>> From the Library of Congress, in Washington, DC.
[ Silence ]
>> Bob Patrick: Well good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.
My name is Bob Patrick, and I'm the Director
of the Veterans History Project of the American Folk Life Center here
at the Library of Congress.
And we are extremely pleased to have you with us here this afternoon
to witness the presentation of a -- some very noteworthy interviews done
by Senator Chuck Hagel and his brother, Doctor Tom Hagel related
to their service in Vietnam.
And we're also very thankful to the folks
from Nebraska Educational Telecommunications
for making this happen.
It's -- it's truly gonna be a great addition to the -- to the archive.
The Veterans History Project is a Congressionally mandated effort
to collect and preserve the wartime memories of America's veterans,
and we've been doing this for the last 11 years.
We also feel an obligation to honor our nation's veterans.
Today is December the 7th.
70 years ago on this date, American forces were attacked
at Pearl Harbor.
Over 3,000 service members were killed or wounded,
thus precipitating America's declaration of war
against Japan and Germany.   World War II had begun.
I think it is fair to say that at this very moment 70 years ago,
many people were first learning of that event, and coming to grips
with what would be called a day of infamy.
The service and sacrifice of the men and women who were
at Pearl Harbor must never be forgotten.
I would like to start our --
our proceedings today and ask everyone to please stand.
And if we could share a moment of silence for those
who gave their lives and served at Pearl Harbor.
[ Silence ]   >> Bob Patrick: Thank you very much.
Please be seated.
It is now my distinct honor and pleasure
to introduce the 13th Librarian of Congress, Doctor James Billington.
[ Applause ]
>> Dr. Billington: Well I'm not sure I can see all of you here,
but I certainly want to say how happy we are to see you all.
I -- I see President Carter [phonetic] of PBS,
I'm not sure whether President Harrison [phonetic] of CPB is here,
but she might come in later if she isn't.
I -- any current members of Congress?
[Inaudible] Ron Kind [phonetic], one of the sponsors
of this might -- might be here.
But I welcome you all for this important occasion,
and I want to thank to begin with,
Senator Hagel for your stalwart support
for the Veterans History Project
since its very inception in the year 2000.
We're grateful for your sponsorship of the legislation,
which established the library to create
with the American people this important repository
of our nation's history, one story at a time.
Now the most -- it's now the most extensive oral history project
in American history, with more than 78,000 collect --
interview collections, with additional --
all kinds of other materials that come --
constitute one of the most full records of the experience
of veterans in wars, experienced from the bottom up,
things which really are [inaudible] us that the history
of wars will never be written, recorded,
or understood in the same way.
This is not just for today and tomorrow,
it's really for the future --
for the future understanding of what wars --
particularly wars in the 20th, and even more so perhaps
in the 21st century really entail for the people who live with them --
in -- in them and through them.
Anyhow, senator Hagel, you have so many titles now, I --
I'm not sure -- Mister Chairman, Mister --
Mister Leader in so many ways.
But you set the example early by recording your own personal account
for the Veterans History Project, and you're doing it again
with the material we'll be receiving here today.
While in office in the Senate, you set a standard for your colleagues
by being responsible for donating more than 300 interviews
of Nebraska veterans, and your efforts inspired the participation
of a dozen local organizations,
including the Durham Western Heritage Museum, as well as a number
of Nebraska educational institutions.
So we welcome you and thank you.   And we want to thank your brother,
Professor Doctor Tom Nagel [phonetic] -- I --
I should have addressed you as Professor as well,
because you've been filling that role with distinction
since leaving the senate, for your service.
Of course to the nation during the Vietnam War --
your advice, your service shoulder-to-shoulder
with your brother is truly inspirational,
and will permanently stand
in the Veterans History Project archives here in the Library
to inspire and instruct generations to come.
The Veterans History Project is truly a grassroots effort,
with organizations and individuals of all kinds all to the country.
But we rely upon creative institutions, such as NET,
to champion, and to call attention to this important national effort.
So thank you, Mister Bates [phonetic],
and the Nebraska Educational Telecommunications for joining us,
for helping us mount this today.
And in the year 2007 previously, you presented us again
with a very substantial cache of interviews --
more than 400 at that time --
and are helping us once again in the next -- as we go in --
in the next stage of this ongoing process.
So we thank you for being with us, and for working
with the Hagel brothers to bring us this important addition,
as well as to spread the word to inspire Nebraskans
to participate in this ongoing effort.
It's a -- the participation of Vietnam -- the veterans in the --
in the Veterans Project is an important new frontier.
It's not entirely new, we've been doing it all along,
but we want to give it special emphasis
for a reason I'll mention in just a minute.
Anyhow, the Veterans History Project tells the history, as I say,
from the bottom up, America's floor [phonetic].
And I hope that all of you -- all of you here can find some ways to reach
out to veterans to do these interviews,
to gather in the materials across the nation, and particularly
to gather in this story of Vietnam veterans,
because we're turning our attention now to the --
what will be the 50th anniversary of the Vietnam War.
And as the -- we come to see the significant milestone
that this represents, we have a great opportunity
to really inform the nation, to commemorate
and respect the experience of so many who participated in that war
in various ways, but have never really had the chance
to tell their story, and to help us more fully understand something
which is most -- much discussed,
but from whose participants we've perhaps heard less
than commentators about it.
So this is a unique effort to get the primary material
of an important part of our national experience, and to hear from those
who were most directly involved, so that there will be fuller record,
and greater clarity for future generations.
Anyhow, today's presentation of an inspiring story of the two brothers
who answered their call over 40 years ago to serve their country
in Vietnam is a fitting catalyst,
as the Veterans History Project meets its congressional mandate,
something -- I don't want to say mandated really,
but both houses have [inaudible] to collect the stories of many more
who served in Vietnam, as well as in our other wars.
So I want to thank Chuck Hagel, Tom Hagel,
as well as the Nebraska Educational Telecommunications
for taking this step, for being with us today,
and for bringing us all together at this important milestone
as we prepare for a particularly active next year.
So I'd like to now turn things over to Mister Rod Bates,
who is the Chairman of the Association
of Public Television Stations, and General Manager
of the Nebraska Educational Telecommunications,
and somebody who's been extremely and imaginatively involved
as a partner in this entire enterprise, as it's --
as we try to fulfill as best we can here --
here in the new members room incidentally, with the -- the --
the picture of law on the one side, one mosaic history on the other,
and on paintings on silk of the different kinds of inspiration
that are supposed to reign down as we --
as we meet here opposite the legislation, and gather together
to think about, and welcome now Mister Bates,
who gives us from the heartland, as do the mighty Hagel brothers, a --
a fresh sense of the winds are blowing that will carry us
on into the next year and beyond.
So Mister Bates, the floor is yours, we thank you [phonetic].
[ Applause ]
>> Rod Bates: Thank you very much, Doctor Billington,
and thank you for housing this event in this beautiful facility.
The first time I came in here, I -- I --
it was with Senator Kerry actually, and he --
he felt a sense of reverence when he walked
into the Jefferson Reading Room, saying that you feel compelled
to read something -- anything, to sit down, so.
Senator Chuck Hagel's always been a strong supporter
of public broadcasting, and in fact, he recently joined the PBS board.
And I'm proud that many of our national leaders
in public broadcasting were able to join us here today,
and I'd like to introduce you to first of all Paula Kerger.
Paula, would you stand, please?   She's the President/CEO of PBS.
[ Applause ]
>> Rod Bates: Pat Butler, as the President/CEO of the Association
of Public Television Stations.   [ Applause ]
>> Rod Bates: Cynthia Fennemen [phonetic] is the President/CEO
of American Public Television.   So --
[ Applause ]
>> Rod Bates: Pat Harrison [phonetic] was intending to be here,
but had to be in New York today, but she sends her regards as well.
We are just delighted to turn
over to the Library Veterans History Project the footage
of the documentary we produced on the Hagel brothers back in 1999.
It's all about the -- their experience in Vietnam.
And they went back, and we took a camera crew with them.
It's fitting, I think, that we're doing this today
on the 70th anniversary of Pearl Harbor, and we're preparing
for the 50th anniversary of Vietnam already.
Tom and Chuck were in the same squad for nine months.
In our documentary the brothers recall
that on one occasion they were part of the same patrol
that tripped a booby trap, and less than a month later were
in the same vehicle that ran over a land mine.
In the first incident, Tom actually saved Chuck's life.
In the second incident Chuck returned the favor.
All in all, Tom was wounded three times during the war,
Chuck was wounded twice.
I think what makes this story even more compelling is they came away
from the Vietnam War with different opinions, as many of us did.
And despite the negative reception that many Vietnam vets received
when they came home, both of these men have dedicated their life
to public service, which is even more remarkable.
While the program is about the Hagel brothers,
I think it provides an opportunity for the public to gain insights
on the Vietnam War for many veterans.
We hope that it will trigger some additional stories
that we can help you with the Veterans History Project.
After graduating from the University of Nebraska College of Law,
Tom became a public defender in Lincoln, and then he went back
on to -- back to teach law as a professor
at the University of Baton School of Law.
He's been voted Professor of the Year by his students,
and has received other prestigious teaching awards.
One of your students is here today.
He currently serves as an acting judge
for the Dayton Municipal Court, and is a commissioner
on the Montgomery County Veterans Service Commission,
representing disabled American veterans.
Congress created the Veterans History Project in the year 2000,
and the authorizing legislation for it was sponsored by Chuck Hagel
and Senator Max Kleeland [phonetic].
Senator Hagel is currently the Co-Chairman
of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Corporate Council,
and recently received the Charles Mack Mathias [phonetic] Award
for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund.
Nebraska Educational Television began working
with the Veterans History Project several years ago,
as mentioned by Doctor Billington, in conjunction
with Ken Burns' [phonetic] documentary on the war.
Now PBS and Ken Burns are preparing another series of programs
for the 50th anniversary of Vietnam.
NET is once again committed to working
with the Veterans History Project to bring Nebraska stories
to the national collection.
We're very pleased today to donate 20 first generation video tapes.
In addition, we're providing transcripts and logs,
along with a briefing book prepared
by our Producer Brad Penner [phonetic],
Videographer Ralph Hammer [phonetic],
and Sound Man Jim Leonards [phonetic].
They're on display over on the table there.
So thank you, Doctor Billington, for leading this important work.
Thank you all for helping us celebrate these two
outstanding Nebraskans.
And most importantly, Chuck and Tom, thank you for your service
to this country, both during the Vietnam War, and what you've done
with the rest of your life.
Ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to now invite them to the podium
to say whatever they want to say.   So.
[ Applause ]
>> Chuck Hagel: Well for once I've been shown some proper respect
by my brother.   [ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: I am two years older than Tom.
I know I don't look it.   [ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: But nonetheless, I've always respected his acumen
and judgment on -- on many things.   First, Doctor Billington, thank you.
You and your colleagues, and this remarkable historic institution has
once again defined the terms
on I think what are the most important foundational structures
for our country and of our country,
as to why these issues are relevant, and why they matter.
And you and your colleagues have once again taken the leadership
of this legislation -- the implementation of it,
that Max Kleeland and I and others
who were the primary sponsors not only intended,
but hoped would be the outcome.
So thank you for bringing this together as well.
To my dear friend, Rod Bates, and he is a dear friend,
thank you for your leadership -- continued leadership, Rod,
and what you do for Nebraska, for public television,
for so much of our society in so many ways.
And please give our regards to your associates in Lincoln as well.
Let me introduce my wife, Lillibet [phonetic],
[ Applause ]
>> Chuck Hagel: We actually met many, many years ago
through a veterans project, when she was the Press Secretary
to the then Chairman of the House Veterans Affairs Committee,
Congressman Sonny Montgomery [phonetic],
and I was the Deputy Administrator of the Veterans Administration.
And she turned down my first two or three proposals for dates,
but we're not very bright out there
on the prairie, but persistent as hell.
[ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: And so Lillibet thank you for being here,
and what you've done for veterans.
Our son, Zeller [phonetic] Hagel, is here in the front row.
Zeller, stand up, take a bow.   [ Applause ]
>> Chuck Hagel: Zeller has just completed his first quarter
of college life at DePaul University in Chicago, and we're very proud
of Zeller, and what he has accomplished,
and what he will accomplish.
Our daughter Alen [phonetic] is a junior at Creighton University
in Omaha, and we're very proud of Alen --
both of them, so thank you, Zeller for being here.
Alen had something like finals, or --
[ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: Actually I think she had a date,
I don't know why she's not here.   [ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: But nonetheless, it was a worthy cause.
To all of you who are here, because each of you so represent what's good
about our country in so many ways, but you also represent very personal
and special relationships with Tom and me and our family,
and so thank you for coming.
One -- one person I will introduce, and violating every political rule,
but no longer am I a shameless politician so I don't care --
Jan Scruggs [phonetic] is here, who as you all know is the founder
of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.   [ Applause ]
>> Chuck Hagel: And John Dibbel [phonetic], who is Chairman
of their board, both remarkable Vietnam veterans.
And their persistence, their vision was --
and continues to be to this day --
a very special guiding light for our country and our veterans.
And for what the two of you have done and continue
to do, thank you very much.
And I recall vividly when Peter Jennings had his famous broadcast
on this strange fellow, I believe his elevated position
of federal government was a GS4, but he had been a corporal --
actually he'd been a corporal a number of times.
But --   [ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: If -- if you get that, you see it's --
it's a little fast for you, but colonel, you get it.
It's a -- and I remember Jennings broadcast this --
this interesting proposal by this fellow that no one knows,
no one cares about in Maryland, ended his fund raising week
with something like 179 dollars,
and that surely will build a significant memorial.
Well I -- I think Jan had the last laugh on -- on -- on everybody.
So many of you here too who are veterans -- Vietnam veterans --
Herb Allison [phonetic] and others --
who have in so many ways given so much to their country,
and that's as Doctor Billington noted, was the intent
and the purpose of the legislation, and why among many other reasons
that are notable and worthy, we're all here.
I know I -- I -- I am tempted as a verbose old Senator to go on and on,
and -- and I know you want me to, but none --
[ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: -- nonetheless, I -- I --
I shall discipline myself in a -- in an unfamiliar way,
because Tom has a -- has something to say that's very important,
and -- and as he always does.
And I might add, Doctor Billington, to associate me as a real professor
with my brother Tom and others, really debases the profession.
[ Laughter ]
>> Chuck Hagel: But nonetheless, I keep trying.
And none of my students have asked for their money back,
so we're making progress.   Two quick things.
One, Rod really I think -- and -- and both Doctor Billington
and are noting of this anniversary today, really said it pretty well,
and that ties together Doctor Billington,
with the intent of the legislation.
And really what I think Rod and his people had in mind
when they went back to Vietnam was Tom and me.
The stories of the men and women who actually do the fighting
and the dying, and that make the sacrifices,
and their families, is rarely told.
And this is not in any way to minimize leadership
at the highest level -- a colonel, a general,
admiral -- not at all, not at all.
But the men and the women who are down at the bottom,
their stories not -- are not often told.
And that's the whole point here.
And -- and I think if there's anything the nation learns from war,
especially the Vietnam War -- and I think we'll be reflecting on this
in the two wars that we're presently involved in --
leadership has a tremendous responsibility.
In a democracy, the people who make them the leaders, who choose them
to be the leaders also have a tremendous responsibility.
And -- and when leaders commit a nation to war, they --
they make the most significant decision
and commitment they will ever make in their lives.
Because they are committing men and women to their death,
to terrible injuries, to terrible tragedies, to terrible sorrow,
and -- and the families that support 'em.
A society is changed forever when a nation goes to war.
It is not an -- it is not a decision that can be,
should be, ever be taken lightly.
In any kind of a -- not intentionally, but unintentionally,
almost cavalier way -- well we'll just invade,
we'll just go to war, we'll show them.
Easy to get into war, pretty difficult to get out of war.
And I think it's clear on we're trying to get
out of two wars today -- the two wars --
longest wars we've ever been in.
And that is one of the -- the lessons that we must always learn
and preserve, and focus on, and keep up front for our leaders,
that there -- there are tremendous consequences
to committing a nation to war.
This is serious -- as serious a decision
as leaders will ever make -- a society will ever make.
And when you make that decision, you better be as damn sure as you can be
that it's the right decision, and the only decision,
and the only recourse left.
Second, it is interesting, as Jim and Rod both pointed out,
how many people came back from Vietnam after a bad experience --
and no war is good experience --
but dedicated themselves to making a better world
and a better life for other people.
That probably is testament to the strength of our society
and our country more than any -- any one thing.
Third point I'd make, I don't think anybody in this room --
anyone in this room would disagree with this comment.
We are living at one of these historic times in history.
We are redefining a early 21st century world order,
not unlike what happened after World War II.
We essentially built a new world order.
The Vietnam War defined a generation.
I don't know of one experience, one event, one thing that had
such a deep and wide effect on society, and on the world
in general, and how we as -- as a generation --
the baby boom generation who fought that war, what conditioned them more
to come to conclusions and decisions in their way of life than --
than -- than that defining war.
Now it's not -- not to say it's right, wrong, good,
or bad, that's not the point.
We're living at another one of those defining times.
We -- we are living at -- at -- at that time.
And how we define all of this, and how we use the Vietnam experience,
and experiences that we've -- we've had to deal with the last 10 years,
and the out years, and then the yet to be determined decisions
for our leaders and our country will be anchored by and reflected
on these past experiences, and Vietnam is as central
to that as any one thing.   I will end with this.
Madeline Albright -- Madeline's a real professor,
and who is a very good friend --
she and I combined our classes at Georgetown --
our final classes on Monday.
And we'd been talking about it for the last couple of years,
and we were held hostage on a small plane coming back from Kansas City
about a month and a half ago.
We did a deal together -- a Saturday night thing --
the Harry Truman Library had a deal and asked us to --
to come in, and Bob Kerry [phonetic] from Nebraska was a moderator.
I know that's overloading the zone with Nebraska Senators,
but I think they were damn privileged
to have two former Nebraska Senators there.
And so Madeline and I decided
that this is the way we're gonna make it work, and we did.
And it worked out very well, as far as I can tell from the students.
But something that Madeline said was very interesting.
As she was reflecting to the class on her experiences --
and remember, Madeline Albright worked on Capitol Hill.
She -- she worked for Ed Muskie, and in fact she broke that ceiling too
as the first Chief of Staff woman -- Chief of Staff and -- and -- and --
and Director of a -- of a committee.
And then she went on to other things, as you know,
UN Ambassador, Secretary of State.
But she said one of the things that she saw experienced in her 40 years
of government service -- and it plays out right today where --
and she used some examples in the Clinton administration,
where no matter what the foreign policy issue was,
and when you start taking it out, how far do you go with this,
and what options do you use?
There seemed to always break down into kind of two groups of thinking.
She said it was the Munich thinkers, and the Vietnam thinkers.
And she said it always came down to that.
No, you don't use force.
Well you better use force, because if you don't use force and stop it,
something's gonna happen.
And it would -- it would -- and I -- and I -- she went through that.
I responded, and one of the -- the points I made --
and it's not that she hadn't thought of this, or didn't know it
or believe it, but I just articulated it in response
to what she said -- the challenge for these young people --
my son, my daughter, your children, a lot of young people here today --
for the next 40 years as they lead the world and our country,
will be to find a balance between the Munich thinkers
and the Vietnam thinkers.
That will be the great challenge, and that will be difficult.
But as long as they understand the history, and anchor themselves
to the reality of the consequences and lessons of history,
and Vietnam being as central to that as any one thing, they will navigate
that -- that central stream between those two theories --
between those two guideposts.
And those are probably pretty good guideposts to work from.
And -- and like anything, it's difficult
when you start veering either way.
It takes a pretty significant individual not only to recognize it,
but to do something about it.
Well, again, I am grateful for this recognition
with especially my brother, Tom.
I would -- I would say that there is no soldier that I ever saw
that was better than Tom Hagel.
And that -- that's only exceeded by the kind of person he is.
Thank you.   [ Applause ]
>> Tom Hagel: I was worried he was gonna make me cry, and he did.
[ Laughter ]
>> Tom Hagel: Two things, and -- and that's why I like following Chuck
on these things is that -- that brings home two important things --
one that he usually covers the field in terms
of whatever there is to say.
And secondly, the incredible beauty of brevity.
[ Laughter ]
>> Tom Hagel: So -- so the only thing I want to add is that --
two -- two things I want to add, then I'll sit down.
And one of 'em is, is that it's kind of a rare occasion, but this is one
of those where I agree with about everything he's got to say.
And secondly, in terms of the value of this project, and --
and this plays off of what we're talking about,
about having a cross-section of people come
and give their experiences, is that when we think of wars,
whether it's Vietnam or any other war, we think of it as a --
a unitary subject -- the Vietnam War,
the Revolutionary War, the World War II.
And -- and in a certain way, in a historic way that's true.
But what our experience was that was recorded
in this documentary is an example of the fact
that there are millions of Vietnam Wars.
Everybody who served there had a different Vietnam War.
Our experience was one of those.
But if you, for example, was -- if you were a Clerk Typist stationed
in Saigon, you would have a completely different Vietnam War.
If you were up on the DMZ or if you were in some other unit
with some other type of job,
your Vietnam War would be totally different than ours.
And that's important.
It's an important story to tell that you have this huge subject
that is being covered by every angle from every individual, from --
regardless of their involvement in it.
And it gives a I think a more complete,
realistic picture of that experience.
And I appreciate the value of this project, and I'm --
and I hope that our contribution is useful in the future.
And thank you for this opportunity.   [ Applause ]
[ Silence ]
>> I think all I can do is say thank you to these two guys --
these powerful figures who have not only performed heroically
for their country, but have recorded important things
for future generations, and have done valuable things of service
to their country that illustrate exactly what we've been talking
about, and what Rod talked about as well, how this continuing service,
and when you survey the things that they have done, and are doing,
and the continuous way in which their lives have not only
exemplified great heroism and great perseverance
under the real battle circumstances that they face, but have continued
in less dramatic, but equally important ways
in the public service of their country.
So we're in the presence of great patriots
in the full sense of the word.
We're grateful for their contributions, and we're grateful
for this gift to the historical record that will help assure
that we -- when we talk about these big impersonal things,
you don't just talk about -- there's some kind of chess game played
by generals, and few people interacting with each other.
Because this is a world in which as we can see everywhere --
just pick up the papers today -- huge numbers of people are involved.
Huge numbers of people are entering into the whole picture
of how the planet's going to survive, how we're [inaudible]
in peace I think there's no question that --
that one of the few things --
lessons of history is that governments that are participatory,
accountable, relatively transparent,
generally don't fight other governments that are --
have those same qualities.
So whether you call it democracy, whether you call it something else,
it's a matter not just of justice and -- and --
and the assurance that there's an openness to progress
and self criticism everywhere, but the fact that if we're going
to really have peace and be able to conquer the problems,
many of which are global problems, we're gonna have to continue
to have the kind of education, kind of willingness to look at our --
our own record, look at the historical record,
or broadly where we have much wider and more inclusive dimensions
for our discussion at home.   We have to have that abroad,
and we have to understand how people interact --
can interact, and how we can study the record of --
record of wars, so that we can create a future of peace.
So it's very inspiring for all of us as --
for those of us in the [inaudible] Center, which is a important part
of gathering in the nuts and bolts experience of ordinary Americans.
And also this particular project, which is the extraordinary sacrifice
and service of people who are far more than just ordinary anything.
So thank you all.
And we hope that we can have the help of --
and the inspiration of all of you and many of you as we try to gather
in more of this -- more of this record in paying suitable honor
and gratitude to these occasions like this anniversary
of Pearl Harbor, and the eve of a special effort
on the Vietnam conflict, and all it involved, and --
and the people who can tell us about it, who are still there.
Their stories need to be preserved.
So thank you all, and I think I turn the thing over to -- to Bob Patrick.
And I should just say that he was really very instrumental
in all the ceremonies that set up,
and all the commission established the World War II memorial,
which now -- and since you know displayed
on the wall for all to see.
So in that regard, as well as all this wonderful work, and a small
but very dedicated staff, we give him thanks.
[Inaudible] Bob, it's your word to give us a dismissal and a challenge.
>> I told you I'd do the benediction.
[ Applause ]
>> Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much
for being here this evening.
I -- my [inaudible] is here if you want to learn how
to interview the veteran in your life, which was what we really count
on is everyone sitting down and talking to the veteran in your life,
we have material here that just shows you just how to do that.
Again, thanks very much for being here.
Have a safe evening.   [ Applause ]
[ Silence ]
>> This has been a presentation of the Library of Congress.