from even slight imputations.
*
I notice what you say of Mr. Rolette and others.
T. L. McK[Enney
].
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 5B6.]
St. Mary's Falls
[Sault Ste. Marie] April 23
Dear Sir
—I received your kind letters here which with Mr. Grignons had been detained at Michilimackinac as Major Putthoff was dubious that some underhand business was going on. he wrote me and said as there were no Accounts since fall, respecting the relative state of matters with Spain, he from the suspicious manner the Indian came he had taken the letters from him However this may be, we understand that matters are on an amicable footing between Great Britain & the United States; I lament the severe loss that you have had and the uncomfortable way you are Situated at Green Baye. I would have written you last fall but I entrusted Mr. Porlier with a Communication to you and Mr. Grignon, which from the contents
Ed.
I wish to take to the Indian Country a parcel of Good Beaver hunters you know who. I hope to meet them at Drummonds Island where I think I can [procure] them a Good equippment.
post, it seems that Dickson purposed to remove the Menominee to some place in Selkirk's grant, and to have the prominent settlers of Green Bay accompany them, and develope an agricultural and trading station in the new country. Probably the death of Selkirk, and the fact that the Green Bay inhabitants secured their naturalization papers and a grant of their lands, prevented this wholesale emigration from Wisconsin.—
Ed.Report of the Trials in the Courts of Canada relative to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement on Red River (London, 1820).—
Ed.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 367, note 16; xi, p. 225, note 1.—
Ed.
R Dickson
John Lawe Esq
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 89C2]
Know all men by these presents that we Andrew Leepheart principal, and Robert Irwin Jun[r]. and Lewis Morgan Citizens of Green Bay
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, pp. 252, 253. For Lewis Morgan, see
Id, xix, p. 454, note 80.—
Ed.
The condition of the above obligation is such that whereas the above bounden Andrew Leepheart hath this day obtained a License from the agent of Indian affairs at Green Bay untill the Thirtieth day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand Eight hundred and nineteen, if not sooner revoked, to sell barter or exchange all manner of goods not prohibited by the Laws
Signed Sealed & delivered In presence of W
Andrew Leiphart
Robert Irwin Jr
Lew: Morgan
[Source, same as preceding document, but 4B70; Translated from the French.]
Mr. L. Grignon
—We have seen tockimigo, all we have obtained from him is an advance of 100 rats for his credit which he goes to carry to you himself, he probably has more, but will not admit it. He has according to the report of Mr powell
Ibid p. 368, note 19. Since the printing of that note there has been found among the Society's manuscripts a long interview by Dr. Lyman C. Draper with Powell's son William, containing much additional information on his father's career. This is published in our
Proceedings for 1912, pp. 146–179.—
Ed.
Aug
Grignon
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 90, note 26.—
Ed.
Fily sends his Compliments
Ibid, p. 70, note 99.—
Ed.
Kacalin
24 April 1819
Mr. Louis Grignon merchant at La Baye
.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 246.]
Office Indian Trade Geo Town
15 May 1819
John W. Johnson Esq P. du Chien
Sir
—On the 10th. and 15th. Inst. I forwarded per mail to St. Louis 2 packages containing 5,500. White and 4,650. blue Waupum. Mr. Kennerly is instructed to forward them to you as soon after they reach St. Louis as practicable. There is more of this article on the Way to your factory with the other goods. Invoice of the whole will be forwarded to you in a few days. Waupum is very scarce and dear this year the whole cost 4 a 5 $ p M for the White and the Blue 5 to 6 $ p M.
J. W. B. for Supt
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Bulger Papers.]
London
May 21
Dear Sir
—When I left Montreal I was in expectation that I should have recrossed the Atlantic in one of the vessels now bound for Hudson's Bay. That is prevented both by the State of my health, and by very important business which occupies me here, and of which the decision may perhaps be protracted for sometime. I am doubtful therefore that I cannot see you again at Red River so soon as I could wish; but perhaps my absence may be of the less consequence, if another plan which I have in view can be brought to bear.
In consequence of the late treaty with the United States,
Dak. Hist. Colls., ii, p. 91.—
Ed.
Ed.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 462, note 86, also p. 486.—
Ed.
With a view to this, I have to request that you will send a Messenger next winter to Prairie du Chien, so as to arrive there by the 1
Ed.
The expedition that I have been speaking of is of the first consequence to the Interest of all who are concerned in the Settlement of Red River, and it is of very particular importance to you, and the Gentlemen who intend to join you in the plan which you communicated to me at Sandwich and Niagara.
ante, pp. 105–107.—
Ed.
I have written to you by the way of Montreal cannot be certain whether these letters will overtake you before you proceed from the Sault to the interior. I therefore inclose a Duplicate in the original of this. If you find that the plan of settling at Grande Fourche
Ed.arrangements with the Company's
officers for establishing a trading post at Lake Sal, or in any other good situation to the North and East of Lake LaPluie, and the Lake of the Woods, choosing for their head quarters a place where the soil is good, and where the Monomones might form a permanent village and cultivate the ground. The Gentlemen concerned ought to use all their influence to encourage not only the Monomones: but also the Maskegins
Ed.
If they can succeed in this, other arrangements will naturally arise out of it, so as to ensure to all concerned a permanent benefit and independent fortune. I need not enter into further particulars at present, as better opportunities will occur, and, in my present state of health writing is fatiguing to me. I have to request most particularly that you will consider this letter as most confidential and not to be communicated to any person whatever, especially so far as relates to your expedition and rendezvous on the Mississippi. If M
Note on original MS.: Mr. Dousman had contracted to furnish the Red River Settlement with two hundred head of Cattle.Selkirk
Robert Dickson Esqr
.
[Source, same as preceding document. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 5B18. Translated from the French.]
Fort William
17
My Dear Friend
—Yours of the month of August last reached me December 23, and with sincere pleasure I learned that you were enjoying good health—permit me to wish you a continuation thereof. Circumstances do not compel me to pass the winter in this Country as I had expected. I return the latter part of September as usual. I received under cover from my sister the Balance of the Account that you owed me, for which this is receipt in full.
I am very sorry not to procure for Mr. Jacques [Porlier Jr.]
8
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 469, note 92.—
Ed.
Having during last winter had more leisure than usual I finally got married to Madame Bouthillier. I will not tell you anything of her except that I am certain that she will receive with pleasure the Friend of her Husband. Believe that neither absence nor distance has dimmed my friendship for you and that I am always yours.
P
Rocheblave
Mr. Jacques Porlier
.
Endorsed by Porlier: Letter 1819. Notes on the River Rouge &c.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 41, Letter Book 3, p. 90.]
Detroit
June 22, 1819.
Sir
—Some of the Gentlemen interested in the Indian trade to the North West have requested me to state to you my opinion respecting that part of the instructions from the War Department contained in my letter to your predecessor of the 23d. of April 1818, which relates to the exclusion from the Indian Country of such foreigners, as have rendered themselves odious to our Citizens by their activity and cruelty during the late War.
I consider the exercise of this right of exclusion purely discretionary on your part, to be regulated by such knowledge of the character and conduct of the persons applying, as you can obtain.
Their employment in the British service merely, during the late war I do not think an absolute ground for exclusion. But that employment should be marked by some distinctive character to shew that their entrance into the Indian Country might be inco[n]sistent with the policy of the United States.
Honourable men may have been in that employment, and may have conducted themselves in such a manner as to deserve our respect. Unfortunately a great majority of them were of a different character, and while their cruelty excites our detestation, their activity would render their influence over the Indians important to them and injurious to us. It is not difficult to apply the principles laid down by the Government to the facts, which have occurred, and to the demands, which may be made and in this application I consider your authority to be discretionary and your decision final.
Please to transmit duplicates of all your drafts. Very Respectfully I am, Sir, Yo. obt. Servt
[
Lewis Cass
]
G. Boyd Esq. Indian Agent Michillimackinac
Ed.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 1D82.]
To William Morrison trading for the American Fur Company
Sir
—You are hereby especially authorized & required to seize upon every description of goods introduced within the American limits in the neighbourhood of the Fond du Lac and Red Lake Settlements for Indian Trade, by foreigners, and others not duly authorized by the United States or their Agents, and as far as practicable to order such goods, together with the persons vending the same without delay, to the Agent at this Post, to the End that summary justice be had of the offenders. You will destroy all spirituous liquors as soon as detected. You will likewise use your best exertions to prevent the holding of Councils by improper persons with the several bands of Indians comprised within the above limits, and by every means incline them to industry & peace. and for so doing this shall be your authority, as witness my hand & seal this 17 day of July one thousand Eight hundred & nineteen.
George Boyd
U. S. Indian Agent Michilimackinac
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 41, Letter Book 3, p. 93.]
Detroit
July 17th 1819.
Sir
—The bearer of this letter Mr. George Hunt
Ed.
He is stated to have been in the British employment during the War. If he conducted fairly and honourably while thus employed, I see no objection to his entering the Indian Country as an Interpreter. I am too distant to be acquainted with his character and conduct. Of this you must judge. If they are such as to command respect, and if he has never rendered himself peculiarly odious to our Citizens by his activity and cruelty, his employment in the capacity mentioned may be safely allowed.
I wrote to you some time since upon the subject of a census of the Indians within your Agency. It is much wanted at Washington, and I will thank you to direct your attention to it as soon as practicable. In addition to those within your Agency, please to transmit any information respecting the numbers and situation of the Indians between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi and upon the Southern shore of Lake Superior which you can procure. I am, Sir, Respectfully Yo. obt. Servt.
[
Lewis Cass
]
Col. John Bowyer Ind Agt. Green Bay
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 55B72.]
Indian Agency Office Michilimackinac Ind [Territory
]
Whereas the American Fur Company hath this day applied for a License in favor of James H. Lockwood a citizen of the United States of America to trade with the Indian Tribes on the Upper Mississippi, at and above Prarie du Chien, & its tributary waters. Now therefore (by special powers in me vested by the President of the United States, and by special Instructions from his Excellency the Governor of the Territory of Michigan.) I do hereby authorize empower & License James H. Lockwood to trade with any Indian or Tribes of Indians on the Upper Mississippi at & above Prarie du Chien, and its tributary waters, in any article of Goods wares or Merchandise not prohibited by the Laws of the United States regulating Trade & Intercourse with Indian Tribes &c. &c. or Instructions of the President thereof prohibiting the sale of ardent spirits to Indians, until the Twenty seventh day of July in the year of our Lord One Thousand Eight hundred & Twenty. And the said James H. Lockwood is hereby further authorized to take with him Francois Frenier, Duncan Campbell, Scott Campbell, Jean B
Given under my hand at Michilimackinac this twenty seventh day of July In the year of our Lord One thousand Eight hundred & Nineteen
George Boyd
U. S. I. Agent Mackinac
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C40.]
Michilimackinac
3
Sir
—This morning I applied to you to obtain licences for my outfits, which has been refused. I have purchased goods and engaged men at a great price, a short delay will put it out of my power to reach the place of my destination. I am therefore be forever ruined and my family in distress, your reason as respects the two Boleau's perhaps are just, I have done everything in my power and am ready to pledge myself in any manner you think proper, they will not remain in my employ, what can I do more, last year they went in I did not introduce them into the Country, & I am an American Citizen and must say have always served my Country and still ready to do so, therefore hope to enjoy the priviledges of it, it was [on] your promise I should enjoy them that I made those purchases. I am Sir Your humble Servant
Geo. Ermatinger
To Colo Boyd In. Agent
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B24.]
Portage
Ed.
Dear Sir
—Beaupret
Wis. Hist. Coll., xix, p. 364, note 10.—
Ed.
Geo. Ermatinger
.
Mr. John Lawe or to Mr. Joseph Rolette Merchant Green Bay
.
Endorsed: George Ermatinger 20 August 1819 Cacalin.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B26. Translated from the French.]
Michillimakinac
27 Aug. 1819
Louis Cass Esq. Govr
,
Your Excellency will justify me, if after reiterated and unfruitful Tentatives toward the Government Employees in this region to be permitted to enjoy the Prerogatives of a Citizen of the United States not believing their refusal legal I address to you this Petition.
I do not doubt that prejudices and other unworthy motives are the cause of the Difficulties. I have experienced and the Means to escape them is unquestionably an appeal to Your Excellency. A native of La Bay, as the accompanying certificates show, domiciled here, having Passed under the Jurisdiction of the United States, not having made Choice of any other, I appeal to Your Excellency to be recognized as a Citizen, and to enjoy the Prerogatives thereto appertaining. To refuse me this could be considered only in the light of expatriation, which doubtless is not your Excellency's intention. I pray you therefore to turn your attention to my situation and send me an Opinion that will put an end to all uncertainties. I have the honor to be Your Excellency's Very obedient Servant
L. Grignon
.
Endorsed: Copy of a letter to his Excellency G.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B29.]
Collector's Office District Of Michilimackinac
2 September, 1819
Sir
—Messrs. John Lawe, Pierre, Augustin and Charles Grignon, have deposited in my office the necessary proof to entitle them to certificates of citizenship under Jay's Treaty of 1796. I am decidedly of opinion, that these Gentlemen, are Citizens of the United States, and that it is not necessary for
Adam D. Stewart
Collector
Col John Boyer U. S. Indian agent Green Bay, M. T
.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark. Indian Office Letters Received, 1819; Gov. Cass, p. 260.]
Office Of The Attorney General Of The U. States
,
September 3d. 1819.
Sir
—The case which I understand to be submitted for my consideration is this: Jacques Porlier a subject of his Britannic majesty established himself, within the limits of the United States in what is now called the Michigan Territory, in June 1817 [1791]: and his home has ever since continued to be within those limits. He did not avail himself of the privilege offered by the treaty of 1794 (commonly called Jays treaty) of declaring himself, during the year 1797, a British subject; and the question is whether by the force of this circumstance, merely, he did, or did not become a citizen of the United States?
The 2d. Art. of the treaty of 1794, after stipulating on the part of Great Britain the evacuation of all the posts within the limits of the United States, on or before the 1st day of June 1796, provides that the settlers within the precincts or jurisdiction of those posts should continue to enjoy unmolested all their property; that they should be at full liberty to remain or remove with their effects; that each of them as should continue to reside within the limits of the United States, should not be compelled to become citizens or to take any oath of allegiance to the U. S. but that they should be at full liberty to do so, if they should think proper, and that they should make and declare their election within one year after the evacuation of thoseipso facto:
but that they shall be considered as having
elected to become
Citizens; the manner and terms of their admission, remained to be prescribed by the U. S., and this was accordingly done by the act of Congress of the 29th: Jany. 1795, to establish an uniform rule of naturalization. This act (repealing that of the 26th: of March 1790 which did not reach this case) looks obviously at the state of things produced by the treaty. The first section provides, that any alien being a free white person may be admitted to become a citizen of the U. States, or any of them, on the following conditions,
and not otherwise:
the section then proceeds to contemplate and provide for the case of Aliens thereafter coming into the U. S. The 2d. section, (looking directly at the case of Porlier and others similarly circumstanced) provides “that any alien now residing
within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the U. S. may become a citizen on his declaring on oath etc
. in some one of the courts aforesaid that he has resided two years etc. etc. This act was in full operation during the year succeeding the stipulated period for the evacuation of the posts: and I am of the opinion that Porlier could become a citizen in the year 1797, only by conforming with the provisions of the act to which I have just referred, “
and not otherwise
.” The various laws which have since passed on the subject have always contained a provision keeping open this privilege in behalf of settlers prior to 1795: If Porlier has not availed himself of either of these, he is not yet, in my opinion, a citizen of the United States. I have the honor to be, Sir, With great respect, Your obedt. Servant,
Wm. Wirt
.
The Honble J. C. Calhoun, Department of War
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Book D, p. 520.]
Department of War
, 6th. Septemr. 1819.
Sir
—The decision of Mr. Woodbridge, acting governor of the Michigan territory, in the case of Mr. Porlier, who had applied to Colo. Bowyer, Indian agent at Green Bay, for a license to trade with the Indians, but which he declined granting in consequence of a doubt as to Mr. Porlier's being a citizen of the U. S., has been submitted to the Attorney General of the U. States, and I enclose herewith a copy of his opinion, which you will see is opposed to that of Mr. Woodbridge.
The opinion of the Attorney general has been adopted; and therefore no license can be granted to Mr. Porlier, or to any person in similar circumstances. The license already granted to Mr. Porlier must be revoked. I am etc.
J. C. C[alhoun
]
Govr. Lewis Cass, Detroit
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 312.]
Indian Trade Office Geo Town
10th. Sept: 1819
Mathew Irwin Esq Green Bay
Sir
—Your letter of the 15th. Novr. last and the copy of a letter from Wm. Woodbridge Acting Governor of the Michigan Territory to Col: John Boyer Indian agent respecting the Citizenship of James Porlier have been laid by me before the Secretary of War. The opinion of the Acting Govr. has been revoked by the Secretary. Enclosed I send you a copy of his letter to Gov: Cass on this subject.
This will rid you I hope of a number of the greatest enemies to your factory and enable you to carry on a much more advantageous trade in future with the Indians.
You will keep me constantly advised of any violations of the law respecting Indian Trade—by Indian traders or others in your quarter. Your communications on this subject shall be always promptly submitted to the Secy. of War who I am confident
J[eremiah] W. B[ronaugh
] for the Sup
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 5B35.]
Detroit
Sept 10
Sir
—I beg leave to submit for your opinion the following Queries.
1
2
3
4
To Solomon Sibley Esq. District Atty
.
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B34.]
Detroit
Sept. 10th 1819
My Dear Sir
—I find it will be almost impossible to procure the Sheep Turkies and Pigeons you wished me to procure you neither have I been able to find any very old whiskey. The two Barrels Salt will be forwarded by next vessel and also Mr. Grignon's 5 Barrels Whiskey and Keg of Tobacco.
I am to receive a final and decisive answer tomorrow on the Subject of the Quarter M
Enclosed I send you Copies of Questions
Ed.
Mr. Grignon's Case I think will come within the first Question.
I could not find out any way for the admission of yourself into the Indian country unless you were also at Green Bay at the time of the avacuation of these Western posts by the English and did not within one year elect to remain a British Subject. I will write again from New York I am very truly yr friend &c
O. N. Bostwick
I could not find any Territorial Laws in English or French.
To John Lawe Esqr. Green Bay
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letters Received, 1820, p. 126.]
Extract from Doctor Maddison's letter, dated Portage at Fox River Octr. 5. 1819
.
I found the Indians all friendly except one tribe of the Winnebagoes, who behaved so insolently, that I thought at one time, I should have been compelled to have used Doctor Crows pistols, they entered our tent and examined our baggage and gu[n]s until forced to retire, I could scarcely prevent my men from committing violence on them, which would have certainly been fatal to us.W. S. Maddison
.
For the cause of Winnebago hostilities at this time and subsequently, see Irwin's letter in
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, pp. 278, 279.—
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Book 41, Letter Book 3, p. 120.]
Detroit
Octr. 7. 1819.
Sir
—I have been instructed by the Secretary of War to inquire into the situation of the Winnebago Indians, and to take them under my superintendency. I will therefore thank you to make to me a detailed report upon the subject of those Indians, stating their probable number, their character, local situation, disposition towards the United States, and in short every circumstance connected with them, which may enable me to determine what course the just policy of the Government and a proper regard to them may require to be pursued.
I will thank you also to transmit to me a similar view of the Fals Avoin Indians together with your opinion respecting
[
Lewis Cass
]
Nicholas Boilvin Esqr. Indian Agent, Prairie du Chien
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Book 41, letter Book 3, p. 137.]
Detroit
Octr. 11. 1819.
Sir
—In a case submitted to the Attorney General of the United States for his decision, he has given it as his opinion, that persons, whose cases are comprehended in the 2d Article of the treaty of 1794, commonly called Jay's treaty, do not by the mere force of that article become American Citizens, but that they must also be naturalized under the acts of Congress. He considers that the treaty secured to those persons, whose cases are described in it, a right to become American Citizens, but that this right must be carried into effect, in the manner prescribed in the acts of Congress to establish an uniform rule of naturalization.
The Secretary of War has adopted the opinion of the Attorney General and the principles which it advances will hereafter regulate your official duties in all cases which they apply; No license will consequently be granted to any person claiming to be an American Citizen under the article before referred to, unless such person has also been naturalized agreeably to the acts of Congress upon the subject.
You will please to revoke any licenses which have been granted contrary to the regulations herein prescribed. I am, Sir, Respectfully Yo. obt Servt.Lewis Cass
]
To the Agents at Michillimackinac, Green Bay, Chickago, Fort Wayne and Piqua
N. B. In the letter to the Agent at Green Bay is this addition[al] paragraph: And you are particularly instructed to
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 1C47.]
Makinac
the 28
Mr. Bernard Grignon
Ed.
Dear Sir
—Yours of 17
I was extremely Surprised to Understand that Col. Boyer had revoked your own, & the Mss
I will write on, immediately & ascertain the Mode in which you can finally acquire all the rights of Citizenship; & that, I have no doubt can be accomplished by next Spring—either here, or at Detroit; on this head I will write you early in the Spring;
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 371, note 22. The manuscript appears to be in the handwriting of Pierre Bernard Grignon, who apparently copied it at some later date.—
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B59. Translated from the French.]
La Butte Des Morts
29 October 1819
Dear Lawe
—I have learned here that the Foll avoines du Bas await me on the Lower Woisconsin I am informed that there are Many Savages at the Fond du Lac Lodges of the Puants Grand Blane's Band, Michetois, the Grand Cheveux enter at Powoihygand [Lake Poygan]. I think that deversaller has arranged all with that wicked old Rascal try not to let any one winter here or come out in opposition. Finally for myself I warn you that I go to make a clean sweep and I shall trade all along my Route and take every Means proper or improper. Excuse my handwriting the cold annoys me. Your Sincere &c
L[ouis] G[rignon
]
N. B. Mr. Lawe, you will pay Baptiste for his Time but do
9
I draw on you for Guidago for one 2½ point blanket, one shirt, one silk handkerchief, one pint of salt and give him also in addition four pints of [MS. illegible]. La Comble is ill Beaudain has been taken with small-pox.
L. G.
I left at home a woolen Capot so that Catiche might fix it if the Doctor does not give you an account for having cared for me, do me the favor of asking him for it If he does not give it to you, do me the favor of making my Excuses and beg him to Accept the Capot.
L. G.
Mr. John Lawe La Bay [pr] Guidago
Endorsed by Lawe: Letter from Louis Grignon 29th Oct 1819 Butte d'Mort
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B63.]
Green Bay
3
Dear Sir
—You will receive this by Mr. LauranceEd.Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, pp. 277–279.—
Ed.Ed.
John Lawe
Mr. Louis Grignon En Route, per favor of Roderick Laurance Esquire
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B64.]
Nov. 5
I cannot help writing one line to the Patent Binnacle Bullseye illuminator.
Ed.
R[oderick] L[awrence
]
Cocholan Rapids
Nov. 5th
P. S. I shall see you before long, enquire for me at the stores as you pass the country. your boat would have got further but your boy will not give whiskey to drink & Rouse gives to each 5 glasses a day.
L. Devotion Esq. Green Bay Terry Michigan
.
Endorsed: R. Laurance October [sic] 5, 1819.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 5B65. Translated from the French.]
Le Portage Du Wisconsin
9 Nov. 1819.
My Dear Sir
—I received your letter yesterday with your plan by the two Indians Woikitan and Chawounon. I much wish that it might have come eight days sooner. I await Mr. Laurance here. I have written him to come as rapidly as possible. There seems to be, as I told you in my first letter a number of savages on the lower Wisconsin. I should have secured both here and along my route if I had dared about 1000 rats. According to the report of the Savages there is a Trader on the Lower Wisconsin. I much hope that you have taken the license for the Wisconsin if we carry out your idea of wintering. You did not mention my doing so but if I myself learn the necessary precautions for remaining with Mr. Lawrance, and if I am permitted to enter as Interpreter [I shall winter there] If Augustin is not disturbed there is much to hope from his Outfit and he has already made a Good start, his savages have done well in rats. He will be here with me soon. There can be nothing done with Mr. F. Roy
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix. p. 396, note 44.—
Ed.
Nothing more to mention. I am quite unwell. My compliments to all my friends. Write me at every opportunity. I
L. Grignon
[
To John Lawe
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1D76.]
Mackinac
Nov
D
Sir
—Nothing has transpired here in your Department From your departure worthy notice. I rec
Let us know what will be done with the Army this Winter and
Ed.
W. Lawrence
Ed.
G. Boyd Esqr
.
Endorsed: Copy of Letter from Col Lawrence Acting Indian Agent at Mackina to Mr Boyd. dated the 12 Nov 1819 to be returned to Mr Boyd Jany 25 1820
Rec
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington, Pressmark: Indian Office, Letters Received, 1819; Gov. Cass, p. 390.]
Mackinac
13th. November 1819
Dear Sir
—I am urged by several persons who have been furnished with Indians Goods, by the American Fur Company, to represent the many severe losses, and very serious inconveniences they are frequently subjected to, from the apparent want of defined instructions in possession of the Indian Agents. I will now instance one case; a Mr. Porlier of Green Bay, who last year received from Mr. Woodbridge, a certificate of Citizenship, and under which, Col. Bowyer granted him permission to trade; he was this year again licensed, (or promised a license), and it was not until all the expenses of the Outfit had been incurred, that he was informed he could not enter the Indian Country as a Trader: this extraordinary
reversal
, is said to have been determined on, in consequence of some papers sent by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, at Washington, to the Factor at Green Bay; be this as it may, it is a fact, that the Col. has revoked a number of licenses he had but a short time previously issued; which will cause the total ruin of several honest and industrious Men, besides, it is the most certain method imaginable, to keep the Indians in continual discontent and ferment.
Such oppression and inconsistency will I am convinced be speedily remedied by you Sir. And I hope you will excuse the liberty I take, in requesting that you will have the goodness to cause me to be informed, early next spring, what length of residence in the United States, entitles persons to Citizenship, immediately on application? How, and where they can obtain it? And whether County Courts of Territories, have jurisdiction over such cases?
Herewith I have the pleasure of sending you a small parcel of Wild-rice, which, I am sorry is all that now remains of our stock, had we thought of it in time, we could have sent you a much larger quantity. Please offer my respects to Mrs. Cass,
Robert Stuart
To His Excellency Gov: Cass. Detroit. pr. Genl. Jackson Capt. Blake
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin Mss., 29C35.]
In all the month of June next I promise to pay John Lawe or his Order the sum of Four Thousand Five Hundred and Sixty Five Dollars 23/100 for amount of goods sold us by Louis Grignon to be traded by me in the Indian country & the returns of these goods to be delivered into the hands of John Lawe at Green Bay.
Rod
k
Lawrence
.
Ouisconsong Portage
Nov
MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office, Letters Received, 1819; Gov. Cass, p. 424.]
Mackinac
21st. Novr. 1819.
Sir
—In addition to my respects of 13th. inst., relative to the
late
decision of Indian Agents, (revoking all licenses granted to persons of
foreign birth
, who have not been naturalized according to the Acts of Congress, on that subject,) I have to inform you, of my having received communications from Messrs. Jacques Porlier, Pierre, Augustin, and Charles Grignon, of Green Bay, stating, that in consequence of some of them having received Licenses, and the others being promised, by Col. Bowyer; they made considerable Credits to the Indians; which under the existing regulations, they are not permitted to enter the Indian Country, to collect. On the cruelty of this measure,
I therefore take the liberty to beg, that unless contrary to your public duties, you will have the goodness to order, (by the first express to Chicago etc.,) that the Agent at Green Bay, permit those persons to follow the Indians, so far as it may be necessary, in order to draw their Credits, only. I am respectfully, Sir Your Mo. Obt. Servt.
Robert Stuart
To His Excellency Governor Cass D'etroit
[Source, same as preceding document, but Letter Book E, 1818–20, p 362.]
Indian Trade Office
Decemr. 1st. 1819
To John W. Johnson Esqr U S. Factor P. du Chien
Sir
—A serious misfortune has happened somewhere with the furs from Ft. Osage generally, and with your Otter skins especially, unless indeed as I have written to Mr. Sibley,Ed.
Mr. Kennerly
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 448, note 78.—
Ed.
T. L. McK[enney
]
[MS. in Burton Library, Detroit. Pressmark: Vol. 114, p. 51.]
Old Pt Comfort Va
. 21 December 1819
The Honorable W. Woodbridge
Dear Sir
—I take the liberty herewith of enclosing for your perusal and consideration as delegate from Michigan, a letter & an exposition of grievances Complained of, from Mr. P. Grignon of Green Bay.
Impressed with a full belief of your Urbane disposition for the Inhabitants of that, As yet oppressed Section of our Country, induces me to address those papers to you, confident that your Zealous exertions will Succeed to remove all further Cause of Complaint and Establish a right of Citisenship among that, I am Sure friendly people to our Government & Institutions.
C. Gartiot
Ed.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office, Letters Received, 1820; Gov. Cass, p. 129.]
Green Bay
January 3. 1820
Sir
—Early in the month of September last as I was returning from the Prairie du Chien, I met Mr. Armitinger on the Ouisconsance River (who informed me that when he was crossing the Winnebago lake an Indian came to the beach and fired on his boat, he directed his crew to proceed and never mind him. A second shot was fired and the ball lodged in the mast of his boat, they then rowed to shore when all the Indians ran back to the woods. I saw the ball myself which had been picked out of the boats mast. Yours respectfully
Lewis Morgan
To Colo. Smith Sd. Inftr'y
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 131.]
Greenbay
5 January 1820
Sir
—In August last a party of Winnebagoes fired upon Captain Whistler, at the entrance of the Winnebago Lake, about forty miles from this place: Captain Whistler had with him a
About the same time, a Mr. Armitinger an Indian trader, on his passage from this, to the Mississippi was also, as I am credibly informed, fired upon in passing through the same Lake; and one of the balls discharged struck in the mast of the boat, against which he was at the moment leaning. (2)
Doctr. Maddison, Surgeon of the 3d., in passing up Fox River about the first of October last, was treated with so much insolence by the Winnebagoes, near the same place, at which Captain Whitler [sic] and Mr. Armitinger were fired upon, that he considered himself, and the small party with him, unsafe. (3)
Toward the close of November a herd of Cattle, for the Assistant Commissary at this Post, having arrived within two days march, the drover near Manitouwalk [Manitowoc] upon the Shore of Lake Michigan, was attacked by several indians, robbed of his Portmanteau etc., and one of the Cattle taken from him and killed. Several Soldiers were employed in conducting these cattle, but the drover at this time, had fallen some miles in the rear, with a view of bringing up such as had strayed behind when the Indians availed themselves of the opportunity, thus presented, to plunder him as above. (4)
A few days since, on the first instant, a soldier of the garrison, belonging to Capt. Grosvenors
Ed.
Tshi-zun-hau-kau
A Winnebago warrior. From colored lithograph in McKenney and Hall,
History of the Indian Tribes
(Philadelphia, 1854), i, p. 195
The attack upon the Drover, at Manitouwalk was committed by several young chippewas, one of whom after consultation with the Indian Agent, was arrested and confined in the Fort: He was treated with kindness, and upon the exhibition of much sorrow for his misconduct, the solicitation of his relatives and their promise to make compensation to the owner of the Cattle, was set at liberty. Those concerned with him left the vicinity and could not be apprehended.
The Smoker,
Wis. Hist. Colls., xiii, pp. 444–447, 453.—
Ed.
The Winnebagos who are reputed to be vicious and are an active tribe, previously to the misconduct which I have detailed, passed this Fort, where they made many expressions of friendship to the United States, and received some presents, being then on their way, as they said, to Mackinac: they however proceeded to Drummonds Island; obtained British presents—and returned passing up Fox river, without halting at the Fort, as they had led me to expect they would do. And since in an excursion up the river in October I have found on an eminence, about a league short of the Winnebago Lake, the English flag erected and flying, which I caused to be taken down and destroyed.
I have reported these transactions not from an opinion that
I have also considered it a duty to make this communication from an apprehension that vague, incorrect and exaggerated statements on the subject to which it relates, might be made to Government or to the Public; and thus unnecessary alarms be excited and in the hope also that it may produce instructions, as to the course which I shall pursue hereafter, to prevent or punish a recurrence of similar evils.
Not knowing when, or at what place, this letter may reach you, I have transmitted a duplicate of it to the War Department—and have the honor, to be etc. etc.
Jos: L. Smith
Col: 3 d, Infty
.
To Major Genl. J. Brown Commg. N. D. U. S. Army
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 25.]
Fort Howard
January 13th. 1820.
Sir
—I have the honor to state, that on the 9th. of August last, as I was passing a Village of the Winnebago Indians, situated at the entrance of the Winnebago Lake, My boat was fired on by a party of that tribe, who were assembled on the Shore. I immediately Ordered my boat to stop, and directed my Interpreter to enquire the cause of this unexpected Attack on the American Flag, which was hoisted on my approach to the Village; in reply I was given to understand that they commanded
Wm. Whistler
Capt 3d. Regt. of Iny
.
Col. Bowyer Indian Agent
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 27.]
Green Bay Agency
January 15th. 1820.
Sir
—I have made every exertion, to furnish you with the Strength of the Winebego tribe of Indians, but as yet have not received information to be depended upon, the last Spring I had a long conversation with the Blue Hawk, the most intelligent chief of the tribe,Ibid, pp. 463–467. During his latter years Black Hawk lived in Jackson County, where later, another Winnebago of the same name lived four miles from Black River Falls.
Id, xii, p. 430.—
Ed.
[
John Bowyer
]
His Excellency Gov Cass
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 6B14.]
Wisconsing Jan
y
10
Dear Sir
—Although it would give me great pleasure to hear from you, I cannot say that I take much satisfaction in writing to you, as I have nothing very agreeable to communicate. The times here are extremely dull; the chase is pursued here without energy & finished without perseverance Consequently the returns of peltries are extremely small & limited. The appearances at present are not at all encouraging; what changes may take place for my advantage I cannot tell. I have made a society with
Gun
friend
& hope all will enable me to pay my debts & have something as there are some months before me. I have been unwell all winter & M
Ed.
Rod
k
Lawrence
P. S. Please to present my best compliments & Respects to Mess
Ed.
Endorsed: Roderique Laurence Jany 20 1820 Wuisconsing
John Lawe Esqr. Green Bay
10
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B5. Translated from the French.]
Ousiconsin
10 January 1820
Sir & Friend
—I profit by the opportunity of some passing Indians, to communicate to you what relates to our business, and what can I say, only that This Equipment is a Total loss nothing can change that unless a Miracle happens. There has been no Hunting in this region, the great evil of the Savages of the Lower part of this river is that they are seized with a desire for the
Prairie
, and in consequence have carried their peltries there. Everything for the Savages is Very Cheap at that post. Mr. Belsher passed here the 5th of the present month with eight vehicles [voitures] to find Mr. Devotion and his goods. He told me the opposition was very strong in their quarter. I send you this letter and two others addressed to you, I suppose from Messrs. R. & M. and several addressed to different ones with the chance of your receiving them. Enclosed is a part of a letter from Mr. Rolette on the Subject of the Blankets that Mr. Brisbois left in passing La Bay, by the way the latter is his Clerk. Mr. Laurence has made an arrangement with Mr. Gunn I gave him my Opinion that under the circumstances and considering the appearance of the Credits that have been made he would lose thereby. The Savages of le BasEd.Ed.Ed.
Mr. Porlier winters on the river near me with Mr. Gunn, and Mr. Lawrence below the Detour des pins.
Ed.
In regard to our old friend Mr. Porlier, He is very much affected by the loss of his youngest Child, so that it is hard to turn his thoughts he feels this Death the more that coming in the Decline of life the child was very Dear to him. during the winter He has been very ill and I also more than usual.
The men Having received the greater part of their Wages, annoy me much except Amable & Beauchant.
Nothing more only to renew the assertion of the confidence I place in you for the Care of my family and Interests—a fact of which you are already persuaded.
Accept my New Years' wishes for your health and prosperity my dear Sir, Your sincere obedient Servant and friend
L. Grignon
Mr. John Lawe La Baye Verte
Endorsed: by Lawe: Louis Grignon 10 January 1820 Wuisconsing.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B6. John Lawe to Louis Grignon.]
Green Bay
11th Jany 1820
Dear Sir
—In haste I take the opportunity of Pierish GrignonWis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 368, note 18.—
Ed.Proceedings, 1912, p. 152—
Ed.Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 89, note 25. It should further be stated that he died in January, 1840.—
Ed.
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B11. Translated from the French.]
Village De La Laine
January 18, 1820
Sir
—I give myself the pleasure of writing you this Line to apprise you that the Nuit noire [Black Night] has one Bear skin here and 3 martens, and he takes some fishers and martens with him, I do not know how many, and his Nephew carries 1 fisher and perhaps something Else, but I do not think so.
I have just arrived yesterday from a Drouine of 17 days. All the Savages are fasting. I brought in 40 skins, 3 beavers, 2 fishers 3 wildcats and 1 plus
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, pp. 178, 200, notes 49 and 86 respectively.—
Ed.
There is no other News that merits your attention. I await the pleasure of your news and of seeing you, I beg you to Believe me with all the Esteem possible Your very humble Servant
C. Grignon
The Nuit Noir wishes a Kettle, please try to procure one for him for I have none to sell, and have taken a Beaver for one in advance. My Compliments to Chaput Your Servant
C. Grignon
Monsieur John Lawe, a La Baye verte
Endorsed by Lawe: Charle Grignon 18 January 1820 Village De la Laine.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B13.]
Prairie Du Chien
20 Jan
Dear Sir
—i Embrace the opportunity of the sleighs who are going to bring M
As M
Had M
No News here every thing is dull and it is impossible for us to Sell Christian goods with the Americans. Our Civil authority does all they can to do well and no one has a right to Complain. It is the first winter Since peace has taken place that we enjoy liberty and are dealt with as free men. It seems to me
Dancing and Frolicking goes on the usual rate every body is on a good understanding and that because every man is independent Wishing you & your family well I remain yours
Jo
s
Rolette
John Lawe Esqr Green Bay
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B16.]
Green Bay
22 Jan
My Dear Sir
—I duly received yours of the 15
John Lawe
N. B. I hire an Indian a purpose to go on with this Letter so that you may get it soon. J. L.
Louis Devotion Esquire Merchant Prairie du Chien per Indian
Endorsed: 22. Janvier 1820 Green Bay
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B19. Translated from the French.]
January 25, 1820
Sir and Friend
—I send you what you ask for. Seeing your man I hoped that you were following him speedily as you had announced to me, I had prepared to receive you in advance, but you have disappointed me. However I do not wish for you, hoping you will give me satisfaction as soon as your infirmities leave you. I have not given up my journey to the prairie, but, as in all things that Cost I have put it off. If I decide to go finally, I will let you know, if I do not see you myself to give the information. I am again very much obliged to you for the fourth volume that you sent me. I take a new interest in the reading of the romance. I find in it facts and expressions that are forced, so to speak; but the different characters that are there depicted make an interesting Code of morals. I regret that I am not in the flower of my youth in order to profit thereby. But I will try and use it in favor of those who are to replace me.
The savages belonging here do nothing but travel, I have not failed however, during 8 days to have a houseful of them always bringing nothing. I have tried to send my men to the river á la roche [Rock River], but they have not been able to follow the trail of 2 persons leaving the evening before forsooth!
Polhythe
Ed.
I am so put out with my Savages that I can scarcely see them without seizing them by the cravat, also getting embroiled with them. Chonquippe, whom I took for a piece of perfection, came
I am just now without meat, but I shall console myself if all the puants [Winnebago] perish of hunger. All my regards to Mr. Lawrence. I expect him for Mardi Gras. Your Servant & friend
Jq. Porlier
Charleau is here and has made a very fair hunt, he has taken 10 Beaver and killed 2 bears. He has come for some grain, I have refused him, but as he has decided to go to you, I determined to [give him some] all the more that he gives me an opportunity to go among the puants of the Kekapou River
Mr. L. Grignon
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C51. Translated from the French.]
Rivier Rouge
January 31, 1820
Dear Jacque
—since I had the pleasure of seeing you I have come very near departing this life. At present I am well. Amable Grignon has gone to the Tabasca [Athabasca] and I have heard by a man of that region that he was very well liked by his bourgeois and that he had had two skirmishes with the northwesters this is all I have learned about Amable.Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 469, note 92. His services in the Hudson Bay region are there detailed. The “skirmish with the northwesters,” refers to the rivalry between the Hudson's Bay and North West companies, which were united in 1821. Amable Grignon died at Grand Rapids, Wis., in 1845.—
Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., ix, pp. 298, 467. Lake Rouge is the Red Lake of northern Minnesota, on which there had been a trading post since about 1796.—
Ed.
Ed.
I hope that I shall have the pleasure of seeing you this year if you have any desire to come you can secure passage with Mr. Augustin nolin.
Ed.
Ed.
I have no other news of which to inform you & remain always hoping to see you as soon as possible. I am alweys your Intimate friend.
William Dickson
Ibid, p. 444, note 73.—
Ed.
I hope if you do not come I shall have the pleasure of a letter from you by the bearer [remainder illegible.]
Mr. Jacque porlier fils Bay Verte by favor Mr Aug. nolin
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B22. Translated from the French.]
1st February, 1820.
Sir
—I have ascertained that I can have no hope of doing anything here. Polythe has arrived from a drouine of 6 days on the Kekapou [Kickapoo] river. He has not done any trading altho the Savages had plenty of bear skins, my orders were for 2 bear skins [per plus] but they wished to give but one and a half.
I am not surprised that your men have not returned to l'etmanoir [Lemonweir River], and I was sure by the Savages' report that they had passed 3 days in a lodge eating a piece of dried meat that Amable bought for a pair of mitasses you will not lose all for Augustin has taken your revenge on his side.
If you need my men to send any where, write me for I do not know what to do. the price at the prairie is 5 deer skins [per plus] at present, the puants daily pass my house to go there. I do not send back your books yet. I have not looked them over. A horrible tooth ache on almost one whole side of my mouth has taken possession of me for 4 days and I have not known what to do with myself. The pain has now gone down between my Neck and chest so that I am ready to Believe your Rheumatism has come to make me a visit. If I can I shall return it to you quickly.
I am sending Polythe down, if you have any Commissions which you wish to charge him with, he will take them for you. My best Compliments to Mr. Laurence I am &c.
Jq. Porlier
.
tockingo brought his peltry to me consisting of 77 rats, 3 Cats, 2 skunks, 1 otter, he says that you have let him have the powder and shot marked in his credit, and he has paid 20 rats on his blanket.
Mr. L. Grignon
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B23.]
Ouisconsing
Feb
John Lawe Esq
.
Dear Sir
—Since I last had the pleasure of writing you, there has happened nothing new. The chase is pursued with less & less energy & I begin to be discouraged & low spirited. If the equipment I have bought of M
Ed.
R Lawrence
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B21. Translated from the French.]
27 Feb. 1820
Sir & Friend
—I have remained undecided for several days whether I should make the trip to the Prairie but seeing the pleasant weather come so fully, I have given it up and am preparing to depart as soon as possible. I do not doubt that the puants of the Upper River will be at the portage too soon for us, but what can I do, I await my men impatiently to learn the tidings. They have been gone on a trip to the letmanoir 15 days and I fear that something has happened them. I am about cutting
I am not well these last few days, the bad meat aggravates my trouble I suppose, and grain is a poor nourishment for me. I do not willingly eat but one meal a day, so that the void in my stomach fills with wind, and causes me much inconvenience. All these troubles make me regret having left the Bay to come here and do nothing.
I send to Mr. Lawrence a dose of salts that he has asked for. I hope that it may serve him as well as if it had come from the best apothecary's shop. I beg you to accept my best compliments I am with Esteem Your Servant & Friend
Jq. Porlier
.
Mr. L. Grignon
.
Endorsed: Received by Beauchant 27 February 1820 Wisconsin L. Grignon.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B28. Translated from the French.]
Portage Of The Wisconsin
, 2 March 1820
Sir
—I send you enclosed a Letter of Mr. Devotion regarding his Goods and at the Same Time acquaint you that I have a Letter here for Mr. [name crossed out.]
The 19th of last month there was killed by the Puants of the river La roche [Rock River] 2 Soldiers at a Half Mile from the Fort of the same River, no other news to speak of. The Traders below have done well. St. Jean has charge of two Barges. The Saques made a great Hunt, for me I have done nothing &c.
By a Letter from Mr. Crooks dated 19 February last Peltries have fallen, especially bearskins. I think Mr. Lawrence will leave here the day after tomorrow very discontented with his Bad Business. Awaiting the pleasure &c I am &c
L. Grignon
Mr. John Lawe La Bay
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B33. Translated from the French.]
Wisconsin
24 March, 1820
Dear Sir
—This will be the last you will receive from me, before I shall have the pleasure of seeing you. Mr. Gunn leaves for the Portage & Mr. Lawrence for Prairie Duchien. I take my Passage with the Latter & I tell you that Business has not improved but in some ways is Worse than ever. The savages have made no Hunt since last January, the report of a Savage Coming from the Prairie caused great alarm among them and they have spent their Time arming themselves with bows and Arrows, all because of the folly of those of the river La roche. They much feared there would be a raid upon them. Consequently you may imagine they have not hunted.
Mr. Lawrence may perhaps ascend the Missipi as he has some business with Mr. Devotion. I beg you to oblige me by paying attention to my planting with the necessary Cautions and see that Lavigne
Ed.
Nothing unusual. wishing you perfect health as well as your family Your servant & friend
L. Grignon
Mr. John Lawe
In addition I beg you to do me the favor of giving my Love to the Children and give to them & Catiche
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B34. Translated from the French.]
Montagne Que Trompe a Leau
3 April 1820
Dear Lawe
—I put off writing you from the Prairie for Certain reasons. I arrived the 25th and left the 28th of last month. You will be not a little surprised to know that the People from the River rouge had been there Several Days a Mr Ledlie & Mr. Dickson the former came to buy seeds and several other articles. Mr. Rolette secured from him at least five hundred Guineas for some 300 minots of Grain at $3.00 per minot. The Grasshoppers destroyed all their crops last summer even to the Potatoes.
Mr. Dickson comes to await Mr. Hackett who is Milore's [My Lord Selkirk's] Brother in law. He was to come by St. Louis. A New Governor came to the river rouge from England and Last autumn made Messrs Chat M[c]tavishe & Frobisher & J. Campbell Prisoners & eight of their men & Sent them to England with the exception of M
Ed.
You will be not a little surprised to learn that the night I arrived at the prairie towards Eleven o'clock the House of Charles Lapointe
Wis. Hist. Colls., xvii, p. 323, note 1.—
Ed.
It is said that the Foll of the upper river have made a Great Beaver Hunt and in consequence Mr. Mayrand has had a big success all the Traders on the upper river have done well.
They tell me that fifty Soldiers of the river St. Pierre have died of Scurvy and if they had not had [word illegible] others would have met the Same fate.
Every thing is Tranquil here, the world breathes Liberty. Law is enforced the Citizens Content & offices respected Mr. Rolette has made $10,000.00 in money. Mr. Devotion has not yet returned from river St. Pierre they tell me that he goes down to St. Louis. Nothing more to mention to you. Mr. Lawrence has not secured anything on the Credits that he bought of Augustin. They passed the winter at the Prairie du Chien 2 have lost their wives. Share my letter with fanfant [Pierre Grignon] & my Compliments; and present my respects to Mamma, Mr. Langevin &c. I am hastened by lack of Sleep & by the Cold, my love to your family. Oblige me by taking care of my House. I am awaiting the pleasure of seeing you dear Sir Your Servant & friend
L. Grignon
Mr. Lawrence charges me to give you his respects he does not write you because he is ill. I am obliged to look out for his men who take advantage of him. The son of Oskininy was killed at the Prairie by his two Brothers in law the Sons of La Galette when they were not at all Drunk.
Mr. John Lawe La Bay verte
N. B. Mr. Rolette did not wish to tell me that he sends to the Bay for his Blankets this is not certain but I think so
11
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B35. Translated from the French.]
Montagne Qui Tramp a Leau
4 April 1820
Dear Sir
—In addition I have to inform you that to Add to our Misfortunes we passed through the fire Last night, the Tent of Mr. Lawrence Burned & some part of our Baggage & I had one hand & one Foot considerably injured we wait on Providence without shelter or Tent.
Mr. Lawrence has conformed to the Price Established here for Trading twenty rats or Otter or Bear Skin [to the plus] is the Ordinary one. We have opposite us 25 Sioux Lodges & not a Rat to Trade, judge if they are well cleaned out. Respectfully your sincere
L. Grignon
Mr. John Lawe, La Bay verte
[MS. in Burton Library, Detroit. Pressmark: Vol. 117, p. 108.]
New York
7 April 1820
Dear Sir
—On opening the
envelope
of Mr [Robert] Stewarts letter of advice I was greatly disappointed in not having “a word” from you. I am very anxious to learn how things go on. I hope you obtained Mr. Pinkneys opinion & you are as good a judge what it ought to cost as any body can be. When armed with that, and Mr. Ogdens document, I wish much you would call on Mr. Calhoun, and give him an opportunity of reconsidering the attorney Generals decision. Should he persist in refusing to receive the orders of last Fall commanding the revocation of the licenses; it would be well to add a section to the Indian trade Bill embracing a recognition of the persons ejected, to the claims and immunities of Citizens. I think in this way we may succeed, but should we fail,you had better obtain Mr. Pinkneys opinion in regard to the writ of mandamus and I will get Mr. Ogden's on the same points the
The vice President of United States has just arrived from Albany, and through him I expect letters to some members of your house who I trust will especially aid in defeating the outrageous license system about to be imposed on us. I hope to send them on by Sunday at farthest. Mr. Bostwick is mustering all the strength he can
Mr. A. D. Stewarts draft in your favor for $91.80 was paid two days
before
I received the letter of advice. I have seen the Washington City Gazette that was to have contained the reply to Mr. McKenneys report. I enquired at many places here, but as yet cannot find it. I am not sure yet but that
some
papers of
that
days impression came here: however I know my landlord got his Gazettes regularly both
before
and
since
, but missed that particular paper. I wish you would send
one
or
more
of that days paper say Wednesday 29th March, 1820
Gov. Cass has written me about Col. Chambers seizure of our Boats on the Mississippi in 1817, and is decidedly of opinion, we must get a verdict in our favor. Please suggest any thing you may think will aid our cause with Mr. Calhouns
new
licence system, and I will do all I can to meet your wishes
Some of our goods have arrived from England, and I shall commence purchasing here soon. I am in consequence very busy, and although I cannot write you as often as I wish I trust you will make me as frequent communications as your time and duties will allow May I beg you will hand the enclosed to Mr. Abbott, who now resides I am told at Mr. Stewart's Uncles With much esteem I am Dear Sir Yours truly
Rams. Crooks
Hon. William Woodbridge Washington
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 119.]
New York
14 April 1820
Dear Sir
—Enclosed I send Mr. Abbott several letters to members of Congress, whose co-Operation will be valuable should the Indian Bill be roused from its present torpid state.
Mr. Boswick took steps some time ago to gain us friends among the New England delegation but I am unable to say what success he has had
I hope you have ere this Mr. Pinkneys opinion and in securing to the good people of Michigan what Mr Attorney General has tried to deprive them of; as well as in defeating this obnoxious new system of granting licences; I trust you will be crowned with complete success. On your good efforts in our case, I rely much. without them, I should have but little hope of obtaining what we ask, although it is so very reasonable. When you can spare time, I shall be very glad to hear from you meantime I am Dear Sir Yours truly
Rams Crooks
Honb. William Woodbridge Washington
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 6B37.]
Prairie Du Chien
April 18t 1820
Dear Lawe
—You will no doubt be surprised, at seeing me date from this place, I arrived here from Red River on the 10
A passport for me, from the President of the United States was to have been forwarded to this place by the 1
I have received from M
The Puants, have Killed a Sergeant & Private of the Garrisons at Rock River, near the Fort. They deserve to be punished in a summary manner.
Duncan Graham winters at Lake du Traverse with Renville
Ed.
Tell me without reserve and rest assured that I shall give you the most sincere advice and best assistance in my power.
The Indian Trade in this Country is not in my opinion worth following, it is like walking in the Mud untill you get soussed over head & Ears.
I shall write you before I leave this. my respects to Colonel Boyer & to Docto
R. Dickson
John Lawe Esq. Green Bay
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office, Letters Received, 1831; no. 1.]
Prairie Du Chien
19th. April 1820
Sir
—Mr. Greno [Grignon] returning to Green Bay gives me an opportunity of informing you, last evening an Express arrived here from Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, bringing information that on 29th. of last month, the Winebagoes of Rock River killd and scalped two Soldiers within Sight of that Fort previous to that act they showed a hostile disposition toward the Americans there, by killing the Cattle and hogs and as a further proof of their viloney, they have dureing the winter opend at least one hundred Cashes of Corn and 65 belonging to the Sacs and Foxes—thereby destroyed near One Thousand bushels Corn—such conduct has roused the indignation of the Sacks and Foxes so much, as to make them voluntier their services to join us in a war against the Aggressors if required.
It is much to be regreated we cannot have a law to prevent spirit[uou]s liquors being given or sold to Indians. At this place dureing the winter it has been most shamefully practised—and is believed by every Gentleman here, that Mr. J. H. Lockwood and Mr. J. Rolette are the principal venders in that article, or that the Indians have got more Whiskey at their Stores than at any other in this place—Mr. Lockwood is said to be one of the firm of the American Fur Compy.
As a public officer, I give it as my opinion, men who will violate the Laws so willfully ought [not] to be permitted to have any dealings with Indians or even [to be] admitted in the Indian Country.
In the absence of Mr. N. Boilvin, for the last several months, I have acted as Indian Agent, and feel it my duty to give you this information I am Sir very Respectfully your Hbl Servant
Jno. W. Johnson
acting protem Indian Agent
His Excellency Governor Cass Detroit
[MS. in Burton Library, Detroit. Pressmark: Vol. 259, p. 104.]
Prairie du Chien
May 14th 1820
Dear Sir
—Three Indians of the Winnabago tribe have murdered two of Maj MarstonsEd.Ed.Ed.Old fur-trade house of American Fur Company, Mackinac
Now transformed into a hotel. The oldest part of the building is the left-hand wing. From photograph taken about 1910.What remains of old Fort Snelling
I have a favour to ask of you & that is that you will call on Mr. Woodbridge & ask him if in a letter he may have recd. from Mr J. Rolette asking his advice as to what can be done with certain gentlemen of this place who reported him to the Govr. any thing is s
Capt Larned
Ed.
As for my own dear self I am not yet permanently settled though I am now in daily expectation of learning what my
I have every [day] expected a letter from you but as yet have been disappointed. I am in hopes however the first arrival will bring me one in which will be narrated every thing of an interesting nature that has occurred since I left Detroit. Make my respects to Charles & his Lady, your wife & family & others which take any interest in being remembered by Your Sev
F. Barnard
Col John Hunt 31
Esq. Attorney at Law Detroit Michigan Territory
Ed.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 6B55.]
Prairie du Chien
May 15th 1820
Dear Sir
—I left the Red River, in the beginning of February, & arrived at this place on the 10[th] of March. I had received letters, from the Earl of Selkirk to come here, at that time, when I would find a passport from the President of the United States to go to St. Louis, where I would meet one of Lord Selkirk's Friends, who was to accompany me to the Red River, but in this I have been disappointed from what cause I am as yet ignorant. The passport you did me the honor to give me at Mackinac last Summer has been respectfully attended to, by all the United States Military and civil Officers—and I trust that my conduct will never reproach you for your Urbanity & politeness to a Stranger. I intend to return back to the Colony by the route of the S[t] Peters, and I have obtaind Colonel Levenworths
R. Dickson
Colonel Boyd
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B56.]
Mackinac
May 20th 1820
Dear Sir
—Your favor of 4
In regard to naturalization, I have only to state, that the difficulties which lately occured on that head, were owing to an opinion given by the Attorney General of the United States; by which it appears that no Man Can be considered a Citizen, until he obtain a certificate of the Same, from a Court, according
All the news I have from the Atlantic, is, that M
Robert Stuart
P. S. Have the Goodness to inform Mess[rs]. Grignon of the contents of this letter: it was my intention to have written them, but the vessel is just going off
R. S.
Jacques Porlier Esqr. Green Bay per favor Capt. Blake
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C66.]
Green Bay
8th June 1820
Hazen Mooers was an American from either New York or Massachusetts, who having been deputy collector of customs on the Canadian frontier, entered the fur-tread by way of Montreal, first coming out in 1818. In 1823 he was at the American Fur Company post on Big Stone Lake, with William Dickson. In 1826 he brought out 126 packs, valued at $12,000. He married a Sioux woman, named Grey Cloud, and sometime after 1833 removed still farther west, having a post on the Cheyenne. He died among the Sioux about 1858, aged seventy years.—
Dear Sir
—I send off this Morning a letter for M
Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii, pp. 463, 495, notes 85 and 29 respectively.—
Ed.
dit Provençal, who for many years had lived at Traverse des Sioux, in the Minnesota Valley. See record of his children's baptism in
Id, xix, pp. 134, 135. It is said that Provençal refused to take up arms. against the Americans in 1812. He was one of the best-known of the early traders of Minnesota, hospitable and kind, but choleric in temper. He died at Mendota in 1850.—
Ed.
John Lawe
N. B. I Inclose the few orders drawn by M
To M
r
Tenislaus Chaput En Route
Green Bay
17th June 1820
John W. Mason Esquire
Dear Sir
—Inclosed you have Bill Lading of Twenty Seven Packs of Peltrys which I forward to your address marked Co. L you will please to Account to Capt
J[ohn] L[awe]
Endorsed: Copy of a letter to Jno. W. Mason dated Green Bay 17th June 1820
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, 1818–20, p. 686.]
Office Indian Trade
June 10th. 1820
J. W. Johnson Esq P. du. Chien
Sir
—Yours of the 22d. Ulto. accompanied by your quarterly accounts, has this moment arrived. I am gratified that notwithstanding the very shamefull practices of private traders in violating the laws of the Country, and prostrating the only moral bulwark which nature has opposed to savage violence, that you are making something. The season of triumph I hope is approaching its close. I shall not fail to report upon the cases you identify.
T. L. McK[enney
].
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 6B82.]
Mackinac
July 1st 1820
Dear Sir
—I have had some conversation with M
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, pp. 218–225; xv, pp. 458–469.—
Ed.
Should you not be able to come down in one of these vessels, you must certainly be ready for the next. Endeavor to get Farnsworth,
Wis. Hist. Colls., ix, pp. 397–400.—
Ed.
Robert Stuart
Ag
t
. Am: Fur C°
Have you got Hunt's money, if not do so
John Lawe Esq
r
. Green Bay
[Source, same as preceding document, but 61B7.]
Territory of Michigan
County Court of Michilimackinac
Ed.
Be it remembered That Charles Grignon of the county of Brown in the Michigan Territory aforesaid, [appeared in the County Court] held at the Borough of Michilimackinac on the twentieth day of July in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred & twenty. The said Court being a Court of Record, having common law jurisdiction, and a clerk & Seal and the said Charles Grignon having proved to the Satisfaction of the Said Court that he was residing within the limits & under the jurisdiction of the United States between the Eighteenth day of June, one thousand Seven hundred & ninety eight and the fourteenth day of April One thousand eight hundred & two, & that he has since continued to reside within the same, & that he the Said Charles Grignon has resided within the United States to wit: At Green Bay & South Lake Superior five years at least immediately preceding this time, & one year at least immediately preceding this time within the Territory of Michigan & that during that time, he the said Charles Grignon has behaved as a man of good moral character attached to the principle of the Constitution of the United States & well disposed to the good order & happiness of the same, & having in the said Court taken the oath prescribed by law to Support the Constitution of the United States & having also in open Court absolutely and entirely renounced & abjured all allegiance & fidelity to every foreign prince, Potentate, State, or Sovereignty, whatever particularly to the King of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain & Ireland of whom he was a Subject. The said Charles
12
Given under the Seal of the said Court this twentieth day of July in the year of the Lord, one thousand eight hundred & twenty.
Josiah Willard
[Seal]Clerk C. C. M. Protem
[Source, same as preceding document, but 65B111.]
Territory of Michigan
County Court of Michilimackinac
Simon Charette being duly sworn deposeth & saith that he is well acquainted with Charles Grignon of the County of Brown in the Michigan Territory Indian Trader & that he the said Charles Grignon was residing within the limits & under the jurisdiction of the United States between the 18[th] day of June 1798 and the 14[th] day of April 1802 and that he has since Continued to reside within the same. Simon Charette of Michilimackinac Indian Trader & Eustache Roussain
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 170, note 33. Eustache Roussain was a North West Company clerk who was at Fond du Lac, Superior, 1799–1804; in the last-named year he went to Athabasca. In 1818 he was employed by the American Fur Company as interpreter at Fond du Lac, and in 1821 in the Folle Avoine district of northwest Wisconsin. He probably went to British Columbia, where in 1831 a trader named Roussain had charge of a Hudson Bay post.—
Ed.
Josiah Willard
,
Clerk, C. C. C. M. Protem
Territory of Michigan
County Court of Michilimackinac
I Charles Grignon of the County of Brown in the Michigan Territory Indian Trader, do solemnly Swear & declare, that I will support the Constitution of the United States, & that I do absolutely & entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance & fidelity to every foreign Prince, Potentate, State, or Sovereignty whatever, particularly to the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland of whom I was a Subject. Sworn in Open Court
C. Grignon
Josiah Willard
[Seal]
Clerk C. C. C. M Protem
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, p. 15.]
Indian Trade Office
July 29th. 1820.
To the Honble. Secty. War
.
Sir
—I have the honor to enclose herewith an acct received from the U. S. Factor at P. Du Chien, against the U. S. agent at that Village, for customary disbursements made to Indians during the absence of the Agent from his charge.
The reason why Govr. Clarke
Ed.
In company with this I have the honor to send you for your information certain papers just recd. from P. Du Chien, relating to British agencies, and their consequencies. This is nothing new, I am aware, but I cannot withold from you the information, as it may serve to place the subject more fully before the Executive. It will be seen that the Englishman Rolette, the great Indian plague, of whose doings we have so often heard, at the Ouisconsin, on the Lakes, and at Prarie due Chien, is still coursing it over the Indian Country regardless of your orders issued under the decision of the Attorney General of the United States. I believe it may now be taken for granted that such persons are not to be contrould, except by some suitable and summary process that shall take from them
and their employers
, their assumed right thus to annoy the Indians, and trample on the authority of the United States.
Paper marked A, is the acct refered to. Paper marked B. is the oath of Elijah Warner. That marked C, is the certificate of sundry respectable persons residing at Prairie du Chien, and paper marked D. is a letter from Mr. John Johnson the U S Factor complaining on acct. of the abuses set forth in the previous papers: and asking if there is no remedy etc. etc. I have the honor to be etc.
T. L. McK[enney
]
S. I. T
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 22.]
Office Indian Trade
August 4TH. 1820
John W. Johnson Esq. Prairie du Chien
Sir
—The account against the agency amounting to $215.49 is allowed by the War Dept. and forms a credit to the
I am instructed by the Secy. of War to inform you that the offices of Factor and sub-agent are deemed incompatible; and that you cannot be continued in the latter whilst you exercise the duties of the former. The Secretary adds “you do not seem to have been recognized by the War Dept. as Sub-agent for a considerable time.” The letters you wrote me and the certificates which accompanied them are before the executive.
Nothing however can be done without the interference of Congress in placing our licence system under other regulations. I am glad you sent me the information you did; and wish to receive as much as you can collect. It shall not be lost.
T. L. McK[enney
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 37.]
Indian Trade Office Geo Town
August 26th. 1820
John W. Johnson U. S. Factor P. du Chien
Sir
—On examining your Invoice of furs Peltries etc. received to day it is found that the prices you have allowed for some of the Articles particularly Deerskins and Bearskins are so high that a considerable loss will be sustained on them. The superintendent has directed me to apprise you of this and to say to you that prices in future must be reduced in some shape or other, he leaves it to your discretion to do it in the manner that will be least offensive to the Indians. For your government I enclose you prices current in New York the greatest market for such articles in the U. S. Respectfully etc.
J. W. B[ronaugh
]
for the Supr. In. Tr
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS.,
1D100.]
Chicago
Aug. 30. 1820
Dear Sir
—Circumstances have induced me to travel by land to Detroit. I trust you have been able to effect the cession of the plaister islands. If so, it will not have been necessary to call the L'arbre croche Indians to Michillimackinac, agreeably to the wish, which I suggested to you from Green Bay. But if any circumstances have occurred to prevent you from attaining the object, be pleased to request the old Wing with a few of the principal men to visit me at Detroit, as early this fall as possible. you may assure the Wing, and those, who may accompany him, that I will make them some handsome presents at Detroit. I will thank you to furnish them with provisions.
You will please to furnish the Gentlemen of the expidition with such provisions as they may require for themselves or crews I am Dear Sir with much esteem yr. obt. Servt
Lew Cass
George Boyd Esq
.
P. S. It has been stated to me here, that every trader entering the Indian Country this year is taking with him considerable quantities of whiskey, and that the practice is increasing. This is a Subject, which will require your particular attention.
M
Note by Boyd: Mr. D has abandoned the trade at Milwalkee from the circumstance alone of the selling begun by the outfits of Mr. Kinsey of Chicago,
Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 379, note 30.—
Ed.
George Boyd esq. Indian Agent Michillimackinac
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C73.]
Michilimackinac
21st Septr. 1820.
My Dear Uncle
—I received your Letters of the 8
Amer. St. Papers, Public Lands, iv, pp. 867–878. Lee died June 9, 1824.—
Ed.
Endorsed: Copy of Letter from John Lawe to Jacob Franks 21st Sept 1820.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 7B52.]
Detroit
Oct 24. 1820
Dear Sir
—On my arrival at this place I called on Gov. Cass and mentioned to him your disappointment at not being able to become a citizen. he replied that he considered all the inhabitants of Green Bay citizens to all intents and purposes, and consequently had a right to licences to go in the indian country. The Attorney Gen
W. S. Comstock
Ed.
To John Law Esq
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 7B57.]
Ft Howard
28th October 1820
Sir
—I have been informed since I gave Larose
Ed.
J. T. Chunn
Major Commg 45
Ed.
Addressed: Jno Law Esquire Present. pr. Lt Hopkins
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D. July 1820–April 1822, Index page A. Printed advertisement of public auction of furs.]
Will be sold, at public auction, on Monday the 13th of December next, at 11 o'clock, a. m. at the ware houses of the Superintendent of Indian Trade, in Georgetown, the following 32,200 lbs. Deer 3,460"Beaver 10,800 Muskrat 4,280 Racoon 738 Otter 250 Bear 150 Cub 260 Wild Cat 1,290 Fox 64 Fisher 70 Mink 250 Rabbit
A credit of three months will be given for all purchases exceeding two hundred dollars, on approved endorsed notes.
Tho. L. M'Kenney
,
S. I. T
.
E. Davis
,
Auct
.
Nov. 17th
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 121.]
Indian Trade Office
Jany. 10, 1821
James Kennerly Esq. St. Louis
Sir
—By a letter received from John Johnson Esq. U. S. Factor at P. du Chien dated on the 13 Oct: last he advises me that he had just returned from St. Louis where he had been waiting some time for the Goods forwarded for his factory from this office last spring, but that they had not reached St. Louis when he left that place. I am very much surprized at this information, as the goods were forwarded from this place by the middle of April and Major Woolley wrote that all had been forwarded in due time for their respective destinations. It becomes necessary for me to cause strict enquiry to be made into the cause of the delays which so frequently happen in the transportation of Factory supplies between Pittsburg and St. Louis,
I enclose you a copy of a letter which I this day received from Mr. Thomas Willson of Bottetourt County Va. on the subject of the $1500. which you wrote me you had directed his Brother to remit to me. I shall expect a remittance from you immediately on receipt of this if you have not made one before it reaches you.
T. L. McK[enny
].
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 1C83,84.]
Woolf River
22 feby 1821
Dear Sir
—as I am to Remain at this place til Spring I wish you to take a Inventory of all the Goods and peltry that you may have meade and [go to] Lake Due BuffWis. Hist. Colls., viii, pp. 290, 291.—
Ed.
Id, xix,
passim. They were much employed in the fur-trade, and Laurent Barthe was early at the Fox-Wisconsin portage; see
Id, iii, pp. 288, 289.—
Ed.
Ed.
I Remain Yours &c
Lewis Rouse
Mr. Joseph J. Porlier on the Menoy
Mr. J. J. porlier
Dear Sir
—I Received all the Goods you sent me and the Invoieses and found all Correct you will Receive one and one-half Bushel Corn and peas you will give to Barthe some of the peas and Corn if he Shud want and I send you List of the Goods for him and Jackson and you must prase him for that is the onley way to Due with him as to the Credit to Be Maid you most now [know] the indians well Before you make them But as you now the indians you will Due for the Best the price of tallow I cant say But the Coustom of takin it from the indians is 10 pounds for one plous [plus] as to the prices
Lewis Rouse
Woolf River
4 March 1821
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 144.]
Office Indian Trade
Feby. 28, 1821
The Honbl. Henry Southard
Sir
—i have had the honor to receive your communication of yesterday in which you wish to be informed whether I have any reason to suspect the Agents employed at the U. S. Indian trading houses of making unwarrantable exactions of the Indians, with a view to their private emolument; whether the system of accompting is provided with checks likely to lead to a detection of such practice, and requesting to be furnished with an explanation of the mode by which the Factors accot. to this office: also whether there are any points outside of the accompting system which admit of fraud—and if so, what are they.
I have the honor to state, in reply, that I have not the vestige of a reason for suspecting either the integrity or honor of those agents, or any one of them. Their conduct in their official intercourse with this office, and in the exercise of the trust reposed in them has been such as to authorise the most perfect confidence in their fidelity; and this confidence has been the result of their own good conduct, for all except two of them are personally unknown to me.
The system of accompting I believe to be unexceptionable. It contains, in my opinion, all the checks of which the accounting system is susceptible. Of its adaption to the purposes for which it has been provided however, you will be able to judge from the following outlines of it.
Ten thousand dollars worth of Merchandize I will suppose to be transported to a trading post, with it goes the Invoice. This Invoice is copied on the books of the factory and forms the basis of its operations. The instructions to the Factor require him to enter upon the books of the factory every article which he may dispose of, and the price he receives for it; and every article taken in barter, and the price he allows for it. Of these operations quarter annual returns are required to be made by duplicate, one to the Treasury Department, and the other to this Office, and these returns embrace a
literal transcript from the factory Books
. The original Invoice of outfit being in this office, to stand the test of examination, the quarterly returns must be such as to square exactly with the stock in trade,—that is, the balance must be stated, and the returns must shew how much of the original Invoice has been disposed of, and of what articles, and at what prices, how much remains on hand, and of each article, what articles have been received in exchange for the Merchandize disposed of, at what prices have been allowed for each kind. The Merchandize remaining on hand, and the Cash, if any, and the articles received in barter making up the original amount the balance of loss or gain, as the case may be will shew on the balance sheet. From this it will be seen that an error or fraud of a quarter of a Cent can be detected with the same certainty as an error or fraud amounting to half the Capital. I can conceive of but one point at which it is possible for a fraud to be committed without the certainty of immediate detection, and this is a point which must always remain deficient in
any
accompting system. It is this, an article sold might be entered at a less price than was received for it. But this species of fraud implying an unusual degree of depravity, is provided against first, by a bond which both the Factor and asst. Factor are required to give with two good securities each in the penal sum of ten thousand doll's; and by their oath of office. To these, as an auxiliary check may be added the danger of confusion which a few mistakes must carry into the accompting system. The liability of detection would,money
were the article received from the Indians, because it might be managed with a dexterity sufficient to elude ordinary observers. But even here the Clerks and Interpreters it is not unreasonable to suppose would sooner or later arrive at a knowledge of such a practise, and discover it. But the receipts do not happen to be in money, except indeed to a very limited extent, but in the bulkey articles of Peltries and Furs; and these it appears to me it were impossible for a factor to dispose of without being detected. It is known to every body how he is shut in by his official limits from all the privileges of trade, except on the public account, therefore, it seems highly improbable that he could convert the furs and Peltries, thus fraudulently received, into money, or effect exchanges for them in any other way without detection.
I have not only therefore no grounds whatever for suspecting the Factors of making unwarrantable exactions for their own emolument, but I discredit altogether the reasonable practicability of such iniquitous proceedings, or, if I did not, the Gentlemen who fill those places of trust are of that class of Citizens as to render so disreputable an imputation inadmissable unless it were made on the ground of demonstration.
T. L McK[enny
]
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark:; Wisconsin MSS., 8B18. Translated from the French.]
Cascalin
14 March 1821.
Augus Grignon
Dear Auguste
—I write you this line on the chance of its reaching you moreover I hope that you have Received by locque ten Rhome my Letters since he brought word that you had not Received those that I wrote you before &c.
I send you word that Charles is ill in Bed I believe in consequence of his affair with Mons. Rouse. I believe also that
I fear that Poor Charles will do Nothing himself Nor By means of Dominique Brunette.
Ed.
I think that Peaulitte
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 375, note 27.—
Ed.
I will give you on some other occasion a better idea of the General news there is not time at present. I received a Letter the 28 of November from Mons. Stuart [Robert Stuart] & he presents his Compliments to you if one sends to the Woods by the Boats Our dear mother is always ill and now a little worse & Mons. Langevin came the 12th here looking for flour but the Ice was too bad Robert almost Perished with his load of Grain in going with him He sends you his Compliments My young Folks assure you of their Respects. The two Scholars do not make much progress but my Position obliges me to detain them sometimes in spite of myself. Our friend Fily is
13
Ibid, p. 142, note 88.—
Ed.
My dear Ag
P. Grignon
I again report that I am staying here to look after the Cutting of trees for the mill.
Id, iii, p. 254.—
Ed.
[Source, same as the preceding document, but 8B19. Translated from the French.]
Lac PoÉhigane
[Poygan] 16 march 1821
Dear Friend
—These lines are to wish you good health as well as Macre's and the Children whom I embrace. A Band of your Savages came here who told me that they had payed but I convinced them of the contrary, but the brother of Tabac only wished to give me 4 Martens. He has 2 Bear skins he says they are for you. I did my best & threatened him if he traded them elsewhere. The eldest son of tabac has 2 bears and 6 or 7 martens. I had nothing from him, neither had Mr. Rousse who trades here and in the neighborhood. he trades for your and my Credits rather than for his own. If possible I wish you
Waubun (Caxton Club ed., Chicago, 1901), pp. 307–309. Knaggs lived in Winnebago County until his death, and his descendants still reside there.—
Ed.
C. Grignon
I do not answer the expectations of my neighbors for I am not a good writer [?] Girad is most [word illegible] of all the men. N. B. Lours blanc [White bear] has had his cache of last autumn robbed, which was worth 250
C. Grignon
.
Addressed: To Monsieur Ag
[Source, same as preceding document, but 8B22. Translated from the French.]
Lac De PoÉHigane
31 March 1821.
Dear Auguste
—I profit by the opportunity of Mauvaise hache [bad Ax] to inform you that he owes me and I beg you to demand of him and Louison and Glaud what they owe and the Bréchue of font du Lac who is there for Maska has not seen him. Being out of my Course I can not easily go to see these Savages but I rely on you. For the neighbors have the advantage
Our dear mother has been very ill but by the last note of our friend Pierre it seems she is better. The fond du Lac has not Given me a Big Hunt and Mer Sauvage has killed nothing He fasted all winter Dear Ag
C. Grignon
Domittille embraces thee and her aunt and all the children and la folleavoine. My Compliments to all the men and to Francois [Roy] and his family.
Addressed: Pierre [sic] Grignon, trader at the Portage Wisconsin By the mauvaise hache.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C87.]
Green Bay
18
M
r
Joseph Rolette
Sir
—Your letter of the 23
Ed.
J. Lawe
N. B. My Compliments to Mr. Bailly
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix,
passim. Alexis entered the fur-trade as an employee of Joseph Rolette, and in 1821 conducted a drove of cattle to the Red River settlers. Later he was established as an agent of Rolette and the American Fur Company at Mendota, Minn. There he married Lucy, daughter of Alexander Faribault. In consequence of some dispute with the Indian agent, Bailly was in 1835 superseded at Mendota by H. H. Sibley, and removed down the river to Wabasha, where he had a store and a warehouse, and also conducted some Indian trade. He was a member of the first Minnesota territorial legislature, and died at his home in Wabasha June 3, 1861.—
Ed.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 183.]
[
Circular letter to U. S. Factors—J. W. Johnson and others
]
Indian Trade Office
April 25, 1821.
Sir
—You will make selections of your most unsaleable goods, and especially those which have remained longest on hand, and sell them for
cost and charges of transportation
if you can do no better. I do not restrict you in the disposition you may make of them as to the purchasers, but only as to security. This must be unexceptionable, and without the possibility of failure. You may sell on time,
thus secured
, to reach twelve or Eighteen months, or even two years.
This arrangement is made from the knowledge I have that articles in the course of so many years must have accumulated which add no capacity to your stock, and are receiving injury with every succeeding year, and consequently losing value. No doubt some articles will not bring cost and charges, such I mean as are moth-eaten or damaged in their transportation—such articles you will do the best you can with. You will make seperate returns of the articles disposed of under these instructions putting down their quality, cost, and price sold at—to whom, on what security, and the time or times of payment.
T. L. McK
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 199.]
Off: Indian Trade
May 19th. 1821
Mathew Irwin Esq Green Bay
Sir
—Your letter and returns for the 4th. quarter of 1820, are received. You have hitherto given me the informationnecessary
, its importance, in the view of justice and convenience to the Indians and policy, as regards the influence the trade has in attaching them to us. If the house is kept from answering these ends by the unjust practices and the contriving policy of private traders to get it out of the way with a view after its discontinuance to practise frauds upon the Indians, then I shall wish all the evidence in support of this purpose I can command, In order that a result so unfriendly to these unfortunate people may be obviated by such congressional acts, as shall take away from these traders their power to accomplish an end so disreputable to them and injurious to the Indians. If however the trade has declined from other causes, then, let me know it, if you please, that I may recommend to the President the discontinuance, or removal of the factory. I wish you at the same time to write me what point you think would be the most eligible in the event of removal, by most eligible I mean most useful to the Indians—keeping in view the maintaining the house out of the profits of the intercourse.
In naming a point, name also the tribes of Indians that would hold intercourse with the factory if located there and whether in going to it you would interfere with any existing factory say also what expence would attend a removal; and whether the same goods which now constitute your stock would be suited to the trade at the point you may propose.
I wish you to be full, but definite on these points, and that you write me immediately.
T. L. McK.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 8B60. Translated from the French.]
La Bay Verte
7 June 1821
Robert Stuart Esquire Michilimackinac
My Dear Sir
—The present is to advise you that my returns are very bad. I had little hope last autumn that they would be very good: but they are worse than I had expected. However we should have done more if we had had the Means of furnishing our Savages with powder for they Traded part of their Hunt for that Article with those who know well how to profit by it. We held out against buying at the price that our factor desired to sell to us $2.00 per pound, our hope being that Mr. Crooks had promised to procure some for me as well as Mr. Lawe.
There is much sugar here but few Peltries, the Rats, Beaver and Raccoons are not up to the Average, there are no bears. Mr. Rouse and my brothers have much Complained of the Savages failing to Hunt. Nothing to mention that merits your attention, if you will have the kindness to send me a little powder however I shall be Glad to receive it not having had a grain in my possession for a Long time
I beg you to present my best respects to Madame Stuart and Compliments to your family, my very Humble Civilities to Mr. Crooks Wishing you the most perfect [health] I am with consideration and respect dear Sir Your Humble & very Obedient ServantL. Grignon
[Source, same as preceding document, but 8B68.]
Michilimackinac
25 June 1821
M
r
John Lawe
Dear Sir
—I returned to this place the day before yesterday & found your favor of 6
By the
Superior
we send you 2 Kegs Gun Powder marked J. L. weighing 50 lb and hope they will go safe. Our Goods are just now landing. Col: McKay says your Uncle was well not long ago I am D
Ram
y
Crooks
[Source, same as preceding document, but 2D7.]
Detroit
27 June 1821.
Sir
—I received some time since your letter but no favorable opportunity having occurred at the time of answering it, I postponed it until now.
I see no reason to doubt, but that your son has a perfect right to trade in the Indian Country, and his birth as an American Citizen gives him privileges upon this subject which cannot be taken from him. The Agent at Michilimackinac Col
Please to present my best respects to your amiable family. I am under great obligations to them for the hospitality and politeness with which they treated me during my continuance at S
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 361, note 3. Cass is speaking here of his first visit to Lake Superior in 1820, and the incidents of his stay at Sault Ste. Marie; see note above cited, also Doty's Journal in
Id, xiii, pp. 163–182.—
Ed.
Accompanying this I transmit to you certain printed questions which I have drawn upon the subject of Indian manners and customs. You will greatly oblige me by preparing at your leisure such observations in relation to them, as your knowledge of the subject may enable you to form. For a particular reason I have this subject much at heart. With Sincere Esteem I am Dear Sir Your obt St
Lew Cass
John Johnstone Esquire
[Source, same as preceding document, but 55B73.]
Indian Agency Office Michilimackinac
Charles Grignon is hereby permitted to Trade with the Indians of the Folleavonie & Winnebago nations on the Fox, Wisconsin & Upper Mississippi Rivers until the first day of July next by virtue of a License issued by me this day in favor of Augustin Grignon & Charles Grignon Given under my hand at Michilimackinac this 3. day of September 1821.
George Boyd
U. S. Ind: Agent
[Source, same as preceding document, but 8B75.]
Drummond Island
Id, xix, p. 146, note 94.—
Ed.
My Dear Sir
—I received your favor of the 20
I have at length got Some news of Your land part of which is excellent other is bad. I am so troubled with Indians that I cannot put my hand on the letter which I received, however I'll give it you when You Come in. Please tell Mr Porlier junior that he is entitled to land,T. G. Anderson
Id, ix, p. 264.—
Ed.
N. B. So much depends on the
chance of opportunity
that really I am at a loss to say which is the cheapest way to York.
Mr. Louison Grignon Green Bay
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington, Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 226.]
Off: Indian Trade
July 5, 1821.
Id, vii, pp. 280–282. It is here reproduced as important to the continuity of the present series of documents.—
Ed.
The Honbl. Secy. of War
Sir
—I have the honor respectfully to represent that for three years last past the two factories on the Lakes, one at Chicago,
Amer. St. Papers, Indian Affs., ii, pp. 221–223. The factory system was at this time on trial for its existence. The opposition of the powerful private companies, and their influence on Congress, as well as the unfavorable reports of territorial governors like Cass, all foreshadowed its downfall. See documents in
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, p. 278; xix, pp. 349, 350; also
ante, letters of Jan. 28, 1818, Sept. 14, 1818, April 7, 1820, and Feb. 28, 1821; and
Annals of Congress, xxxvii, p. 1227.—
Ed.
This view of the state of these two Factories should have been given thus formally before, had I not waited in the hope that Congress would have placed this trade under the guidance of suitable regulations, which, if done, would ensure to the Govt. the harmony and attachments of these lake Indians, and to the Indians all the consequences which the Govt. contemplated, in the adoption of this just and humane branch of its policy. This hope, and the apprehension that a removal of the factories which alth'o they do but little in the way of trade, operate as a Check to the traders might expose the Indians to oppression, seemed to authorize me in waiting for the final judgment of the Congress in this matter. I am unable however, on a review of this subject to realize in the proceedings of the last Congress any additional disposition to place this item upon what I consider its proper basis; and the continuation of the same inactivity which has hitherto characterized the business done at these two factories, promising to make inroads upon the fund allottedpolicy
. My opinion is that an abandonment of these posts must tend to much excitement and a corresponding aleniation [sic] of feelings on the part of the Indians from the Govt., as well as to bloodshed. This, however, is a part of the case at which I feel myself authorized but incidentally to glance.
I propose on breaking up the trading houses at Chicago and Green bay to unite the stocks so far as they may furnish suitable materials, and follow the military post with a Factory to the St. Peters.
Ed.
If this recommendation be approved, I will have to dispose of at Chicago, the items enumerated in the enclosed Invoice, which are unsuited to a trade at the St. Peters, and which, supposing they may be useful in the event of a treaty with any tribes of Indians in that region, I propose to turn over to the Indian Dept. at cost and charges; and pass the amount to the debit of the Indian Dept. % with this office.
T. L. McK.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library, Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS, 8B89.]
Michilimackinac
20 July 1821.
M
r
Jacques Porlier Sen
r
Dear Sir
—I have had with our friend M
We perfectly agree with you that the nature of your trade ought to be changed, and we trust it will be so. M
Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii, xix.—
Ed.
We shall be happy to receive and execute your memorandum, and we will bear in mind that you want a Boat and some Men
It is matter of regret that your Men did not get the Wood we wanted, and we trust it may yet be had
For your french Law Books I made every enquiry both in Canada and the United States but none could be found In haste I am Dear Sir your most ob Svt
Ram
y
Crooks
P. S. M
R. Crooks
[Source, same as preceding document, but 61B66.]
Whereas from long experience and repeated losses, we have 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
14
and it is further agreed and understood that this agreement shall be and continue in force for three years from the first day of August last, past, and to end and be determined on the first day of August one thousand Eight hundred and twenty Four. But should any one of the parties to this agreement feel so disposed, he shall be fully at liberty to retire at the expiration of the first year which will be on the first day of August One thousand eight hundred and twenty two, by declaring two months previous to the Agent of the Concern at Green Bay his intention so to retire.
In witness whereof the parties to this agreement have hereunto set their hands and Seals at Michilimackinac in the Territory of Michigan this twenty fourth day of August in the Year of Our Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty one.
A
gt
Grignon
[Seal]
A
gt
Grignon for Pier Grignon
[Seal]
L. Grignon
[Seal]
John Lawe for Jacques Porlier
Sen
Ram
y
Crooks
In presence of
Ben. Clapp
John W. Mason
[Source, same as preceding document, but 9B9.]
Michilimackinac
24 Augt. 1821
Jacques Porlier Esqr Green Bay
Dear Sir
—By the Pontiac we sent you Gum & other articles amounting to $166.28 which we hope you duly received in good order.
Since that time we have carefully perused again your several
We have not yet any Inventory of the goods remaining from the joint Outfit of last year, and will thank you to send it by next opportunity that we may close that account and be enabled to make up and transmit your private concerns stated to this time.
We paid your dft for $94. 5/100, but we charged it to your private a/c not having the letter of advice at the time. Please say to which account it belongs.
M
We wish to be sure of getting the Cooper's wood, and if you cannot succeed perhaps M
Ram
y
Crooks
[Source, same as preceding document, but 56B121. Translated from the French.]
Before the undersigned was present
Francois Talard
, who voluntarily engages and by these presents is engaged to
Augustin Grignon
here present, and agrees at his first requisition to depart from this post in the capacity of a
Winterer
to make the voyage going and returning and
winter one year and shall be released at the end of next June
, to be fed with Indian corn or other food to be obtained in the Savages Country. And to have good and due care during the journey and at the Said place of all the merchandise, peltry, provisions, utensils and all other necessary things for the voyage, for trading, and wintering; to serve, to obey and faithfully execute all the said
Augustin Grignon
or all persons to whom the said agent of the American Fur Company is authorized by these presents to transfer this engagement, Shall legally and honestly order him to do; to seek the latter's profit, avoid his damage, notify him of all things touching his interest that shall come to the former's knowledge, to work in the posts, towns, villages, and fields not considered Indian territory, if required; and in general to do all that a good Engagé should, and is required to do; without trading on
Ed.
This engagement thus made for, and in consideration of the sum of
seven hundred
livres or ancient shillings of Quebec or
one hundred and sixteen
dollars 75 cents, money of the United States, that the said
Bourgeois
or he to whom this engagement is transferred promises, and obliges himself to pay
to the said Engagé
one month after his time has expired; and at the beginning he shall receive an equipment consisting of
one Three point Blanket, one two and a half ditto, one of Cloth, two Cotton Shirts, four livres of Tobacco and two of Soap
.
Done and passed at Michilimakinac the
twenty fourth of August
in the year one thousand eight hundred and
twenty one;
and they have Signed with the exception of the said
Engagé
who having declared on being asked that he does not know how, has made his usual mark after having the above read.
Francois Talard
+ his mark
In the presence of
John Lawe
W. Farnsworth
Witnesses
[Source, same as preceding document, but 9B19.]
McKinac
31st Augt 1821
Dear Sir
—just at this moment I have learned that the Revenue Cutter is going to leave this for the Bay. I have only time to say that Mr A Grignon & myself expects to leave this at the Longest in two or three Days and hopes things goes on well for our Mutual Interest at the Bay. our best respects to all persons at the Bay in haste I remain Yours
John Lawe
Mr. L. Grignon present
N. B. please give Capt Knapp [all the] Water or Musk Melons [he wishes] to take or any thing else [from] out of the garden.J. Lawe
[Source, same as preceding document, but 9B19]
Michilimackinac
4 Sept 1821
Jacques Porlier Senr. Esq. Green Bay
Dear Sir
—Since I had last this pleasure I have received your favors of 24 and 26 Ulto, and thank you for the information they contain
I am particularly gratified that you are so thoroughly impressed with the necessity there exists for introducing the most rigid economy into the commerce of your quarter, and I am happy to say that in the two Mess
By M
I have shewn to Mons
M
Ram
y
. Crooks
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 261.]
Off: Indian Trade
Septr. 25th. 1821
The Honbl. Secretary of War
Sir
—Should you have occasion to distribute Presents to any of the Indian tribes thr'o the Agencies at St. Louis, and Prairie du Chien, I beg leave respectfully to represent that there are in the factory at P. du Chien varieties of Indian goods, among them Blankets, which having been, (some of them) long on hand, and others a little defaced, from the bursting of tierces and from immersions, are rendered less acceptable in the way of barter. But which would be entirely acceptable as presents.
A disposition of these goods in this way would be usefull to this branch of the Government operations, and as usefull to the Indian Department, as if fresh supplies should be purchased.
T. L. Mc.K.
[MSS. in Wisconsin Historical Library, Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 61B73, 91C1.]
Territory of Michigan
County of Brown
Be it Known that at an adjourned session of the County Court for the County aforesaid begun on the first day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred & twenty-one personally appeared Jacques Porlier Senior and then and there gave satisfactorry evidence of his residence within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States during the period specified in the first section of An Act dated March 26
Given at
Green Bay
this 2nd day of October, 1821.
N. G. Bean
Clerk P. T
.
Territory of Michigan
County of Brown
4 Oct. 1821
Be it known that at an adjourned session of the county court for the county aforesaid begun on the first day of October in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred & twenty one personally appeared John Lawe and then and there gave satisfactory evidence of his residence within the limits & under the jurisdiction of the United States during the period specified in the first section of an Act dated March 26
Now therefore by the Authority of the Court aforesaid the said John Lawe is declared to be a citizen of the United States of America.
N. G. Bean
Clerk Protem
Given at Green Bay this 4th day of October 1821.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 9B58. Translated from the French.]
Green Bay
11 October 1821
My Dear Sir
—I received your two agreeable Favors of the 13 of September last and of the 2nd Instant for which I tender you my very Humble thanks I shall not refuse to Accept your Generous offers in regard to further Information concerning the Lots of Dunwich & Dorchester and the means for
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, pp. 299, 300.—
Ed.
I permit myself to give you an idea of the Hope we may have of the next Returns. the Manominee are about ready to go to the Missipy and Augustin my brother with them. The Opposition is stronger than ever. Joseph Brisbois
Ed.
Ed.
I think that you should be apprised that they [have taken] Depositions against Mr. R. Robinson
Ed.
Ed.
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, p. 280.—
Ed.
Excuse me if I have abandoned myself to Imprudent Reflections I leave Tomorrow to Rejoin my Barges. I beg you to accept my Wishes for your health. my brothers Charles [and Pierre] have charged me to present to you their BestGrignon
]
P. S. In place of our late agent Col Bowyer we have a Good Agent and an Honorable man in the person of Major John Biddle.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, p. 391, note.—
Ed.
Addressed: Ram. Crooks Esq. Michillimack. By the Ann, Capt. Ransom.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 175.]
Depmt of War
October 18, 1821
Thos. L McKenney Esq
r
. Supt. I. Trade Georgetown
.
Sir
—The consolidation and transfer which you propose in your letter of 5th of July last, of the factories at Green Bay and Chicago, are approved.
In relation to the Merchandize which you state it will be necessary for you to dispose of at Chicago as unsuited to trade at St. Peters, I have enclosed a Copy of the Invoice which accompanied your letter to Governor Cass and instructed him, if any, or all of the articles can be usefully disposed of in the Indian Department within his superintendency to take the whole or any part of them provided the cost of the goods and the expense of transportation to the points where they may be wanted will not be greater than if obtained at Detroit, or elsewhere. You will accordingly instruct the Factor to comply with the Governor's order, upon the subject, in case he should think fit to take any of the articles. I have etc.
J. C. C[alhoun]
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 55B74.]
Indian Agency Green Bay
Oct. 15th, 1821
To all whom it may concern know ye that
Louis Grignon citizen of the United States having given the bonds required by law & by the instructions of the President is hereby authorized to trade with the Indians on the Fox & Ouisconsin rivers & their tributaries until the 1
John Biddle
Indian Agent
.
Descriptive List of Persons destined for the Indian Country on the Ouisconsin, Fox River & its dependencies & on the Waters of the Mississippi in the employ of Louis Grignon under License granted to the Said Louis Grignon, Viz—
L. Grignon
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C108.]
G. Bay
22nd Oct 1821
Dear Sir
—Your Favour of the 28
Daniel Whitney (1795–1862)
From oil portrait in possession of the Society
Wis. Hist. Colls., xii, p. 274, note 3.—
Ed.
Augustin Grignon has gone off to go & winter up the Mississippi with the Folleavoines & I suppose the Factor Mr. Johnson [of Prairie du Chien] who left this in a light Canoe the 13 Ins. will have more outfits this year about than he ever had As it appears this is the last year as I have understood for the Factory as the Factor we have here Major Irwin has sent out Goods in every quarter where we send so you see the opposition is Strong in every part of this place. the Mississippi has much less as for any other news there is none worth your attention from this Quarter everything is very dull at present
If In case Mr. Devotion should have left the Prarie before he receives my Letter I will write you by the next oppor
J. Lawe
Mr. Wm. Belcher Detroit
Excuse my Scrawl in haste Mr. Louis Grignon left the bay to go & winter on the ouisconsin.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 9B65. Translated from the French.]
Grand Cagauing
[Kaukauna] 22 October 1821
Dear Lawe
—I was too hurried at the last to take Time to go and see you at the time of My Departure. I beg you to keep me informed of what happens at my home as you have opportunity. I told Mr. Chalifoux
Ed.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, pp. 454–457.—
Ed.
L. Grignon
I enclose a letter addressed to Mr. G. Richards
Id, xviii, p. 502, note 40.—
Ed.
Addressed: Mr. John Lawe Green Bay
[Source, same as preceding document, but 9B66,69. Translated from the French.]
Butte Des Morts
25 October, 1821
Dear Sir
—I leave here today if the wind permits, it is strong just now, perhaps because it is veering.
I think that you have forgotten to send our Credits to Mr. P. Grignon's. I must have them I think, particularly to secure our Traps and guns which I see about me without Authority from you to take them.
Although there was no reply from our Agent, I beg you to use your best Effort to have prepared the old Accounts in order to settle them in the Course of next January. When I see you will be Time to [word illegible] Circumstances permitting.
I leave Jacobs to you in regard to his proposition for the School. I do not recall whether I wrote you of this from Cakaling but I think so, and forgot to recommend to Mr. Chalifoux to attend to it, leaving it to you to furnish him the means on my Account
I leave As a man Entirely deprived of present and future Hope of Contentment. I rely entirely on you in the business of collecting & securing as much as possible.
If provisions are needed at my house I Told Catiche to apply to you to obtain them on my Account at Mr. Whillen's [Whelan] two barrels of flour and a Barrel of Pork that I advised her to get, this last Article immediately.
I wrote to Mr. Pierre [Grignon] what I have heard in these Parts, I refer you to him in this regard I do not think that I am in Hell, but at the gate thereof. Troubles on every side,
My regards to your family, wishing you health and Prosperity dear Sir Your Sincere
L. Grignon
I outfit for a Commission Hionapas [?] for the People of Fond du Lac. The People of the Lac des Boeuf
ante, p. 188, note 46.—
Ed.
Addressed: John Lawe Esquire Green Bay
Village of Wacquan
28 October 1821
Dear Sir
—I enclose a Letter to Mr. Lecuyer
Ed.
Last night two Barrels of Powder got wet this Morning I believed they were Entirely lost, but God allowed the recovery of one Barrel Damaged & Good. I was obliged to send to Charles for several livres of it which I have received.
by the same Opportunity I am informed that the Children of Woinisatte have taken fresh Credit from the Americans according to my idea I believe that the greater part of that Band are not worth much. Nothing new to tell you of, I am tired every day. I have worked for the Powder, at the Barge and keeping Watch. That all may be well with you Sincerely Your Obedient ServantL. Grignon
N. B. You will oblige me by saying to Catiche not to sell nor exchange nor give any salt nor Cherries except in Secret. Compliments to your family & our friends
If they need any Apples at the house, do me the favor to procure One or two Barrels and tell Catiche to Save a Half
Addressed: John Lawe Esquire Green Bay
Prairie du Chien
29 Oct 1821
Sir
—Enclosed I send to your care a letter for M[r] Irwin which I omitted to leave with him at the Bay. Please give it to him.
The Indians who Engaged to work my canoe to the Portage left me at the Winebago lake: the old
Captain
said it was getting too cold & refused to go any further. I informed them unless they would comply with their contract I would not pay them, if they did not wish to come on themselves to get other Indians. even that, they did not think themselves bound to do, so we parted. I soon after hired others who assisted me to get my canoe to the portage where I obtained others who brought me here I mention this, so you can state to them the reason of my not paying them.
The Boy who was hired to assist working the canoe over the Rappids, I paid him three dollars when we got over them. while they remained with me they worked well and performed the purpose well for which I hired them & felt sorry they could not or would not comply with their contract I am Sir your Hb
Jno W. Johnson
Mr John Lawe Green Bay
M
Green Bay
5th November 1821
Dear Sir
—I take this opportunity of dropping you a few lines by M
15
The House of Mack & Conant has failed at Detroit so it is very injurious to that place as they done a great deal of business & at the same time done a great deal of Good to that part of the Country as they had a number of people employed &c &c. Your Brother Baptist
Id, xix, p. 91.—
Ed.Ed.John Lawe
My Little David has been very Sick with the pleurisy but he has got better You would have a fine opportunity to write to your Brother Amable by M
Addressed: Mr. Louis Grignon Portage de Ouisconsin pr favor of Mr. M. Dousman
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 184.]
Depmt of War
6 Novr. 1821.
Thos. Forsyth 79
Esqr. Indian Agent Fort Armstrong
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, pp. 316–355. After the War, Forsyth continued to serve as subagent until 1819, when he was promoted to a full agency and stationed at Fort Armstrong in charge of the Sauk and Foxes. In this position he continued until 1830, when he was replaced by Felix St. Vrain. Forsyth then retired to St. Louis, where he died Oct. 29, 1833. For further details of his biography, see
Wis. Hist. Colls., vi, p. 188. Many of his letters and papers were secured by Dr. Draper for this Society.—
Ed.
Sir
—Your letter of the 26th Septr. has been received. The
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 387, note 37. Both of these sites were within the limits of the present town of Warsaw, Hancock County, Ill. Fort Edwards was completed in 1817 and named for Ninian Edwards, governor of Illinois Territory. For a contemporary description of the site of Fort Edwards and its appearance, see “Long's Voyage to St. Anthony Falls,” in
Minn. Hist. Colls., ii, pp. 77, 78. A factory was established at this place in 1818; and the garrison maintained until 1824, when it was withdrawn, the country being then sufficiently settled to render this protection needless.—
Ed.
I certainly agree with you that it would be better for the Indians to concentrate the population of their respective tribes, as the authority of the chiefs could then be more easily and with greater effect exercised over them, than while inhabiting detached and distant villages; and if they can be induced to do so, by the advice and influence of the agent, it would be considered as an important point gained.
The Sauk and Fox Indians now residing near Fort Edwards it is hoped will move from thence agreeably to the wishes of their chiefs and the advice you have given them to the principal village of their tribes, but if they do not, the Department cannot interfere, in the way you propose, to force them to it.
The complaint which you make with respect to the introduction of Whiskey among the Indians, can be remedied only by the vigilance and activity of the Agent, and a prompt execution of the law of intercourse. The only delay that can place in the execution of the law, will be in the prosecution of offenders, as “all the merchandise” (by which term the article of Whiskey is included as well as any others) found in their possession becomes forfeited the moment it passes the Indian boundary line, and may be seized by the Agent as soon as he is informed of the fact. A rigid discharge of this duty, in which you will be aided by the Commanding Officer at Fort Armstrong, who has been instructed to that effect, it is confidently believed will produce a proper respect for the authority of the Agent, and effectually prevent the introduction of Whiskey among the Indians, by the Whites.
I have deferred giving you any instructions in relation to licenses to trade with the Indians until the Spring as it is probable some change may be made, by Congress, in the present system of Indian Trade, in the course of the ensuing session.
You will furnish the estimate required by the letter to you from this Department of the 21st August last, of the number of flags and Medals that will be necessary to take up the British flags and Medals in the possession of the Indian Chiefs within your Agency, and they will be forwarded to you in the Spring with the annuities. You will transmit the estimate of the cost of a suitable house for the accommodation of the agent, to be built without the aid of the military; upon the receipt of which further orders will be given to you upon the subject.
The Department has no knowledge of any treaty conveyingJ. C. C[alhoun
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but pp. 270, 272.]
Indian Trade Office George Town
November 6th. 1821
To James Kennerly Esquire Saint Louis
Sir
—I enclose you a list of furs etc. which it appears are yet at St. Louis. This is in violation of my directions. By this retention the Office must suffer. The advertisements are out including these articles. This course is highly disapproved. I shall know the prices they would bring on the 12th. instant, when I will make out a bill of those yet behind, deduct the cost of transportation and draw on you for the amount.
Very respectfully etc.
T L Mc. K[enny
]
S. I. T
.
No. 56 Pack 125 Raccon Skins
"57"125""
"58"125""
"64"125""
"65"125""
"68"500 Muskrats do.
"69"500""
"70"500""
No. 72"500""
"73"500""
"85"80 Wolk Skins
18 Bags of feathers containing 2360 lb.
214 Indian Matts.
All these articles were from the Prairie du Chien Factory, see Invoice of June 1821
Indian Trade Office George Town
Novemr. 19th. 1821
James Kennerly Esquire Saint Louis
.
Sir
—Referring you to my letter of the 6th instant I now enclose you the bill for sundry Articles furs etc. which were detained by you, with the prices annexed. The Certificate of the Auctioneer is attached to the Bill. The balance after deducting the price of transportation is three thousand five hundred and ninety seven dollars and eleven cents, for which I have drawn upon you at thirty days. Respectfully etc.
T L McK[enney
]
S. I. T
.
1821
For 625 Racoon skins contained in Packs No. 56, 57, 58, 64 and 65 P. du chien Invoice 16th. June 1821 at 80c
2,500 Muskrat skins in Packs Nos. 68, 69, 70, 72, 73 from P. du Chien per same Invoice at 55c
80 Wolf skins in Pack No. 85 from P. du Chien same Invoice 30c
2360 lb. Feathers from P. du Chien same Invoice at 50c
214 Mats from P. du Chien same Invoice cost
81 lb. Beaver from Osage Invoice of 10th. June 1821 at 305c
66 lb. Deer Skins used as Wrappers for 11 bales—from P. du Chien at 20c per lb
Deduct for the transportation of the foregoing
articles estimated to weigh 4041 lb. at 4 cts. pr. lb
George Town
Novemr. 19th. 1821.
I hereby certify that at the sale of Furs and Peltries held at the Warehouse of the Supt. Indian Trade, the following is the average price of the Articles annexed taking the medium of such as were sold the 12th. Instant.
P. du Chien Racoon skins average
"""Muskrat
Osage Beaver per lb
Edward Davis
Auctr
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 9B23. Translated from the French.]
La Bay
the 8th of Nov. 1821
Dear Augustin
—I profit by the Opportunity of a boat of Mr. Woittenee [Whitney] which is going to Preri du chien to give you the News Baptist left yesterday for the folles with an Assortment which I believe I reported to you. may God be pleased to Guarantee our Poor credits [phrase undecipherable]
I am about to take a Full inventory of our Goods that are left and as soon as that is finished go and rejoin Paulitte to care for the matters that I believe demand my presence I shall do my best, be assured. We have no other News of Mr. Crooks in Response to the memoir, my patience will perhaps endure a few days' longer trial in the matter of my duty for G. B. [Green Bay Company] I received News of Our Louis who has just Reached the Portage and who has sent me 2 Barrels of Powder in Beaupree's boat &c., but I will send it back to Charles in order to Replace what Louis took from him. To come back to our brother Louis I cannot avoid Remarking on his Conduct. I believe that Beaupree had much Trouble in arriving at his destination. Business has suffered by the Delay and the Returns of the Savages probably, also doubtless by the lack of ammunition. I much fear it will prove a bad venture. I have been informed that the Oxen of the Wisconsin Portage have been Lost or killed since they were Lent to Pass the Barge of Brisbois, this is what Monsieur Woittenee's people tell me. This is bad for our People there and is what happens when there and is what happens when there is no responsible person in charge.
I presented to Monsieur dousemane the note drawn on him for the trade of Roy He told me he had not His Books and that he would arrange for it with you. I believe that he will Bargain and try to [phrase undecipherable] until the Spring All the Family are as I have told you, and all wish you GoodP. Grignon
Our friend Fily & [word illegible] porlier and Chalifoux wish you Good Day.
Addressed: Monsieur Augus. Grignon Trader Recommended to Monsieur Michel brishois at the Preri praying him to forward
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 277.]
Office Indian Trade
Nov: 20, 1821.
Mathew Irwin Esqr. Green Bay
Sir
—Yours of the 6 Ulto. enclosing your returns has just been received. When these returns shall have been examined, they will be reported upon.
I approve of the outfits you have furnished to Mr. Morrell, and Mr. View, especially to the latter, as the condition of the Indians would have involved some suffering but for the course you have taken to supply them.
ante.—
Ed.
I am glad that,
at last
, a whiskey vender has been detected—I mean
acted
upon for I judge they are often detected, but seldom made to suffer for their doings.
Something may occur, (and the continuance and enlargement of our trade will imply that something) during the approaching session of Congress which may enable me to retain your services. You will, meanwhile,proceed with the fulfilment of my several instructions, and especially in winding up and settleing the concerns of the factory, including the debts which appear to stand now at nearly 6000. Dollars.
T. L. McK[enny
]
[MSS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmarks: Wisconsin MSS., 9B91, 95.]
Desembr 3d 1821
Praroy Dechane
Dear Sir
—I Rote you by the indian which I hope you have Received In Case not, We arivd here on forth Day from the porteg with a very Severe Snow Storm two days after our arival aboat from Sant Louis arivd here with the Greatest Difficulty Ewing to the Drifting Ice at which time the Entrence of the Wisconsin was Completely Stopt mr Stewerd Left here the Sixth Day after our arival in a Wooden Conoe and with much difficulty on account of the Ise Every aperens of Winter Being Completely Set In there has ben achang in the wether Sins and I verely belive that I could have made the Trip to the Porteg not with Stonding Rolets Men on there Return was oblegd to Leve thir Conoo I herd from your Brouther Agust by a Return Boat Loded By M
Ed.
History of Winona and Olmsted Counties (Chicago, 1883), pp. 146, 147. The post is reputed to have been one of those founded by Francis La Bathe, but it seems probable from this letter of Dousman and the subsequent events, that it was the ruin of Augustin Grignon's post, burned by the Sioux in the winter of 1821–22. See
post.—
Ed.
Pouder here Is a very Scarce article The Factory has none the Bare
Wis. Hist. Colls., v, pp. 153–155. His death occurred at his village in 1836; before his decease he was baptized by a Catholic priest.—
Ed.
Michael Dousman
Addressed: Mr. Louis Grignon Porteg Wisconsin 3d Decbm by [Decorey]
Prarey De Chane
Decembr 22d 1821
Dear Sir
—In Ritting Before I omited in Request that you would be pertickeler In Driving Sum few Hoops which I Discoverd Started on the Highwins and Pay atention that the Barels wont Leack as they will Probely Run During the Winter pertickeler the Spirits as It is of a Superior quality. It is more than Probibell those two tranes will Bring Ech one Barell Say—one of Salt the outher of Sperets. This opertunity Will be agood one for you to Rite to Robert Steward at Mackinac I am Informed by Sulord whom was present when the Indians ordid Your Brouther Agust Down that they Cum very Near murdering him and It Is Generaly Suposed that Lefy [La Feuille]Ed.Ed.
Michael Dousman
Addressed: Mr. Louis Gregnon Porteg Wisconsin by Mr Whitney
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 41. Letter Book 3, Cass to Calhoun.]
Detroit
, Dec. 27, 1821.
*
A census which was carefully taken by the respective Agents in 1819 gave the following results.
Chicago Males
Females
Children
Total
To these must be added the number then within the Agency of Mr. Graham
Ed.
Potawatomies and Chippewas
Sacs and Foxes
Kickapoos
Winnebagoes
Total
Making the whole amount within the Chicago Agency 8,836.
Green Bay—The number of Warriors only are estimated.
Menominies
Winnebagoes
Chippewas, Ottawas
Potawatomies and Sac
Total
Multiplying this number by three will give 4800 for the whole number within the Agency.
Michillimackinac—Number of Warriors
Number of Souls
*
On the East side of the Mississippi, and within the Agencies of Mr. Boilvin and Mr. Forsyth the numbers were estimated as follows.
A census was at the same time taken of the Indians within the Detroit Agency, which comprehends nearly the whole of the Peninsula of Michigan, but excludes the St. Josephs, the L'Arbre Croche and the Thunder Bay Indians. The number was estimated to exceed 8000, but the return cannot now be found, so as to give a detailed view of the subject.
The following recapitulation exhibits the result of the whole enumeration.
Chicago
Green Bay
Michillimackinac
Fort Wayne
Piqua
Within this Territory and attached to other Agencies)
Within this peninsula
Making an Aggregate of
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 10B4. Translated from the French.]
La Bay
, 6 January, 1822.
Messrs
—I am transmitting to you the Letter of Aug[t] and of others relating thereto; we should consider that our property has been, and perhaps is yet in danger as well as his life, that of his Family and his people.
Ed.
P. Grignon
& Co.
J. Porlier, J. Lawe, L. Grignon, Esqrs. Presents
Endorsed [by Lawe]: Letter from P. Grignon, 6th Jany. 1822, Green Bay. no answer.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 312.]
Off: Indian Trade
, Jany. 22d: 1822
John W. Johnson Esq P. du Chien
Sir
—I have received your two letters of 26 Octr. and 22d. Novr. Your remarks about the quality of the goods are no doubt correct. But it may be well to bear in mind that of those which you report upon as being unsuited the larger part were sent you when no other kinds could be got. As to thesound
. You must look to the debts. Their amount must be reduced. I fear losses, and I do not wish an extension of trade thro' private traders from the Factories. We can ill afford to bear losses, yet it seems, part of the money of the west has fallen into your hands. I hope however you will be able to get something for it.
I shall wait the result of the Congressional decision before I move in the business respecting the Fur companies claim to the building. We
may not want them
. Yet I do not think the factory system will be broken up.
Amer. St. Papers, Indian Affs., ii, pp. 260–265. The committee on Indian affairs, headed by Thomas Hart Benton, was strongly opposed to the system, and on March 25, 1822, the latter opened the debate in the Senate with the statement that: “The factory system grew out of a national calamity and has been one itself.” He arraigned the entire system, covered it with ridicule, stigmatized its factors, and cited the testimony of Ramsay Crooks in opposition—see 17th Cong., 1st sess.,
Annals, pp. 317–331. Other senators followed Benton, vindicating the character and integrity of the superintendent and factors, but all opposing the system—see testimony before committee, in
Amer. St. Papers, Indian Affs., ii, pp. 326–332. The bill to abolish the system passed the Senate, May 2. The debate in the House turned on other issues than the merits of the system, but the bill promptly went through May 4, and was approved May 6, 1822. For McKenney's reply to Benton's aspersions, see
Ibid, pp. 534–357.—
Ed.
I don't know how it is, I wrote to New York which is said to be the great Indian market, and my agent there is unable to find either strouding or Blankets of the kinds suited to your
I can hardly think your remarks respecting the unsuitableness of your supplies can have application to the last 2 or 3 years. I never saw better strouds, or better Blankets than the most of those you have received from this office within that time.
If the system be continued what you call for in yours of the 22d. of Novr. shall be forwarded.
I shall be gratified to aid you if I can in the appointment of Indian agent But every thing respecting our Indian affairs is going through an examination by the Congress, and it may result in having no agencies at all, as some think will be best.
T. L. McK[enney
]
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 10B11. Translated from the French.]
Cacalin
, 29 January, 1822
Monsicur Agt. Grignon
Dear Uncle
—As you said to me before your departure for the messisepie that you should be glad to have me write you, I give myself true pleasure and especial honor in carrying out your request, as much to present to you my very humble duty as to give you certain proofs of the high esteem I have for your dear self. I do not know whether the season has been as unpleasant in that country as here. We have heard of the disagreeable event that has happened to you of the severe treatment and annoyances that you as well as my little cousins and my
16
Ed.
Bernard Grignon
.
Addressed. Monsieur Augt. Grignon merchant at the Messicepie, favored by Mr. Louis Grignon.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 317.]
Indian Trade Office
Feby. 4, 1822
To Jacob. B. Varnum Esq and Mathew Irwin Esq
Sir
—Govr. Cass having agreed to take all the Merchandise in your factory unsuited to the trade on the St. Peters, you will immediately lay off and Invoice the same and send by the first conveyance to Detroit one copy to Govr. Cass and another to this office, the Merchandize you will hold in your possession subject to the orders of Gov: Cass.
T. L. McK[enney]
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 10B20. Translated from the French.]
La Prairie Du Chien
, 19 Feb., 1822.
Dear Auguste
—I received your Letter of the 17th of January which came to me the 7th of the present month on my return from La Baye to the Portage which apprised me of your losses. I immediately sent a Copy of your Letter to Pierre whom I left in good health as well as all the Family with the exception of our Dear Mama & Mr. Langevin who are in the same condition as usual. They embrace you and all your family and much regret your Trouble.
At the time that I was at La Bay it was Reported that your store had been Plundered and your house Burned, which was the occasion of my voyage hither, either to tell you to send those Messieurs down here, or if best, to send someone to you. Inclosed is the Copy of the Invoice of the goods. I think that you can not sell what you have left here; bring the goods to the Bay especially [word illegible]. They tell me that the Renards will come this spring with Much Peltry to Trade with you. I have Sent them a present of some tobacco by Kiwoitchitte. He has left 10 skins at Mr. Brisbois's for you. As to what you say to me to be careful in the matter of Liquor, I have no Fear, for I have neither sold nor given any Except to the French, there are too serious consequences involved to run any risks. In regard to Mr. Rolette's passing himself off for the agent of the Company, He told me that himself but I think that several motives obliged him to own up. Try and Discover as much as Possible but do not inform Against him as that will harm the Company rather than injure him. It is better to let others do it without compromising ourselves.
I have spoken with the Agent Several times. He is very reserved, but if you Could prove who has set on the Savages against you without involving anybody [it would be well]. Be very careful for one must regard As a sworn Enemy of the
Ed.
I have done nothing and have no Hope of doing Anything unless a Miracle happens, my Savages have Killed nothing at all and I have much opposition. Beaupré has not done much & Charles Nothing. Nothing at La Bay. Send me your
Steamboat “Walk-in-the Water” at Detroit
, 1820
From contemporary lithograph
No further news, our brother Pierre is writing to you. The Steam Boat perished on Lake Erie
The Walk-in-the-Water (Chicago, 1890).—
Ed.
Wis Hist. Colls., XV, pp. 208–210.—
Ed.
L. Grignon
I leave here Bills and Accounts that I think you can realize on this spring. You will notice that I placed a fixed price on the Merchandise & Liquors that I left at Mr. M. Brisbois but I have acted for the best. There is no money. I leave tomorrow the Ice is very bad you will arrange with Mr. Brisbois for my Account and give him a livre of powder and a Hundred weight of flour that he has lent me. There is Among the Bills and Accounts a Receipt of Mr. M. Brisbois for the Merchandize on commission belonging to John Lawe this you will present to him. I have brought you Three livres of Tea, but I have taken one and there are only two left for you. Suspect Rolette As he will probably take you on all Possible sides.
St. Regres died the 18th of December Last. He was frozen to death.
I have contracted for 20 pairs of decorated shoes, try and have them well decorated
L. Grignon
Try and write me without fail by the Black River.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 10B21. Translated from the French.]
La Prairie Duchien
19 Feb. 1822
Dear Auguste
—In addition to my first of this day, my Advice is to try and discover, that is to say prove, who has incited the Savages against you, merely giving information that this one or that one has carried on his Commerce in such or such manner. I think by Mayrand's man and the others you can find out by whom the Liquor was given to the Sioux before the Injury was done you.
A woman named Thismac the wife of the late Ignace La Rose told Bernard that she had seen two Kettlesful of Whiskey given by Mayrand to two Sioux saying to them, “go, you have enough for that,” and made them leave; you can by frightening them see if this is so or not. I have asked Mr. Dousman to help you and Lawe has likewise. The agent is disposed to do
L. Grignon
Addressed: Monsieur Augustin Grignon Upper Missispy
[Source, same as preceding document, but 10B23. Translated from the French.]
La Prairie Duchien
19 Feb. 1822
My Dear Sir
—I had the pleasure of receiving your Letter that came to me by Mr. Withny [Whitney] the 4th of last January I thank for your good advice
I did not intend to come here, but the Continuation of my [brother's] Trouble and the Desertion of my men Louis Meshalin & Bz Bouché have forced me to do so.
I had wished to bring several pieces of your Goods but the Season being so advanced hindered me as the Ice is very bad in the Oisconsin and there is no Snow.
If you think your Things ought to be sent here by me, you can write me as soon as you return before I send my 2 Barges down as I have no business here except that mentioned above.
I beg you to assist my brother if he needs it, as I think that Mr. Rolette is Disposed to Give him as much Trouble as Possible.
No news Except that the Steam Boat perished at Bufflaw, and Camp Smith is about to be Abandoned. An Ordinance for building at the Sault St. Marie [is issued].
Accept my best respects wishing you all Prosperity and a good and pleasant voyage, Dear Sir, Your very Humble Obedient Servant.
L. Grignon
Mr. M. Dousman
.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 41, Letter Book 3, p. 385.]
Detroit
, March 29. 1822
Sir
—I have received your letters of December 21st. and 28th. and of January 29th. I will thank you to give me a detailed statement of the Indians within your Agency, shewing the tribes, their number, situation etc.
I consider your Agency, as extending on the East to the Portage between the Fox and the Ouisconsin Rivers, and in other directions agreably to its received boundaries. The mode of communication, I must leave to you. Generally the quickest route is by St. Louis, but in the summer, letters by Green Bay will reach here in the shortest time.
I am exceedingly anxious, that the queries, I left with you should be fully answered, and I must request you to devote as much time and attention to that subject, as practicable. I am preparing a memoir for the War Department and those answers are necessary for the accomplishment of this object.
I have communicated to the War Department the information received from you relative to the hostile designs of the Winnebagoes. I cannot believe, that anything serious will result from their threats, but it is well to observe their conduct and to report every suspicious circumstance.
The Government is determined to destroy the intercourse, which subsists between the Indians living within our jurisdiction and the British Agents in Canada. I will therefore thank you to inform me whether any Indians within your Agency visit Malden or Drummond's Island for the purpose of receiving presents. I am Sir Very Respectfully Yr. obt. Servt.
[
Lewis Cass
]
N: Boilvin Esqr. Ind. Agt. Prairie du Chien
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 388.]
Detroit
April 7th. 1822
Sir
—The President has determined to interdict the intercourse, subsisting between the Indians living within our Territorial limits and the Officers of the British Indian Department, and other persons in Canada. The evils, which have resulted from this practice have been too long known and deplored upon this frontier to require any particular detail. The annual distribution of goods, which is made at Malden and Drummond's Island draws periodically to those places a large proportion of the most active and influential Indians who return to their Country, bearing with them British presents and British Counsels.
The motives and the effects of these gratuities, both heretofore and hereafter, can neither be forgotten nor mistaken. The whole history of our Indian intercourse, since the surrender of these posts in 1796 is filled with unerring indications of the influence thus acquired and most unjustifiably exerted.
All the Indians destined for Drummond's Island, except those from Lake Superior, must pass in the vicinity of Michillimackinac. Those measures therefore, which may be necessary, by the display of force, or by the actual employment of it, to prevent these visits to Drummond's Island, must be adopted and carried into effect at Michillimackinac. It is probable, that a military post will be established in the course of this season at the Sault Ste Marie and an Indian Agent appointed for that place. In this event instructions will be issued to him respecting the Indians from the Southern shore of Lake Superior and the heads of the Mississippi.
Measures analogous to those pursued at Michillimackinac will be adopted here to prevent the Indians from visiting Malden. Instructions have been issued to all the Indian Agents, announcing the views of the Government. As the local situation of the various Agencies differ, it is necessary to adopt specifick instructions to every one; but the general outline is the same. From your Agency, and from those of Green Bay
I am instructed by the Secretary of War to transmit to you the accompanying speech. You will send messages, containing a faithful translation of it with the usual formalities to the principal villages in your Agency, and explain as far as in your power, the purport of it to the Indians, who may visit you. The speech is intended to be adapted to the feelings and views of the Indians and the subject is treated with reference to its impression upon them. Those considerations therefore of publick policy and of a just regard to our future security which have dictated this measure form no part of the topics, proper to be urged to them.
This intercourse has existed so long and the quantity of goods annually distributed, bears so considerable a proportion to the whole consumption of the Indians, that it is not expected this interdiction can be carried into full effect immediately. The government is anxious to attain the object by mild rather than by forcible means. It is very desirable therefore, that every Agent should be able to prevail upon the Indians to remain in their own Country, in order that no violent measures may be necessary at this place or at Michillimackinac or the Sault, which command the avenues of communication. Besides explaining to the Indians the purport of the speech, you will use such other topics, as you may judge most expedient to prevail upon them to act in conformity with the wishes of the Government. It will be proper to withhold all supplies of provisions and presents from those, who are not disposed to follow your advice. And it will be well to declare publickly, that such persons will not be considered as friends to the United States. Your representations will perhaps be most effectual
You will likewise state to them that any violation of these instructions will be reported to their great Father, the President, and that all attempts to cross to Malden or Drummond's Island will be prevented by soldiers, properly stationed for that purpose.
More detailed instructions will hereafter be given by the Government in relation to this subject. The object of this communication is to apprize you of the system, which is to be adopted, that you may explain it to the Indians and be prepared to enforce it. I cannot tell what force will be employed, nor how stationed. Nor do I yet know what additional expense your Agency will be subjected to by this arrangement. In the distribution of the funds for the current year, this consideration shall not be overlooked, and as soon as the final determination of the Government is made known to me, I will communicate it to you.
In the meantime I will thank you to inform me how the subject is received among the Indians, what are there views in relation to it, and what will probably be the course, they will pursue. It is scarcely to be expected, that the whole object can be immediately effected. This interchange of presents and influence has so long subsisted, and has been so convenient for each party, that time and attention will be required effectually to restrain it. But the object may no doubt be accomplished, and it is important enough to justify any measures, which will probably be necessary. I am, Sir, Very Respectfully Yr. Obt. Servt.
[
Lewis Cass
]
George Boyd Esqr. Ind. Agent, Michillimackinac
My Children
—Your great Father, the President of the United States, has observed with much anxiety your frequent
Besides it it not necessary for you to visit Drummond's Island or Malden for the purposes of trade. Your great Father has established trading houses among you, and has also licensed
Your wise men must see the evil, which you suffer by the use of whiskey. If not restrained it will destroy your people. Your great Father has long tried to keep it from you. But unfortunately we have bad men, who will sell and you have bad men who will buy. As long as you keep in your own Country, not much of it will reach you. Our regulations prohibit its introduction there. But when you enter our settlements, it is impossible to prevent it's sale to you. Your people will purchase it with their Clothes, their silver work and their arms, and after getting drunk and injuring their health, they return poor, naked and hungry. Besides your young men violate our laws, and sometimes we are compelled to imprison and punish them, as we would our own people. Your great Father therefore has thought it best, that you should remain at home to follow the game, which the great Spirit has given you, and to take care of your women and Children. He wishes you not to visit Malden nor Drummonds Island, nor any other place out of the jurisdiction of the United States. He is confident, that all your Chiefs and Wise men will see the propriety of this measure; Some of your rash young men may not listen to his advice. Should any be found so foolish he has instructed his Officers, appointed to take charge of your interests, to pursue such steps, as may be proper on the occasion.
[Source, same as preceding document; but Letter Book E, Aug 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 248.]
To all who shall see these presents: Greeting
.
Whereas Col: R Dickson of the North West having made application to the Department of War for permission to go from Green Bay in the Territory of Michigan to St. Peters on the Mississippi River: Now, therefore, be it known that the said Col Dickson is hereby permitted to pass accordingly to St. Peters governing himself in all respects agreeably to the Laws of the United States of all and singular the regulations and restrictions which are or shall be made regulating intercourse with the Indian tribes.
Given under my hand and the seal of the
Seal
United States War Office at the City of Washington this 27 April 1822.
J. C. Calhoun
Endorsed: Passport to Col. Dickson.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 10B59.]
Mackinac
May 16
Jacques Porlier
,
Dear Sir
—Your two favours of last month came duly to hand, & permit me to thank you for your attention in sending me copies of the depositions against james Kinzie, which by-the-way carry a real
Factory face
. But I am happy to inform you that those nuisances have at length received their
coup de grace
.
I sincerely sympathize with you on the unpromising appearance of your returns generally; & particularly that of the Prarie, for there seems to be a suspition
afloat
of some person
As to “persons opposing you in trade, who can undersell you 50 pc
bombast:
that there is too much opposition in the country, is certainly true; but what you mean by
une guerre ouverte
[open war], I do not comprehend, if it is an insinuation that we do so, I deny the fact, & you well know that should an individual connected with us in any way, have a misunderstanding with any of your people in the interior, that it is a circumstance over which we have no control, however much we may lament it. In short I am convinced you are fully sensible that it is not in any way our interest
to injure your concern
.
As to the information you require relative to the clause in the article of your copartnership (“at the Invoice cost”) it is out of my power to satisfy you, as I had no hand in drawing up the instrument, it having been done entirely by your Gentlemen & Mr. Crooks, besides I have no copy of it: but so soon as Mr. Crooks arrives, I shall enquire of him—no news, nor have I had a single letter from M
Robert Stuart
P. S. Cap
If an opportunity offers, please forward the accompanying letter to M
Addressed: Jacques Porlier Esq
Endorsed: letter of Mr. R. Stuart regarding the opposition, 1822
[Source, same as preceding document, but 16A18.]
Received Green Bay 21 May 1822 Ten Dolls. of Judge porler it being a territorial Tax on marc[h] ants and traders During the Present year
Geo Johnston
Sheriff
Wis. Hist. Colls., iv, p. 182. In 1832 he was captain in the Black Hawk War. His house on the west side of the Fox was known as the “Green Tree.” One of his sons became a Catholic priest, and was vicar-general of Texas. The elder Johnston was known to the French inhabitants as
le Grand Sheriff. He died at Green Bay in 1850.—
Ed.
Endorsed: Receipt of George Johnston.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book D, July 1820–April 1822, p. 352.]
Indian Trade Office
22d. May 1822
Sir
—By an act of the late Congress the U. S. trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes is to cease on the 3d. day of next month. I shall I presume be officially instructed by the Treasury Department perhaps as to general matters. This is to request of you to be very particular in Invoicing the stock etc. on hand—every article that a disbursement has been made for Merchandize, buildings, furniture etc. you will enter at its
original cost price
and any deficiencies by damages or wear you will enter by a note referring to them. You will take the Inventories in presence of some respectable witnesses as the property may be a possible contingency get into the hands of men who may not understand its management, I wish the receipts to be taken by duplicate and to be expressive and full to the period of the transfer. Pay prompt attention to this,
T. L. Mck[enney]
[Source, same as preceding document, but p. 353.]
Indian Trade Office
23d. May 1822
The Honbl. Secy. of War
Sir
—In reply to your letter of yesterday requesting to be informed how many and what tribes have claims by treaty, to the establishments of trading houses among them, I have the honor to state that with the Sac and Fox Indians a treaty stipulation exists,
Treaties with Indian Tribes (Washington, 1837), pp. 112, 304.—
Ed.
T. L. Mck[enney]
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 54B83. Translated from the French
Ed.
Green Bay
, June 8, 1822.
His Excellency M. Cass Governor of Michigan Territory
Governor
—It is nothing less than a duty to place before you the abuses which have taken place in this Territory, the
17
Minn. Hist. Colls., vi, pp. 189–255, refers (pp. 200, 201) to the ill treatment that Augustin received at the hands of the Sioux, instigated by Rolette. Talliaferro was a Virginian, born in 1794, who served throughout the War of 1812–15, and entered the regular army. In 1819 he was sent as Indian agent to the new post on the upper Mississippi and retained the position until 1840, serving twenty-one consecutive years. In 1857 he re-entered the service as military storekeeper at Bedford, Pa., retiring in 1863. He died at the latter place in 1871.—
Ed.
After having presented you with a detail of the Conduct of the Sious I shall put before you the reasons that authorize me to impute the deed to Mr. Jos. Rolette.
Mr. Aug. Grignon, furnished with a license to winter on the Misissipi arrived at his destination last autumn. He was no sooner settled than he was visited by a number of Sious in Arms, and after having demanded of him by what authority he came on their Lands to steal their Wood and Stone, they obliged him afterwards to leave his house, set fire to it, nearly burned all his goods, and were on the point of killing him himself, according to the report of one of the Savages, who tried
The Sieur A. Grignon having shown his license in the presence of Mr. Soulard of St. Louis, and having explained to them [the Sioux] that that Writing was from their father, that it allowed him to fix himself where he thought good, the Chief replied that they had only one father, who was English, that he was master on their land and not the Government, accompanying this by several expressions insignificant in themselves but conveying an insult against the government. After these illegal and injurious proceedings Mr. Aug. Grignon, persuaded that he could not bring these savages to reason, did as they exacted of him, re-embarked, and descended in the worst season of the year to a distance of 25 miles where he rebuilt. There he was again troubled several times, and annoyed under divers pretexts, but without very serious results since the Puants [Winnebago] who placed themselves in the vicinity came to his assistance. The probable purpose of these proceedings was to hinder Mr. A. Grignon from succeeding, or to put him in a position of such danger, exposed to the evil deeds of barbarians incited to do harm [that he would abandon his trade].
After having thus exposed the Conduct of the Savages without entering into particular details that aggrievated their insurrection against the government, I will relate the reasons we have to impute to Mr. Rolette their bad Conduct.
1st. Mr. J. Rolette is an ambitious merchant trader who in order to appropriate the Hunt of the Savages of Mr. A. Grignon used the expedient of rousing this band of Sious which is devoted to him, because of his connection with its chief.
2nd. Mr. Rolette, who is called the little Englishman by the Sious is really a British subject, and that fact has weight with that band which is still attached to that Government.
3d. The proof that he was the mover of the affair is that the Sious in obliging Mr. Grignon to retreat, exempted therefrom an outfit of Mr. Rolette which was at the same place.
4th. The person in charge of the second outfit of Mr. Rolette whom Mr. Aug. Grignon met on his retreat said that if he had been on the spot he would have hindered his being displaced, and that it was in the power of the other person to do likewise by using Mr. Rolette's name; thus Mr. Rolette was the power behind the deed.
5th. Several of the Savages stated on several occasions that the trouble did not arise among the Sious, but was incited by the whites.
6th. The distant Sious disavowed the Conduct of that band, and said that they would take means to hinder such an event in the future, that they considered that it was incited by some white men since from the time that they had separated they had left the Road clear.
7th. Mr. Rolette did not conceal that he had boasted that he would destroy Mr. Grignon; and in speaking to one of his clerks he said to the latter if he made any arrangement with the former he would make him lose his wages and several things more.
Mr. Rolette has always taken the lead at the Prairie, that is known, as much by his intrigues as by his threats he has gained a footing everywhere. The Indian agent, military officers, citizens of every rank with few exceptions have many times acted on his behalf as he does not hesitate to say, and he has been seen in full Court to insult what the laws regard as most sacred, and by means of false oaths to try to obtain judgment by surprise. And it is at present generally recognized that there is no individual who has caused and will cause there so much trouble. It is to be desired that your Excellency would take cognizance of this. Without wishing to cause harm to any one we request your Excellency to take measures to stop the evil that cannot but arise from such impunity.
We enclose herein letters relative to the event from the agent at the river St. pierre which will aid your excellency in forming a judgment on that which we have laid before you.
[
Jq. Porlier
]
Endorsed. Memoir to the Governor.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letters Received, 1822, no. 1. Gov. Cass. p. 380.]
Mackinac
, 20th, June 1822.
Dear Sir
—I return you thanks for your letter of explanation, in relation to drafts drawn by the Agents on your Department:—it is perfectly satisfactory.
It gives me great pleasure to inform you that the Indians belonging to this Agency, in a general Council, have assured me that they will not visit the British posts. I can assure your Excy, however, that this promise was drawn from them, with considerable difficulty. One of the Canoes directed to be built, by your orders early this Spring, is now sent to you by Capt. Rogers—The Bill shall be forwarded to you by another opportunity. With great respect and consideration I am Dr. Sir Your Mo. Obed. St.
George Boyd
Addressed: His Excy. Lewis Cass. Govr. of Michigan Ty. Detroit. favd by Major Delafield.
Endorsed: 20 June 1822 From Col Boyd conc'g. the Indians crossing into Canada and sending down a Canoe.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 10B80. Translated from the French.]
Bay Verte
25 June 1822
Sir
—As the Company according to the Act of Union Continues to pursue its interests, since perhaps all means should be taken, and having no Certainty of being Furnished by the Fur Company of M
As for myself at present if I were to continue in the Company I would immediately engage The Men which I thought necessary for the Trade and would directly give Orders for all the districts to continue business as it is for their interest, 1st for the district of Lebay 2nd that of the Wouisconsing to Build a Warehouse & other necessary Buildings and as it appears by the information of Mr. Louis Grignon there is a lead mine there that could be worked with advantage [would give orders] to have that done the sooner the better.
2nd It would be Advantageous from my point of view to have the present engagés work there and send to the Portage all the provisions and other articles for the autumn trade. It would be well likewise to send some one to the Mississipi to decide whether to Continue there after the manner in which the outfit of Mr. Aug
It must also be Decided to go to M
I appeal to you for time presses and Interests suffer if We remain Inactive, awaiting with Impatience what you Determine that I may Fulfil my task according to your Wishes, not wishing to have any Reproaches in the future for being obliged to go out from the Company not for my own Contentment, but for a proper Accounting to you; Believe me, I am not uninterested, I shall not be less so. Yours with Esteem and consideration, Sirs, Your very humble & obedient Servant
P. Grignon
for C. B
.
Compagnie de Bayverte.—
Ed.
Endorsed by Porlier: 1822 Letter from Pierre Grignon mentioning a lead mine.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office
Book 161, Letter Book 4.]
Detroit
, July 6, 1822
Maj: Jno. Biddle, Indian Agent Green Bay
.
Sir
—All licenses for Indian trade will be hereafter granted under the act passed at the last session of Congress, a copy of which you have received.
Ed.
The words “remote tribes” used in this act have been construed by the Secretary of War to mean the tribes beyond our military posts, and this construction will be adopted by the respective agents in granting licenses.
I transmit you the form of an abstract of licenses, which will be made out and forwarded by you, as soon after the first day of September as possible, and which will exhibit all the licenses issued by you during the year preceding that day.
*
The most rigid economy is urged upon us by the War department, and I am directed to say, that it must not for one moment be forgotten. The sum assigned to your agency is intended to be the maximum of expenditure, but if with a proper regard to the publick interest, your disbursements can be reduced below that sum, it is recommended to you to do it.
The following sums have been assigned to this Superintendency by the War department for this year.
For Pay of Indian Agents
—Sub-Agents
—Presents to Indians
—Contingent expenses, to-wit, pay of blacksmiths, interpreters, etc., and the pay of the Indian Agent at the Sault, which was not included in the specifick appropriation for the pay of Agents
Making the whole, in Dolls
Of this amount the following sums have been assigned to your agency, to wit:
For your own pay
—Presents to Indians
—Contingencies including as above
Dolls.
This apportionment has been reduced below the annuities, which would have been assigned, had the agent resided during the whole season, at the Agency. It is presumed that the expenditure will be more limited, than it otherwise would have been. However should I be wrong in this conjecture, the requisite addition, agreeably to your estimate, shall be made to the contingent fund. With much respect, I am, Sir, Yr. Obt. Sevt.Lewis Cass
]
[Source, same as preceding document.]
Detroit
, July 9, 1822.
Hon: J. C. Calhoun, Secty. of War, Washington
.
Sir
—I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter from a number of traders at Green Bay, respecting the conduct of a band of Sioux upon the Mississippi, during the last winter, to a trader named Grignon. If the facts are correctly stated, some measures ought to be adopted to repress their insolence,and to provide for the security of future traders. One such example, unheeded and unfinished, may lead to many publick and private aggressions, and to much individual injury.
It appears to me, that it would be proper to instruct the agent at Saint Peters to enquire into this transaction, and if he find the Sioux have been guilty to the extent represented, the Chiefs of the band ought to be convened, and bring with them the persons implicated. The nature of the offence and their duties to the United States and it's citizens should be
From all that has reached me with respect to Rolette, I encline to the opinion, that he is capable of acting in the manner represented. If he has done so, it is a flagitious act of violence, equally outrageous in its character and objects. He is a resident of Prairie du Chien, and from there his goods are sent into the Indian Country. I think it would be expedient to direct the Commanding Officer at that post to inquire into and report to the war department the circumstances of the case, and if his report confirms the statement, the Indian Agents upon this frontier ought [not] to be instrumental to grant him another license to trade in the Indian country. Such an enquiry ought naturally perhaps to be made by Mr. Boilvin, the Agent, but you are doubtless aware, that his habits qualify him for managing the ordinary intercourse with the Indians rather than conducting an extra judicial examination. Very respectfully I have the honor to be Sir Yr. Obt. Sevt.
[
Lewis Cass
]
[Source, same as preceding document.]
Detroit
, July 18, 1822.
Hon: J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War Washington
.
Sir
—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 26 Ulto.
I was under misapprehension respecting the provisions of the act for closing the Factory establishments of the United States. I supposed the goods on hand, after satisfying certain specifick objects, were to be destributed gratuitously to the Indians. By an arrangement made last fall, Mr. McKenney instructed the Factors at Green Bay and Chicago to transmit to this place such goods in their stores, as were not suited for the establishment, then contemplated to be formed at St. Peters.
In conformity with this arrangement goods to the invoice amount of twelve thousand dollars have been forwarded from those factories to this place. A few of them have been destributed under the impression I have stated, but nearly all of them remain on hand.
These goods were selected I presume as the worst and most unsaleable in the factories and certainly they well deserve this character. They are not fit for destribution, and three-fourths of them in amount are common blankets.
I shall therefore merely retain them in possession, subject to the orders of the person, who may be sent to close the factory establishments. For I cannot consent, that they shall be charged to the department, and issued to the Indians on account of the annual appropriation for presents.
The best plan that can be adopted with respect to them is to sell them at publick auction. Very respectfully, Sir, I have the honour to be, Yr. Obt. Sevt.
[
Lewis Cass
]
[Source, same as preceding document; but Indian Office Letters Received, 1822, no. 2, p. 78.]
Fort Crawford
, July 18th, 1822.
Sir
—Having not been able to obtain an answer to the Indian disturbances which you desire of me by your Special Letter, in order to hinder them from visiting the Fort of Malden,Naw-kaw
(
Caramaunee
)
A Winnebago chief. From colored lithograph in McKenney and Hall,
History of the Indian Tribes
(Philadelphia, 1854), i, p. 315
Proceedings, 1912. Before the Winnebago War, his village was near the Fox River; afterwards he removed to the Baraboo. See description in Juliette A. Kinzie,
Wau-Bun, p. 63; see also note in
Wis. Hist. Colls., v, p. 181.
Neokotah (Niokatais) was the celebrated Winnebago chief Four Legs, whose village was on Doty's Island. He also served under the British in the War of 1812–15, at Fort Meigs, Sandusky, and Prairie du Chien. He died in 1830. See description of his death and burial in
Wau-Bun, pp. 60–63; consult also
Wis. Hist. Colls., v. p. 96.—
Ed.
ante, p. 235, note 84, for the eldest Decorah. Augustin Grignon said that he had four brothers—Black Decorah, Raisin Decorah, Rascal Decorah, and one other. See description of this family in
Wau-Bun, passim.—
Ed.
The Savages as well as the inhabitants here have lost every one of their gardens crops and plantations, of which general
I take the liberty to Send you a Sioux Dictionary collected by Doctor Van Tricht, whilst he was at St. Peters.
Wis. Hist. Colls., x, p. 65, note. In his “Synopsis of Indian Tribes” in Amer. Antiq. Soc.,
Transactions, ii, p. 124, Gallatin mentions a Siouan vocabulary “transmitted by General Cass to the War Department.” Probably this was the one here mentioned. We have not been able to identify the compiler of this dictionary.—
Ed.
N: Boilvin
agent
His Excellency L. Cass. Governor of State of Mishegan
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 11B38 Translated from the French.]
La Bay
23 July, 1822
Dear Charles
—My boat or rather that of the Company will leave for the Portage the 25th Instant or at latest the 27th. I hope to go myself and make the tour of all the [villages of the] Savages of the District. I send Amable
ante, p. 157, note 21.—
Ed.
You will receive by Amable Ten livres [word omitted] and notice and consequently remain Your brother & friend
L. Grignon
Our brother Pierre is here yet, but tomorrow or the day after
L. Grignon
You must Immediately get rid of the salt [sic] that you have as a Law has passed that All Indian traders in whose possession is Found any Intoxicating Liquors shall have their merchandise confiscated by the informer, lose their Bond and honor, and be Imprisoned Three Years. Your business is to get rid of that which was passed up as provision and yourself go without Any Witness, without Any witness, without Any Witness. This is absolutely my advice.
Addressed: Mr. Charles Grignon Portage du Oisconsin By Amable Grignon.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 11B39. Translated from the French.]
Bay verte
23 July 1822.
Sir
—Since you request me by your Instructions to await for Mr. Lawe your Representative who takes passage with me to M
As the agent for the C. B. Company I have no other desire, and nothing more at heart, than to fulfil my task as well as your desires. Awaiting your response, Believe me Sir with all possible Esteem Your obedient Servant
P. Grignon
for C. B
.
Addressed: Augustin Grignon Esq. Present.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 11B43.]
Fort Howard Green Bay
July 26th 1822
Sir
—Agreeably to your request I proceed to commit to writing a statement I made to you on my arrival at this post respecting the Indians at Milwalka and the conduct of the trader or traders at that place. I arrived at Milwalka on the 17
Ed.
James W. Webb
Lt 3
d
Infantry
Altowan (New York, 1845), preface. After returning to New York he became editor of the
Courier and Enquirer, and was in 1861 appointed brigadier-general, an honor which he declined. He was then chosen minister to Brazil, where he served efficiently during the Civil War. He died in New York, June 7, 1884.—
Ed.
To Major John Biddle Agent for Indian Affairs Green Bay
[Source, same as preceding document; but 90C1.]
Michilimackinac
, July 26th, 1822
Antoin Longwar formerly of Montreal Lower Canada being duly sworn maketh oath and saith that in the Years of Eighteen hundred and Twenty and Eighteen hundred and Twenty one or a part of Each said years he was a hireling to Rix Robinson of Michilimackinac as a Boatman and also to do other services such as are generally done by men Engaged for the Indian Country. That he left this place in the fall of Eighteen hundred and Twenty in company with the said Rix to go and winter at a place on the west side of [Lake] Michigan called Milliwackie. That the said Rix Pro[ceeded] to Milliwackie for the purpose of Trading with the Indians of that place. That after arriving at said place he remained
That the Indians during the fall winter & Spring were frequently Intoxicated he is sensible but that they obtained the Whisky or Liquor from Chicago and other Traders in that vicinity he always understood and verily believes
That a man was living at Milliwackie by the name of [blank in MS.] Mirandaw
Wis. Hist. Colls., xviii, xix) was a French Canadian who had served upon Lake Superior and in the Wabash country before settling at Milwaukee some time in the latter years of the 18th century. He was a blacksmith, and in the War of 1812–15 made weapons for the British Indians; see his claims for losses in
Id, xii, p. 131. Marrying an Ottawa woman, he had a family of children, some of whom lived in later life with the Kinzie family at Chicago. The Victoire, Genevieve, and Tomah mentioned in Mrs. Kinzie's
Wau-Bun, were of the Mirandeau family. A sketch of this early dweller in Milwaukee is found in
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, p. 222. This document proves, however, that he did not die as early as there stated, but probably in the winter of 1821–22, among the Indians west of Milwaukee.—
Ed.
Antoine
Longwar
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 26th day of July 1822
W. Hen
J. P. C. M
.
Michilimackinac
July 26th 1822
John B. Clukey & Joseph Babow of Michillimackinac being duly sworn make oath and say that they were in the Employment of Rix Robinson during the time above mentioned in the above affidavit and at the same time with the said Antoine Longwar who was also in the Employ of the said Rix That they are well Knowing to all the circumstances mentioned in the above affidavit which are correct and True. That they were never Knowing to the said Rix vending or selling any spirituous Liquors to any Indian or Indians during the time above mentioned but on the contrary have reason to believe he did not
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 26th day of July 1822
John B
Clukey
W. Hen
y
Puthuff
Joseph
Babbien
I do hereby certify that Frances Boyer was duly sworn before me the undersigned, one of the [justices of] the Peace in & for the County of Michilimackinac & upon his oath aforesaid did interpret and explain to the above subscribers or deponants the above or within Depositions & oaths by them Made
18
Wm. Henry Puthuff
J. P. C. M
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 11B50. Translated from the French.]
Louisianaville
, July 29th 1822
Dear Sir
—I received by Mr. Whitney your last letter and also the Martens that you had the kindness to send me as well as the beautiful otter that you had the complaisance to leave for me at Mr. Brisbois's house. I did not receive your letter from the Baye until the very moment that we left prairie du Chien so that it was impossible for me to reply as soon as I wished. I have seen the Agent of river St Pierre who could do nothing in your affair for lack of sufficient proof. I talked to him about you and he told me that the
Sauteurs
[Chippewa] of the Mississippi had requested of him a trader for next winter and that if you would Consent to go and trade there next winter that he would do all in his power for you, and that he believes that it would be very advantageous to you speaking their language as you do. You may Count on justice from Mr. Taliaferro and his good will toward you. He wishes you to be recompensed for the troubles you suffered last winter. If I can, dear Sir, be useful to you in any thing, I beg you to Call upon me without reserve. I remain your Sincere Friend and Servant,
James G. Soulard
Addressed: Mr. Augustin Grignon, Green Bay, Michigan. Care of Mr. Michel Brisebois, P. du Chien.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820—Oct. 1823, p. 308.]
Department of War
August 1st, 1822
His Excy Lewis Cass Detroit
Sir
—Your letter of the 9th. ultimo, enclosing a letter from a number of traders at Green Bay has been received.
In April last a communication was received from Mr. Taliaferro reporting the conduct of the Sioux and Rolette, and he was instructed to represent to the Sioux in strong and spirited terms the inpropriety of their conduct (which was viewed as unfriendly to the government) and the consequences to which a repetition of it might lead. He was also instructed to keep his eye upon Rolette, whose character is well known here, and report his proceedings to this Department.
Mr. Taliaferro has not yet reported; as soon as he does further and more explicit instructions will be given to him.
J. C. Calhoun
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 11B66.]
Chicago
Aug. 14. 1822
Dear Sir
—I take the opportunity which Mr. Crooks' passing offers to enclose you a copy of a letter addressed to Major Biddle Agent at the Bay by Lieut Webb of the Army who lately passed Milwakee on his way from this Post to the bay.ante, pp. 270, 271.—
Ed.
Alex. Wolcott Jr
.
Wau-Bun, pp. 83–85, of his death in 1830.—
Ed.
[
To George Boyd
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C128.]
Michilimackinac
26 Augt 1822
My Dear Uncle
Ed.
[
John Lawe
]
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 318.]
Department of War
August 27th, 1822.
James E. Heron Esq
Ed.
Sir
—I have received your letter of the 19th. Ultimo respecting the buildings occupied by the United States Factor atJ. C. Calhoun
Office Of Indian Agency Sault Ste. Marie
, Septr. 9th 1822.
[Source, same as preceding document; but Indian Office Book 205, Indian Department A, p. 13.]
Office Of Indian Agency Sault Ste. Marie
, Septr, 9th. 1822.
Sir
—Being about to proceed into the Indian country, under Licence granted at this Office, you will use every proper exertion to ascertain that no infraction of the laws takes place, at your wintering station, and report to me, on your return, the facts observed.
Should you find any person on the suth [sic] shore of lake Superior, in the act of trading, or having goods with a design to trade, with the Indian tribes, you are hereby authorized to demand of such person a perusal of his licence, and if he shall refuse the same, and it shall appear to your satisfaction that no licence has been granted to him from the Indian Department, and that he is carrying on such trade in violation of the laws, or, if you shall find any person having in his possession, selling or attempting to introduce into the Indian country, any whiskey or other spirituous liquor, designed for the Indians, you will in all such cases proceed to seize his goods, spirits, boat or canoe, and other effects of such person, together with all furs, skins, or peltries found in his possession, and to transmit the same forthwith to me, that the offender may be proceeded against according to law.
The laws prohibit any foreigner from going into the Indian country for the purposes of trade, either in a principal, or subordinate capacity. Should any such foreigner be found, you are also charged and authorized to seize his goods, peltries and effects in the manner above directed.
You will take the earliest opportunity to communicate to me any information you may possess touching these instructions.
Henry R. Schoolcraft
U. S. Indian Agent
Wis. Hist. Colls. xiii,
passim). In 1822 Schoolcraft was appointed Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie, where he remained ten years, marrying the daughter of John Johnston, the principal trader at that place. In 1832 Schoolcraft was transferred to Mackinac, where he continued his agency for about nine years. After his retirement he devoted himself to writing and research in regard to aboriginal life, and was the author of many books. Many of his conclusions on Indian history have in later days been discredited; nevertheless he did pioneering work of a high order, and his descriptions of contemporary events are useful. He died in Washington, D. C., in 1864.—
Ed.
To Henry A. Levake
.
Ed.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 12B11.]
Louis Grignon Esq
.
Dear Sir
—The Marice de Gro Rat is an Excellent good Hunter & he is not a bad Indian but it is the band of thedead
this is the reasons he gives in not paying me he has got a Beaver Trap of mine & I have got a Rat Trap of his he left to be mended Your truly
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, p. 297. It was probably his band that ranged southward from Green Bay as far as Menominee township in Waukesha County. Possibly Lake Keesus in the neighboring township of Merton takes its name from this chief, for Keesus is Menominee for the sun (
soleil in French).—
Ed.
J. Lawe
Bay
Sep 13 1822
[Source, same as preceding document, but 55B75.]
Indian Agency Green Bay
Septr. 17
To all whom it may concern
—Know ye that Augustin Grignon citizen of the United States having given the bonds required by law & by the instructions of the President is hereby authorized to trade with the Indian Tribes on the Fox, Ouisconsin & Mississippi Rivers & their tributary Waters until the 17th day of September in the Year of our Lord One thousand Eight hundred and twenty three unless this license be sooner revoked.W
m
. Whistler Capt
.
Fort Howard Green Bay
Sept
Foreigners: Pierre Turcotte, Francois Turcotte, Isaac Jaque, F. Martin, J. B. Brunett Interpreter, Louis Cardinal, Etienne Denege, Julian Laviolette, F. Boileau, J. Villeneuve, A. Robert, Louis Peltier, Alex Pothier, Pierish Grignon Jun. Interpreter.
Citizens of the U. State[s]: Louis Beaupré Jun
Endorsed: Licence of 1822
[Source, same as preceding document, but 12B46.]
G. Bay
14 Oct. 1822
Dear Sir
—Please Send me your last years Licence So that I may Copy it off to give to Capt. Whistler as his Clerk is so busy that he has no time to make them out. & I will take him it to morrow morning to get Signed & at the same time he will be making out the Bonds Your truly
J. Lawe
Mr. L. Grignon Present
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 12B18. Translated from the French.]
Prairie du chien
19 Sep
Sir and friend
—You will receive this by the barges that I send to get the rest of the pieces that are in your Warehouse. I sent you also 23 Packs that I beg you to forward to Mr. Robert Stewart by the first opportunity. I have written Mr. Whitney to procure for the men the following provisions, 3 barrels of flour, 1 barrel of pork and six minots of peas, thinking that he is able to procure these at a cheaper rate than you. If he cannot I must beg you to procure them, as well as four pairs of childrens shoes leather or morocco according to the enclosed measure, a womans Crochet hook at the Sutler's, some Ink and four livres of good Tobacco. I send you by Leon Poncenville $13.00 for this purchase. Fifty canoes of folle avoine [Menominee] arrived here today, so it is reported. I do not know whether it is true. the greater part go down the Missisipi.
No other news except that the opposition is very strong having furnished $72,000 worth of merchandise to the Savages I am your ServantJos Rolette
N. B. Please send the two clearances as well as the list of men who have worked that I may pay them.
Mr. Jacques Porlier Senr. Bay verte
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 12B93. Translated from the French]
Ed.
Sir
—I had thought of going to Makina but the C B Company Continuing, I find myself relieved. I am bound to winter here in the capacity of a clerk without Wages, and a little against my interests, to say nothing of those of the Company. The changes in the Company have brought about difficulties that are not yet all defined. Mr. Rouse and Monsieur Aug. Grignon have left for the Misissipi; As it appears that it is they that you have designed therefor. Mr. L. Grignon returns to the Wisconsing on the Same recommendation. Mr. Lawe remains here, also designated. Whether it is in Conformity with your ideas or not, my offers to go and winter have been badly received. I do not complain of that, once embarked one must go to the harbor. I do not know how I stand with you? I should be much pleased to receive your Accounts! not that I have any hope of paying them, and it is without doubt due to compassion in you that you do not press me by sending them to me. I wish that Charity might extend to releasing them. I expect on the first, the Barges of Mr. Rolette by which I may have conveyed the letters that you have addressed to me, Not being able to do better.
The gentleman that you have referred to me secured a passage with Mr. Rouse, with which he seemed well satisfied. I communicated your recommendation to Mr. Rouse who will be pleased to honor it.
I have just learned through Mr. Stuart that Mr. Crooks has been obliged to leave Makina in order to re-establish his health. I fear that he has waited too long, the extraordinary fatigues that he has endured in his long Journeys have of necessity
I do not say anything to you of the Company. I leave that to those who are conducting it. I only observe to you that if Hunting is Poor, or to speak more accurately, if there is no tranquility in the Misissipy, it is probable that we shall make very bad returns, for the Savages of this neighborhood are entirely lost through Whiskey. The Wisconsing is poor, and the best Savages of those parts, seek the Misissipi.
We expect here by the first boats an opposition caused by your house. Mr. Robert Irwin is Agent therefor. Such are his plans! He will not leave any advantage so they say, because of the low price at which he can sell. We have here several newcomers who have traded with the puants [Winnebago] and one party of the folles [Menominee] for the division of their lands. The ancient dwellers have been invited in the name of the Government to take part in a treaty, promises and threats have been put forth, so I am told.
Wis. Hist. Colls., ii, pp. 423–429; viii, pp. 337, 338.—
Ed.
Collections. See
Id, xiv, p. 400, note and references therein cited; also
Id. ii,
passim; vii, pp. 322–369. Williams's claims to the dauphinship are proved false by William W. Wight, “Eleazer Williams—his forerunners, himself,” in Parkman Club
Papers, i, pp. 133–203. For the relation between Pierre Grignon and Williams, see
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, pp. 242, 243.—
Ed.
Sir I have Written you a very long letter about a few things
Jq. Porlier
Endorsed: Agent for the A. F. C.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 161, Letter Book 4.]
Detroit
, Oct. 4. 1822
George Graham
Sir
—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 13 Ulto. and 18th. Ulto., together with their several enclosures.
It is hopeless to tender to the Indians goods in lieu of the specie annuities which are due to them. The attempt has been made here and elsewhere, and has uniformly proved unsuccessful. The treaty stipulations on this subject, so far as they are within my personal knowledge, were formed at the particular request of the Indians, and I think they will inflexibly adhere to them. Various causes combine to produce this determination.
1. The opinion, which has been generally entertained that the goods in the U. S. factories are inferior to those sold by the private traders.
2d. All those, who are in immediate contact with the Indians, are in a greater or less degree interested in the prosecution of the Indian Trade. The influence of these persons will of course [be] exerted to prevent the recurrence of a system, which would diminish the expenditures of the Indians.
3d. To the larger Tribes, such as the Potawatomies, the Chippewas and Ottawas the sums paid as annuities are entirely
Under these circumstances, there is such a moral certainty of disappointment, that another effort to procure the assent of the Indians, to the payment of their annuities in goods instead of specie, is not worth making. Each of the Agents in conformity with instructions from the War department was directed in June last, to make this proposition. It has resulted as might have been foreseen, in an entire failure.
There is little prospect of selling the goods on hand at the Green Bay and Chicago factories at those places. There are few persons at Chicago except those in publick employment, and the small population at Green Bay are supplied from other quarters and on better terms.
Those persons, who are engaged in the labourious prosecution of the Indian trade, always receive goods upon credit. The capitalists, who embark in this business, supply with outfits the small traders, who penetrate the Indian Country in every direction. The former do not come in contact with the Indians. Their principal depot, in this part of the Country is at Michillimackinac, where the peltries are collected, and whence the goods diverge to every point.
The traders arrive in the Indian Country between August and October, at which time the Indians disperse to their hunting camps. In the spring, the peltries which are collected are brought in. The adventure of the preceding year is paid for, and a credit obtained for the subsequent one.
It will at once be perceived, that these traders are unable to pay for the goods they procure, until these goods are sold; and
Besides each trader must be supplied with an assortment, which should comprehend every article which want or caprice has rendered necessary for the Indians. These assortments cannot now be obtained at either of the factories in this quarter.
It is my opinion that the goods at Green Bay and Chicago after their arrival at this place should be sold at Auction upon a reasonable credit, and the purchase money secured by good endorsed paper.
A sale for cash, in the existing state of things would lead to a sacrifice of the property, because the competition would be comparatively small. By a proper credit the articles sold would bring a fair price, and there would be no difficulty in receiving the amount beyond the probability of failure.
A similar disposition should be made of goods, which have already been sent here from those factories. I have heretofore stated to the Secretary of War, in my letter of [blank in MS.] that the wretched quality of these goods rendered it improper to distribute them as presents to the Indians, in lieu of the annual appropriation for that object. The Factors were directed to forward to this place such articles, as were not suitable for the St. Peters trade, and well have they complied with this injunction. Such a collection of wretched goods was never seen in the country. I cannot describe their quality to you in terms sufficiently strong. Many of the bales were never opened till their arrival here, and they were doubtless purchased at the most exhausted period of our markets. Considerably more than half of the amount consists of these coarse miserable blankets, admirably calculated to admit the rain and cold.
A blanket is the most essential article of an Indians equipment. It is frequently his house and it is always the most important part of his dress. The heavy Mackinac blankets are almost impervious to the rain, and are universally worn by the
An open coarse small blanket is almost useless to an Indian. No difference in price can make him accept it in preference to one which he has found by experience suited to his wants. By a deduction of fifty instead of 15 pr. ct., it will not exclude the rain and cold, nor will an addition to the number effect his object. He must carry a much heavier load, and the first rain will penetrate through the coarse texture of five or six of these as easily as one.
How then, under these circumstances, can I distribute these articles to the Indians in presents, as evidences of the paternal feelings of the Government of the United States towards them? To supply the most pressing wants of this wretched people, and to discharge a part of the great moral debt we owe them appropriations for these annual gratuitous distributions are doubtless made by Congress. They are now very small and it therefore becomes those charged with their expenditure to apply them in the most prudential manner. But certainly it would be better to withhold all supplies of this kind from them, rather than present such articles as would excite disadvantageous comparisons between them and the firm substantial well selected goods, which are given to them by the British Government and sold by the private traders.
I have entered into this long explanation to satisfy you, that I feel no prejudices upon this subject. Certainly my views are sufficiently catholick to prompt me to promote the interests of the Government, to whatever department those interests may be confided. And I am certain that my opinions are not in the least influenced by any thing, which has been said on the subject of the Indian trade office.
Prejudices may have been felt, as you intimate in your letter to Mr. Crawford,
Ed.
[
Lewis Cass
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 346.]
Depmt of War
, 23 Octr. 1822.
His Excelly. Lewis Cass, Detroit
.
Sir
—In the execution of that part of the act passed at the last session of Congress relative to licenses to trade with the Indians, should licenses be granted by yourself or any of the Indian Agents within your superintendency to trade with Indian tribes within the superintendency of Genl. Clark, at St. Louis, which includes all the agencies on the Mississippi and Missouri, it will be proper that the General should be regularly apprized thereof for the information of himself and the agents under his control. You will therefore direct the Indian Agents within your Superintendency to give immediate notice to Genl. Clark of all such licenses with the name and description of the persons to whom they may be issued, and the number, name, and description of the persons (if any) who will be employed by them respectively in the transaction of the business with the Indians.
As there is nothing in the late act to which the regulations adopted under the act of 1816, in relation to the employment of Foreign boatman and interpreters and communicated to you on the 25th of March 1818, are repugnant, they will be considered as still in force, and the American trader may be permitted to avail himself of the services of Foreigners on the terms and conditions therein specified. I have etc.
J. C. Calhoun
P. S. The within order has been given at the request of Genl. Clark believing it would facilitate his duties with respect
19
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS. 12B72.]
Mackinac
Oct. 27 1822
Dear Sir
—I received Your esteemed favor of 22
The Packs per the “Pontiac” have come to hand in good order. I am sorry to find that your new Indians are likely to give you trouble, which I always expected; you had better keep them in their proper place, from the beginning.
A Sketch of your a/c: is herewith sent you; and as no final Settlement of the Green Bay Outfit has yet taken place, you have that a/c: also.
I believe the
house
of which Mr. Irwin is Said to be Agent, will create more noise than effect: the Lord knows the trade is already bad enough; but if more fools will come, why we must welcome them. The draft of your Son shall be honored when presented.
I hope M
Magazin Francois
—for that business is generally very bad; as the debts can never be noticed. D
Robert Stuart
Your package of Letters I will forward per first good opp
R. S.
Pray write me fully as often as convenient.
Jacques Porlier, Esquire. Green Bay per Schooner “Superior
.”
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington, Pressmark: Indian Office Miscellaneous Files, 1801–24.]
Head Qurs: Fort Crawford
November 15, 1822.
Sir
—I had the honor some time since to receive your letter dated the 12 June last; enclosing a law which passed at the last Session of Congress, relative to trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, requiring me to carry it strictly into execution, on the frontier within the limits of my Command. With a view to the performance of this duty, I have caused the Boats of Traders, passing this place, to be strictly searched, and should I have any suspicion, or receive any information, that ardent spirits are carried to any trading establishment, in the Indian Country, within the vicinity of my Command, I will send and cause those establishments, to be strictly examined. I am not, however certain as to the construction, which the law ought to receive, on some points, with regard to which I must ask your instructions.
One of these points is, whether the people who reside at this place, have a right to pass and repass freely through the Indian Country; to bring ardent spirits to the place of their residence; and to keep it in their possession, either for their own use or for trade and commerce.
If this were a Military Cession as it was once thought to be,
It will be recollected by you, that this post is situated on a Prairie called Le Prarie du Chien, near the confluence of the Ousconsin and Mississippi Rivers, in the Territory of Michigan. This Prarie stretches above the Ousconsin along the Mississippi for nine or ten miles; and is about two miles in breadth: on this Prarie, at a very early period the British Traders from Canada, formed a small village and settlement. The population at present, consists chiefly of French; and a mixture of French and Indians, one portion of the population is engaged in the Indian trade, principally as Clerks, Interpreters and Engageors; and another portion, in the cultivation of small farms in different parts of the Prarie. Their numbers I cannot exactly ascertain; but they are able to muster a full Company of Malitia.
Besides vegitables of almost every kind they raise wheat more than sufficient for their own consumption. They possess horses cattle and other domestic animals in considerable numbers. Those who now hold houses or lands occupied or cultivated as far back as the year 1794, claim to have a good title to them, under some article of Mr. Jays treaty with Great Britain. Commissioners have been appointed to investigate those claims, who, I am told have made their Report; and forwarded it to Washington: upon examining that Report I think it will be found that these claims are not very numerous; and lie principally in the Prarie; and if they be confirmed, unless they be made to run into the woodland, which borders the Prarie, they will be of no great value to the Inhabitants; for otherwise, they will not be able to obtain wood for fuel or any other purpose, without trespassing on the Indian or public lands.
In the year 1816 by a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, concluded at Portage des Saux in the then Territory of Missori these tribes ceded to the United Sates for military purposes, three leagues square, to be located at or near the mouth of the Ousconsin. In the same year this post was established, distant about four miles above the Ousconsin; and in the year 1818, by an order, of the Commandant of the 9th Military Department, the session above mention[ed] was surveyed and laid off; and includes the whole of the Prarie, on which this Post is situated, together with the Village and Settlements.
In the ensuing year, 1819, the Governor of the Michigan Territory, by his proclamation established a County in this portion of his Government, called Crawford County, comprehending all the country to which the Indian title was extinguished. Courts were about the same time organized, who claim and exercise civil jurisdiction, over the whole of the Military cession at this place. I wish it to be understood that I speak of the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes from recollection: and of the proclamation from information; for I cannot procure here either of these documents.
The Governors of Territories are vested with the power to establish Counties, in any portion of the Territories, over which they preside, where the Indian title has been extinguished. [Whether] On that ground, the Governor of the Michigan Territory, proceeded in the exercise of this power, at this place I know not; but it is justified on the ground, that long before the existence of the Military Cession at this place, the Indian title was as much extinct at it as it was at Detroit or at St. Louis or at any other antient settled place. I may add, if my memory does not deceive me, it was not necessary, according to the Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, that this Military Cession, should have been laid off in the manner it has been done. It might have been located on the South Side of the Ousconsin; or on the West Side of the Mississippi, over against the Ousconsin; and I should think that it might yet
Having stated the case, as fairly as I was able, the question recurs on the right, claimed by the people of Crawford County, or Le Prarie du Chien. These people contend that they have a right to keep ardent spirits in their possession either for their own use, or for the purposes of trade; as there exists no law which prohibits them from doing so, and that the law which you have forwarded to me, and directed me to execute, applies only to the Indian country, and that it cannot be enforced here, even upon an Indian Trader, as the Indian title, at this place, has been long since extinct. They also contend that the right of egress and ingress, together with the liberty to convey away, or bring in, any species of merchandize, they may think proper, even ardent spirits, is one wise parable from their situation, and of which they cannot be deprived—at least have not been deprived by any law or regulation. These rights they not only contend for; but habitually exercise. Within six months past large quantities of ardent spirits have been brought to this place and stored; and it is not only to be feared, that the Indians who resort to this place, will be able to obtain this article in any quantity; but that it will be introduced extensively among the neighboring tribes of Indians. This place is almost in the heart of the Indian Country; and cannot be reached, in any direction, without passing through an Indian Country, for near two hundred miles by the route of the Fox and Ousconsin Rivers; for upwards of three hundred miles [by the Mississippi]. It is resorted to by some powerful tribes of Indians.
The next point I wish to submit to your decision is, whether the law, of which I have been speaking, applies to any person except licensed Indian Traders. I am decidedly of opinion it does not; for where ever the law is violated, it directs that the bonds shall be put in suit, and licenses cancelled. It is true if any person but a licensed Indian Trader, enters the Indian Country, and attempts to trade with the Indians, his goods are liable to forfeiture; and he himself, to fine and imprisonment
It is also said unless ardent spirits be actually found among the stores and package of Indian Traders their goods cannot be seized; though the clearest evidence should exist that they had introduced ardent spirits into the Indian Country.
I shall only remark farther on this law, that the Second Section refers to the 21st section of the Act of 1802, by which the President of the United States, is authorized, to adopt such measures from time to time, as he may deem expedient, to prevent the sale and distribution of ardent spirits among the
One more remark and I am done with this law. I shall not deem myself authorised, to interfere with persons carrying ardent spirits to the lead mines on Fever River. These mines are about one hundred miles below this place, and are much resorted to by the Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes. It is to be apprehended that these Indians will be extensively supplied with ardent spirits at this place, unless the Government place the lessees of these mines under some very strict regulations. It must, however, be mentioned that it is much to the credit of Colonel [James] Johnston that during the last summer, he formed a society at these mines, to prevent the sale of ardent spirits to the Indians; and that the measures of this Society had the effect of supressing in a great measure, this discreditable traffic at that place.
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, pp. 274, 175. Daniel Whitney sent a boat-load of goods from Green Bay to the mines in the autumn of 1822; see
Ibid, p. 180.—
Ed.
I could have wished, that instead of stating all these difficulties, I could have prevented a drop of Spirituous Liquors from being brought to this quarter of the Indian Country, for I highly approve both the policy and humane spirit of this law;
I have dwelt longer on this subject than I should have done, if ardent spirits had not been introduced into the Indian Country, in such considerable quantities, that I began to fear, unless I entered into a full explanation of the motives of my conduct, I might be charged with a neglect of duty. I have the honor etc.W. M. Morgan
Lt. Colo. 5th Infy
.
Maj. Genl. Gaines, Comg, etc
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 365.]
Depmt of War
6th Decemr. 1822.
Honble Wm. H. Crawford Secy Treasury
Sir
—You will see by the enclosed documents that the Collector at Michilimackinac has granted permits for certain boats having on board whiskey to pass from that post to Prairie-du-chien; and as it is intended by this Department to give orders to carry into effect fully the provisions of the Act passed at the last Session of Congress, to amend the act of trade and intercourse of 1802, which relate to the introduction of ardent Spirits into the Indian Country, I wish first to ascertain whether any and what instructions have been given by the Treasury Department to the Collectors upon the Subject.
I will thank you to return the papers, with the information requested, as soon as convenient. I have etc.
J. C. Calhoun
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Cass Letter Books 1823, No. 1.]
Praibie du chien
3rd Jany. 1823
Sir
—Your verry esteemed favor of 7th April and Septr. 14th. has been received, and note their contents. I have undertaken to prevent the Indians from this quarter to visit Drummond Island and it is with Satisfaction I have to Say none from this place have deviated from the advices given to them on this Subject and must Say that I, sincerely believe, British influence is done away with [for] the Indians residing in the vicinity of this place, as to the queries, or rather vocabulary that you make mention of, I have forwarded it last September by some officers of the United States Army my inexperience in the English Language prevents me to correspond as often as I consider it my duty. However during this long Winter I shall endeavour to procure a Copious vocabulary of the Winebago Tongue, their Manners, Customs and Religious Ceremonies as well as relates to the Sioux, Sacs, and foxes.
Transactions, ii. The original manuscript thereof has apparently been lost.—
Ed.
Peace and Harmony now exists with the Indians, altho' large war parties are on Contemplation between the Sacs and Foxes on one part and the Sioux's of the plains on the other part for Next Spring. Unless the Government thinks proper to interfere, I am afraid it will be Severe for those poor ignorant Savages—and no doubt some other tribes will engage—if so, this River will be the Theatre of warfare and no doubt that Commerce will be injured and Some poor innocent people the victim
I shall do all in my power to obviate the evil as far as my means will go—but the Sum allowed for this Agency when So many Indians visit is not Sufficient. It even requires in
N. Boilvin
To His Excelly. Lewis Cass Governor Michigan Territory Detroit
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Libaray. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 13B12. Translated from the French.]
Upper Oisconsin
26 February 1823
Dear Sir
—On my return from the Bay to the Portage of the Oisconsin the 26th Instant I received your Favor of the 25 of last mouth, very pleased to know that you enjoy perfect health. I was not surprised at what you said of Rolette for He did very well Except in Sending to the Black River and the Portage; that did much harm here from the low price that he made. The Savages obtained their necessities for a few peltries and would not Hunt afterwards. When I left the Bay your family were all well. Our friend Pierre my brother has been very ill since autumn with an abscess that broke in his Stomach It is very doubtful whether we shall see him this Spring. This is not the report of the Doctor.
I have seen the Loup noir [Black Wolf] since you sent me his Credit.
Wau-Bun, p. 64) as having a surly, lowering face with a shock of black hair.—
Ed.
L. Grignon
Mr. Louis Rouse Trader Upper Missipy
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 397.]
Depmt of War
6th March 1823.
His Excellcy Lewis Cass Detroit
Sir
—The arrangement proposed by the Treasury Department which is referred to in the enclosed papers, for the disposition of a portion of the Goods at the several factories, has been acceded to by this Department; and you will give the necessary instructions to the Indian Agent at Green Bay to carry the same into effect, restricting his purchases to such goods only as are of a suitable kind and quality for Indian purposes, and which can be had at the Factory near him on as advantageous terms as elsewhere, and to an amount not exceeding in any event that which, according to the most moderate and economical annual allowance at his agency for this purpose, will be sufficient for the years 1823 and 1824. The amount of the purchases made by the Agent will be considered as constituting a part of the sums that may be allotted to him for his expenses in each of those years, and will be deducted therefrom in due proportion. Should any goods be required for Indian purposes at Detroit, or at those Agencies which have no factory near them, you are authorized to take them of the Factory Agents after their removal to Detroit, under the restrictions above mentioned.
To enable the Department to retain a sufficient amount out of the sum assigned for the expenses of your superintendency to meet the drafts which may be drawn on it by the Indian
The Department has no objection to the arrangement which it is proposed to make with the Indian Agents for the collection of the debts that may be due to the Factories; and should the Agent at Green Bay find it convenient to undertake that duty, he is at liberty to do so, on the terms and in the mode which he and the factory agent may agree upon; with this understanding, however, that he is to look to the Treasury Department only for any additional compensation to which he may consider himself entitled for the performance of the said duty. I have etc. etc.
J. C. Calhoun
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 13B27. Translated from the French.]
Portage du Oisconsin
3 April 1823
Dear Auguste
—I suppose that you received my letter of the 26th of February in regard to our brother Pierre. The Sad news of his death ought not to Surprise you. The end came the 4 of last March. I enclose the letters of Mr. Porlier and of Fily which will inform you of his Sufferings before his Death.
I had had the News from the Bay before these Letters. It was much Feared that this would Give our dear mother a bad turn. I left her the 14th of February very wretched.
I believe it will be best for you to go to the Bay as soon as your affairs permit but if you have opportunity before you go to the Bay and you think that I can serve you, Command me and instruct me. I am always ready. Notice that you must
As for the affairs on the Oisconsin They are not good, the Savages have not made much Hunt and the few peltries have been Traded at a high price and [MS. torn] badly Paid. I leave here with 40 Packs badly assorted. If I had not had provisions I believe that my Savages would have died of hunger this winter. They have ruined me in provisions and we are at present without supplies. If you can borrow a little Maize and flour to bring back to the Bay you will do well to bring some, the price of flour at the Bay is $8.00 a barrel, of Maize $1.50 the minot cash I will try and join you at La Bute des Morts as I Desire to see you. Nothing more dear brother than to wish you Health and Prosperity Your brother and friend
L. Grignon
[Source, same as preceding document, but 13B31.]
Prairie des Chien
April 8th 1823
Dear Sir
—I recd by La Rose the news of the death of Pierre Grignon the Agent of your Company which give me a little uneasiness knowing that the Am. Fur Company have written Mr. Rouse respecting the Packs they will make in the Missisipi and have also given Rolette instructions to make them offers for the Packs, and he says that the Am. Fur Compy will get the packs and when got I will get none of the returns, whether he says this merely to alarm me or not I do not know, but I have Confidence in you that you will not so far as you have a voice suffer a thing of that kind to take place, in fact it was to you that I offered the goods then thinking that you were going to the Missisipi and that I was to deal with you, do not understand me that I have any reason to believe that will be the Case and Indeed I do not think so but a man is much interested he is willing enough to believe any Idle story that Effects his interest,
J. H. Lockwood
John Lawe Esq. Green Bay, Michigan
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 13B54.]
Green Bay
14th May 1823
Dear Sir
—Two hours after you left this the News came of a vessel being in Sight, which was found to be true, it was the Schooner Tyger, that left McKinac Sunday morning, there is another Vessel expected in very soon the Schooner Minerva. I enquired if there was any letters for you but there was none. M
Tyger
I am [at] a loss to say what is a going to become of us I see there is nothing favourable for us so far in haste wishing you a speedy Return I remain Your friend
J. Lawe
N. B. Mr. H. Douseman
Ed.
Mr. Louis Grignon Bute de Mort per favor of Mr. H. Dousman
Hercules L. Dousman
(1800–1868)
From oil portrait by Conrad W. Heyd, in possesion of the Society
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Letter Book E, Aug. 1820–Oct. 1823, p. 448.]
Depmt of War
3 June 1823.
Colonel N. Pinckney, Commanding Fort Howard, Green Bay
.
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, p. 216. He was commandant at Green Bay, 1821–23.—
Ed.
Sir
—your letter of the 24th august last relative to the execution of the provision of the Act of the 6th May 1822 to prevent the introduction of Ardent Spirits into the Indian Country was duly received; and with the accompanying papers was referred to the Secretary of the Treasury. They have been recently returned with a letter from him, of which a copy is enclosed for your information.
I concur in the opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury that the clearance of the Collector does not exempt the Spirits from seizure under the act of the 6 May 1822, where it is applicable to them.
I have requested the Secretary of the Treasury to instruct the Collector at Mackinac to furnish the commanding officers of posts and Indian Agents on the route and at the place of destination with certificates of the quantity of spirits which may be taken by the several traders from his Office through the Indian Country; which as he suggests will probably, enable the Officers or Agents to detect any sale which may have been made contrary to the provision of the Act before mentioned. I have etc.J. C. Calhoun
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Book 161, Letter Book 4.]
Detroit
June 10, 1823
Henry R. Schoolcraft, Esqr. Indian Agent. Sault Ste. Marie
.
Sir
—It has been represented to me by persons engaged in the Indian trade west of Lake Superior, and in the vicinity of the boundary line, where they are brought into competition with the traders of the Hudson's company that the want of whiskey to destribute among the Indians has rendered their trade a disadvantageous one, and that without some change in the present system this trade must be abandoned. They state that instances have occurred in which provisions have been taken by the Indians, five hundred miles directly from their posts to those of the Hudson's Bay company in order to procure ardent spirits.
Under these circumstances, as it is a question between abandoning an important portion of our trade, and that too in a quarter where the enterprize of our traders is but beginning, and where it is highly desirable that their influence should be extended, and permitting the introduction of whiskey in such limited quantities as may be deemed necessary for the purchase of provisions only; I think it best, that the latter alternative should be adopted.
I do not perceive in the laws, nor in the regulations any absolute prohibition against this course. The act of Congress passed in 1822, on the subject of Indian affairs, refers in its prohibition against the introduction of whiskey into the Indian Country, to the previous act where full authority is given to the President to restrain this branch of the trade, as he may think proper. No regulation for its absolute removal has been received and of course the subject is open to the exercise of sound discretion.
You are therefore authorized to permit the introduction of whiskey in such limited quantities as you may think circumstances
I will immediately submit to the Secty. of War, the course which I have taken in this business that he may give such directions in relation to it as he thinks proper. I am, Sir, etc.
[
Lewis Cass
]
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library, Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 15B1. Translated from the French.]
Green Bay
3 September, 1823.
Dear Sirs
—I have received your favors Jacques Porlier's of the 25 and 26; John Lawe's of the 27 & 29, of which two came after the departure of the Steam Boat. I had written you by that Opportunity but I was much disappointed at its precipitate departure. I was not able to put my letters in its Box. As to getting Corn, about which you speak to me, I will say that I have already attempted it, but one cannot do here as one would wish. The Savages given over to Drink makes it difficult, part are Attracted by the keepers of the canteen and others. They have their Stores well Garnished for they have a privilege. They all buy Guns, Traps and all kinds of utensils and clothing. A pass is sufficient, and they also import Whiskey; one can not give Too much attention to this.
Your Letter came too late for me to send to Collect the Peltry, I go tomorrow to do this also the Grain. Very little hunt
The Harvest here has not yet been gathered. it is bad, for the rains have done much damage. I received by the
Minerva
Capt Beldon 2 casks one I suppose high wine and one Barrel of Tobacco. He says he has not received what I paid for the freight.
I will do all in my power to fulfill the intentions of your Letters both in the matter of the Election and the Land claims.
Your families are well except Md. Porlier and Mr. Lawe's little girl who is very languishing. My very humble Respects to the Gentlemen. Awaiting the pleasure of soon seeing you I have the honor to be with Consideration and Esteem Your very Humble & very obedient Servant
L. Grignon
Messrs. J. Porlier & Lawe & Co. Michillimackinac
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 15B2.]
Michilimackinac
Dear Uncle
—I wrote you by Mr. MathewsId, xix, p. 414, note 57.—
Ed.
The Island of McKinac looks as gloomy as every Sunday no bustle nor noise no money stirring the ⅔ of the men hear find no employment & they have the best part of them hard times to leave the Island as they have no money to take them off you must walk the Streets as Strait as a Shingle & there is only the Am. Fur Co that have large Extensive buildings they must have cost a great deal of money to them. There is no money in circulation either here or at the Bay. I can Solemnly Say that I do not make one Dollar in 3 months there they allow one man to make the money & he is what they call the Suttler but it is a Shame that is these Am
[
John Lawe
]
Endorsed: Copy of a Letter dated Sept 5th 1823 to Jacob Franks.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office, Letters Received 1823, no. 2, p. 152.]
Agency Office Green Bay
17th. Septr. 1823.
His Excellency Lewis Cass
Sir
—In my letter of the 3d. Instant, I stated from the best information I could receive, that there were but three Licenses granted during the last year, and the reasons why the Abstract was not forwarded, with the returns. I now find there were four, as per Abstract herewith. The principal reason why so few Licenses are given at this agency, and of so trivial a nature is in consequence of the traders purchasing their outfits at McKinac, and taking their License at that Agency, but in future there will be many more, and of heavier amount taken here; as a Company has just formed, under the denomination of the Green Bay fur Company—they obtained a license yesterday to an amount of upwards of three thousand dollars. I have taken Bond for five thousand, the full extent of the amount allowed by the Law of the 6th. of May 1822, which I have received since my last letter to you, partly embracing that subject, I regret that I have not the form of an Abstract of Licenses, the better to enable me to comply in the most strictest manner to the Law, and such instructions as I may receive from time to time. Will your Excellency be so good as to have a coppy inclosed in your next communication.
It would be very pleasing and gratifying to me to hear something of my Appointment, I have to request of you as a favour to be so good as to make some enquiry on the subject and inform me thereof. I have the Honor to be Sir Respectfully, Your Obedient Servant,
Hy. B. Brevoort
Indian Agent
.
Id, xi, p 391.—
Ed.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library: Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 57B25. Translated from the French.]
Before the undersigned Witness was present Charles Grignon
Ed.
Also to take good and due care on the route and while at the said place of all the merchandise, peltries, provisions, utensils and all other things necessary for the voyage, trade, and wintering: to serve, obey, and faithfully execute all that the said Mr. John Lawe agent of Green Bay Company, or all persons to whom the said Sieur John Lawe agent of Green Bay Company is authorized by these presents to transfer this engagement, shall lawfully and honestly order him to do; to consider the latter's profit, to avoid his damage, to notify him of every thing relating to his interest that comes to the former's knowledge; and generally to do all that a good Clerk should and is
This engagement thus made, for and amounting to the sum of Nine hundred livres or ancient shillings of Quebec, or One Hundred and Fifty dollars, money of the United States which the said John Lawe, agent of the Green Bay Company or he to whom this engagement is transferred, promises and obliges himself to deliver and pay to the said [Charles Grignon] one month after his time is expired;
voyageurs] including the equipment ought to be each Seventy-Five Dollars.”—
Ed.
Done and passed at Green Bay the twenty Second of Sept
C. Grignon
John Lawe
Agent Green Bay Company
In presence of J Jq Porlier Jn
[Source, same as preceding document, but 62B31. Translated from the French.]
Before the undersigned witnesses were present Joseph Rolette resident at Prairie des chiens, County of Crawford, Territory of Michigan of the one part, and Augustin Grignon, and Louis Rouse both of Baye Verte, County of Brown, Territory above said on the other;
ante.—
Ed.
That the said Joseph Rolette shall furnish one third of the goods for the commerce with the
folles avoines
, that are comprised in the equipment of Edward Pizanne departed from this post to go and winter above the falls of St. Antoine.
That one third of the expenses made by the said equipment shall be paid by the said Joseph Rolette and the other two thirds by the said Augustin Grignon and Louis Rouse, that the difference in the wages of the men is sixty six dollars and sixty six & ⅔ cents, which sum will be paid to the said Joseph Rolette by the said Augustin Grignon and Louis Rouse.
That the barges, tents and other utensils generally employed for the said equipment shall not be entered on the account but each equipper shall take care of what belongs to him, that one third of the merchandise for the said commerce shall be returned to the said Joseph Rolette at Prairie des chien next spring as well as a third of the Peltries that shall be secured in the said commerce.
That the said Augustin Grignon and Louis Rouse will furnish one half of the Merchandise for the trade of the Puant savages and in default of being able to furnish these goods, the said Augustin Grignon and Louis Rouse oblige themselves to pay the value to the said Joseph Rolette either in money or Peltries the next spring; and moreover, they will pay one half of the wages which are two hundred and seventy dollars, which sum shall be paid in peltries to the said Joseph Rolette on the said equipment, and a half of the merchandise that remains as well as a half of Peltries that are secured shall be divided next spring equally between the parties, but in case of any difference in the price of the Peltries they shall be placed in the hands of the said Joseph Rolette to be sold at Mackinac.
That the said Augustin & Louis Rouse will not Carry on and by these presents pledge themselves to carry on no trade whatsoever with the Sioux Indians, but shall have the right this spring to gather in the Credits they have made to the Folles avoines as well as to trade with the said Savages in the interest of the said equipment. That the said Joseph Rolette may trade with the savages that remain here after the departure from this place
That the Credits, of which a copy has been given to the said Joseph Rolette, amounting to $561.54 that have been made to the folles Indians according to the said Augustin Grignon & L
That all the expenses incurred by the said Grignon and Rouse from the time of departure from Green Bay until their departure from the Prairie des chiens shall not be included in this bargain.
That the liquors given to the savages this spring shall be mutually divided. That the goods taken to pay for licenses shall be arranged in the account of exchange, that is to say one man balanced against another, and the difference to be paid from the goods of this equipment if any remain.
That an Inventory shall immediately be taken of the goods that are here and a copy of the Credits made.
It is understood that this agreement shall end the fifteenth day of next May. Done and passed at Prairie des Chiens this sixteenth day of October of the year Eighteen hundred and twenty three. one word erased and one put in the margin. Signed by the parties, two copies.
Joseph Rolette
Agt Grignon
Lewis Rouse
Witnesses
Jno. Kinzie
Jr.
J. Rolette
Wau-Bun. In 1834 the family removed to Chicago, which became their future home. Kinzie was first president of the village organization, and prominent in civic affairs. In 1841 he was register of the federal land-office; later canal collector, and in 1849 receiver of public moneys. In 1861 Lincoln appointed him paymaster in the army, with the rank of major. The heavy work of the office proved too severe for him, however, and he died suddenly on a railway train, June 21 1865.—
Ed.
Endorsed: Agreement 16th October 1823
[Source, same as preceding document, but 15B48.]
Mackinac
November 1st 1823
Dear Sir
—I received your two esteemed letters of 26
I hope you will not allow your a/c
times
will not justify it. Muskrats & Racoon are daily on the decline, and I do not think you ought to calculate on more than 25
Enclosed is Invoice of what articles I could furnish; of those enumerated in your Mem
I hope you will have all your Outfits called in next spring, in Case it should be deemed advisable to make some new arrangements, as regards your C
Albert G. Ellis
(1880–1885)
From oil portrait by his daughter in possession of the Society
I enclose you M
Intelligencer in 1833; at Stevens Point he established the
Pinery. He died at the latter place Dec. 23, 1885. His contributions to the
Collections were numerous and valuable; consult vols. ii, iii, vii, and viii.—
Ed.
M
Wis. Hist. Colls., xiv, pp. 44–47.—
Ed.
If you have any of the
famous black potatoes
, pray send me a few bushels.
The Tiger is probably the last vessel which will go to the Bay this fall, you had therefore better make your communication complete.
M
alongside
of him, for that is the only quarter, from which they have any thing to fear. You had better send them word as soon as possible.
Id, vii, p. 240.—
Ed.
Id, xix, p. 455, note 81. Jean Veaux is Jacques Vieau, the well-known early Milwaukee trader (1795), who also had “jack-knife” posts in Manitowoc County; see
Id, xi, pp. 220, 221.—
Ed.
I understand that a Brother-in-law of Roi, has set fire to our house at the Portage Ouisconsin,
Id, xix, p. 396, note 44, and
ante, p. 324.—
Ed.
Present my Respects to all our friends at the Bay, & believe me to be D
Robert Stuart
Ag
t
. Am: Fur C
o
When at the Bay, I promised M
Addressed: John Lawe Esq
Endorsed: Dated Nov. 1, 1823 recd 7th Answered 12th
[Source, same as preceding document, but 15B49a.]
Green Bay
2nd Novr. 1823.
Dear Sir
—I embrace this Opportunity of M
Id, xix, p. 139, note 83.—
Ed.Id, xviii, pp. 493, 494. In 1806 she took for her second husband, Jean Baptiste Langevin, who survived her.—
Ed.Ed.Ibid, p. 234, note 14, was born in Detroit in 1789. In 1812 he offered his services to raise a volunteer company of the French habitants, who did good service in the American cause. Dequindre himself was conspicuous for gallantry at the battle of Monguagon, for which he was afterwards publicly thanked by the legislature and offered a commission in the American army that he declined. Instead, he set up a mercantile establishment on Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, with an office later on Woodward Avenue. Reverses came, and by 1841 he had lost his property; but he retained the respect of the community till his death, some time after 1854.—
Ed.J. Lawe
Proceedings, 1899, pp. 157–166; see also,
Wis. Hist. Colls., ii, iv, xv,
passim.—
Ed.
Ed.
[
Jacques Polier
]
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 15B58.]
Green Bay
14th November 1823
Dear Sir
—I received your two much esteemed Letters of the 3
21
ante, p. 153, note 14.—
Ed.Swan
that has come from M
Wis. Hist. Colls., vi, pp. 171, 172.—
Ed.
Enclosed is a list of what Articles I could furnish of those enumerated in your Mem
Id, vii, p. 367. Lieut. Benjamin Walker of the 3d Infantry was at Green Bay in 1822–23.—
Ed.
Id, xv, pp. 252–263.—
Ed.
Proceedings, 1912.—
Ed.
J. Lawe
[
Jacques Porlier
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but 15B45. Translated from the French.]
Portage
28 Dec. 1823
My Dear Sir
—I profit by the 1
Your Brothers
Ed.
The intention of Our Gentlemen is that nothing shall remain in the interior not even Credits. I send you word of this that when you pass the portage you may leave nothing for the Account of the invoice. My best compliments to Mr. Rouse I am with esteem Your very humble Servant.
Jq. Porlier
Mr. Aug. Grignon at la prairie
[Source, same as preceding document, but 15B76.]
Green Bay
30th Decr 1823
Dear Sir
—I am so Weak that I cannot hardly hold my pen but as I would wish to write you by this Opportunity I will do as well as I can, I have been Sick this some time past of a sort of Bilious disease & am still so but I hope I will soon recover now.
Your favor, of the 3
In regard of your Man not doing his duty I assure you on my Word & honor that I knew nothing disadvantageous. I thought that all was going on well at your house, & I enquired very particularly often & often about the house & your Son Jaque told me that the Man was doing very well as he sais he did not know to the Contrary himself. He is a Drunken good for nothing fellow, I told your Son to turn him off or send him to you to punish him & he might take any man I had in my Service to go & Stay there but I believe the fellow is a little frightened & he may do better but that is not aJ. Lawe
[
Jacques Porlier, Portage
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but 6B93.]
Mackinac
Jany 20th 1824
Dear Sir
—Your esteemed favor of the 4
both difficulties
. At least I am satisfied your exertions shall not be wanting. Cannot M
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 170, note 33.—
Ed.
We have not as yet rec
The Pontiac went up as far as the entrance of the Bay, but the Cap
Robert Stuart
Please rem: me kindly to Maj
John Lawe Esqr Green Bay Michigan Territory Express
[Source, same as preceding document, but 16B7. Translated from the French.]
Vilage Laisle Rouge
Id, ix, p. 197. In 1819 Forsyth visited him in his village and says that he was then about sixty years of age;
Id, vi, pp. 199–204. Red Wing's testimony was also used about this time to fortify the Jonathan Carver claim to a vast tract of neighboring land;
Ibid, pp. 240, 250–252, 254, 263–266. This chief signed the treaty of 1825 at Prairie du Chien, but appears to have died before that of 1830. At his village was begun (1838) a Swiss Protestant mission that was abandoned in 1845; but three years later the enterprise was taken up by the American Board, and continued until the removal of the tribesmen, about 1852. The American town was located on this site in 1853; and the first mill built two years later.—
Ed.
Dear Friend
—I take the opportunity to wish you all prosperity and am glad to learn that you enjoy good health and at the same time have good hopes for your Commerce. I await the return of Mr. Ballieante, p. 197, note 55.—
Ed.
I have no other [news] that merits your attention. I beg you to give my Compliments to Edouard and poor Bangée I close by wishing you more Wisdom than in past years as for myself if I do not abandon vice it gives me much Unrest. It is well to jest sometimes. I am with respect your friend
P. Powell
Mr. A. Grignon Upper Mississippi
[Source, same as preceding document, but 16B12.]
Green Bay
3rd February 1824
Dear Sir
—I received your much esteemed favor but no date to it by Francois Roy the 27
No news very interesting to write you from this desolate place, the Indians around here has made no Hunt they have made a great deal less hunt then ever they have made or that I have ever known them to make & besides that the very good intentions they have towards us in trying to Cheat & defraud us as much as they can as even the few Peltries they do kill they take it to the Shanty Town to trade either by Night or take a New route round so that they cannot be seen by day & I am certain & can assure you even the very best Indians that their is about here at present that would be able & willing to pay his Credit to us, after paying if he had any Peltry remainingShanty Men
sooner then give us a preference they are now so much taken up with these people, it is very true that they Sell so very low & that their Goods is so much Cheaper then ours that it does Intice both the Whites & Indians to trade with them
The different Iron Works you send down by Francois Roy has all been fixed & mended & I hope to your satisfaction.
I Enclose you the List of the Articles I send you I am very sorry I could not send you more Blankets & Stroud I have only Four pair of 2½ pt Blankets remaining & 1 piece of Strouds I also Enclose you a list of a few Articles that I send to Charles you have gave me no Instructions in your Letters to that purpose but I suppose it will meet with your Approbation. I have received several Letters from him in the course of this Winter and they contain nothing but Complaints that he has no Man to draw his Credit, no Goods to Trade on hand, himself very Sick otherwise he would go to draw his Credits &c &c. &c. I was quite at a loss what to do I was very near going to try & hire a man if I could have got him to send him & at the same time the Expence would perhaps exceed more then the Profits. M
Charbenno
here about 4 Weeks past to try & get another Horse as the Horse he had there was Dead he died of the Gourm I could not find our Horse “Poisson” at the time to send him. Chaput told the Man to tell me that he was very well Satisfied with his Indians that he did not find fault with them this Year & that is all I know of the News of the Follavoine so far. the Winter has been so Open & mild this Year that the Lake is not yet taken to this Day so that there has not been a single Speared Sturgeon has been brought to the Bay this Year, the Indians is all a Starving & it is quite a famine for them There is not a Single bit of Ice at the Follavoine nothing but the bare
It appears by M
entrepeneur. Lawe here intends the partners of the American Fur Company, who furnished goods to the Green Bay Company.—
Ed.
I have made 1300 Plues on Credit & Commissions amongst 65 Men & I am afraid that I will not draw for 300 Plues in the whole the Indians seems to be more unfortunate than ever they do not kill anything. I have not made Three Packs
M
Ed.
Ed.
John Lawe
N. B. I send you 2650 Grains of Wampum of Indian Pledges I do not know whose they are, I had not a Single Branch left me last fall otherwise I would have sent you some you may make it answer your purpose.
James Porlier Esqr Present
[Transcript in Burton Library, Detroit. Pressmark: Letter Book of Ramsay Crooks, p. 200.]
Geneva
16. Feby. 24.
Dear Sir
—I have already acknowledged receipt of your letters to 7 Ulto. In lookin over the accounts which you have sent me, I am sorry to see so great a loss to be sustained by the concern of 1817 which I fear will prove still more when the sales of furs are received
I do not recollect whether the debts due to this concern have been transferred to that of the succeeding one or not.
In the outfit of 1817 only one debt is stated that by Porlier $4032.84 why only this one, there are I presume others for I see in the amount of the succeeding concern the Company has Credits by debts due at Mackinac $54,129 valued at $40,080. You will be so good as to tell me why the debt of Porlier was not transferred as well as all the rest of them.
*
What strikes me very forceable in the account is the large amount of which the Company is in debt at Mackinac, Detroit and St. Louis; if not too much trouble please tell me what these are or for what object the Company became so much in debt.
In the statement of the new concern that is the present Company, it shows property at St. Louis on hand $37818.88 and at Mackinac $59603.85 which sums appear very large, and unless there were prospects of making sales in course of the winter which I should not suppose, I should think this to be a burden to the Company. I consider it of the utmost importance that no more goods be bought or imported than can well be sold this season so imported as we not only loose much interest, the good
In the valuation of the furs on hand you put $1 for each Deer skin, this is more than what they will sell for and it will make some difference as to the profits besides, which will be great deductions from the Value of the payments.
Racoons were invoiced at 80 Cents and sold in London at about 45 Cents Etc.
I am sorry to say, the prospect for this article is bad, and we have all of last years on hand as well as many of 22.
Beaver I mentioned before, I thought a safe article, and that the Company should buy at St. Louis. Of deer, I wish those of Stone & Co. had not yet come to Europe. as I am in negotiation for all ours and this parcil if arrived will Check the negotiation so I fear. a few days more I hope wil decide I am Dear Sir Yours
John Jacob Astor
Mr. Ramsy Crooks New York
Endorsed: Geneva, 16. Feby. 1824. John Jacob Astor Received 26, April 1824. Answered 26, Jun 1824. From Frederick, Maryland
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 1C151.]
Green Bay
21st April, 1824
Dear Sir
—I take the opportunity of Lieut
Ed.
22
Ed.
[
John Lawe
]
Endorsed: Copy of a Letter to A. Grignon dated April 1824.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 1C152.]
Green Bay
25th April 1824
Dear Sir
—You will receive this by your Son who I send to see you and at the same time he takes the Credits along that was made here those that I suppose may come out by that route for to leave them with you. No good news to write you from this quarter every thing very dull here more then usually common. the Indians has made less hunt then ever and are badly disposed, the season is very backward and that keeps back the Farmers from sowing and in general they are not much inclined to forward their work. Provisions dear & Scarce, no Cash particularly for us. Sugar will be somewhat abundant but there is so many purchasers we stand but a small chance of geting our share & they estimate it so high that it would cost us more than the first cost of our Goods to pay for it. Mr. Robert Stuart writes me that Rats & Reccons have had a Serious Fall (say) Rats sold for 25 Cents & Reccoons 30 Cents & the Market both in Europe and the United States is on the decline, so that no good news for us. I never expect that we will ever have that good fortune to hear that Peltries has taken a Rise (particularly for us). Mr. Stuart writes me at the same time that I should write to
all
of our outfits for them to bring in all the remains of Goods &c. so that we can transfer them over to their Co. in case we may make other arrangements so that our affairs will be easyer closed &c. I have now wrote to Augt Grignon about it if the Letter can overtake the opportunity that is going on to the Prairie du Chien but as it is he knows it since last Fall for we had spoke about it then. I have no news lately from Jaque vieau but
[
John Lawe
]
[
Jacques Porlier, Portage
]
[Source, same as preceding document, but 72C25.]
War Department Office of Ind aff
June 5, 1824
To His Excellency Lewis Cass Detroit, Michigan
Sir
—By the 4th Section of an act of Congress of the 26
Ed.
Ed.
J. Lawe
,
Agt. G. B. Co
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 90C4.]
William A. Aitkens
Wis. Hist. Colls., v, pp. 271–273. Aitkins died in 1851, being buried at a place now called Swan River, in Itasca County, Minn. A county in Minnesota is named for him.—
Ed.
Wm. A. Aitkin
,
Sworn to and subscribed this 24 July A. D. 1824
H. S. Baird
,
J. P. C. M
.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xv, pp. 205ff; also Id, vii, pp. 426–443. Baird was a valued contributor to the early volumes of these
Collections; note, especially, ii, pp. 72–97.—
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 68B118.]
Truman A. Warren,
Ed.T. A. Warren
Sworn to and subscribed this 24th day of July A. D. 1824
H. S. Baird
, J. P. C. M.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 88C11.]
It is hereby agreed between Robert Stuart, Agent American fur Compy. of the one part, and Jacques Vieaux of Green Bay, of the other part
That the said Robert Stuart hereby agrees, to furnish the necessary Goods, for the Trade of Shabouégan, on the confines of Miliwakie, at the prices set forth in the Invoice herewith rendered to the said Jacques; but that said property belongs exclusively to the American fur Company: all the returns of which, the said Jacques agrees to bring, or send to the Agent of the American fur Company at Mackinac as early as practicable next spring, where they shall be taken to account by the said Company at the current prices of the place, at that period—and in consideration of the said Jacques giving all his time and attention to said trade, and defraying all expenses attending it; he shall in lieu of wages, receive all the profits arising thereon. Witness our hands, at the Borough of Michilimackinac, this fourth day of August 1824.
In presence of his
Wm. Currie
J. P. King
Jacques
Vieaux
Robert Stuart
Ag
t
. Am: Fur C
o
Endorsed: 3d. August 1824 Agreement with Jacques Vieaux.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Book 205, A, p. 59.]
Sault Ste Marie
August 9th, 1824.
1. At the Sault de Ste Marie. 2. At Grand Island. 3. At Ance Keewyweenon. 4. At Ontonagon River. 5. At La Point. 6. At Lac du Flambeau. 7. At Lac Chetac. 8. At Courterrielle. 9. At Chippeway River. 10. At Yellow River 11. At Snake River Folle Avoine Country 12. At Fond du Lac. 13. At Sandy Lake. 14. At Leech Lake. 15. At Red Lake. 16. At Pembina. 17. At Crowing [Crow Wing] River. 18. At Rainy Lake. 19. At War Road. 20. At Vermillion Lake. 21. At Grand Portage. 22. At Round Lake.Sir
—Pursuant to instructions I have determined upon the following places where trade may be carried on with the different bands of Indians living within the limits of this Agency, viz:
On the River St Mary's
On the South Shore of Lake Superior.
In the Region between Lake Superior and the Mississippi.
In the department of Fond du Lac, N. W. of Lake Superior
These posts are not only within the limits of this Agency, strictly speaking, but also in those districts of the Indian Country where the trade has usually been carried on, and where it appears to be most “Suitable and convenient” both to the Indians and to the traders.
In fixing upon these sites I have not been unmindful of the
The Indian Population in this Agency, being scattered over a great extent of country—collected into small bands or villages often separated by hundreds of miles of waste and barren country destitute both of game and fish, the Indians could not perform long journies to exchange their furs for those goods which habit has rendered essential to them. In considering this dispersed state of the Chippeways, however, every band of hunters has not been accomodated with a trading post; but such a selection of places made as will compel two, three, or more bands residing in the same circle of country to resort to one Station. Should changes of population, or any other causes, render any future alterations necessary, the reasons for such alterations will be reported for the decision of the department.
All licenses granted by me, during the present season particularly specify, that the trade shall be conducted at one or more of Posts above named; and so far as the subject is within my controul, the principles of the law are in full operation. In stating this fact, it is due to the uniform manner in which the trade in this quarter has heretofore been regulated, to say, that the changes created by the late instruction have been effected without inconvenience or difficulty.
This system formerly pursued has been perfected by striking the word “dependencies,” from the names of the Posts inserted in the Licenses; but the irregularities and abuses which seem to have led to the late law, have never been permitted in this quarter. I am Sir, With much regard, Your Mo. Obt Servt
Henry R. Schoolcraft
U. S. I. A
.
His Ex: Lewis Cass Supt. of Ind. Affairs Detroit
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office letters Received, 1824, no. 2. Governor Cass.]
Mackinac
, 23d August, 1824.
Dear Sir
—On the 20th. Instant four Menominie Indians informed me thro' my Interpreter, John Tanner,Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 134, note 78.—
Ed.person
and property. By the bye, the property in question was delivered to the Sheriff, in about half an hour after it was deposited in my yard, and in the same situation in which it was received on board the Canoe of the Indians. The same evening, the Agent as well as the Indians were brought before the Court, the former directed to give Bail, to appear before the County Court in Decr. next, to answer such charges as may be then and there alledged against him, and the red-men, discharged, on the ground that their only crime, arose from their obeying the illegal orders of their Agent. The first decision of the learned Justice, was to have them punished by whipping, the 2d. to hold them to bail for their appearance at the Co. Court in December next: both these decisions however, were overruled by the greater sagacity of the Council employed, in this extreme case of oppressed humanity (Messrs. Beard
Id, ii, pp. 84–86.—
Ed.
The Bonds of this man [Farnsworth] for 1822 are now in suit, for selling whiskey to Indians, or rather for depositing 10 Barrels of Whiskey, on Cumingham's Island,
Ed.
I look for a justification of my conduct in the course pursued in this unpleasant business, as well from the spirit of the laws themselves, regulating trade and Intercourse with the Indian tribes, as from the 8th. paragraph of your Instructions, to this agency under date of the 22d. of April 1818, in the following words “It is intended that the internal police and concerns of the Indians, within the limits of the respective Agencies, shall be under the exclusive management and control of the proper Agents.”
Hints have been thrown out by more than one Indian trader and others, that had Farnsworth been forcibly brought together with his baggage, to my Office, that the Indians, would have been shot down by the mob immediately, and that the Buildings, belonging to the U. S. and now occupied by the Agent, would have been razed to the ground! Mr. Rix Robinson, an Indian trader, has been conspicuously active in this business. He admitted in my office, as well as before the Court,his Indians
, as he termed it, that they were finally induced to receive Farnsworth, on board their Canoe, in defiance of the orders of the Agent. I should be glad to hear from your Excellency, in reply to this communication, and more particularly that my conduct in relation to this business, meets your approbation, as well as that of the Government.
The time has now arrived, when the powers of the Agent, as well as the rights of traders, and others, should be clearly defined and settled—and to that end I would respectfully request, that a system of regulations, touching every point in dispute, be prepared under the authority of your Excy., for the government of all. By the bye, Major Whistler, has also been held to bail for suffering these Indians to be flogged at my request.
Having strong grounds for believing, that one of my Interpreters, Henry Graverat, is more in the pay and power of traders, than comports with the interest of the Government, or the honor of this Agency—and finding only at this late day, that he holds his appointment directly from your Excellency—I have to beg that you will do me the favor to revoke the same, in a letter to me on the subject—leaving him to be retained or dismissed the service by the Agent here, as may to him seem proper. He was discharged by me last year, for one or two months, on account of habitual drunkeness, and only reinstated on account of the helpless situation of his family, and with a promise of more correct conduct for the future. Mr. Lee, and others of the same stamp, I have since been informed, gave him to understand that the Agent here had not the power to discharge him. If this be the fact, and he should still be retained, contrary to my wishes and judgment, it is not to be supposed that a due and proper influence can be obtained over the Indians, under the control of this Agency.
Looking to your Excellency, with a full persuasion, that a remedy will be found for these outrageous abuses, on the laws of this territory, and of the U. States, I have the Honor
George Boyd
U. S. Indian Agent
.
To His Excy. Lewis Cass, Governor of the territory of Michigan, and Superintendent of Indian Trade, etc. etc. etc. Detroit, M. Territory
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Indian Office Miscellaneous Files, 1801–24.]
Indian Agency Office Green Bay
1st. September 1824
Thomas L. Mc.Kenney, Esqr
.
Sir
—1st. This Agency is located three miles Above Fort Howard on the Fox, and on the opposite shore.
2d. [Adjacent to] Munnóaminees, Winnebagos, Chippewas, Ottawaus, and some Putawatimies.
3d. Names of tribes
Ed.
Ed.
Women and children, which may be put down at three times that number, as many of them have two wives.
4th. The most frequented rout is at present by water to Detroit in summer, in winter two or three expresses go the same rout nearly, but the best rout is by way of Chicago, and Fort Wayne.
5th. The number of whites in this vicinity and agency does not exceed one hundred and thirty men, seven women and twenty two children.
6th. The Rivers have been stated, being the principle residence of the Indians, the grounds about Fort Howard, low and level generally, at this place high and rolling, as is the country generally, the soil is claye and sandy loam, and very rich, there are no Mountains in this Agency. The region round
Hy. B. Brevoort
,
Indian Agent
.
Thomas L. McKenney, Esqr. Washington City
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Martin Papers.]
Michilimackinac
12th Sept 1824.
My Dear Friend
—I received your much esteemed favor of the 22
Wis. Hist. Colls., ii, pp. 84, 87, 89–91.—
Ed.
*
I am happy to hear that your Family is all in good health will make my best respects to M
Id, xix, p. 276, note 97.—
Ed.
you mention that you did not know that Rolett was married the 2
I suppose you heard of poor M
John Lawe
]
ante, p. 90, note 50.—
Ed.
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 242, note 55.—
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Draper MSS., 4T209.]
Rocky Island, 30th, Septr 1824
Sir
—I have the honor to acquaint you that the deputation of Sauk and Fox Indians from this Country to the city of Washington arrived at the Sauk village in this vicinity on the 13th Inst
23
[
Thomas Forsyth
]
The Honorable J. C. Calhoun Secretary of War &c
[Source, same as preceding document, but Wisconsin MSS, 63B139. Translated from the French.]
Agreed between the undersigned Augustin Grignon and Jacques Porlier of the one part and Amable Grignon for Paul & Amable Grignon of the other that Amable Grignon shall winter at the fond du lac des puants
Ed.
In consequence of the services of the said Amable Grignon he shall be furnished by the parties of the first part with a suitable person to aid him in the trade or Commerce, the equipment to pay a third person required for the Service.
The said Amable Grignon agrees to have no other interest or to carry on any other trade or Commerce beyond the limits of the fond du lac des puants as this is understood according to Winterer's Customs, and particularly he shall not carry on any trade On the rivers of the renards nor the Wisconcing and their dependencies where such boundaries can not be correctly known, and likewise the said Augustin Grignon and Jacques Porlier for themselves and their employees agree not to carry on any trade nor have any personal interest in the fond du lac des puants and its dependencies as they may in like manner be understood.
Both parties shall have an equal right to trade on all of River a la Roche [Rock River].
The said Amable Grignon will remit his credits, both
The trade for provisions is reserved for whichever of the parties has the opportunity at any place.
Thus agreed between the parties under penalty of damages of one Hundred dollars to be paid by the delinquent to the damaged party for which sum one and the other of the parties oblige themselves by these presents Thus was agreed and signed As follows
Ed.
4th October 1824
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Files, St. Louis, 1824—28.]
Rocky Island
11th. October 1824
Sir
—in Compliance with your Circular of the 5th. June. last, I have the honor to report, that I have granted licences to the following persons to Trade with the Indians at the following places viz—
David G. Bates,
Wis. Hist. Colls., vi, p. 275, 290; xiii, p. 291; a biographical sketch is in
Proceedings, 1911, p. 116.—
Ed.
Russel Farnham
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, p. 417, note 99.—
Ed.
Maurice Blondeau,
Id, xviii, xix). About 1798, however, several of the family migrated to Missouri, and took out Spanish grants. Maurice appears to have been a nephew of Barthelemi, the most noted trader of the family. The former was a Fox half-breed and traded with the tribe as early as 1801. Pike met him on the Mississippi in 1805, and took him in his boat from Dubuque to Prairie du Chien. During the War of 1812–15, Maurice was, at the instigation of the British, taken prisoner by the Sauk and his goods confiscated—a loss that was provided for in the treaty of 1824. He remained true to the American interests, despite British attempts to detach him from their side. He was made sub-agent to the Sauk, being employed as interpreter at the treaties of 1815. See
Id, xiii, p. 110;
Mich. Pion, and Hist. Colls., xii, pp. 449, 450. In 1818 he was an employee of the American Fur Company, and by 1821 had a farm on the Mississippi, seven miles above Keokuk. He accompanied the Indian delegation to Washington in 1824, and is said to have been instrumental in securing the grant of the half-breed tract in southeastern Iowa. He signed the Prairie du Chien treaty in 1825, but appears to have died some time before the Black Hawk War, and was buried near Flint Hills (now Burlington) Iowa. A street in Keokuk bears his name, and his descendants were living there in the middle of the nineteenth century.—
Ed.
George Davenport
Ed.
Amos Farrar
Ed.
Antoine Gothier
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, p. 100; xviii, p. 136, note 77. In 1819 Antoine was trading at Fond du Lac of Lake Superior.—
Ed.
The above are all the licences granted or will be granted by me this year, as there are no more Traders to come into this part of the Country this Season.
You will please observe that in several of the licences the same Nations of Indians are mentioned. for Instance the Sauk Indians are mentioned in all the licences granted by me except one, because the Sauks will visit Fever River and this place, the ensuing spring and summer. The distance from the Raccoon Fork of River do Moine to the Flint hills [Burlington] is great, and too far for an Indian to leave his hunt to travel for any small article he may want for the use of his family, This is the reason I granted a licence to Trade at the Dirt lodge on River de Moine. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully Your Obdt. Servt.Thomas Forsyth
The honorable John C. Calhoun Secretary of War Washington City
.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark. Wisconsin MSS., 62B43.]
Territory of Michigan County of Brown
Personally came before me the undersigned one of the Justices of the Peace in and for said County Paul Grignon Jr who being duly sworn deposeth and saith. That on the fourteenth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty four he left the Township of Green Bay County and Territory aforesaid in company with Tenislaus Chapue and others for the Menominie River to take in charge the property at the said Menominie River belonging to Lewis Grignon of the Township, County and Territory aforesaid that he arrived there in the evening of the fifteenth of said month and that on sixteenth or day following said Chapue put in his possession sundry articles the property of the said Lewis Grignon (Viz) a house and store house four Stacks
Paul
Grignon Jr
Sworn and subscribed to this Twenty Fourth day of November A. D. 1824
N. G. Bean
Justice of the Peace
Id, vii, pp. 256, 257.—
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 2C11.]
Milliwakey
12. November 1824.
Judge Lawe
Dear Sir
—we arrived yesterday heare after a Longe & tedious journey, we might have been heare sooner, and it would have been to my Master a good deal better more to his advantage as M
Ed.Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, pp. 400, 401; see accompanying note 46.—
Ed.Jacobs
Ed.
Pioneer History of Milwaukee (Milwaukee, 1890), p. 55. See also what Vieau's sons reported in
Wis. Hist. Colls., xi, pp. 221, 222; xv, p. 460.—
Ed.
N. B. begs of you as M
B
Jacobs
[
John
]
Lawe Green Bay
.
Endorsed: Letter from Jacobs dated Milliwakey 12th Nov. 1824. not answered
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington, Pressmark: Indian Office. Letters Received, 1824, no. 2, Governor Cass.]
Green Bay
, 1st December, 1824.
His Excellency, Lewis Cass
,
Sir
—I herewith inclose my abstracts and vouchers, for the quarter ending on the 30th. November,
In addition to the number of places for trading in the Indian country, I would recommend the river shipburgen [Sheboygan], about sixty miles south of this place, and nearly half way to Mil wah kie, it being a great place of resort for Indians in the spring, for the purpose of taking White fish for their summers food, I remain Sir Respectfully, Your Obedient Servant—Hy. B. Brevoort
,
Indian Agent
[MS. is Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 17B30. Translated from the French.]
Mr. Aug. Grignon
Sir
—I write you from the portage where I arrived in the night between the 3d and the 4th, after having been detained at Lake Apapuois [Puckaway] 19 days during which I came here to bring some merchandise. I found here one tenth of the puants who awaited me. I have done a little trading with them, and Charles left with 2 men to follow them. I have no news of the folles of the upper Wisconsing, as soon as the Ice will permit Chapu will go and stay in lodge at the entrance of la Manai. In consequence I dispatch to you one of my men to get the irons to iron 3 Horses. you will apply to Garriepy for Mine, he knows his foot, it is the Horse of françois that he had. The 2nd is the mare of françois whose irons have been put on for me at Mr. Lawe's, with two other pairs for
The puants have been furnished with credit by Mr. Rolette and I have one Chance to Cover the trade or to lose My Merchandise. I have about 600 rats, 12 otters, 50 deer skins, some mink, skunks and Wild Cats, all good. We must not lose Courage although the Misfortune of having been stopped by the ice has done us Great harm. Keep well, my Compliments to your family I am Your very humble Servant
Jq Porlier
5th December 1824
I have set Jacques [L] Ecuyer free since he has been taken with an illness that demands the physician. I send you his note.
Mr. Aug. Grignon at the Cakalin
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Draper Mss., 4T213–216.]
St. Louis
13th Dec. 1824
Sir
—In Compliance with your Circular of the 8
David G. Bates at the houses or settlement at Fever River, to Trade with the Sauks and Foxes & Wenebagoe Indians. This place may be considered as the permanent place for the
Russel Farnham to Trade at the Flint Hills with the Sauk and Fox Indians, as they generally mingle together in their hunting excursions, but as there are more Sauks than Foxes who Trade at the Flint Hills, this place may be considered as a permament place of Trade for the Sauk Indians.
Maurice Blondeau to Trade with the Sauk and Fox Indians at the Dirt Lodge a place high up the River de Moin. This place is near the hunting country of the Indians and it was at the Indians request that a Trader was Licensed to Trade at the Dirt Lodge. You will observe that the Flint Hills & Dirt Lodge are places of Trade with the Indians from the months of September to April only, there being no Traders at those places during the Summer Months.
George Davenport to Trade at Rocky Island with the Sauk, Fox, & Wenebagoe Indians who may visit that place. Rocky Island is a Central position and is visited (during the Summer months in particular) by the Sauks, Fox, Wenebagoe, Kicapoo, Potowatimie and some Menominie Indians. This place cannot be considered as a permament place of Trade for any one Nation of Indians, but for many as above-mentioned.
Amos Farrar to Trade at the houses or Settlement on Fever River with the Sauk, Fox & Wenebagoe Indians who may visit that place.
Antoine Gothier to Trade with the Wenebagoes Indians at a point on Rocky River (which has no name) about fifty miles East from Rocky Island. It was at the particular request of the Wenebagoe Indians that I granted a Licence to A. Gothier to Trade at the beforementioned place, as they Stated, that, having a Trade in Rocky River they would not have any occasion to come to Trade at Rocky Island, by which means their women would not Steal the Sauk Indians Corn.
Having no quarters on Rocky Island and all the Indians having left their different villages to go towards the Country they mean to hunt, I came to this place in Ocober last and have
[
Thomas Forsyth
]
Genl. William Clark, S. I. Affs. St. Louis
.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Files, St. Louis, 1824–28.]
St. Louis
, Decbr. 13th, 1824
William Clark Esqr. Suptd. Ind. Affrs
.
Dear Sir
—In compliance with your request of the 8th Inst. I beg leave to name the following places within the limits of my agency as being suitable for the location of Indian Traders Viz—
At the Mountain in the Water [Trempealeau]. This place is recommended in preference to the Sioux Village on the Ioway River, because it is a Stopping place for the Wenebeagoes and Menominies, Who assend and descend the Mississippi, and convenient for Wabashas band of Sioux to resort to for their supplies of goods, and being a place where aboundance of fire wood can be procured.
At the Falls in Black River The Menominies hunt on
At the Portage of the Wisconsin. A great number of the Wenebagoes hunt in the vecinity of this place, and resort to it in the Spring to cultivate their corn fields.
Previous to my departure from the Prairie du Chien, no application had been made to me for Licences for the Trade of this Season, I presume however that Col. Morgan (Who is acting for me at the Prairie du Chien) has granted Licences to Trade at the above mentioned places.
The ill State of my healt [sic] at the Prairie du Chien, was such, that it was recommended as being necessary for me to absent my self for a short time, Since my arrival at this place it as improved much, and I hope I shall be able to return to my Post very early in the Spring; Was it possible for me to return at the present moment I would do so. Very Respectfully Dear Sir Your Obdt. Sert.
Nicholas Boilvin
Endorsed: Report of places designated for carrying on Trade with the Different Indian Tribes within the Superintendency of William Clark.
St. Louis
14th Decbr. 1824
Sir
—In compliance with your Instructions I have the honor to report the following places as chosen for the location of Traders among the Indians for which I am Agent.
For the Sauk Indians, The Flint hills on the West Bank of the Mississippi being a permanent place.
For the Sauk Indians, the Dirt, Lodge, high up the River de Moine, is a place temporary chosen, at the request of the Indians themselves, being near the hunting Country of Said Indians.
Kee-o-tuck, or The Watching Fox
Chief of the Sauk; as he appeared at Prairie du Chien treaty, 1825. From contemporary colored lithography by J. O. Lewis.
For the Wenebagoes Indians, Rocky Island being a permanent place of Trade.
For the Wenebagoes Indians, a place Fifty Miles East of Rocky Island, being a place temporary chosen at the request of the Wenebagoes Indians themselves.
At the houses or Settlement at Fever River being a permanent place of Trade for the Fox Indians.
The Dirt Lodge and the place fifty Miles East of Rocky Island, on Rocky River are only temporary places of Trade, and the Indians may next year extend their hunting excursions to other part of the Country, and request the places of the Traders, now at Dirt Lodge and place fifty Miles East of Rocky Island to be removed to some other point.
Very Respectfully I Remain Your Obdt. Sert.
Thomas Forsyth
Genl. William Clark Suptd. Ind. Affrs. St. Louis
.
Endorsed: Report of places designated for carrying on Trade with the Different Indian Tribes within the Superintendency of William Clark.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS. 17B64.]
Milliwaky
21 December 1824
Dear Sir
—M
S. Jacobs
.
Judge Lawe at Green Bay
[Source, same as preceding documents, but 18B10.]
Mackinac
January 25th 1825
John Lawe Esqr
.
Dear Sir
—Your esteemed favors of 15
I have reflected a good deal on your alternatives relative to the Bay Indians; and readily admit that it was difficult to determine which might be the most proper course to pursue: I am by no means inclined to find fault or dictate to you what is or what is not the best manner of conducting the trade; for it is a subject of which I have neither experience nor much information; yet as a party interested, I took upon myself to suggest what appeared to me, the safest mode of dealing with such a froward set of rogues as you have to manage; and experience has taught me that the most ruinous practice attending our business generally is the excessive credits which the traders have got into the habit of making—these Sir, with
I am sorry that it was out of my power to send you any further supplies; by your next express let me know the articles you may stand most in need of in the spring, and I will forward what can be procured by the first vessel.
You do well to stick so close to the Major [Brevoort], for it is only by constantly exposing to view the intriging and deceptions of your good neighbours that we can hope to keep them at all within the bounds of reason; be careful of your own proceedings, and expose their improper conduct fully to his satisfaction.
That M
You entirely misconstrue the motives through which M
24
Id, xix, p. 114. A number of his letters to Joseph J. Porlier are among the Society's Wisconsin MSS.—
Ed.imaginary circumstance
, for every thing shall have gone through the hands of a disinterested person, besides he will be a competent witness in any case of difficulty, which you cannot be. You are to look on M
*
M
elsewhere
&c, from this paragraph I am inclined to infer that you suppose
Last fall I wrote M
barked
Oak, to make kegs, it should be as straight grained as possible, & free of knots, and split into blocks 44 inches long; also about 2000 Hickory Hoop-poles 5 to 6 feet long, straight, and without knots, from 1 to 3 inches diameter; and stuff to make 50 to 100 axe helves—should he not undertake the job, I hope that you will be good enough to have it done, as soon as practicable, and send it down by the first vessel in the spring.
Pray write or inform M
Robert Stuart
John Lawe Esqr Green Bay Via Fort Wayne & Chicago
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 18B20. Translated from the French.]
Fond du Lac
24 February 1825
Dear Uncle
—We arrived here the 23
As for the pouch you claim, it appears that it does not belong to you but to my uncle Paul; and the other is his own, and he makes out that he has no pouch of yours.
He sends by Robert a gun which you will have the kindness to have mended and send to my Uncle Charles's house as well as a livre or two of vermillon with some sanguine.
In Addition send thirty to fifty livers of flour if it does not bother you. In doing so you will oblige your friend. I am with [all] the Consideration possible Your very humble and very obedient Servant, for Amable Grignon
bourgeois in charge of the post; Bernard acted as his clerk.—
Ed.
Bernard Grignon
Many Compliments to all the family.
Monsieur Augustin Grignon, au Cacalin
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 2C17.]
On board the Steam Boat on the Ohio River
25 Feby 1825
My dear Sir
—Although I cannot give you any very flattering account of the prospects for skins next Season, still I think you will like to know the existing state of the Fur market
From the failure of the ordinary supply of Nutria skins from South America, our Muskrats have again got somewhat into use with our Hatters, and we had every reason to hope that by the time your returns arrived at Mackinac, there
Deer will not perhaps bring last Summer's prices but the decline will not I think be great.
Early in the fall Martens did well: but it was before ours got into market, and there is reason to believe they will decline to former rate.
All other skins remain much the same as for the last year, and I think that you may look with confidence for prices equal to those obtained at Mackinac the past season.
M
Your land claims which were reported on favorably by the Commissioners, would all have been confirmed at the present session of Congress, but for M
I hope by your electing so able a Representative as Major
Ed.
Remember me to your family & all friends, and believe me, with best wishes for your health & happiness Dear John Yours trulyRam
y
Crooks
Mr. John Lawe Green Bay Care of the Postmaster Fort Wayne Indiana
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Draper MSS., 4T222, 223.]
Rocky Island
22nd April 1825
Sir
—I have the honor to acquaint you that I arrived here on the 19
There is News here from Red River, that the Hudson Bay Company have paid (probably last year to the American Furr Company the immense sum of half a Million of dollars not to extend their Trade to the River Columbia.
I would thank you to send me by first opportunity a Copy of the law respecting Indian affairs passed in May last. It is truly lamentable that the white people will continue to sell such quantities of Whisky to Indians. A Sauk Chief told me yesterday
I have to hope, that the business of one agent giving Licences to people to Trade within the agency of another may be remedied. This will be handed to you by Mr. Davenport to whom I must refer you to for all particulars. I am &c
[
Thomas Forsyth
]
Genl. W. Clark, S. I. Affs. St. Louis
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Wisconsin MSS., 19B57. Translated from the French.]
Dear Sir
—I have sent our Credits to Mr. Charles and some merchandise that I think may be necessary at the Butte as it appears that there will be a little Trading there.
Charles the bearer of this is to aid you, as I suppose that you will be there in a little while, which I consider to be very necessary.
It appears that Baupré has had great promises made to the puants [Winnebago] who have not been willing to trade here
Chapu will not leave here until after the folles [Menominee] come down. I think that will not be for 10 or 15 Days, As for me I can not calculate at what time I can get away. I am sending tomorrow to see if there is any Hunt made at the 4 lakes. I am left with 2 barrels of Whiskey with which I have one Chance. Until the pleasure of seeing you I am your Servant and FriendJq porlier
Mr. Aug. Grignon
Endorsed: 1825
Ed.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 18B49.]
Cantone
[Oconto] 18th May 1825
Dear Sir
—Farnsworth arrived here Monday & the Indians only came down Tuesday from Lake Chawaynon [Shawano] The trade we both made here is mearly an exchange of Goods & fur for we made nothing to any Consequence.
I have drawn about 20 Rats on your Credits & traded 100 & 7 D
I am sorry to inform you that I am forced to make an agreement with him for he Sells Low, & by putting Equal share of Goods to Trade I presume we may trade to Some advantage. Had my Canoe been better I would done my endeavour to proceed there sooner than him but its impossible for me to do so.
Your now the best Judge weather I done wrong or not—but Ive done for the best & if I done wrong, I would be very sorry.
Farnsworth sold ten strouds for 1 otter & 6 Rats. I am now on my way to the followaine [Menominee] River.
I remain yours very Respectfully
H. B. M
Gulpin
I enclose you also a letter from Dousman, head winds has Detained us all the time. Indians were all in the way when I arrived here & been so all the time, Farnsworth very [soon] got his man C. stabed, by an Indian from above. Ive got 15 traps & 4 Guns from the Indians. Farnsworth furnishes his boat and as many men as my self Saketake will [be] in Sturgeon [Bay] 4 days from this.
Judge Lawe G. Bay
[Source, same as preceding document, but Draper MSS., 4T231, 232.]
Rocky Island
31st. May 1825
Sir
—I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 16
I have the honor to report to you that there has been no Traders at the Dirt Lodge on River de Moine, Flint Hills or at the place fifty miles up Rocky River since the Spring Trade ended and what little summer trade there may be will center at this place and at the Settlement on Fever River with the exception of that part, that may and no doubt will be (in the course of next summer) traded in the Settlements of Illinois and Missouri for whisky.
David G. Bates and Amos Farrar continue to trade at the Settlement on Fever River under licenses granted to them by me. George Davenport continues to Trade on this Island under
[
Thomas Forsyth
]
General W. Clark, S. I. Affs. St. Louis
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Wisconsin MSS., 2C24.]
M
H. B. Brevoort
Indian Agent
Green Bay
9th. June 1825
[Source, same as preceding document, but 19B9.]
Mackinac
Augt. 13th 1825
Messrs. Lawe & Dousman
Dear Sir
:—As you are on the eve of your departure, it may not be amiss that I should give you some of my views, relative to the general policy which I think the present situation of the trade of the Green Bay country, renders advisable. In the first place, I trust you will make no more credits to Indians, than will barely enable them to hunt, and even that, to such only as you know to be well disposed to pay; for if you make large credits, and cannot collect them, your opponents must inevitably triumph over you. To whites, I have more particularly to request that you make no advance, for they have neither means, nor disposition to pay, so let your
Should you be able to supply Amable & Hypolite[Paul] Grignon, it would probably be best to do so, as it might tend to combine the old inhabitants together, and prevent most of the peltries from falling into the hands of your neighbours.
If you find the Trade hard pushed, perhaps it may be well for M
Endeavor to get from Mess
As no doubt can exist of your intelligence, activity, & prudence, I most willingly confide to your management, the deep interest we have in the affairs of your department, & remain with esteem Dear Sir Your friend & ob
Robert Stuart
Ag
Am. Fur. C
P. S. The two Kegs of inferior Tobacco, which the C
I will take what Good Pease and Oats, you can procure, at 75 Cents for Pease & 40 Cents for Oats, delivered here. please send me word what probable quantity you may be able to obtain &c. I do not want more than 200 Bus. Pease and 300 of Oats.
You will perceive that your Invoice at Cost & Charges amounts to about $10,800 including the freight & M
Jean Vieaux owes the Am. Fur C
Mess
rs
Dousman & Lawe Present
.
Endorsed: Letter of Instructions by Robert Stuart Agent Am. Fur Co dated MKena Augt 13 1825 recd in person 14, 1825 ans. 21st 1825
[Source, same as preceding document, but Draper MSS., 4T244.]
Rocky Island
18th. Sept
Sir
—I have the honor to acquaint you, that while at P[rairie] des Chiens, the Chiefs of the Fox Nation of Indians requested that Traders might be allowed to Trade with the Indians at a little Prarie on an Island which is opposite to the Little Macoketey [Maquoketa] River, on this request, I have granted, a
[
Thomas Forsyth
]
Genl. W. Clark S. I. Affs. St. Louis
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but Wisconsin MSS., 19B29.]
Green Bay
24th September, 1825.
Dear Sir
—I merely drop you these few Lines to acquaint you that the Agent Sent after Hartsells Boat that had started the day before Yesterday for to go to the Illinois River to winter there, the Cause I believe was that the Agent sent after them was that the Boat had taken off his Man Servent. Hartsell & ArndtProceedings, 1912.—
Ed.
J. L[
awe
]
James Porlier Esquire En Route per favor of Petetan
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Miscellaneous Files, 1824–26.]
Detroit
August 23d, 1825.
Sir
—In former letters addressed to the Department of War I have adverted to the mischievous consequences resulting from the introduction of whisky and other distilled spirits into the Indian country. (I have represented that I was informed by several persons, and in one instance the fact was admitted by the trader himself, that whisky was introduced into the Chipewa country with the sanction of the Indian agents on the Lakes.) The pretext (for this indulgence) is, that our traders cannot enter into successful competition with the British traders without it.
If the sales of whisky could be restricted to the vicinity of the British line, the mischief would be comparatively trivial, but if permitted
at all
, no limits can be set to it. A series of petty wars, and murders, and the introduction of every species of vice and debauchery by the traders, and their engagées, will be the consequences. It becomes also a fruitful source of complaint with those engaged in the same trade from the west.
Ed.
The If the evil could be confined to the places I have mentioned, it would be of little importance, but the facilities afforded to traders on the upper lakes, by some of the Indian agents, are spreading it through all those extensive regions within the American boundaries.
Majr. Cutler
Wis. Hist. Colls., vii, p. 402—
Ed.
I have been inadvertently led farther into this subject than I at first intended, but I will venture to add that an enquiry into the manner in which the Indian trade is conducted, and
My principal object in addressing you Sir at this time is to ask your instructions relative to inforcing the laws prohibiting the introduction of whisky into the Indian country. I do not know if the agents have any dispensing power, and I wish to be informed if their permissions either verbal, or written are to be respected.
Being at present on furlough, and ignorant of the station of my immediate commander, I have taken the liberty to depart from the usual etiquette of service, by addressing you personally. I shall leave here for St. Peters in a few days, and on my arrival there, hope to be honored with your commands With the highest respect I have the honour to be Sir your obt. servant
J. Snelling
Col. 5th. U. S. Infy
Minn. Hist. Colls., vi., pp. 102–111. He died at Washington, Aug 20, 1828.—
Ed.
Honble James Barbour Secretary of War
.
[Source, same as preceding document.]
Superintendency, St. Louis
, Oct
Sir
—I had the honor to receive, a letter from Col. McKenny of the 17th. September accompanied by a Copy of a letter from Col. Snelling of the 23d. Augt. addressed to you on the Subject of the late admissions of ardent spirits into the Chippeway Country, by the sanction of the Indian Agents on the Lakes, and the degraded scenes of vice, which have presented themselves at Prairie du Chien, Green bay, Mackinac etc. By Col.
25
I have no doubt of the facts, stated in Col. Snelling's letter and believe that the views he has taken on the subject of the introduction, of ardent spirits, among the Indians as stated in his letter is substantially correct.
I do not consider, either of the Indian Agents within this Superintendency implicated, and believe, that I can say with truth, no one of them has authorized or permitted any ardent spirits to pass into the Indian Country, when it was in their power to prevent it.
The boats of all traders that pass the two out posts of Ft. Atkinson
Ed.
But whilst, there can be no control, over the Citizens on the borders of the Settlements, within the State's and Territorial jurisdiction, it will be utterly impossible to restrain or control the Indians, residing nearest to those settlements, from the use of spirits.
They soon become acquainted, with the various little distilleries and Grocery establishments on the frontiers, and with money, furs, peltries etc. purchase the liquors and pack it off to their Camps and villages. It is an evil most sincerely felt, and the more to be dreaded, from the increase of the evil, and the difficulty of suppressing, or providing an adequate remedy for it. Several white persons are settled on public lands, between Ft. Armstrong and the line of settlements of Illinois, for the expressend
I have addressed a Circular, to each of the Agents and Sub Agents. I have the honor to be Sir With sentiments of highest respect Yr. Obt. Servt.
Wm. Clark
.
Honb. James Barbour Secy War
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 19B45. Translated from the French.]
Cacalin
, October 29, 1825.
Dear Sir
—I profit by the opportunity of Col. Snelling as being I believe a very sure one to Reply to your last and at the same time to give you some Information on several Matters.
1st. I should tell you that I received from our man Gagné 7½ Cords of Wood no more no less, and as he is engaged to Mr. Whitney to make the Voyage to the prairie du Chien I managed though with difficulty to Retake a third of his wages, that is so much secured from his Carcass. 2nd Having thought that we would be Short of Liquor this spring I have taken it on myself to buy 8 Casks & 2 guns [sic] of the house on the same footing
It appears by several Letters of Mr. McK. Dousman that he has written to Mr. Law that he Blames us much for not having Employed Franc Roy. I do not know what his idea can be if he thinks that he is the only one who Can make Returns. For my part I believe that Mr. Dousman Knows his own Business very well, and likewise that we know ours.
On the matter of opposition traders, Beside the one at the Butte against Robert, you will have an Other either at the Mecanne or the Lake du Boeuf—the wife of Peter Powelle with 2 or 3 pieces of Cloth Very well assorted too. I believe that if you find Some Good Savages (which is very rare) you will do well to give one a Commission to oppose that Invoice. That is my opinion. I do not wish to Dictate Orders to you, you are on the Spot and should know better than I how to proceed.
You say that you Left a piece and a Half of Cotton print to replace that lacking on the invoice. Fily after having carefully Examined, found that it was a mistake on his part for there was 1½ Verge instead of one and a Half pieces. According to your Recommendation I will pay all possible attention to your home, you may be assured of that.
I began to Debit our Cask of little Rats, and I have used 3 Blankets of 3 points, 3 Verges of Cloth, 6 verges of cotton, and a White Iron Kettle all English Merchandise. As for the rest I hope to dispose of them the same way. Finally I believe I have forgotten nothing except to wish you Good health and all possible Prosperity. Believe me with Consideration Sir Your Obedient Servant and friend
Aug
t
. Grignon
Old Mr. fily sends to you his Compliments as well as to Mr. Jaques.
Jaques Porlier Esqr. Portage du Wuisconsing Favor of Col Snellings
.
[MS. in Pension Building, Washington. Pressmark: Indian Office Miscellaneous Files, 1824–26.]
An application having been made to me on the part of Col. Talbot Chambers for a statement of the facts which came within my knowledge relative to the transaction out of which originated the suit of John Jacob Astor and others against Talbot Chambers, W. Morgan and W. S. Blair, I think that the following is the substance of the testimony delivered by me as witness in that cause
Wis. Hist. Colls., xix, pp. 477–483; also ante, pp. 23, 24.—
Ed.
Benjn. O'fallon
U. S. Agt. Ind. Aff
.
St. Louis
November 10th. 1825.
[MS. in Wisconsin Historical Library. Pressmark: Wisconsin MSS., 19B19. Translated from the French.]
Fond Du Lac River 5 Nov
. 1825
Sir
—I profit by the opportunity that presents itself to wish you Good day. At the same time to Inform you of the Situation where I am now, there is nothing to complain of as far as the life goes, for on the Contrary we live in abundance Up to the present.
I will tell you that I have not done any thing of the value of a denier in peltry, and all done as expressly [ordered]. My Creditor Metchquinoitte is crippled and there is no appearance of his being Cured for it is now two months since the disease took him in the feet and medicines have no effect.
I am about sending Pataille to the Detour, it is not without trouble or that it costs less, I do for the best whatever happens. I am with consideration Sir Your very obedient Servant
Amable Grignon
I am about to relate to you the fetes that took place here, first they had my house Burned after having seized it, consulting together they came to warn me that if I dared to ill treat them because of the house, that they would expel us from their country but because of friendship for us without committing any pillage or murder; and that if I should even try to Resist, that they would Bind us and send us peaceably to the Bay with my Merchandise. However, that is no matter, I am better Built than last year. Assure Mr. Jaque as well as his lady of my best respects Your very Obedient Servant
Amable Grignon
Jaque Portlier Esq. Portage du Ouisconsin
.
[Source, same as preceding document, but 7A83–85. Translated from the French.]
Ed.
1825
Invoice of Wisconsing
Sept Amount of the invoice
10 Indian Credits
1 ½ per cent for expenses
Equipment of 3 men
"of Charles &
""fnçois
""Chapu
furnished by Portage invoice
1826 drinks for the Indians do Indians at la Bay
expense of taking out and bringing back
Wages to be paid Chapu
Chls. Grignon
fr. Choret
Alex Roy
Jos. Lemieux
J bte Emery
2479 05
Endorsed: Loss $124.31 cts.
Merchandise according to the inventory deducting 6 per cent
by the Portage invoice
41 lvs. of tallow 16⅔
36 lvs. of feathers 20
Peltries
furnished to the Portage
deficit
Invoice of the Cakalin
Merchandise according to invoice amounting to
by Mr. Lawe
Summer peltries
Credits""
6 badly-dressed skins sent to the Portage
Endorsed: Deficit $142.74
Merchandise taken back amounting to
by the invoice of La Butte
of the Portage
of the fond du lac
Account of A. Grignon
Paid to Jourdin
199 lvs. of sugar
5 prs. leggings
3 prs. shoes
½ a doe skin
money
Peltries
deficit
1825
Invoice of the fond du lac Dr.
Merchandise furnished
by the Cakalin invoice
10 Glls of Whiskey invoice of la butte
Addition to the Credit of Charodchon
Wages paid
to Bernard
Pre Grignon Junior
Cakalin portage
deduction of 6 per cent made on merchandise of 194.95
addition made in order to equalize the merchandise
Profit
Amount of Merchandise
brought back
72 lvs. of feathers
2 Capots
4 badly-dressed skins
30 lvs of tallow 16⅔
10 lvs. of wax
185 lvs of meat
Peltries
money
Equipment of B. Grignon Profit
omitted 5.84 cts
Endorsed: Balance
[Source, same as preceding document, but Fur Trade Credit Book, pp. 1–4]
Ed.