WEBVTT 00:01.580 --> 00:03.510 >> From the Library of Congress in Washington DC. 00:03.510 --> 00:25.040 [ Silence ] 00:25.040 --> 00:27.280 >> Good afternoon everyone and welcome to our Books 00:27.280 --> 00:29.550 and Beyond Program for today. 00:29.550 --> 00:33.180 I'm Guy Lamolinara from the Center for the Book and for those of you 00:33.180 --> 00:36.290 who don't know about us, we are the Reading Promotional Office here 00:36.290 --> 00:40.080 at the Library of Congress and we have affiliated centers for the book 00:40.080 --> 00:42.530 in every state, the District of Columbia 00:42.530 --> 00:44.620 and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 00:44.620 --> 00:47.850 You can also find us on the web at read.gov, 00:47.850 --> 00:51.210 and we have a Facebook page that's dedicated to this author's series 00:51.210 --> 00:54.250 where you can look at webcasts of our previous Books 00:54.250 --> 00:57.360 and Beyond Programs and you can enter into discussions 00:57.360 --> 01:00.700 with other people about the Books and Beyond Programs. 01:00.700 --> 01:04.270 One thing I need to tell you is that we're webcasting today, 01:04.270 --> 01:05.920 so if you ask a question at the end 01:05.920 --> 01:09.300 of the program you'll be a part of the webcast. 01:09.300 --> 01:10.940 Also I need to let you know that, 01:10.940 --> 01:15.070 could you please turn off all your electronic devices. 01:15.070 --> 01:17.990 I'm pleased today to welcome Garrett Peck to our Books 01:17.990 --> 01:19.940 and Beyond Author Series. 01:19.940 --> 01:23.570 Garrett is a self-described literary journalist, but not only is he 01:23.570 --> 01:28.080 that he's also, as he says, a craft, beer-drinking, wine-collecting, 01:28.080 --> 01:32.060 gin-loving, bourbon-sipping, Simpson's-quoting dork. 01:32.060 --> 01:35.750 So you can see that Garrett's very well qualified to be here today 01:35.750 --> 01:38.700 to talk about the subject of prohibition. 01:38.700 --> 01:42.940 He is the author of one book called The Prohibition Hangover 01:42.940 --> 01:46.620 and he leads the Temperance Tour of prohibition-related sites here 01:46.620 --> 01:50.190 in Washington D.C. This is his second book, 01:50.190 --> 01:53.450 which we'll be discussing today and it will be for sale here 01:53.450 --> 01:56.890 after the presentation and Garrett will be signing it as well 01:56.890 --> 02:01.040 and it's called Prohibition in Washington, D.C. How Dry We Weren't. 02:01.040 --> 02:02.510 Please welcome Garrett Peck. [ Applause ] 02:02.510 --> 02:09.140 02:09.140 --> 02:11.480 >> Thanks to everyone here for coming out here today, and for-- 02:11.480 --> 02:13.180 hopefully not sacrificing your lunch hour 02:13.180 --> 02:17.150 but hopefully we'll get an enjoyable talk about prohibition in D.C. 02:17.150 --> 02:22.000 and basically how-- to see how much the nation's capital is expected 02:22.000 --> 02:25.350 to be this model dry city for the country during the-- 02:25.350 --> 02:28.680 as [inaudible] may call it, the 13 awful years of prohibition. 02:28.680 --> 02:31.570 And then ultimately how prohibition unraveled. 02:31.570 --> 02:33.350 And of course what happened here 02:33.350 --> 02:36.200 in Washington D.C. really had national ramifications 02:36.200 --> 02:38.370 because the spotlight was on the city, 02:38.370 --> 02:40.820 it was expected to be the dry city. 02:40.820 --> 02:46.290 And in fact we ended up having 3,000 speakeasies' across the city. 02:46.290 --> 02:48.850 We didn't quite have the same big club scene like New York City had 02:48.850 --> 02:51.720 and other cities but certainly there was a great deal 02:51.720 --> 02:54.880 of law-breaking going on including within the halls of Congress. 02:54.880 --> 02:57.320 Congress had its own bootleggers at that time. 02:57.320 --> 02:59.330 So it's really, really a remarkable story and one 02:59.330 --> 03:00.720 that hasn't been told yet. 03:00.720 --> 03:04.490 The research itself I did, it's almost entirely primary research. 03:04.490 --> 03:08.260 So it's really getting back into memoirs, biographies, 03:08.260 --> 03:12.740 finding original pictures and original newspaper accounts and, 03:12.740 --> 03:16.010 so really just dove deeply in the archives. 03:16.010 --> 03:18.430 And I really want to give a plug here for the Prints 03:18.430 --> 03:21.050 and Photographs Division here at the Library of Congress. 03:21.050 --> 03:22.480 We included in the book here-- 03:22.480 --> 03:25.070 by the way the cover of the image here is actually based 03:25.070 --> 03:28.060 on two photographs from-- they come out of the archives right here 03:28.060 --> 03:29.050 in the Library of Congress. 03:29.050 --> 03:31.760 The one on the right, you'll see both of these here. 03:31.760 --> 03:34.720 And then the wine bottle images actually come 03:34.720 --> 03:38.450 out of the Woodrow Wilson House and I took that particular photo. 03:38.450 --> 03:42.420 We included in the book 80 different images and about half of those came 03:42.420 --> 03:45.410 from the Library of Congress, so really, really significant. 03:45.410 --> 03:48.340 We have a treasure trove, or as one person said, 03:48.340 --> 03:49.460 this is really like our attic. 03:49.460 --> 03:51.180 And you keep digging further and further 03:51.180 --> 03:53.010 and you keep finding these amazing things. 03:53.010 --> 03:57.150 You have an incredible prohibition era archive here 03:57.150 --> 03:58.160 in the Library of Congress. 03:58.160 --> 04:00.250 And when I discovered-- when I was going through this-- 04:00.250 --> 04:01.900 I'm very fortunate, I live in Orrington 04:01.900 --> 04:05.200 so if I need anything I can just run over here and get something, right? 04:05.200 --> 04:07.800 What about researchers who live outside of the city? 04:07.800 --> 04:10.070 This is where digitization really comes in handy. 04:10.070 --> 04:13.750 And the vast majority of these images, I was able to download, 04:13.750 --> 04:15.130 so really, really tremendous. 04:15.130 --> 04:18.060 I only had to come in for two, two images which are important 04:18.060 --> 04:19.670 for the unraveling of Prohibition. I'll point out to both of those. 04:19.670 --> 04:20.880 04:20.880 --> 04:23.850 One was already scanned but not put online 04:23.850 --> 04:25.730 and the other one just hadn't been scanned at all yet. 04:25.730 --> 04:27.920 And I dug through the archives and I found it. 04:27.920 --> 04:29.290 I'm like, "Oh my gosh, I have to include it!" 04:29.290 --> 04:33.580 I felt like, you know, finding the source of the Nile or something. 04:33.580 --> 04:36.750 So really it's an incredible treasure trove what we have right 04:36.750 --> 04:38.840 here in the Prints and Photographs Division. 04:38.840 --> 04:42.300 We also included here with this book, besides the 80 images, 04:42.300 --> 04:45.320 we also included 11 vintage cocktail recipes. 04:45.320 --> 04:47.780 So for those you guys who-- whom like cocktails. 04:47.780 --> 04:51.370 And nine of those are specific to D.C. and two of those-- 04:51.370 --> 04:54.670 the other two are specific to the Prohibition era. 04:54.670 --> 04:58.300 And then finally we also included five different neighborhood maps. 04:58.300 --> 04:59.950 And this is the Capital Hill map. 04:59.950 --> 05:03.870 So we wanted to show where all the mayhem occurred across the city 05:03.870 --> 05:05.240 so you could actually get out there. 05:05.240 --> 05:07.250 It's a 40,000-word book so you can take it in your hand, 05:07.250 --> 05:09.470 put it in your pocket, take it with you and go see some 05:09.470 --> 05:11.910 of these different sights across the city including right here 05:11.910 --> 05:12.670 in Capitol Hill. 05:12.670 --> 05:15.340 So if you wanna get out in your lunch hour and go see a couple 05:15.340 --> 05:20.660 of sights then, you know, it's all available here right here for you. 05:20.660 --> 05:23.910 Alright, as Guy mentioned I lead a tour called the Temperance Tour 05:23.910 --> 05:26.580 which I largely lead it through walking town D.C. 05:26.580 --> 05:29.510 which is our free tour-- free tours 05:29.510 --> 05:33.400 that we give twice a year then I give it was well a couple of times. 05:33.400 --> 05:36.300 But believe it or not, we actually have a Temperance Fountain here 05:36.300 --> 05:38.040 in Washington D.C. Most of them have been ripped 05:38.040 --> 05:39.260 out but we still have ours. It's right across the archives. 05:39.260 --> 05:40.510 05:40.510 --> 05:42.470 That's where we start the tour. We go to Calvary Baptist Church 05:42.470 --> 05:44.640 05:44.640 --> 05:48.810 where the Anti-Saloon League had its first national convention in 1895 05:48.810 --> 05:51.870 and we end up at the Woodrow Wilson House which was-- 05:51.870 --> 05:56.000 Wilson was the only president to retire in Washington D.C. He lived 05:56.000 --> 05:58.860 at this house here less than three years before he died. 05:58.860 --> 06:00.920 And they have, as you see from the wine bottles here, 06:00.920 --> 06:04.420 a Prohibition Era Wine Cellar, which is very rare. 06:04.420 --> 06:08.510 Those are all original bottles, pretty, pretty significant. 06:08.510 --> 06:12.550 So, who here saw the Ken Burns Series? 06:12.550 --> 06:13.650 Pretty good, so about half the room? 06:13.650 --> 06:15.010 And how many of you have it on your-- 06:15.010 --> 06:17.840 the tape or you've probably bought the DVD and you're gonna watch it? 06:17.840 --> 06:20.650 Very cool, just about everyone else, so really cool. 06:20.650 --> 06:23.700 So, how did we get into the mess of Prohibition? 06:23.700 --> 06:27.430 And we changed the Constitution to ban alcohol in American society 06:27.430 --> 06:30.680 and less than fourteen years later we changed the Constitution back 06:30.680 --> 06:33.580 because it failed poorly. But how did we get into this? 06:33.580 --> 06:35.070 06:35.070 --> 06:37.120 We've forgotten about this altogether 06:37.120 --> 06:40.530 but the key word here is written across the screen here, 06:40.530 --> 06:42.960 and this is a photograph-- the lower two photographs 06:42.960 --> 06:46.090 from The Great Hall right across the street. 06:46.090 --> 06:48.280 And that's the word Temperance. 06:48.280 --> 06:50.720 We had a century long social reform movement 06:50.720 --> 06:52.720 in the United States called the Temperance Movement. 06:52.720 --> 06:56.550 It's one of those funny words like The Gold Standard or Anarchy 06:56.550 --> 06:58.110 or Communism and this really isn't part 06:58.110 --> 07:01.040 of our cultural vocabulary anymore. But for a century this movement, 07:01.040 --> 07:03.030 07:03.030 --> 07:07.770 led largely by evangelical white Protestants really stigmatized 07:07.770 --> 07:10.750 alcohol within the United States and ultimately led 07:10.750 --> 07:13.570 to the 18th Amendment, which banned the manufacture, 07:13.570 --> 07:16.050 sale and transportation of alcohol in the country. 07:16.050 --> 07:18.000 Yeah you think that's kind of extreme, 07:18.000 --> 07:19.680 only we're banning a consumer product 07:19.680 --> 07:23.070 that Americans had always drank and always enjoyed. 07:23.070 --> 07:25.360 But when you think-- where the roots of the Temperance Movement came 07:25.360 --> 07:29.420 from was huge whiskey event that took place by the 1820s. 07:29.420 --> 07:31.690 And as a result these churches rose up and said, 07:31.690 --> 07:33.660 "We've got to do something about this problem." 07:33.660 --> 07:35.290 A century later, they decided 07:35.290 --> 07:37.250 to change the Constitution was the way to go. 07:37.250 --> 07:40.590 And if we basically drive the country then we'll have a more 07:40.590 --> 07:42.740 God-like, God-fearing country 07:42.740 --> 07:45.480 and we'll have more middle class sobriety and so on. 07:45.480 --> 07:46.840 It didn't quite turn out that way, 07:46.840 --> 07:51.170 a lot of unintended consequences throughout it all. 07:51.170 --> 07:54.680 One thing I did wanna point out was Frances Willard. 07:54.680 --> 07:56.190 This is in Statuary Hall, by the way. 07:56.190 --> 07:57.740 Has anybody ever seen this photo? Or has seen the statue? 07:57.740 --> 07:59.630 07:59.630 --> 08:00.710 A number of people have. 08:00.710 --> 08:03.560 This is-- Frances Willard was a hugely important woman here 08:03.560 --> 08:05.530 for the 19th century. 08:05.530 --> 08:09.890 She led the Women's Christian Temperance Union for about 20 years. 08:09.890 --> 08:14.060 And she was the first woman to get a statue in Statuary Hall placed there 08:14.060 --> 08:15.780 by the State of Illinois. 08:15.780 --> 08:19.210 And WCTU basically linked their cause together 08:19.210 --> 08:20.880 with the Women Suffrage Movement. 08:20.880 --> 08:24.650 The Suffrage Movement was actually much smaller than the WCTU 08:24.650 --> 08:27.010 and therefore they linked their two causes together, 08:27.010 --> 08:29.200 that way they could each get their goal. 08:29.200 --> 08:33.020 And as a result you see both the 18th Amendment which banned alcohol 08:33.020 --> 08:35.140 and the 19th Amendment which gave women the right 08:35.140 --> 08:37.660 to vote both went in effect in 1920. That is not a coincidence at all. 08:37.660 --> 08:40.060 08:40.060 --> 08:42.280 That is because they had this alliance. 08:42.280 --> 08:45.900 And what happened so of course in the 1920 is once it's illegal 08:45.900 --> 08:49.420 for everyone to drink well now it's equally illegal for women to drink. 08:49.420 --> 08:52.770 And they decide that they're gonna be equal in breaking the law, right? 08:52.770 --> 08:55.800 So women in the 1920s started going to the speakeasies 08:55.800 --> 08:57.090 and they started smoking cigarettes. 08:57.090 --> 09:00.140 It's this huge era of social change in the 1920s. 09:00.140 --> 09:03.340 It is the era, after all of Sigmund Freud. 09:03.340 --> 09:05.020 And consumerism is really saying the right 09:05.020 --> 09:08.270 and also probably the country's first sexual revolution takes place 09:08.270 --> 09:10.230 in the 1920s. 09:10.230 --> 09:15.030 The real person who gets the 18th Amendment passed 09:15.030 --> 09:17.670 and put a huge amount of pressure upon the country is this man, 09:17.670 --> 09:18.660 Wayne Wheeler. Has anybody heard of Wayne Wheeler? 09:18.660 --> 09:20.870 09:20.870 --> 09:23.970 If you watch the Prohibition Series they talked about him quite a bit. 09:23.970 --> 09:28.420 He was a hugely powerful, powerful person of his time. 09:28.420 --> 09:32.400 I like to harken him possibly compare him to Karl Rove 09:32.400 --> 09:36.380 or Grover Norquist for the power that he had over the politicians. 09:36.380 --> 09:39.310 And with-- in his case, he basically came 09:39.310 --> 09:40.920 up with the term pressure politics. 09:40.920 --> 09:43.380 He figured out how to squeeze the politicians, 09:43.380 --> 09:44.920 to force them to vote dry. 09:44.920 --> 09:46.760 Even if they were wet in their personal lives he didn't 09:46.760 --> 09:47.160 really care. 09:47.160 --> 09:49.940 But he wanted to force them to vote dry. 09:49.940 --> 09:52.230 And he figured out a way of how to-- 09:52.230 --> 09:56.050 first going after the states to allow local option laws. 09:56.050 --> 09:58.220 And then once the local option laws were in place 09:58.220 --> 10:01.000 at the county level then the state gradually would dry up and then 10:01.000 --> 10:05.060 that would force the Congressmen and the Senators to go dry as well 10:05.060 --> 10:08.490 and to vote most importantly, to vote dry. 10:08.490 --> 10:12.640 >> And so hugely an influential person the ASL, 10:12.640 --> 10:17.440 it was actually headquartered just outside of Columbus, Ohio. 10:17.440 --> 10:19.750 But Wheeler has office, if you know 10:19.750 --> 10:24.200 where Robert A. Taft Memorial Park is, that's where his office was. 10:24.200 --> 10:26.370 There was a building there called the Bliss Building. 10:26.370 --> 10:28.230 And, which was ripped down I think in the 1950s 10:28.230 --> 10:30.790 when they created the park, but so basically right 10:30.790 --> 10:33.060 across the street from the senate, right? 10:33.060 --> 10:35.830 So really, really, really important place. 10:35.830 --> 10:37.850 He also has some key allies. 10:37.850 --> 10:42.040 Again, this was an evangelical Protestant-led mission-- 10:42.040 --> 10:43.020 I'm sorry, movement. A faith based initiative. 10:43.020 --> 10:43.900 10:43.900 --> 10:46.470 Do you all recognize this building? 10:46.470 --> 10:51.390 This is the Methodist building [inaudible], the Methodist building. 10:51.390 --> 10:52.700 I took this photo by the way 10:52.700 --> 10:55.500 from the Supreme Court, which was built in 1935. 10:55.500 --> 10:57.350 So this building, if you go stand at the front 10:57.350 --> 10:59.650 of the Methodist building it points right to the dome 10:59.650 --> 11:01.140 of the capitol 'cause it's right there at the corner 11:01.140 --> 11:03.320 of Maryland and First Street. The point is-- by the way that's-- 11:03.320 --> 11:06.000 11:06.000 --> 11:09.090 in the background you can see the Russell Senate Office Building 11:09.090 --> 11:12.440 and then right next to it was where Wayne Wheeler's office was. 11:12.440 --> 11:15.100 So you can imagine, one block here are the Methodists, 11:15.100 --> 11:17.090 right around the corner is where the Anti-Saloon League has 11:17.090 --> 11:18.560 its headquarters. 11:18.560 --> 11:20.670 So they really put the squeeze on Congress. 11:20.670 --> 11:23.180 And this building by the way was built in 1923. 11:23.180 --> 11:26.390 So the point was to remind Congress, This is the law of the land 11:26.390 --> 11:29.150 and you are required to enforce it. 11:29.150 --> 11:32.340 Not that Congress, or the Presidency actually did a great deal 11:32.340 --> 11:35.080 on enforcement, but that's another story. 11:35.080 --> 11:39.690 This photo here we used on the cover of the book, and I think it's one 11:39.690 --> 11:42.880 of the most clever Prohibition era photos that we found. 11:42.880 --> 11:46.170 It shows William Upshaw, who's one of the key and probably one 11:46.170 --> 11:48.830 of the few Congressmen who actually was dry 11:48.830 --> 11:51.670 in both voting and his personal life. 11:51.670 --> 11:55.010 And of course he's holding an umbrella over to the capitol, 11:55.010 --> 11:57.750 to basically signify that the capitol, and The White House, 11:57.750 --> 12:01.310 and Congress is hereby now dry. This photo got was taken in 1926. 12:01.310 --> 12:03.780 12:03.780 --> 12:07.970 And then he ran for the Presidency, he was a Democrat but he ran in 1932 12:07.970 --> 12:09.730 against Roosevelt's 12:09.730 --> 12:13.640 as the Prohibition Party candidate and he was not elected. 12:13.640 --> 12:14.760 Roosevelt was instead. At that point, of course, 12:14.760 --> 12:15.860 12:15.860 --> 12:19.870 Prohibition was really coming undone. 12:19.870 --> 12:22.850 This photo here, this is the one photo I'll show you here that's 12:22.850 --> 12:25.640 black and white that did not come out of-- 12:25.640 --> 12:27.820 out of Prints and Photographs Division, this actually came 12:27.820 --> 12:29.410 from the Tom Aiken's Estate. But I love this quote. 12:29.410 --> 12:31.560 12:31.560 --> 12:34.820 I found a cocktail recipe in his memoirs which were published 12:34.820 --> 12:40.180 in 1992, it was called the Coffin Varnish, from a bar that he found 12:40.180 --> 12:43.410 up in New York City and-- they had a Coffin Varnish. 12:43.410 --> 12:45.070 It's a boozy little number. 12:45.070 --> 12:47.940 And with-- when he's describing this cocktail he said, 12:47.940 --> 12:50.970 "At the start of the thirteen awful years" in capitalized letters, 12:50.970 --> 12:54.090 so very clearly he was a wonderful Greek 12:54.090 --> 12:58.470 and very acerbic Greek [inaudible] about Prohibition, 12:58.470 --> 12:59.840 didn't think too highly of the moment. 12:59.840 --> 13:02.600 And clearly saw through the Temperance Movement for what it was 13:02.600 --> 13:04.890 which was this faith-based initiative and it was trying 13:04.890 --> 13:09.260 to essentially impose a vision of middle-class sobriety from a country 13:09.260 --> 13:12.320 that had always been a drinking country in the past, right? 13:12.320 --> 13:15.750 So Aiken did everything in his writing power 13:15.750 --> 13:19.960 to undermine Prohibition. 13:19.960 --> 13:22.970 Probably about half of my research time was investing 13:22.970 --> 13:27.790 in one single question which I've never seen written on before 13:27.790 --> 13:30.450 which was, what was the African-American experience 13:30.450 --> 13:31.300 during Prohibition? 13:31.300 --> 13:34.160 What did black people think about Prohibition? 13:34.160 --> 13:37.460 And I discovered that this was actually a very difficult topic 13:37.460 --> 13:38.110 to go research. 13:38.110 --> 13:41.310 It really took a great deal of digging into the archives. 13:41.310 --> 13:44.130 And predominantly I ended up using the Black Studies Center 13:44.130 --> 13:48.270 over at the Martin Luther King Library because they have all kinds 13:48.270 --> 13:52.200 of newspapers on microform and it was digitized, unfortunately. 13:52.200 --> 13:56.270 But at that time I really, really discovered that D.C. was so-- 13:56.270 --> 13:59.430 because we're a Southern City was-- and we had Jim Crow [phonetic] here. 13:59.430 --> 14:02.310 So Washington Post with four big newspapers, all-- 14:02.310 --> 14:04.340 I should say four, big, white newspapers. 14:04.340 --> 14:05.710 They would not cover black issues. 14:05.710 --> 14:07.240 They wouldn't-- they would only mention black people 14:07.240 --> 14:08.800 if they were arrested. 14:08.800 --> 14:11.190 And so I really wanted to cover this other side of the story 14:11.190 --> 14:14.490 because we know during Prohibition that U Street boomed, right? 14:14.490 --> 14:17.080 We know that there were always jazz clubs, wherever there was jazz, 14:17.080 --> 14:18.370 there was cocktails, right? 14:18.370 --> 14:20.730 I mean all these things go hand in hand. 14:20.730 --> 14:22.720 So I really wanted to get to the bottom of-- 14:22.720 --> 14:25.910 what was the African-American experience here during Prohibition. 14:25.910 --> 14:28.210 And so I found a couple of different thought leaders 14:28.210 --> 14:29.900 within the black community who wrote 14:29.900 --> 14:31.520 about the Temperance Movement and Prohibition. 14:31.520 --> 14:34.730 One of the leaders was Calvin Chase from The Washington Bee, 14:34.730 --> 14:36.940 who unfortunately died in 1922. 14:36.940 --> 14:39.380 But I got the name of the chapter that deals 14:39.380 --> 14:42.290 with the black community I called the Jim Crow Annex, 14:42.290 --> 14:44.080 from this one quote which he said, 14:44.080 --> 14:45.920 "Why should the colored people ally themselves 14:45.920 --> 14:49.000 with a white Temperance organization as the Jim Crow Annex?" 14:49.000 --> 14:51.400 I mean he really saw through the Temperance Movement for what it was. 14:51.400 --> 14:55.220 Which was, you're trying to impose this upon my people 14:55.220 --> 14:57.090 and we don't want that, right? So he really strongly pushed 14:57.090 --> 14:59.870 14:59.870 --> 15:03.100 against the Temperance Movement in all of his writings. 15:03.100 --> 15:04.280 And that picture, by the way, 15:04.280 --> 15:07.660 which comes out of the archives here, was his office. 15:07.660 --> 15:10.400 If you know where that [inaudible] is, so right north 15:10.400 --> 15:13.160 of where the former-- it's now a huge pit in the ground, 15:13.160 --> 15:15.070 where the old Convention Center was? 15:15.070 --> 15:17.040 So right across the street from there was torn down I think 15:17.040 --> 15:21.190 in the late 1980s or early 1990s but that's where he wrote the newspaper 15:21.190 --> 15:23.930 and his family lived in that building and it was all torn down, 15:23.930 --> 15:25.970 15:25.970 --> 15:27.710 15:27.710 --> 15:32.670 Other things we lost here in Washington D.C., we lost our major-- 15:32.670 --> 15:36.830 by the way before Prohibition started we had 247 bars here, 15:36.830 --> 15:40.730 licensed in the city, and of course ostensibly once Prohibition begins 15:40.730 --> 15:43.370 we have zero but we ended up with three thousand speakeasies. 15:43.370 --> 15:43.770 [ Laughter ] 15:43.770 --> 15:48.540 >> Sort of unintended consequences once you deal away with regulation, 15:48.540 --> 15:49.910 and licensing and so on 15:49.910 --> 15:53.940 and it becomes simply a business opportunity for a lot of people. 15:53.940 --> 15:57.740 We had a one-block row in the city called Rum Row. 15:57.740 --> 15:59.880 That was the finest place in the city. 15:59.880 --> 16:03.220 It was one bar one restaurant after the next, 16:03.220 --> 16:04.610 where you could go to drink. 16:04.610 --> 16:07.550 And the most famous of all the bars was nicknamed Cobweb Hall 16:07.550 --> 16:10.400 but its official name was Shoomaker's. 16:10.400 --> 16:12.240 And this was closed down in-- 16:12.240 --> 16:16.200 D.C. actually went dry on November 1st, 1917 by Congress. 16:16.200 --> 16:18.090 Congress mandated that the city had to go dry, 16:18.090 --> 16:19.950 we didn't have a home rule at that time. 16:19.950 --> 16:23.250 And so Shoomaker's tried to make it for a couple more months 16:23.250 --> 16:26.530 as a soft drink joint and people didn't want soft drinks, 16:26.530 --> 16:28.060 they wanted beer, they wanted cocktail. 16:28.060 --> 16:31.260 So Shoomaker's unfortunately went out of business. 16:31.260 --> 16:33.710 The important thing about Shoomaker's wasn't just that, okay, 16:33.710 --> 16:36.850 every president except for Rutherford B. Hayes 16:36.850 --> 16:40.040 from when the place opened up in 1858 all the way to when it closed 16:40.040 --> 16:42.340 in 1917, every president drank there. 16:42.340 --> 16:45.150 All the politicians drank there, Mark Twain drank there, 16:45.150 --> 16:47.140 this was a hugely historic site. 16:47.140 --> 16:50.480 By the way it's now where the J.W. Marriott Hotel is. 16:50.480 --> 16:52.950 What happened to this bar here in the 1880s was 16:52.950 --> 16:54.830 that The Rickey was invented. 16:54.830 --> 16:57.690 And I worked for Derek Brown from the D.C. Craft Bartenders Guild 16:57.690 --> 17:00.900 and we got the city council to give us a proclamation back 17:00.900 --> 17:03.890 in July declaring that The Rickey is now D.C.'s official-- 17:03.890 --> 17:06.590 I'm sorry, our native cocktail 17:06.590 --> 17:11.140 because the guild had a Rickey month for the last four years. 17:11.140 --> 17:13.940 So we use the book actually as documentation 17:13.940 --> 17:15.790 to prove the providence of the Rickey. 17:15.790 --> 17:21.090 So it says the one cocktail we can certifiably establish 17:21.090 --> 17:24.550 that in fact was invented at Shoomaker's in the 1880s. 17:24.550 --> 17:27.560 So it's a great little part of our local history. 17:27.560 --> 17:30.070 There's only two cities by the way that have an official cocktail, 17:30.070 --> 17:31.780 the other one being New Orleans. 17:31.780 --> 17:33.210 And can you guess what that cocktail is? 17:33.210 --> 17:34.380 [ Inaudible Remark ] >> No. Sazerac. 17:34.380 --> 17:36.320 17:36.320 --> 17:38.460 It's the Sazerac. 17:38.460 --> 17:41.800 Yeah the Sazerac is-- I'm sorry the Hurricane has several different 17:41.800 --> 17:46.680 origin stories, including most likely, Wisconsin, strangely, yeah. 17:46.680 --> 17:51.560 Yeah. But the Sazerac is we know, in fact was invented. 17:51.560 --> 17:53.380 We also lost, because of Prohibition, 17:53.380 --> 17:56.690 a significant brewing culture we had in this city. 17:56.690 --> 17:59.710 We had four big breweries in the city. 17:59.710 --> 18:01.430 Today, starting last year, 18:01.430 --> 18:04.870 we have now three breweries [inaudible] this year. 18:04.870 --> 18:06.980 The first brewery opened-- now these are micro breweries, 18:06.980 --> 18:08.230 so very, very small. 18:08.230 --> 18:11.740 The four breweries that we had before were significant enterprises. 18:11.740 --> 18:15.700 Brewing was the second largest employer in Washington D.C. 18:15.700 --> 18:18.790 after the Federal Government, so really significant. 18:18.790 --> 18:22.150 And on Capitol Hill, there were-- I'm sorry-- the four breweries, 18:22.150 --> 18:26.340 two were in Foggy Bottom, and two were on Capitol Hill. 18:26.340 --> 18:30.510 So we're the-- on Capitol Hill itself the brewers were the second 18:30.510 --> 18:33.570 largest employer after the Navy Yard, 18:33.570 --> 18:36.280 so pretty remarkable how many people worked in brewing at that time. 18:36.280 --> 18:38.950 You know we have this being German culture, 18:38.950 --> 18:41.640 German population here within the city. 18:41.640 --> 18:43.350 And of course that's what German's brought us. 18:43.350 --> 18:44.600 It was a great gift the Germans brought 18:44.600 --> 18:46.690 that the American people was lager beer. 18:46.690 --> 18:48.650 And you know how hot and sticky our summers are. 18:48.650 --> 18:50.620 Before we had air-conditioning starting 18:50.620 --> 18:53.370 in the 1920s how do you think people survived? 18:53.370 --> 18:56.470 They drank big Rickey's and they drink beer, you know? 18:56.470 --> 18:59.380 So, this particular footage here, which you can guess 18:59.380 --> 19:03.100 where it comes from, this was the largest brewery we had in the city, 19:03.100 --> 19:05.500 which was the Christian Heurich Brewing Company. 19:05.500 --> 19:07.450 It's now the site of the Kennedy Center. 19:07.450 --> 19:09.490 It was closed in 1956, took-- 19:09.490 --> 19:12.920 it was all built of steel reinforced concrete, took three days 19:12.920 --> 19:15.030 of dynamite to knock the thing over. 19:15.030 --> 19:18.500 Yeah. I'll show you two different pictures 19:18.500 --> 19:20.100 of the breweries here in Capitol Hill. 19:20.100 --> 19:22.740 This is the National Capitol Brewery 19:22.740 --> 19:27.550 and another pretty large brewery took up an entire city block. 19:27.550 --> 19:30.270 And some of you-- who here lives in Capitol Hill, any one? 19:30.270 --> 19:32.230 A few people. 19:32.230 --> 19:35.690 I assume some of you have probably gone shopping at Safeway? 19:35.690 --> 19:36.740 That's where the brewery was. 19:36.740 --> 19:39.840 It existed until the 1960s as an ice cream factory. 19:39.840 --> 19:41.620 And then they knocked it over and that's 19:41.620 --> 19:44.440 where the Safeway is now on 14th Street. 19:44.440 --> 19:46.520 Even closer was this brewery. This is Washington Brewery. 19:46.520 --> 19:48.560 19:48.560 --> 19:52.490 And that is-- was knocked over in the 1920's 19:52.490 --> 19:56.360 to form Stuart-Hobson Junior High, so also quite a large facility. 19:56.360 --> 19:58.350 If you walk around that thing it's an entire city block. 19:58.350 --> 19:59.040 So pretty, pretty large. 19:59.040 --> 20:02.670 >> The new breweries that were opening up are, you know, 20:02.670 --> 20:05.030 a fraction of this size because they're microbreweries. 20:05.030 --> 20:08.670 But these were designed to produce half a million barrels 20:08.670 --> 20:12.290 of beer a year because we had such high demand here 20:12.290 --> 20:15.690 to drink beer here, in the nation's capital. 20:15.690 --> 20:20.540 In my research I found, as you all probably know, 20:20.540 --> 20:22.740 there're two big novels that come out of the 1920's, 20:22.740 --> 20:24.240 one being the Great Gatsby, right? 20:24.240 --> 20:25.420 You know you all know the story about-- 20:25.420 --> 20:27.610 about Gatsby which is really George Remus, 20:27.610 --> 20:30.200 a larger than life bootlegger. 20:30.200 --> 20:33.560 The other big novel that comes out in 1920's is by Sinclair Lewis 20:33.560 --> 20:36.420 and that's called Babbitt, which is a much larger book. 20:36.420 --> 20:39.340 And in my research I found this incredible quote which he wrote 20:39.340 --> 20:42.640 in 1922, by the way, and he gets the Nobel Prize 20:42.640 --> 20:44.120 for this 1930, for this novel. 20:44.120 --> 20:47.940 And it sort of skewers-- it's a satire, satirical novel 20:47.940 --> 20:51.640 and it skewers mid-western values of the 1920's. 20:51.640 --> 20:55.080 So-- And I found that in the-- the setup, what happens in the scene, 20:55.080 --> 20:59.590 George Babbitt the hero, is riding on a train with 4, 5, or 6 other men 20:59.590 --> 21:02.680 and one of them breaks out a flask of gin and he passes it 21:02.680 --> 21:04.450 around to the other people. 21:04.450 --> 21:08.000 And the guy who brought the bottle of gin asked this question, 21:08.000 --> 21:10.900 or makes more of a statement, "I don't know how you fellows feel 21:10.900 --> 21:13.200 about prohibition, but the way it strikes me is 21:13.200 --> 21:15.770 that it's a mighty beneficial thing for the poor zob 21:15.770 --> 21:19.010 that hasn't got any will-power but for fellows like us, 21:19.010 --> 21:20.620 it's an infringement of personal liberty." 21:20.620 --> 21:24.000 This is 1922 he pens this. 21:24.000 --> 21:26.640 You see right here, this is why Prohibition's gonna fail. 21:26.640 --> 21:28.490 Because every person says Prohibition is 21:28.490 --> 21:30.830 for someone else to obey, but not me. 21:30.830 --> 21:33.640 I like my cocktail and I'm not giving it up, right? 21:33.640 --> 21:35.770 That's not how laws work, you know? 21:35.770 --> 21:39.150 Especially the cons-- the law of the land, the constitution, you know? 21:39.150 --> 21:42.380 But everyone decides that no-no, I'm not gonna obey it. 21:42.380 --> 21:44.520 And Sinclair Lewis was right on with this. 21:44.520 --> 21:47.620 The general public initially was sort of, hmm, wait and see, 21:47.620 --> 21:49.580 but pretty soon they realized, you know what? 21:49.580 --> 21:51.220 I kind of miss having my cocktail. 21:51.220 --> 21:54.860 So-- and it turns out there were bootleggers everywhere already 21:54.860 --> 21:57.960 and all you got to do is just ask and you could, you know, 21:57.960 --> 22:00.910 you could get your-- your [inaudible] gin or your rye whiskey, 22:00.910 --> 22:03.670 and so on, so really remarkable here. 22:03.670 --> 22:07.350 By the way, he wrote this on 19th street, Dupont Circle. 22:07.350 --> 22:11.290 So about half a block up from that restaurant Raku, there's a house 22:11.290 --> 22:14.070 where he wrote that, where he wrote Babbitt in 1920. 22:14.070 --> 22:15.060 He also wrote Main Street 22:15.060 --> 22:19.340 in Washington D.C. in the nineteen teens. 22:19.340 --> 22:20.980 So Prohibition begins, this is one 22:20.980 --> 22:23.200 of the most famous images of Prohibition. 22:23.200 --> 22:25.020 I included this one in the Ken Burns series. 22:25.020 --> 22:29.100 And of course this took place on Pennsylvania Avenue, Northwest. 22:29.100 --> 22:31.940 So this took place actually where the Federal Triangle is now. 22:31.940 --> 22:34.600 This was called the Carl Hammel Buffet Lunch, 22:34.600 --> 22:36.670 which was formerly a bar but he converted it 22:36.670 --> 22:38.720 in to a lunch room during Prohibition but seemed 22:38.720 --> 22:41.480 to keep the little dark room in the back, so people just had 22:41.480 --> 22:44.810 to kinda know someone and they could be invited back and get a drink. 22:44.810 --> 22:47.740 So, the Prohibition agents are raiding the place here and pulling 22:47.740 --> 22:49.890 out all the beer barrels, 'cause he was a German. 22:49.890 --> 22:54.460 Alright so, he was raided numerous times here during Prohibition 22:54.460 --> 22:56.480 and he didn't [inaudible] quite wanna shut down. 22:56.480 --> 22:59.870 We think it was worth for him just to pay the fines or risk jail time 22:59.870 --> 23:02.090 because that's what his customers wanted, alright? 23:02.090 --> 23:05.330 They still wanted to drink. 23:05.330 --> 23:08.180 Another famous founder from Prohibition from the largest still 23:08.180 --> 23:11.560 on captivity, largest still that was found 23:11.560 --> 23:15.080 in Washington D.C. This is quite a large still here, by the way. 23:15.080 --> 23:17.100 So-- and by the way we have two gentlemen here 23:17.100 --> 23:18.430 who are next year going to be opening 23:18.430 --> 23:23.240 up Washington D.C.'s First Distillery since Lord knows when. 23:23.240 --> 23:26.600 And you'll see most stills that people had 23:26.600 --> 23:28.480 in their houses were a fraction 23:28.480 --> 23:30.700 of a size might even produce a gallon a day, 23:30.700 --> 23:32.280 this a pretty sizable still here. 23:32.280 --> 23:36.940 You could produce an awful lot of corn-- corn liquor here, corn juice, 23:36.940 --> 23:38.730 with this particular still. The amazing thing with Prohibition 23:38.730 --> 23:40.080 23:40.080 --> 23:44.330 in Washington D.C. is we didn't have the organized crime like Cleveland, 23:44.330 --> 23:46.740 like New York, like Boston, other cities did. 23:46.740 --> 23:48.860 We had too many police jurisdictions. 23:48.860 --> 23:52.330 You can never bribe all the different authorities, and so on. 23:52.330 --> 23:54.230 You think about, okay we got the Capitol Police, 23:54.230 --> 23:56.080 we got the National Park Service Police, 23:56.080 --> 23:59.870 we have the Washington-Metropolitan Police Department, 23:59.870 --> 24:01.170 we have the Secret Service. 24:01.170 --> 24:03.880 And on top of that we have the Prohibition Bureau. 24:03.880 --> 24:06.750 You can't bribe everyone, right? 24:06.750 --> 24:10.610 And as a result, we ended up not getting the organized crime, 24:10.610 --> 24:13.930 the Mafia, the Irish Mob and so on, that the major cities had. 24:13.930 --> 24:16.470 As a result we-- the-- and by the way there was plenty 24:16.470 --> 24:20.280 of law-breaking going on but it was largely low-level bootleggers. 24:20.280 --> 24:23.490 This was a scene dominated by amateurs. 24:23.490 --> 24:25.730 If you wanted to get on the game, you could. 24:25.730 --> 24:27.590 That's really the remarkable thing, and of course thousands 24:27.590 --> 24:31.870 of people did get involve her in breaking Prohibition, 24:31.870 --> 24:34.040 in violating Prohibition just because there was 24:34.040 --> 24:36.910 so much money to be made. 24:36.910 --> 24:40.170 There was also very little violence in the city 24:40.170 --> 24:42.610 because we did not have the turf wars 24:42.610 --> 24:47.010 that other major cities had therefore there wasn't necessarily 24:47.010 --> 24:48.560 all the shoot-outs and things that took place. 24:48.560 --> 24:51.920 The most famous execution that took place was the Saint Valentines Day 24:51.920 --> 24:54.730 Massacre in 1929, right? And that took place in Chicago. 24:54.730 --> 24:55.940 24:55.940 --> 24:58.620 So, nationwide news and that helped to really turn the public 24:58.620 --> 25:01.690 against Prohibition when people realized this thing wasn't working. 25:01.690 --> 25:04.120 And that organized crime is taking over the cities. 25:04.120 --> 25:07.420 One of the few examples though 25:07.420 --> 25:10.160 where violence actually did take place was this man right here. 25:10.160 --> 25:13.660 This was Senator Greene, who from Vermont and he happened 25:13.660 --> 25:17.740 to be walking up Pennsylvania Avenue to get back to the Driskill Hotel, 25:17.740 --> 25:19.810 which was right next tot the Bliss Building at that time 25:19.810 --> 25:22.360 where the Anti-Saloon League was. 25:22.360 --> 25:24.500 Up an alleyway, there was a bootlegger-- 25:24.500 --> 25:26.530 a couple of bootleggers who were unloading their car 25:26.530 --> 25:31.050 and a Prohibition Bureau Agent surprised them. 25:31.050 --> 25:32.770 They also were exchanging shots 25:32.770 --> 25:37.830 and the Prohibition Bureau Agent missed the bootleggers 25:37.830 --> 25:40.390 and that wild shot went down Pennsylvania Avenue 25:40.390 --> 25:41.710 and hit Senator Greene on the head. 25:41.710 --> 25:44.390 And he happened to just be walking down the street. 25:44.390 --> 25:48.710 Yeah, it wounded him severely from this and he ended up dying 25:48.710 --> 25:50.080 from it about six years later. 25:50.080 --> 25:52.720 He never ever really fully recovered from this. 25:52.720 --> 25:54.250 So this is one of the few examples here 25:54.250 --> 25:56.770 of violence actually taking place here across the cities. 25:56.770 --> 25:58.250 Proctor do you have a question? >> Oh no. 25:58.250 --> 25:58.650 25:58.650 --> 26:03.320 >> No-- Okay, you and your hand up, so. 26:03.320 --> 26:06.490 I talked about women being involved in Prohibition. 26:06.490 --> 26:09.110 They were involved in getting Prohibition passed, 26:09.110 --> 26:11.840 and of course once Prohibition takes place, it's not a lot of land 26:11.840 --> 26:15.790 that women are active violators of the Dry Law here within the country. 26:15.790 --> 26:19.430 And this is a very famous photograph here from Prohibition from a dancer 26:19.430 --> 26:22.770 who came to Washington D.C. I think around 1925, 1926? 26:22.770 --> 26:24.860 And here she's demonstrating the latest fashion 26:24.860 --> 26:29.920 on how you carry your hip flask with your new garter belt, right? 26:29.920 --> 26:31.240 I included this together-- 26:31.240 --> 26:33.680 this is an image to be included on the cover along 26:33.680 --> 26:36.210 with the image of Congressman Upshaw. 26:36.210 --> 26:42.050 The worse scoff law was invented in 1924 based on a national competition 26:42.050 --> 26:46.090 to come up with a word to label those lawbreakers. 26:46.090 --> 26:48.890 And the winner of the contest was scofflaw, 26:48.890 --> 26:51.280 someone who scoffs at the law. 26:51.280 --> 26:54.210 One week later in Harry's Bar in Paris, 26:54.210 --> 26:55.890 the scofflaw cocktail is invented. 26:55.890 --> 26:57.780 And if you never had this cocktail, if you like cocktails, 26:57.780 --> 26:59.030 this is absolutely delicious. It's a really good cocktail. 26:59.030 --> 27:00.660 27:00.660 --> 27:03.980 This comes from January of 1924. 27:03.980 --> 27:10.230 A famous case happened here in Washington D.C. on-- 27:10.230 --> 27:14.070 in the Navy Yard, where two different Navy nurses were arrested 27:14.070 --> 27:14.950 for bootlegging. 27:14.950 --> 27:19.620 And what happened within the Navy beforehand that the-- 27:19.620 --> 27:24.850 the standard protocol with the Navy was if you were caught with liquor 27:24.850 --> 27:26.780 in your luggage, the standard thing was simply just 27:26.780 --> 27:27.730 to confiscate the liquor. 27:27.730 --> 27:30.290 But they would never bring anyone up on charges. 27:30.290 --> 27:32.880 These two nurses were transferred from Guantanamo Bay, 27:32.880 --> 27:35.220 Cuba up to the Navy Yard. 27:35.220 --> 27:40.170 And customs found a whole bunch of liquor in their suitcases 27:40.170 --> 27:41.910 when they were moving up. 27:41.910 --> 27:45.090 So the Department Secretary, the Navy ordered them court-martialed. 27:45.090 --> 27:46.430 Of course the officer core 27:46.430 --> 27:48.250 of the Navy was absolutely incensed over this. 27:48.250 --> 27:50.540 It was like, we never court-martialed anyone 27:50.540 --> 27:52.090 over this and, you know, 27:52.090 --> 27:54.190 hell if we're gonna court-martial anyone now. 27:54.190 --> 27:57.120 So they were required to basically put them on trial but it was sort 27:57.120 --> 27:58.370 of a foreground conclusion there-- 27:58.370 --> 27:59.900 that they were gonna be found innocent. 27:59.900 --> 28:03.300 The two nurses simply pleaded these were gifts, people gave them to us, 28:03.300 --> 28:05.280 we didn't know what they were, we just put them in our luggage 28:05.280 --> 28:07.100 and [laughter], you know, yeah. 28:07.100 --> 28:08.490 And that's all they had to say, right? 28:08.490 --> 28:13.340 And, you know, just plausible deniability, you know? 28:13.340 --> 28:16.980 So, one afternoon trial, the Washington Post report, 28:16.980 --> 28:21.320 and this is a paraphrase, actually it was a good time was had 28:21.320 --> 28:23.570 by all except for the accused. 28:23.570 --> 28:29.030 [Laughter] But I mean they were acquitted at the end of this. 28:29.030 --> 28:32.490 One of the interesting stories and probably one of the leading things 28:32.490 --> 28:35.600 that took place in the city, this took place in 1929, 28:35.600 --> 28:39.610 was the largest liquor ring, our city was busted up in 1929. 28:39.610 --> 28:42.280 This was led by this man, his name was Herbie Glassman-- 28:42.280 --> 28:44.220 or Herbert Glassman? Glassman became a major developer 28:44.220 --> 28:45.870 28:45.870 --> 28:48.270 within Washington D.C. He didn't stay very long in jail at all 28:48.270 --> 28:51.350 but he was running about a 10, 12 person operation 28:51.350 --> 28:52.850 out of this rental car agency. It was the perfect front. 28:52.850 --> 28:54.490 28:54.490 --> 28:57.020 All he had to do was he got his liquor largely from Baltimore 28:57.020 --> 28:58.740 so he owned these trucks that would basically truck it 28:58.740 --> 29:01.320 down the parkway into the city everyday. 29:01.320 --> 29:03.330 And then he had a rental car agency garage, 29:03.330 --> 29:07.050 and then he could distribute it from there, so the perfect front, right? 29:07.050 --> 29:11.770 He was cited for bravery in July, 1919 we had a huge race riot 29:11.770 --> 29:13.410 in the city it lasted four days. 29:13.410 --> 29:16.800 He was a Metropolitan Police Department Officer, 29:16.800 --> 29:19.330 who then left shortly after this and-- 29:19.330 --> 29:25.080 and decided to open up this agency and become a bootlegger, 29:25.080 --> 29:26.910 so really a fascinating character. I was contacted-- and it's-- 29:26.910 --> 29:28.910 29:28.910 --> 29:31.320 since this book came about six months ago I've been contacted 29:31.320 --> 29:34.020 by so many people who are descendants 29:34.020 --> 29:35.150 of the people I wrote about. 29:35.150 --> 29:38.520 You think that people-- D.C. has this reputation 29:38.520 --> 29:40.000 that people don't stay very long here? 29:40.000 --> 29:42.270 Well I've heard from great-grandchildren of people 29:42.270 --> 29:44.910 who were bootleggers who I wrote about-- 29:44.910 --> 29:47.850 in this case Herbie Glassman's great-granddaughter contacted me. 29:47.850 --> 29:50.250 She's the editor-in-chief for Capitol File Magazine, 29:50.250 --> 29:52.940 her name's Kate Bennett, and she was-- 29:52.940 --> 29:55.680 I sent her over all the articles from Washington Post about her-- 29:55.680 --> 29:58.550 about her great-grandfather and she's like, "Oh my Gosh, 29:58.550 --> 30:02.160 we need to write a book about this guy", you know, so. 30:02.160 --> 30:05.000 >> You know, he divorced his wife in the '70s, and, you know, 30:05.000 --> 30:07.330 moved to Miami Beach, picked up a much younger woman 30:07.330 --> 30:09.300 and proceeded to have another child. 30:09.300 --> 30:13.350 I mean just-- a really kind of crazy story, you know, 30:13.350 --> 30:15.510 that this guy had going from a policeman 30:15.510 --> 30:17.900 to becoming the biggest bootlegger in the city 30:17.900 --> 30:21.730 to becoming a major developer, I mean all within Washington D.C. and, 30:21.730 --> 30:26.790 you know, largely because of his getting arrested in 1929, 30:26.790 --> 30:29.360 for running this liquor ring. 30:29.360 --> 30:31.370 By the way he had two different-- two different offices. 30:31.370 --> 30:33.220 One was over on L Street, and that's been developed 30:33.220 --> 30:34.290 through the high-rise. 30:34.290 --> 30:38.840 The other one was on 14th Street and U Street, right about U Street. 30:38.840 --> 30:40.990 If you know where that restaurant Eatonville is? 30:40.990 --> 30:43.010 That's where it was. 30:43.010 --> 30:48.910 Alright, so the public-- by the late 1920's the public was already 30:48.910 --> 30:51.500 souring on the idea of Prohibition. 30:51.500 --> 30:55.230 Everybody knows that everyone is disobeying the law of the land 30:55.230 --> 30:56.940 where we've become this nation of hypocrites 30:56.940 --> 30:59.260 as the Ken Burns series called it. 30:59.260 --> 31:02.960 And as well what happened in 1929 in October was 31:02.960 --> 31:04.410 that the stock market collapsed. 31:04.410 --> 31:08.530 And the Great Depression started and so many people were like, you know, 31:08.530 --> 31:10.590 we could really use these jobs again, you know? 31:10.590 --> 31:14.360 When Prohibition started in 1920 we lost a quarter million jobs. 31:14.360 --> 31:18.890 Now suddenly 1930, a quarter million jobs looked pretty darn nice, right? 31:18.890 --> 31:22.190 I mean if we could restart the liquor industry again we could put a 31:22.190 --> 31:23.160 lot of people back to work. And by the way we could tax it. 31:23.160 --> 31:24.940 31:24.940 --> 31:29.740 So the man who sponsored D.C. Going Dry was Senator Morris Sheppard 31:29.740 --> 31:31.950 from Texas, one of the leading progressives and probably one 31:31.950 --> 31:35.160 of the few Senators who actually was dry. 31:35.160 --> 31:39.280 And he also had-- was the key sponsor behind the 18th Amendment, 31:39.280 --> 31:41.190 the Prohibition Amendment. 31:41.190 --> 31:46.290 And the run up to the 1930 midterm Congressional Election, 31:46.290 --> 31:49.500 he was challenged repeatedly on-- about Prohibition. 31:49.500 --> 31:52.930 And he said this very famous statement: "There is as much chance 31:52.930 --> 31:55.880 of repealing the 18th Amendment as there is for a humming bird to fly 31:55.880 --> 31:58.480 to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied 31:58.480 --> 32:00.390 to its tail." 32:00.390 --> 32:03.810 So effectively he's-- this September, 1930 he says this. 32:03.810 --> 32:07.640 He's laying out the gauntlet to the white cause saying, okay, go ahead, 32:07.640 --> 32:11.440 you know, like Clint Eastwood, right, "Make my day" right? 32:11.440 --> 32:13.010 And boy, howdy do they ever. 32:13.010 --> 32:14.970 It's just remarkable what happens here. 32:14.970 --> 32:17.650 A couple weeks later there is a group called the-- 32:17.650 --> 32:19.920 a local group called The Crusaders, actually a national group 32:19.920 --> 32:24.570 but there's a local chapter under a man named Rufus Lusk whose grandson, 32:24.570 --> 32:28.320 Rufus Lusk III, if I have photos here for me. 32:28.320 --> 32:30.440 This guy's a real estate guy. 32:30.440 --> 32:32.860 He-- and was over one infantry Captain. 32:32.860 --> 32:36.020 And he figured out basically, we can take all the data 32:36.020 --> 32:40.040 from all the police raids on speakeasies and put them on maps, 32:40.040 --> 32:41.310 and then we can publish it. 32:41.310 --> 32:44.560 And that will show that in fact Washington D.C. is anything 32:44.560 --> 32:47.590 but the small, dry city, right? So he publishes two maps. 32:47.590 --> 32:48.950 32:48.950 --> 32:52.760 The first one is based on 1929 data based on seven months of raids, 32:52.760 --> 32:57.450 from the Metropolitan Police Department raid data, 32:57.450 --> 33:00.260 934 speakeasies in seven months that were raided 33:00.260 --> 33:02.590 where they found liquor, so really remarkable. 33:02.590 --> 33:05.000 Then when this map gets published and makes nationwide, 33:05.000 --> 33:08.080 even international news because it shows the hypocrisy. 33:08.080 --> 33:09.620 D.C. is not the small, dry city. 33:09.620 --> 33:12.480 In fact, all around the city there's plenty of speakeasies, 33:12.480 --> 33:14.090 it's-- liquor is easy to get. 33:14.090 --> 33:19.840 1932 he publishes an updated map based on 1931 information. 33:19.840 --> 33:22.590 And this is sort of my, you know, doctor-- Dr. 33:22.590 --> 33:24.760 [inaudible] I presume moment. 33:24.760 --> 33:26.970 You know, you go down to an isle and you find this one, 33:26.970 --> 33:28.310 the little treasure trove piece, 33:28.310 --> 33:31.650 which is I found the 1932 speakeasy map right here, in the Prints 33:31.650 --> 33:32.940 and Photographs Division. 33:32.940 --> 33:34.980 And it's just absolutely amazing to see. 33:34.980 --> 33:37.550 And, you guys ready for it? This is it. 33:37.550 --> 33:39.250 33:39.250 --> 33:41.820 Dots mark the spot where booze has been bought. 33:41.820 --> 33:48.340 Yeah. [Laughter] 1,155 locations where the police 33:48.340 --> 33:51.770 and the Prohibition Bureau raided where they found like a-- 33:51.770 --> 33:55.170 there were another 600 or so spots that they'd raided 33:55.170 --> 33:56.890 where they didn't find any liquor either 33:56.890 --> 33:59.790 because they've been tipped off, or they managed to destroy it so, 33:59.790 --> 34:02.170 you know, they were on a payroll or something, you know, 34:02.170 --> 34:03.540 but just remarkable, right? 34:03.540 --> 34:06.040 The intention of this of course, just to remind you, 34:06.040 --> 34:07.680 is to embarrass the dry cause. 34:07.680 --> 34:11.740 To show that in fact, D.C. is anything but this model dry city. 34:11.740 --> 34:14.950 If you look closely on this, unfortunately the size we have 34:14.950 --> 34:17.450 on the book is really small, but if you guys wanna go look 34:17.450 --> 34:18.970 at the thing it's just amazing. Or I can e-mail it to people. 34:18.970 --> 34:20.520 34:20.520 --> 34:24.050 It's-- when you look on there, you see where the stars are? 34:24.050 --> 34:24.810 Can you see those? 34:24.810 --> 34:27.190 I mean it's sort of an orientation map is actually sort of on the side, 34:27.190 --> 34:30.110 so true north is actually that way. 34:30.110 --> 34:33.200 The stars are government offices where raids took place. 34:33.200 --> 34:37.250 [Laughter] Yeah, there were a lot of bootleggers including in Congress. 34:37.250 --> 34:39.950 And then you'll see-- if you look closely throughout the map, 34:39.950 --> 34:42.240 he was very careful about showing 34:42.240 --> 34:44.580 where the different dry cause offices were. 34:44.580 --> 34:47.370 For example, the Prohibition Bureau Office, which is right-- 34:47.370 --> 34:49.440 if you see Pennsylvania Avenue, it's right below the P 34:49.440 --> 34:51.150 in Pennsylvania, almost dead center. 34:51.150 --> 34:55.290 And you'll see right behind it, two raids, two little dots. 34:55.290 --> 34:57.720 The Women's Christian Temperance Union is on there. 34:57.720 --> 34:59.930 Of course it's got a bunch of raids right around there. 34:59.930 --> 35:01.650 The Anti-Saloon League had lots of raids, 35:01.650 --> 35:03.240 and look around the Methodist building. 35:03.240 --> 35:05.600 I mean, it has a bunch of raids as well taking place. 35:05.600 --> 35:09.260 So all over the city there's raids taking place in every neighborhood. 35:09.260 --> 35:11.980 There's more of a concentration in certain neighborhoods. 35:11.980 --> 35:15.480 What's so surprising on U Street and someone mentioned in a talk 35:15.480 --> 35:20.470 that perhaps the proprietors on U Street were either better armed or, 35:20.470 --> 35:23.550 you know, had better connections with the police 35:23.550 --> 35:25.090 and therefore they could get tipped off or something. 35:25.090 --> 35:27.040 I haven't been able to document that at all. 35:27.040 --> 35:30.270 But certainly a great deal of where the African-American community lived 35:30.270 --> 35:34.550 at the time was Southwest, Foggy Bottom in the west end, 35:34.550 --> 35:38.270 as well in Georgetown and of course seventh aven-- 35:38.270 --> 35:39.480 7th Street and 9th Street. 35:39.480 --> 35:41.490 And of course you see great concentration 35:41.490 --> 35:43.530 of the speakeasy raids that take place there. 35:43.530 --> 35:47.080 So again there are raids taking place throughout the city here. 35:47.080 --> 35:48.860 And the intention of those maps again was really 35:48.860 --> 35:51.520 35:51.520 --> 35:52.550 35:52.550 --> 35:54.710 This happened in September 1930. 35:54.710 --> 36:00.830 Just a couple weeks later in October of 1930, one particular man named, 36:00.830 --> 36:03.820 well, let me ask first off, has anybody ever heard-- 36:03.820 --> 36:06.360 or who might have worked here on Capitol Hill long enough 36:06.360 --> 36:10.810 to remember a restaurant bar called The Man in the Green Hat? 36:10.810 --> 36:12.580 And a few other people? This was the man in the green hat. 36:12.580 --> 36:15.170 36:15.170 --> 36:18.160 This-- his name was George Cassidy, and he was a bootlegger 36:18.160 --> 36:20.760 for Congress for ten years. Yeah, he had an office. 36:20.760 --> 36:22.390 36:22.390 --> 36:26.030 He worked first on the House side, and they gave him an office 36:26.030 --> 36:28.290 in the Cannon House Office Building. 36:28.290 --> 36:32.190 [Laughter] Yeah, and everyday he trudged in with a suitcase full 36:32.190 --> 36:34.600 of liquor, back then you were only searched when you left the building. 36:34.600 --> 36:35.920 And Congressmen weren't searched at all. 36:35.920 --> 36:38.570 So therefore they can take their liquor with them. 36:38.570 --> 36:42.980 He was arrested in 1925, and then he shifted over to the Senate side. 36:42.980 --> 36:45.620 The Senate gave him an office in the Russell Senate Office Building. 36:45.620 --> 36:49.020 Because as he said, Senators were more discreet 36:49.020 --> 36:53.060 than Congressmen were, so remarkable story. 36:53.060 --> 36:54.870 What happens he is arrested for the second 36:54.870 --> 36:57.310 and final time in February 1930. 36:57.310 --> 37:00.790 And in October of 1930, he goes public with the story. 37:00.790 --> 37:03.570 He's the only bootlegger that I know of who spills the beans. 37:03.570 --> 37:05.910 He did it in an incredible style, 37:05.910 --> 37:08.850 five front page articles in the Washington Post. 37:08.850 --> 37:10.600 So this is a national story. 37:10.600 --> 37:12.860 Here's this guy, every other bootlegger is very quite 37:12.860 --> 37:13.290 about their story. 37:13.290 --> 37:15.410 They get arrested, there's sort of this embarrassment. 37:15.410 --> 37:18.080 He goes out and does everything but name names. 37:18.080 --> 37:19.360 It's the one thing he doesn't do. 37:19.360 --> 37:21.790 But he tells exactly where he bought his booze, 37:21.790 --> 37:25.620 how he got it into the Senate and House Office Buildings and so on. 37:25.620 --> 37:29.420 Who his customers were, it's a remarkable story, and the story, 37:29.420 --> 37:32.530 the very last article which dealt with Congressional culpability, 37:32.530 --> 37:35.320 in other words where he basically said "Look, I admit my guilt, 37:35.320 --> 37:38.470 but if I'm guilty so is virtually every other member of Congress 37:38.470 --> 37:41.360 because they were my customers, right?" 37:41.360 --> 37:46.780 In that article he said he estimated that based on his experience dealing 37:46.780 --> 37:49.500 with all these Congressmen-- and by the way there were other bootleggers 37:49.500 --> 37:52.240 as well but he was the main one. 37:52.240 --> 37:56.840 He estimated that four out of five Congressmen and Senators drank, 37:56.840 --> 37:58.540 so absolutely embarrassing. 37:58.540 --> 38:00.840 This was a huge betrayal here to the dry cause. 38:00.840 --> 38:04.820 Because the-- the allies of the Anti-Saloon League was Congress, 38:04.820 --> 38:08.270 they basically squeezed, you know? 38:08.270 --> 38:10.920 The midterm election takes place just a week later. 38:10.920 --> 38:12.750 This last article takes place, you know, 38:12.750 --> 38:15.000 one week to the day before the midterm election. 38:15.000 --> 38:17.410 Alright, it was-- the [inaudible] was very clear about this. 38:17.410 --> 38:20.060 They have sided with the wet cause at that point and they really wanted 38:20.060 --> 38:23.130 to embarrass the wet-- the dry cause. 38:23.130 --> 38:26.690 So they published this article, the series of articles. 38:26.690 --> 38:30.530 Congress then flips, not necessarily because of Cassidy but largely 38:30.530 --> 38:31.910 because the Great Depression. But as a result well you see, 38:31.910 --> 38:33.980 38:33.980 --> 38:39.430 up until 1930 was a dry Republican Congress, starting in-- I'm sorry. 38:39.430 --> 38:42.090 Beginning in 1931 where the new Congress comes 38:42.090 --> 38:43.890 in is a wet Democratic Congress. 38:43.890 --> 38:46.220 And now they're very hostile towards Prohibition 38:46.220 --> 38:48.750 and Prohibition starts to come undone. 38:48.750 --> 38:53.050 In fact-- this is a -- the Cannon House Office Building 38:53.050 --> 38:54.780 where Cassidy worked for five years. So because of the Great Depression, 38:54.780 --> 38:58.240 38:58.240 --> 39:00.120 because of all the endemic law-breaking, 39:00.120 --> 39:01.480 the idea behind Prohibition was 39:01.480 --> 39:04.120 to create this dry utopia within the country. 39:04.120 --> 39:07.380 But in fact, it turned out to be anything but, you know. 39:07.380 --> 39:10.320 If anything, we roll out the red carpet to organized crime 39:10.320 --> 39:13.670 and unorganized crime, there was a great deal of violence, 39:13.670 --> 39:16.380 there was poisoning of alcohol going on during this era. 39:16.380 --> 39:19.720 And a general disregard for the law of the land, you know? 39:19.720 --> 39:21.650 Can we change the Constitution to ban alcohol? 39:21.650 --> 39:22.960 But everyone's blowing it off, right? 39:22.960 --> 39:25.380 Everyone's manufacturing and selling and transportation-- 39:25.380 --> 39:27.810 transporting alcohol and buying it and so on, 39:27.810 --> 39:31.570 so the country had really decided that they didn't want this. 39:31.570 --> 39:33.060 And there was this national movement 39:33.060 --> 39:36.130 and by the early 1930's to end Prohibition. 39:36.130 --> 39:41.500 And the Democrats were very smart in the 1932 Presidential election. 39:41.500 --> 39:44.900 The FDR ran on a platform of repeal. 39:44.900 --> 39:46.580 And part of the big promise of that and-- 39:46.580 --> 39:48.860 repeal became 21st Amendment, right? 39:48.860 --> 39:51.530 The big promise was, we are gonna get everybody back to work. 39:51.530 --> 39:55.190 We're gonna re-establish the liquor trade, 39:55.190 --> 39:56.670 but it's gonna be different this time. 39:56.670 --> 39:58.690 States will have the power to regulate it, 39:58.690 --> 40:00.900 according to the 21st Amendment. 40:00.900 --> 40:02.520 >> And a number of states actually stayed dry 40:02.520 --> 40:04.340 like Oklahoma and Mississippi. 40:04.340 --> 40:09.040 Oklahoma State is drive 'til 1959 and Mississippi 'til 1966, you know. 40:09.040 --> 40:12.870 So it-- the promise is greater regulation and taxation 40:12.870 --> 40:16.130 and we're basically gonna get this unregulated beast back 40:16.130 --> 40:16.790 under control. 40:16.790 --> 40:21.330 So that's really the promise of repeal, and the country decides yes, 40:21.330 --> 40:22.970 that's absolutely what we want. 40:22.970 --> 40:27.800 So on March 1933, this is the last inauguration day that takes place 40:27.800 --> 40:30.540 in March, Herbert Hoover rides in the car together 40:30.540 --> 40:33.340 with Franklin Delano Roosevelt, they hardly speak to each other 40:33.340 --> 40:38.270 because they had a very vicious campaign and Hoover is quite bitter 40:38.270 --> 40:40.810 about losing but it was sort of a foreground conclusion 40:40.810 --> 40:43.970 because of the Great Depression that he was gonna lose the election. 40:43.970 --> 40:48.700 Roosevelt in his first two weeks in office promises to legalize beer 40:48.700 --> 40:50.420 which those of you who come from the states 40:50.420 --> 40:53.490 where you still see 3-2 beers, 3.2 percent beer. 40:53.490 --> 40:55.680 That came about from the winning days of prohibition 40:55.680 --> 40:58.200 when Congress simply just declared that 3.2 percent 40:58.200 --> 40:59.880 of beer was not intoxicating. 40:59.880 --> 41:02.760 And therefore didn't violate the 18th amendments. 41:02.760 --> 41:06.840 And that went into effect on April 7th and so two 2 weeks 41:06.840 --> 41:09.990 into Roosevelt term in office and the country. 41:09.990 --> 41:13.870 I think that's really just the beginning of the end of Prohibition. 41:13.870 --> 41:17.330 The first state Michigan had voted just a couple of days before 41:17.330 --> 41:21.380 and how long do you think it's took to get three quarters of the states 41:21.380 --> 41:23.730 to vote for Prohibition to end? Any guesses? 41:23.730 --> 41:25.120 41:25.120 --> 41:26.480 >> A year? >> Less than a year. 41:26.480 --> 41:28.050 41:28.050 --> 41:30.170 It took 13 months for-- which is remarkable, 41:30.170 --> 41:32.640 13 months to get prohibition passed. Repeal takes to 8 months. 41:32.640 --> 41:35.490 41:35.490 --> 41:35.890 [ Laughter ] 41:35.890 --> 41:37.370 >> I mean this was a true national consensus. 41:37.370 --> 41:38.330 The country wanted this thing 41:38.330 --> 41:40.730 over with really desperately by this point. 41:40.730 --> 41:43.810 So the first state is Michigan, any Michiganders here? 41:43.810 --> 41:47.340 Your state went first on I think March 3rd or 4th-- 41:47.340 --> 41:50.730 sorry April 3rd or 4th 1933. 41:50.730 --> 41:53.830 So what was the 36th state, the state that put it over the top? 41:53.830 --> 41:55.180 Anyone wanna guess? >> Arkansas. 41:55.180 --> 41:55.680 41:55.680 --> 41:56.800 >> What's that? >> Arkansas? 41:56.800 --> 41:57.430 41:57.430 --> 41:58.180 >> No not Arkansas. And that's might, it was Utah. 41:58.180 --> 42:00.120 42:00.120 --> 42:03.570 Utah was the 36th state yeah, the state where 70 percent 42:03.570 --> 42:05.520 of people are Mormon, right? But the promise that they-- 42:05.520 --> 42:06.700 42:06.700 --> 42:09.390 the Democrats by the way were in firm control of the country 42:09.390 --> 42:12.360 at this point, the promise they made to their constituents wasn't 42:12.360 --> 42:14.510 that that they're in favor 'cause most the delegates 42:14.510 --> 42:16.170 of course are Mormon, right? 42:16.170 --> 42:18.660 They're not in favor of alcohol but rather we were 42:18.660 --> 42:19.790 in favor of law and order. 42:19.790 --> 42:22.770 If you wanna get this thing reestablished and Utah ended 42:22.770 --> 42:24.840 up forming a system minority of states 42:24.840 --> 42:29.580 to these 18 states formed a system whereby the state itself becomes the 42:29.580 --> 42:30.850 retail, the retailer. 42:30.850 --> 42:33.490 So we see that in Virginia where I live as well 42:33.490 --> 42:35.020 and Montgomery County has that as well. 42:35.020 --> 42:36.990 So that was again, part of the promise 42:36.990 --> 42:40.450 of repeal is we're gonna have far more regulation than we did before. 42:40.450 --> 42:43.040 And the states have far more control over alcohol 42:43.040 --> 42:46.830 than they did before Prohibition ended. 42:46.830 --> 42:48.200 What's remarkable to see, okay, 42:48.200 --> 42:50.960 we went through this whole century long temperance moment. 42:50.960 --> 42:53.860 We heavily stigmatized alcohol in the country. 42:53.860 --> 42:57.090 We ban out the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol 42:57.090 --> 42:59.050 by putting into the constitution. 42:59.050 --> 43:02.560 Less than 14 years it fails, you fast forward to today, 43:02.560 --> 43:04.720 and more than two-thirds of American at all does not drink. 43:04.720 --> 43:07.970 And that stigma is largely gone in American society. 43:07.970 --> 43:09.620 And that's actually the topic of my first book, 43:09.620 --> 43:10.950 "The Prohibition Hangover". 43:10.950 --> 43:14.270 It's a subtle and yet really remarkable social shift, you know, 43:14.270 --> 43:16.400 like when I lead the Temperance Tour and I always ask people, 43:16.400 --> 43:18.310 "Who can define what temperance is?" And no one can. 43:18.310 --> 43:19.640 43:19.640 --> 43:21.210 You know a century ago, this was 43:21.210 --> 43:23.480 like after slavery abolishing it's own-- 43:23.480 --> 43:26.560 this was the social reform movement, this was, you know, 43:26.560 --> 43:29.790 we're gonna get make us into a sober country. 43:29.790 --> 43:31.820 And now of course we even don't remember that anymore, 43:31.820 --> 43:34.950 we remember prohibition but no one knows how and why we got 43:34.950 --> 43:37.410 into this mess, you know, or why it ended so, 43:37.410 --> 43:40.830 so quickly here within the country. 43:40.830 --> 43:44.460 This concludes my presentation here today and I will be glad 43:44.460 --> 43:46.120 and answer any questions you have. So she had her hand up your first. 43:46.120 --> 43:49.590 43:49.590 --> 43:51.430 >> Can you talk to us about Tune Inn 43:51.430 --> 43:54.570 and its involvement [inaudible] prohibition? 43:54.570 --> 43:55.120 >> Sure thing. 43:55.120 --> 43:58.260 The question was can I talk about Tune Inn 43:58.260 --> 43:59.740 and its role on Prohibition. 43:59.740 --> 44:02.110 Has everybody here have been to Tune Inn? 44:02.110 --> 44:05.340 I think everyone has, very cool, so yeah, Tune Inn is just a couple 44:05.340 --> 44:07.320 of blocks up to street here and it's currently close 44:07.320 --> 44:10.500 but it's gonna reopen, they had all the kitchen fire a few months ago. 44:10.500 --> 44:13.430 In-- during Prohibition it was a candy store. 44:13.430 --> 44:15.990 And it was a speakeasy at the same time. 44:15.990 --> 44:18.820 And you think a speakeasy is always being these swanky New York clubs 44:18.820 --> 44:20.260 like the cotton club and so on. 44:20.260 --> 44:22.000 Well speakeasy is where do you run the gamut? 44:22.000 --> 44:26.290 It was just simply-- it's the place where you can go buy illegal booze. 44:26.290 --> 44:28.880 So this was a candy store, they kept their liquor in the basement 44:28.880 --> 44:31.150 of the place and they-- when they were asked about it 44:31.150 --> 44:33.320 and they showed me, if you're going there for lunch sometime 44:33.320 --> 44:36.570 when it reopens, look right under the coffee maker, 44:36.570 --> 44:41.030 and there's a little staircase-- I'm sorry a ladder that goes straight, 44:41.030 --> 44:42.310 that's how they brought the liquor up. 44:42.310 --> 44:44.920 So if somebody came in, they'd ask for, you know, 44:44.920 --> 44:46.510 something if they knew the password. 44:46.510 --> 44:49.560 They'd wrap it up for them and then bring up the ladder for them, 44:49.560 --> 44:52.030 so really kind of remarkable, but again a candy store 44:52.030 --> 44:54.910 that was also as Big Easy. Rock you had a question? 44:54.910 --> 44:55.890 44:55.890 --> 44:58.070 >> Yes the one photograph I thought was interesting, 44:58.070 --> 45:01.500 the busting of the barrels there or visiting the [inaudible]. 45:01.500 --> 45:03.870 I suppose those prevent the covered spectacles 45:03.870 --> 45:05.250 like they wanted that's [inaudible]. Can you comment on this? 45:05.250 --> 45:07.790 45:07.790 --> 45:11.020 >> Yeah the question was about the reign on the Carl Hammel Lunch Room 45:11.020 --> 45:13.670 with all the barrels and they're, you know, pulling them all out 45:13.670 --> 45:16.140 and was that-- that was kinda meant to be a public spectacle right, 45:16.140 --> 45:18.800 takes place in broad daylight and it's right downtown. 45:18.800 --> 45:20.710 Yeah, there was a certainly an elements 45:20.710 --> 45:22.900 of trying to shame the owners. 45:22.900 --> 45:26.170 But very quickly during the Prohibition, getting arrested 45:26.170 --> 45:28.940 for a prohibition offense turned out to be anything but shameful, 45:28.940 --> 45:31.520 if anything it turned out to be, you know, it added years 45:31.520 --> 45:34.460 to your street crowd, there was glamor to it, right? 45:34.460 --> 45:37.500 You remember the woman, the dancer with the hip flask 45:37.500 --> 45:39.180 in her garter belt, right? 45:39.180 --> 45:42.420 Suddenly disobeying the law becomes glamorous like, oh, 45:42.420 --> 45:46.160 you're a bootlegger, oh, hello, you know, here's my number, you know. 45:46.160 --> 45:46.560 It's-- [ Laughter ] 45:46.560 --> 45:47.520 45:47.520 --> 45:50.190 >> It's remarkable the social change that happens during this point 45:50.190 --> 45:53.930 where we suddenly elevate law breakers into becoming people 45:53.930 --> 45:55.930 that are really cool and so and so. 45:55.930 --> 45:58.320 Alright you-- yes sir, you had your hand up. 45:58.320 --> 45:58.720 >> Thanks. 45:58.720 --> 46:01.220 You mentioned the Woodrow Wilson house 46:01.220 --> 46:05.820 in your book called the [inaudible] and the current curator. 46:05.820 --> 46:09.650 Did they mention and did you see that wonderful exhibit that they had 46:09.650 --> 46:12.940 in 2005, 2006 Woodrow Wilson 46:12.940 --> 46:16.300 and the Prohibition Amendment the No Temperance in It? 46:16.300 --> 46:20.810 >> Unfortunate-- the question was if I had seen the exhibit that they had 46:20.810 --> 46:24.090 in the Woodrow Wilson house, No Temperance In It back in 2005, 46:24.090 --> 46:25.220 unfortunately I missed that exhibit. I would have loved to see it. 46:25.220 --> 46:26.020 46:26.020 --> 46:28.420 And Mark [inaudible] was the director 46:28.420 --> 46:29.730 at that time and he's now the-- >> Was he the curator too? 46:29.730 --> 46:30.990 46:30.990 --> 46:32.160 Did he curate that? >> I assume he did, yeah. 46:32.160 --> 46:34.890 46:34.890 --> 46:36.880 Yeah. He's now actually the director now 46:36.880 --> 46:38.880 of the Arlington Historical Society. Yeah. Yes? 46:38.880 --> 46:40.940 46:40.940 --> 46:44.270 >> How long were the sentences usually when they were arrested? 46:44.270 --> 46:44.680 >> How long were the-- ? >> Sentences. 46:44.680 --> 46:45.490 46:45.490 --> 46:46.440 >> Sentences. They really varied-- I'm sorry, 46:46.440 --> 46:47.950 46:47.950 --> 46:50.660 the question was how long were the sentences during prohibition. 46:50.660 --> 46:55.180 The really varied, generally what happened was you would get arrested, 46:55.180 --> 46:58.810 you post bond, you're on the street the next day or even that night. 46:58.810 --> 47:01.380 And then you reopen the next day in the same place. 47:01.380 --> 47:03.160 So that was a huge problem during Prohibition. 47:03.160 --> 47:04.890 That people just-- all you had to do was call 47:04.890 --> 47:07.290 up bootlegger and resupply you. 47:07.290 --> 47:13.240 By about 1925, '26 or so, New York led this way which was padlocking 47:13.240 --> 47:17.650 which was if we find that you've, if you're selling booze, 47:17.650 --> 47:21.490 well we're gonna put a padlock on the door for a year. 47:21.490 --> 47:23.440 And of course that led the bootleggers 47:23.440 --> 47:25.120 and speakeasies simply just to reopen 47:25.120 --> 47:27.050 down the street at a different place. 47:27.050 --> 47:28.890 I mean there were so much money to be made 47:28.890 --> 47:31.200 that people weren't gonna give this thing up. 47:31.200 --> 47:35.470 And then during Hoover's time in office, he was the only president 47:35.470 --> 47:38.680 who really tried to enforce prohibition which I think helped 47:38.680 --> 47:41.080 to undermine Prohibition even more because people just got sick 47:41.080 --> 47:42.800 of the heavy hand enforcement during that time. 47:42.800 --> 47:44.880 People are already going into a well like, 47:44.880 --> 47:46.100 what up with this [inaudible], right? 47:46.100 --> 47:49.420 And here comes the Prohibition Bureau even more now, right? 47:49.420 --> 47:53.550 And they've passed the Jones 5 and 10 law which was 5 years 47:53.550 --> 47:55.340 in prison and 10,000 dollar fine. 47:55.340 --> 47:59.810 Not that many people went to jail for that term but, yeah, why-- 47:59.810 --> 48:04.260 as you see, what happens very quickly is this totally bogs 48:04.260 --> 48:05.550 down the legal system in the country, 48:05.550 --> 48:08.030 the court system is absolutely crowded with cases. 48:08.030 --> 48:12.900 The smart bootleggers know to plead innocent and demand a trial by jury 48:12.900 --> 48:16.610 because that's just gonna absolutely just throw cogs in the wheel, right? 48:16.610 --> 48:19.260 You know. And of course the jails and so 48:19.260 --> 48:21.520 on are absolutely full of people. You can't handle the number 48:21.520 --> 48:22.330 48:22.330 --> 48:23.700 of people who've been arrested and so on. 48:23.700 --> 48:26.250 So judges very quickly are trying to get people to plea 48:26.250 --> 48:29.150 and 'cause they know they can't put them on jail, you know? 48:29.150 --> 48:30.980 So they're back on the streets very quickly. 48:30.980 --> 48:34.110 So not that many people actually go to jail for the Jones 5 48:34.110 --> 48:36.980 and 10 law although it certainly angered an awful lot 48:36.980 --> 48:38.320 of people, yeah. 48:38.320 --> 48:40.820 So Michael-- oh sorry, actually Kevin you had your hand up first 48:40.820 --> 48:43.960 and then will go back to Michael. 48:43.960 --> 48:46.360 >> You mentioned the '80s and '90s were met-- how-- 48:46.360 --> 48:49.360 [inaudible] suffered was kind of tied in to prohibition. 48:49.360 --> 48:50.850 I wondered if you could say a few words 48:50.850 --> 48:53.670 about the paid tax [inaudible]. >> Got you. 48:53.670 --> 48:54.880 48:54.880 --> 48:57.600 The question was how the income tax amendment was tied 48:57.600 --> 48:59.980 into the prohibition, so the Temperance Movement 48:59.980 --> 49:02.220 and the Prohibition Amendment. 49:02.220 --> 49:07.300 Before prohibition that the US government got its main sources 49:07.300 --> 49:09.140 of income from the tariff, so it's amazing 49:09.140 --> 49:11.960 if you look how much it has shifted over time. 49:11.960 --> 49:14.830 So the land sales was huge as we're developing the West. 49:14.830 --> 49:17.640 The tariff was an enormous source of income and alcohol 49:17.640 --> 49:20.900 and tobacco excise taxes were enormous sources of funding 49:20.900 --> 49:22.350 for the Federal Government. 49:22.350 --> 49:25.510 And of course if you're gonna propose banning alcohol, 49:25.510 --> 49:28.180 well there goes that source of revenue, right? 49:28.180 --> 49:31.060 So one of the key things that takes place during the Progressive era is 49:31.060 --> 49:34.970 this constitutional amendment to allow the national income tax 49:34.970 --> 49:38.870 and therefore we find a replacement for the alcohol excise tax. 49:38.870 --> 49:43.260 And with that in place that one went in effect in 1912 I think. 49:43.260 --> 49:44.760 Now you've got this effective replacement 49:44.760 --> 49:49.510 for the Federal Government to find its operations, so Michael. 49:49.510 --> 50:06.060 [ Inaudible Remark ] 50:06.060 --> 50:09.270 >> Yeah. That the question was describe George Cassidy's process 50:09.270 --> 50:13.000 of going to prison after he got busted for the second time in 1930. 50:13.000 --> 50:15.480 So again, that is-- this is during the era 50:15.480 --> 50:17.890 of the Jones 5 and 10 law, right? 50:17.890 --> 50:20.330 He spent very, very little time actually in jail. 50:20.330 --> 50:22.370 He basically made a promise to the judge 50:22.370 --> 50:26.060 that that he would not bootleg again. 50:26.060 --> 50:29.030 And he was firm with his word. 50:29.030 --> 50:32.940 So again, one of these cases where throwing the book at the-- 50:32.940 --> 50:36.880 at someone in fact ended up with a plea agreement and, you know, 50:36.880 --> 50:38.790 that they being back out in the street again. 50:38.790 --> 50:41.050 But he didn't really spend-- he spent a little bit of time in jail 50:41.050 --> 50:42.760 but not very, very much so. Guy, and then the man back here, so. 50:42.760 --> 50:44.490 50:44.490 --> 50:46.890 >> Can you tell us how prevalent speakeasies were 50:46.890 --> 50:48.690 in the Washington suburbs? 50:48.690 --> 50:50.820 >> The question was how prevalence speakeasies were 50:50.820 --> 50:52.480 in the Washington suburbs. 50:52.480 --> 50:56.500 At-- during the 1920s the suburbs of Washington is still pretty small, 50:56.500 --> 51:00.670 D.C. by 1930 was approaching 500,000 people in the city. 51:00.670 --> 51:05.390 And Arlington where I live 1930 census I just wrote an article 51:05.390 --> 51:07.740 by the way on Prohibition on Arlington that's gonna come 51:07.740 --> 51:09.830 out in January for the New Arlington Magazine. 51:09.830 --> 51:14.200 In the 1930s census we had 30,000 people. 51:14.200 --> 51:17.080 So which doubled the population from 1920, right? 51:17.080 --> 51:20.730 So this was largely just-- the suburbs were just beginning to grow. 51:20.730 --> 51:24.950 What I found I this article on my research was that they had largely-- 51:24.950 --> 51:26.630 they're appointed law breakers certainly within Arlington 51:26.630 --> 51:28.320 but we didn't really have much 51:28.320 --> 51:30.780 of a speakeasy scene rather Arlington surd 51:30.780 --> 51:34.690 because we have three big bridges, we had 14th Street Bridge, 51:34.690 --> 51:36.490 we have the Key Bridge and we have Tan Bridge. 51:36.490 --> 51:39.080 This basically formed the transit route through the county to get 51:39.080 --> 51:41.140 to the D.C. liquor market, right? 51:41.140 --> 51:45.580 So a lot of the liquor came from either Baltimore, 51:45.580 --> 51:47.470 it came from the Appalachians or it came 51:47.470 --> 51:50.210 from like the Great Dismal Swamps, so that's outside Virginia. 51:50.210 --> 51:52.060 And it was then trucked in 51:52.060 --> 51:54.070 and frequently would happen they would truck it in to 51:54.070 --> 51:57.290 like say [inaudible] by big trucks. 51:57.290 --> 51:59.890 And then they would stop and have transfer points 51:59.890 --> 52:04.590 where all the bootleggers with small very fast cars would then take a 52:04.590 --> 52:06.810 shipment of that and then, if you remember 52:06.810 --> 52:09.600 like Star Wars all the little TIE fighters, you know, 52:09.600 --> 52:11.940 the rebels attacking the Death Star, you know, they would then race 52:11.940 --> 52:15.070 for the city in these very small fast cars 52:15.070 --> 52:17.540 and hopefully outrunning the police and the Prohibition Bureau 52:17.540 --> 52:19.840 to get their liquor in the market. 52:19.840 --> 52:22.540 'Cause by the way, this is how in NASCAR is formed. 52:22.540 --> 52:26.170 This is formed by bootleggers who have these suited up cars 52:26.170 --> 52:27.970 that out run the Prohibition Bureau 52:27.970 --> 52:31.690 and on the weekends they get the other and they race each other. 52:31.690 --> 52:35.180 And this was, you know, do you think NASCAR is this thing that comes 52:35.180 --> 52:36.490 from Appalachians, right? 52:36.490 --> 52:40.220 It's tied in together with corn liquor, it really is. 52:40.220 --> 52:41.850 Yeah. Yes sir? [ Inaudible Remark ] 52:41.850 --> 52:42.250 52:42.250 --> 52:44.370 >> What is that, sorry? >> Volstead Act. 52:44.370 --> 52:45.470 52:45.470 --> 52:46.980 >> What is the Volstead Act? 52:46.980 --> 52:50.300 The Volstead Act was the Prohibition Enforcement Act. 52:50.300 --> 52:52.760 You had the 18th Amendment which simply just occurred 52:52.760 --> 52:56.240 that intoxicating liquors are hereby-- so the manufacture, sale, 52:56.240 --> 53:00.120 and transportation of intoxicating liquors are hereby now illegal. 53:00.120 --> 53:06.180 And the Volstead Act is the law to enforce the 18th Amendment. 53:06.180 --> 53:11.020 This was largely written by Wayne Wheeler for the Anti-Saloon League. 53:11.020 --> 53:13.640 And he put very strict guidelines behind it. 53:13.640 --> 53:16.190 In fact Woodrow Wilson was the president at that time 53:16.190 --> 53:20.130 who just had a stroke three weeks before vetoed the Volstead Act. 53:20.130 --> 53:24.210 He wanted intoxicating liquors to be defined essentially 53:24.210 --> 53:26.360 as distilled spirits but he wanted beer and liquor, 53:26.360 --> 53:28.780 Siberian wines still to be legal. 53:28.780 --> 53:31.240 Wayne Wheeler had a completely different philosophy. 53:31.240 --> 53:33.740 He wanted anything with alcohol to be banned. 53:33.740 --> 53:36.010 He wanted effectively zero tolerance. 53:36.010 --> 53:39.650 So anything with 0.5 percent alcohol or higher was now illegal 53:39.650 --> 53:42.380 to manufacture, sell, of transport it. 53:42.380 --> 53:48.070 Now, so very strict interpretation of prohibition and again, 53:48.070 --> 53:53.100 this is what [inaudible] beer, with FDR in 1933, 53:53.100 --> 53:56.650 this is effectively their way of getting around the 18th amendment 53:56.650 --> 54:01.070 by declaring that 3.2 percent beer, alcohol beer is non-intoxicating 54:01.070 --> 54:03.250 and therefore doesn't violate the amendment. 54:03.250 --> 54:06.510 And the man in the blue shirt had question then. 54:06.510 --> 54:18.050 [ Inaudible Remark ] 54:18.050 --> 54:19.500 >> Yeah especially with the Baptist Churches, yeah. 54:19.500 --> 54:22.460 >> Yeah. I was wondering how did they fit into the mix, 54:22.460 --> 54:24.640 how did the churches fit into these? 54:24.640 --> 54:26.910 >> Yeah. They certainly fit in quite a bit as well. 54:26.910 --> 54:30.930 It's a fascinating era if you think, okay, Prohibition largely coincides 54:30.930 --> 54:31.770 with the great migration 54:31.770 --> 54:33.210 of African-Americans out of the deep south. 54:33.210 --> 54:37.450 But-- and largely was about 1915 until 1930. 54:37.450 --> 54:39.840 Caused in part Jim Crow but the big opportunity 54:39.840 --> 54:42.780 to let all these African-Americans to leave was World War I. 54:42.780 --> 54:44.900 That all the different jobs and ammunitions factories 54:44.900 --> 54:46.630 and the seal factories and they are like, okay, 54:46.630 --> 54:47.590 let's get out of the deep south 54:47.590 --> 54:50.080 and go somewhere they actually want us, you know? 54:50.080 --> 54:52.750 So you had two million African-Americans leave the south 54:52.750 --> 54:53.560 to come up north. 54:53.560 --> 54:55.650 And a great number that came up here as well. 54:55.650 --> 54:58.330 Oh we had-- within D.C. we had probably the wealthiest black 54:58.330 --> 54:59.830 community in the country at that time. 54:59.830 --> 55:00.980 Wasn't as large as Harlem, 55:00.980 --> 55:04.370 if you think of 1920 is the Harlem renaissance 55:04.370 --> 55:06.610 but we a significant middle class-- 55:06.610 --> 55:10.340 upper middle class and professional population 55:10.340 --> 55:12.580 in the city largely centered around U Street, you know, 55:12.580 --> 55:14.370 kind of North of Dupont circle. 55:14.370 --> 55:16.570 There's a map by the way, it shows basically what African-American 55:16.570 --> 55:19.810 section the city was that the wealthier section which is kind 55:19.810 --> 55:23.130 of Loyal Plaza all the way over to Harvard University, you know, 55:23.130 --> 55:25.290 so a huge section of the city, all north Dupont Circle. 55:25.290 --> 55:29.010 That was all black, it was all built as upper middle class black. 55:29.010 --> 55:33.140 So and today of course it's a different demographic in the city. 55:33.140 --> 55:36.710 But yeah, within the established black community, 55:36.710 --> 55:40.280 they were very anti Prohibition because they like many other people, 55:40.280 --> 55:41.400 they wanted their cocktail. 55:41.400 --> 55:44.280 At the same time, you'll have the Baptist ministers, you know? 55:44.280 --> 55:48.100 And by the way, that element was more the Episcopalians 55:48.100 --> 55:49.680 and Presbyterians and so on. 55:49.680 --> 55:51.260 The Evangelical black men that serves 55:51.260 --> 55:54.140 on either hand though were they fed in more with the temperance movement 55:54.140 --> 55:56.440 so the black community was quite large, it was a quarter 55:56.440 --> 55:57.300 of the city at that time. 55:57.300 --> 56:01.160 So you can't say all black people believe this or believe that 56:01.160 --> 56:03.920 but there's really a range of opinions that take place. 56:03.920 --> 56:05.850 But certainly what we know form historical record was 56:05.850 --> 56:06.520 that an awful lot 56:06.520 --> 56:10.190 of African-Americans bootlegged during this time and a lot 56:10.190 --> 56:12.560 of jazz clubs existed during this times. 56:12.560 --> 56:14.600 You know, across the U Street corridors so. 56:14.600 --> 56:17.520 It's a complex question and I hope you will read the chapter just 56:17.520 --> 56:20.020 'cause it's probably the chapter I'm most proud 56:20.020 --> 56:22.760 of because it took probably the most research to go find this information 56:22.760 --> 56:25.550 because it was not readily available. 56:25.550 --> 56:27.390 Over here in the black sweater. 56:27.390 --> 56:30.220 >> I was wondering apart from customs, 56:30.220 --> 56:36.830 how do the government alcohol from coming in from other countries? 56:36.830 --> 56:38.850 >> How did alcohol-- how did the government prevent alcohol 56:38.850 --> 56:42.900 from coming in to the country apart from customs? 56:42.900 --> 56:43.300 [ Inaudible Remark ] >> Now, no, not really. 56:43.300 --> 56:44.600 56:44.600 --> 56:48.920 No. Canada was partly dry at that time but again, 56:48.920 --> 56:50.790 some of the big Canadians who made their money 56:50.790 --> 56:54.440 at that time was the Seagram family [phonetic], you know, 56:54.440 --> 56:57.600 'cause they were bootleggers and big time. 56:57.600 --> 57:02.010 The-- we had plenty of ships we had 57:02.010 --> 57:05.060 to cross fish off the east coast we had [inaudible] also called Rum Row, 57:05.060 --> 57:08.590 we have Rum Row district in the city on Pennsylvania Avenue 57:08.590 --> 57:11.330 but across the whole east coast outside of the-- 57:11.330 --> 57:13.030 first the three-mile limit and then it was extended our 57:13.030 --> 57:16.930 for the 12 limits was Rum Row which was-- went all the way from, 57:16.930 --> 57:20.450 you know, from Maine all the way down to Florida and over to Texas 57:20.450 --> 57:22.720 and that's where these big ships would anchor 57:22.720 --> 57:24.330 by the side of three-mile limit. 57:24.330 --> 57:26.990 And then these little small ships would speed up to them everyday 57:26.990 --> 57:31.370 and then upload alcohol, and then speed back to the shoreline. 57:31.370 --> 57:33.220 The coast guard of course did their best to stop this 57:33.220 --> 57:36.270 but they didn't captured 10 percent of the trade. 57:36.270 --> 57:38.540 So that's actually by the way not where we got most 57:38.540 --> 57:40.100 of our alcohol during that time. 57:40.100 --> 57:44.780 Most of the alcohol produced during Prohibition was reconverted 57:44.780 --> 57:46.320 industrial alcohol. 57:46.320 --> 57:49.540 So, you know, go to CBS and buy denatured alcohol, right? 57:49.540 --> 57:52.670 It's denatured for a reason because it's poisons, right? 57:52.670 --> 57:56.470 So the bootleggers figured out how you-- how you denature it, 57:56.470 --> 58:00.280 and then you add some flavorings to it and you then put them 58:00.280 --> 58:02.400 in containers you wanna use and then you take it to the bath tub 58:02.400 --> 58:05.390 and you fill up of water that's why it's called bath tub gin. 58:05.390 --> 58:10.040 'Cause you tap, you cut it with water in the bath tubs. 58:10.040 --> 58:12.620 >> Joe Kennedy involved in that thing? 58:12.620 --> 58:14.650 >> That's actually-- the question was Joe Kennedy was he involved? 58:14.650 --> 58:16.330 And that's a common myth. 58:16.330 --> 58:18.190 Joe Kennedy actually was not involved 58:18.190 --> 58:19.300 in the bootlegging business. 58:19.300 --> 58:21.990 I've been asked that question quite a bit. 58:21.990 --> 58:24.240 He made his money in the first half of the '20s 58:24.240 --> 58:27.150 by shorting the stock market and then a lot of half 58:27.150 --> 58:28.520 by becoming a Hollywood producer. 58:28.520 --> 58:31.380 But he actually was not involved in the bootlegging trade. 58:31.380 --> 58:34.130 Oh there was a question in the back, yes? 58:34.130 --> 58:37.760 >> Do the medical and the religious exemptions apply in the district 58:37.760 --> 58:40.960 and if so did you evidence in your research 58:40.960 --> 58:43.840 of everyone getting religion and going 58:43.840 --> 58:44.640 to the doctor all the time [inaudible]? 58:44.640 --> 58:45.040 [ Laughter ] 58:45.040 --> 58:49.130 >> Yes. I assume everybody heard the question so, okay. 58:49.130 --> 58:51.380 Yeah the religious exemption was one of the huge 58:51.380 --> 58:55.020 and medical exemptions were some of the biggest loopholes that exist 58:55.020 --> 58:57.420 and probably the two biggest loopholes and the Volstead Act. 58:57.420 --> 58:59.020 So we had plenty of people 58:59.020 --> 59:01.060 for example suddenly claiming that they were Jewish. 59:01.060 --> 59:02.820 You know, I'm a Jewish Rabbi. My last name is Smith and, you know, 59:02.820 --> 59:05.720 59:05.720 --> 59:10.020 and because Judaism doesn't have any kind of hierarchy, there's no pope 59:10.020 --> 59:12.220 or anything to go to, it's all basically evolved 59:12.220 --> 59:13.360 out of synagogues and so on. 59:13.360 --> 59:16.560 So I'm establishing a synagogue and hey I need to get a license 59:16.560 --> 59:18.440 so therefore I can get my wine distribution 59:18.440 --> 59:22.000 so I can therefore go sell it to my friends, you know, and so and so, 59:22.000 --> 59:24.290 so that's a huge loophole that takes place. 59:24.290 --> 59:27.200 The medicinal liquor one is another huge loophole that takes place 59:27.200 --> 59:30.620 in the loop-- in the Volstead Act. 59:30.620 --> 59:33.490 So for example you all know the story of Great Gatsby, 59:33.490 --> 59:36.900 that's based on George Remus who's one of the first bootleggers. 59:36.900 --> 59:40.090 And he bought up a huge number of distilleries 59:40.090 --> 59:43.010 because they had all these whiskey still sitting 59:43.010 --> 59:44.820 in their warehouses they couldn't sell it. 59:44.820 --> 59:46.700 And then at the same time he went over 59:46.700 --> 59:48.790 and bought a whole bunch of pharmacies. 59:48.790 --> 59:51.740 And then the third leg of the stool was bribery. 59:51.740 --> 59:54.410 So he bribed all these people in treasury department 59:54.410 --> 59:57.330 and the Prohibition Bureau which was part of the Treasury Department 59:57.330 --> 1:00:00.730 at that time to allow him to dispense far more alcohol 1:00:00.730 --> 1:00:04.080 than his licenses actually allowed him to do, so hand over fist, 1:00:04.080 --> 1:00:07.330 he was making just a ton of money, so really a remarkable story. 1:00:07.330 --> 1:00:08.420 [ Inaudible Remark ] >> Yeah so huge exemption. 1:00:08.420 --> 1:00:11.860 1:00:11.860 --> 1:00:12.470 Additional questions? 1:00:12.470 --> 1:00:17.220 I know we're getting close to the top of the hour here. 1:00:17.220 --> 1:00:23.450 Well very good, well thank you, thanks a lot-- 1:00:23.450 --> 1:00:27.010 >> Thank you very much. [ Applause ] 1:00:27.010 --> 1:00:27.410 1:00:27.410 --> 1:00:30.470 >> This has been a presentation of the Library 1:00:30.470 --> 1:00:31.490 1:00:31.490 --> 1:00:36.490